@article{guillaumin_defrancesco_scansen_quinn_whelan_hanel_goy-thollot_bublot_robertson_bonagura_2022, title={Bilateral lysis of aortic saddle thrombus with early tissue plasminogen activator (BLASTT): a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study in feline acute aortic thromboembolism}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612X221135105}, abstractNote={Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) on the treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE). Methods Cats diagnosed with FATE involving ⩾2 limbs were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study within 6 h of an event. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings and one confirmatory criterion. Cats received placebo or TPA (1 mg/kg/h with the first 10% by bolus). All cats received pain control and thromboprophylaxis. The primary outcome was a change from baseline in a published limb score at 48 h. Secondary outcomes included 48 h survival, survival to discharge and complication proportions. Statistical analyses included pattern-mixture models, logistic regression and Fisher’s exact, Student’s t- and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests. Results Based on a power analysis, 40 cats were enrolled; however, only 20 survived to 48 h (TPA, n = 12; placebo, n = 8 [ P = 0.34]). There was a statistically significant improvement in limb scores compared with baseline for both groups ( P <0.001). Limb score at 48 h was 1 point lower (better) in the TPA group ( P = 0.19). Thrombolysis had no statistically significant effect on 48 h survival ( P = 0.22). Lower affected limb lactate was associated with better 48 h survival (odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.17; P = 0.02). The survival to discharge rates were 45% (TPA) and 30% (placebo; P = 0.51). Complications in the TPA and placebo groups included acute kidney injury (22% and 19%, respectively; P = 1.00) and/or reperfusion injuries (33% and 19%, respectively; P = 0.45). Conclusions and relevance Survival and complication rates of acute FATE were not different with or without thrombolysis. High in-hospital mortality decreased the statistical power to detect a statistically significant difference between treatments with regard to our primary outcome. }, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Guillaumin, Julien and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Scansen, Brian A. and Quinn, Rebecca and Whelan, Megan and Hanel, Rita and Goy-Thollot, Isabelle and Bublot, Isabelle and Robertson, James B. and Bonagura, John D.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{lynch_ruterbories_griffith_hanel_stablein_brooks_2021, title={Evaluation of point-of-care coagulation tests as alternatives to anti-Xa activity for monitoring the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban in healthy dogs}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13011}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13011}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a panel of coagulation assays for their potential utility in rivaroxaban monitoring as alternatives to the rivaroxaban‐specific anti‐Xa activity (RIVA).DesignProspective experimental study.SettingUniversity research laboratory.AnimalsFive healthy neutered male Beagles.InterventionsDogs were administered a median dose of 1.8 mg/kg rivaroxaban (range, 1.6–1.8 mg/kg) orally once daily for 2 consecutive days as part of a pharmacodynamic study. Blood was collected from a preplaced jugular catheter at time points relative to their rivaroxaban administration (0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 36, and 48 h) for measurement of RIVA, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time, RapidTEG, and thrombin generation variables.Measurements and main resultsOne hundred forty data points were available for analysis. There was poor correlation between RIVA and RapidTEG variables: R time (R) (min) (r = 0.554, P < 0.0001), K time (K) (min) (r = –0.204, P = 0.016), alpha angle (degrees) (r = 0.152, P = 0.073), Maximum amplitude (MA) (mm) (r = 0.106, P = 0.215), and G value (G) (dynes/s) (r = 0.108, P = 0.205). A good correlation was noted between thrombin generation variables and RIVA: lag time (min) (r = 0.827, P < 0.0001), peak (nM) (r = –0.752, P < 0.0001), and endogenous thrombin potential (nM·min) (r = –0.762, P < 0.0001). There was an excellent correlation between PT and RIVA (r = 0.915, P < 0.0001) and a good correlation between activated partial thromboplastin time and RIVA (r = 0.772, P < 0 .0001).ConclusionsOf all the coagulation tests investigated, the PT correlated best with RIVA. There is potential for PT being a convenient second‐line monitoring option in dogs receiving rivaroxaban, but further work is necessary to validate other PT assays. Thromboelastography performed with strong activators correlated poorly with anti‐Xa activity.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Lynch, Alex M. and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Griffith, Emily H. and Hanel, Rita M. and Stablein, Alyssa P. and Brooks, Marjory B.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={18–24} }
 @article{lynch_ruterbories_griffith_hanel_stablein_brooks_2021, title={The influence of feeding and gastroprotectant medications on the Factor Xa inhibitory activity of orally administered rivaroxaban in normal dogs}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13019}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13019}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveRivaroxaban is a new anticoagulant option for dogs, yet its reported oral bioavailability is as low as 60%. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of feeding and gastroprotectant medications on the bioactivity (anti‐Xa activity) of rivaroxaban in healthy dogs.DesignProspective experimental study.SettingUniversity research laboratory.AnimalsFive healthy neutered male purpose‐bred Beagles.InterventionsDogs were administered a median dose of 1.8 mg/kg rivaroxaban (range, 1.6‐1.8 mg/kg) orally once daily for 2 consecutive days with either (1) no food, (2) food, (3) sucralfate 30 minutes before rivaroxaban, or (4) omeprazole at the same time as rivaroxaban. Blood was collected from preplaced jugular catheters immediately before and at 6 time points after rivaroxaban administration (2, 4, 8, 24, 36, and 48 hours). A rivaroxaban calibrated anti‐Xa activity assay (RIVA) was used to monitor anticoagulant effect.Measurements and Main ResultsRivaroxaban administration resulted in significant increases in RIVA (P = 0.02), with peak activities occurring 2 to 4 hours after dosingduring each study arm. No feeding was associated with significantly higher RIVA at the 36‐hour time point compared to all other treatment arms (P < 0.0001), and feeding resulted in high RIVA at the 48‐hour time point compared with sucralfate administration (P = 0.003). No significant changes in RIVA were otherwise identified with respect to feeding or gastroprotectant administration (P = 0.2).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough administration without food demonstrated an apparent increase in RIVA 36 hours after drug administration, clinically relevant differences among treatment groups were not identified in combined analyses of time points. Based on these results, dogs treated with rivaroxaban do not require special modification of feeding practices or gastroprotectant drug administration.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Lynch, Alex M. and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Griffith, Emily and Hanel, Rita M. and Stablein, Alyssa P. and Brooks, Marjory B.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={59–65} }
 @article{lynch_ruterbories_jack_motsinger-reif_hanel_2020, title={The influence of packed cell volume versus plasma proteins on thromboelastographic variables in canine blood}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12979}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12979}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveDetermine the correlation between kaolin‐activated thromboelastography (TEG) variables (R, K, angle, and maximum amplitude [MA]) and PCV, fibrinogen concentration (FC), and total fibrinogen (TF) in an ex vivo model.AnimalsTwo healthy adult mixed‐breed dogs.ProceduresCitrated whole blood was obtained and separated into packed red cells, platelet rich plasma, and platelet poor plasma (PPP). An aliquot of PPP was heated to denature heat labile proteins (fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII). Blood components were recombined for analyses of 6 physiological scenarios: anemia with low fibrinogen; anemia with moderate fibrinogen; anemia with normal fibrinogen; anemia with normal saline; normal PCV and normal fibrinogen; and normal PCV and low fibrinogen. A Kruskal–Wallis test, along with linear regressions on pairwise combinations of TEG variables, was used to determine the correlation between TEG variables and PCV, FC, and TF.ResultsMaximum amplitude correlated with FC (R2 0.60, P < 0.001) and TF (R2 0.57, P < 0.001) but not PCV (R2 0.003, P = 0.7). Angle and K time were moderately correlated with FC ([angle: R2 0.53, P < 0.001]; [K: R2 0.55, P < 0.001]) and TF ([alpha angle: R2 0.52, P < 0.001]; [K: R2 0.51, P < 0.001]) but not PCV. The R time was weakly correlated with PCV (R2 0.15, P < 0.009) but not FC or TF.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn an ex vivo model, plasma proteins but not PCV impacted TEG variables. This suggests that TEG changes noted with anemia are imparted by changes in available fibrinogen in a fixed microenvironment rather than artifact of anemia.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Lynch, Alex M. and Ruterbories, Laura and Jack, John and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Hanel, Rita}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={418–425} }
 @article{barratclough_tuxbury_hanel_stacy_ruterbories_christiansen_harms_2019, title={Baseline plasma thromboelastography in Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles and its use to diagnose coagulopathies in cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley and green sea turtles}, volume={50}, ISSN={1042-7260}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2018-0142}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0142}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Cold-stunning in sea turtles is a frequent natural cause of mortality and is defined as a hypothermic state due to exposure to water temperatures <12°C. Derangements of biochemistry and hematology data by cold stunning have been well documented, although the effects on coagulation have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize the hemostatic state of non–cold-stunned sea turtles and to compare cold-stunned sea turtles at admission and after successful rehabilitation via a sea turtle–specific thromboelastography (TEG) protocol. TEG enables evaluation of the entire coagulation process, and the methodology has recently been established in sea turtles. Initially, 30 wild and apparently healthy sea turtles were sampled as controls: loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), n =17; Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii), n = 8; and green turtles (Chelonia mydas), n = 5. In addition, paired TEG samples were performed on 32 Ch. mydas and 14 L. kempii at admission and prerelease after successful rehabilitation from cold stunning. Statistically significant differences in reaction time, kinetics, angle, and maximum amplitude parameters in L. kempii and Ch. mydas species demonstrated that the time taken for blood clot formation was prolonged and the strength of the clot formed was reduced by cold stunning. These findings indicate that cold stunning may cause disorders in hemostasis that can contribute to the severity of the condition. Early diagnosis of coagulopathies in the clinical assessment of a cold-stunned sea turtle may influence the treatment approach and clinical outcome of the case.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Barratclough, A. and Tuxbury, K. and Hanel, R. and Stacy, N.I. and Ruterbories, L. and Christiansen, E. and Harms, C.A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={62} }
 @article{mays_dorman_mckendry_hanel_2018, title={A pilot study documenting increased thrombin generation following abrupt withdrawal of heparin therapy in healthy dogs}, volume={28}, ISSN={1479-3261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12778}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12778}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo document if a transient hypercoagulable state occurs in healthy dogs following abrupt cessation of unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy.DesignProspective experimental pilot study.SettingUniversity research facility.AnimalsSeven adult random‐source male dogs.InterventionThromboelastography (TEG) and thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complex formation were used to assess coagulation status in healthy dogs. Seven adult research dogs received 200–300 IU/kg subcutaneous UFH every 8 hours for 4 days. A final IV bolus of 100 IU/kg was given on day 4 and the peak measured heparin concentration 1 hour later is defined as the start of heparin withdrawal (time 0). Citrated whole blood samples were collected at baseline (prior to heparin administration) and 3, 6, 12, 30, and 48 hours after UFH withdrawal. At all time points, a kaolin‐activated TEG was performed and citrated plasma for measurement of TAT concentration was collected for batch analysis. Fibrinogen concentration, PCV, total plasma proteins, and platelet count were measured at baseline and 48 hours after heparin withdrawal.Measurements and Main ResultsCompared to baseline, TAT was increased 12 hours after heparin withdrawal and returned to baseline by 30 hours. TEG clot formation time (K) was decreased 30 and 48 hours after heparin withdrawal.ConclusionTAT results suggest that a transient increase in thrombin generation developed 12 hours after withdrawal of UFH therapy. Though clot kinetics were rapid compared to baseline beginning 30 hours after heparin withdrawal, a return to baseline was not documented. Future studies are warranted to determine the clinical relevance of these results and to evaluate the effect of UFH withdrawal in critically ill animals.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mays, Erin M. and Dorman, David C. and McKendry, Colleen and Hanel, Rita M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={518–526} }
 @article{hanel_palmer_baker_brenner_crowe_dorman_gicking_gilger_otto_robertson_et al._2016, title={Best practice recommendations for prehospital veterinary care of dogs and cats}, volume={26}, ISSN={1479-3261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12455}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12455}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo examine available evidence on prehospital care in human and veterinary trauma and emergency medicine and develop best practice guidelines for use by both paramedical and nonparamedical personnel in the approach to the prehospital care of dogs and cats.DesignSystematic evaluation of the literature gathered via medical databases searches of Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar.SynthesisFrom a review and systematic evaluation of the available evidence, consensus guidelines on the approach to prehospital care of dogs and cats in 18 scenarios were developed.ConclusionsDue to the lack of current evidence in the veterinary prehospital arena, best practice guidelines were developed as an initial platform. Recommendations were based on a review of pertinent human and available veterinary literature as well as a consensus of the authors’ professional opinions. It is anticipated that evidence‐based additions will be made in the future.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hanel, Rita M. and Palmer, Lee and Baker, Janice and Brenner, Jo-Anne and Crowe, Dennis T. Tim and Dorman, David and Gicking, John C. and Gilger, Brian and Otto, Cynthia M. and Robertson, Sheilah A. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={166–233} }
 @article{nye_musulin_hanel_mariani_2017, title={Evaluation of the Lactate Plus monitor for plasma lactate concentration measurement in dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12557}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12557}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo compare the Lactate Plus handheld monitor to a reference blood gas analyzer for determining plasma lactate concentrations in canine whole blood.DesignProspective observational study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsNinety‐four dogs hospitalized or admitted through the emergency service provided 125 blood samples. Only dogs that required a venous or arterial blood gas evaluation as a part of their diagnostic assessment or ongoing management were included.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsCanine whole blood samples were assayed for plasma lactate concentration with a reference blood gas analyzer and the Lactate Plus monitor. Correlation and Bland–Altman analyses were used to compare results between the 2 methods. A subset of blood samples was repeatedly analyzed with the Lactate Plus to assess monitor precision. Plasma lactate measurements from the Lactate Plus monitor showed excellent correlation with those from the reference analyzer (ρ = 0.98, P < 0.0001). Bland–Altman analysis revealed a small bias (0.1296). Agreement between the 2 methods was less consistent for lactate concentrations >5 mmol/L. The coefficient of variation ranged from 0–26.2% (median, 3.7%) and was <15% for 50/53 samples.ConclusionsThe Lactate Plus provides a fast and affordable method to measure plasma lactate concentration in dogs. Results showed excellent agreement with the reference analyzer and precision of the instrument was acceptable.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Nye, Carolyn J. and Musulin, Sarah E. and Hanel, Rita M. and Mariani, Christopher L.}, year={2017}, pages={66–70} }
 @article{mclaughlin_marks_dorman_motsinger-reif_hanel_2017, title={Thromboelastographic monitoring of the effect of unfractionated heparin in healthy dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12526}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the correlation between thromboelastography (TEG) variables using strong activators and anti‐Xa (AXa) activity in healthy dogs administered subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UFH).DesignProspective experimental study.SettingUniversity research facility.AnimalsEight adult random‐source male dogs.InterventionDogs were randomized to receive subcutaneous UFH at 200, 250, or 300 IU/kg every 8 hours for a total of 10 injections. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (preheparin) and 3, 6, and 8 hours after the 1st (Day 1) and 10th (Day 4) UFH injection.  After the 8‐hour blood sample was obtained on day 4, a 100 IU/kg IV bolus of UFH was administered and an additional blood sample was collected 1 hour later (hour 9). AXa activity, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and TEG (with up to 5 activators) were performed at each time point.  Modes of activation for TEG included  recalcified (Ca), Ca with heparinase (CaH), CaH and tissue factor 1:3600 (CTF3600H), Ca with tissue factor 1:100 (CTF100), and RapidTEG. Spearman rank correlations were calculated for each of the aforementioned parameters and the AXa activity. P‐values were corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni correction.Measurements and Main ResultsSignificant correlations were found between AXa activity and the TEG R values generated with CTF100 (R = 0.83, P ≤ 0.0001) and RapidTEG (R = 0.90, P < 0.0001), as well as both forms of aPTT measurement (R = 0.86 and 0.84, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that TEG variables derived using robust activation correlate with AXa activity as well as aPTT and have the potential to be used for monitoring UFH therapy in healthy dogs.  Future studies are warranted to evaluate its diagnostic utility in critically ill animals.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={McLaughlin, Christopher M. and Marks, Steven L. and Dorman, David C. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison and Hanel, Rita M.}, year={2017}, pages={71–81} }
 @article{conner_hanel_brooks_cohn_birkenheuer_2015, title={Coagulation abnormalities in 5 cats with naturally occurring cytauxzoonosis}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12326}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo characterize hemostasis and determine if disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is present in cats with cytauxzoonosis.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsFive client‐owned cats with cytologic and PCR‐confirmed cytauxzoonosis.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsAdmission samples were collected for hemostasis testing including platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT), d‐dimer, protein C, plasminogen, antiplasmin, factors VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI, von Willebrand factor, and thromboelastography. Results were compiled for combined criteria used to define DIC, and all 5 cats satisfied criteria using a previously described modified scoring system for DIC in cats. The abnormalities found in all 5 cats included thrombocytopenia, low protein C activity, and prolonged prothrombin time; however, none of the cats had low AT activity. None of the cats had clinical signs of hemorrhage despite thrombocytopenia, coagulation factor deficiency (5/5 cats), and thromboelastographic evidence of hypocoagulability (2/5 cats). Three of 5 cats survived to hospital discharge. The nonsurvivors had disseminated cytauxzoonosis with schizont‐laden macrophages in vessels of various organs.ConclusionsThis is the first report that comprehensively describes the hemostastic status of cats with naturally occurring infection with Cytauxzoon felis. All 5 cats had laboratory evidence of overt DIC. Unlike human and canine models of sepsis‐induced DIC, AT deficiency was not found in this series of cats. Further research is warranted to investigate therapeutic strategies targeting thrombotic DIC to improve survival in cats with cytauxzoonosis.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Conner, Bobbi J. and Hanel, Rita M. and Brooks, Marjory B. and Cohn, Leah A. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2015}, pages={538–545} }
 @article{istvan_walker_hansen_hanel_marks_2015, title={Presumptive intraperitoneal envenomation resulting in hemoperitoneum and acute abdominal pain in a dog}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12341}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical features, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome of a dog with acute abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum secondary to a presumptive intraperitoneal (IP) snakebite.Case SummaryA 10‐month‐old castrated male mixed‐breed dog was evaluated for suspected snake envenomation. The dog presented recumbent and tachycardic with signs of severe abdominal pain. Two cutaneous puncture wounds and hemoperitoneum were discovered during evaluation. Ultrasonographic examination revealed communication of the wounds with the peritoneal cavity. The dog was treated with supportive care, parenteral analgesia, packed red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusions, crotalid antivenom, and placement of an IP catheter to provide local analgesia. The dog recovered fully and was discharged 5 days after initial presentation.New or Unique Information ProvidedTo our knowledge, this is the first report of IP envenomation accompanied by hemorrhage treated with continuous IP analgesia in the veterinary literature.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Istvan, Stephanie A. and Walker, Julie M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Hanel, Rita M. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2015}, pages={770–777} }
 @article{bucknoff_hanel_marks_motsinger-reif_suter_2014, title={Evaluation of thromboelastography for prediction of clinical bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs after total body irradiation and hematopoietic cell transplantation}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.5.425}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine whether thromboelastography is more accurate than conventional methods of evaluating hemostasis for the prediction of clinical bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs following total body irradiation (TBI) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
Animals—10 client-owned thrombocytopenic dogs with multicentric lymphoma.
Procedures—Results of a kaolin-activated thromboelastography assay, platelet count, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were evaluated for correlation to clinical bleeding.
Results—Maximum amplitude, derived via thromboelastography, was the only hemostatic variable with significant correlation to clinical bleeding. Buccal mucosal bleeding time had a high sensitivity but poor specificity for identifying dogs with clinical bleeding.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with buccal mucosal bleeding time and platelet count, thromboelastography was more reliable at identifying thrombocytopenic dogs with a low risk of bleeding and could be considered to help guide the use of transfusion products in dogs undergoing TBI and BMT.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Bucknoff, Melissa C. and Hanel, Rita M. and Marks, Steven L. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Suter, Steven E.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={425–432} }
 @article{holowaychuk_hanel_wood_rogers_o'keefe_monteith_2014, title={Prospective multicenter evaluation of coagulation abnormalities in dogs following severe acute trauma}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12141}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectivesTo describe coagulation abnormalities in dogs following severe acute trauma and to evaluate the relationship between coagulation, clinical, and laboratory variables, and disease and injury severity, as well as the ability of coagulation variables to predict the presence of body cavity hemorrhage (BCH), necessity of blood product administration, and outcome.DesignProspective, multicenter, observational study.SettingTwo university teaching hospitals.AnimalsForty client‐owned dogs sustaining severe blunt or penetrating trauma.InterventionsBlood samples were collected within 12 hours of the traumatic incident for measurement of blood gases, lactate concentration, platelet count, activated clotting time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration, antithrombin activity, D‐dimer concentration, protein C activity, plasmin inhibition, plasminogen activity, and kaolin‐activated thomboelastography.ResultsDecreased platelet count was a risk factor for the presence of BCH (P = 0.006) and decreased platelet count (P < 0.001), protein C activity (P = 0.001), angle (α) (P = 0.001), maximum amplitude (MA) (P < 0.001), and clot strength (G) (P = 0.002) were risk factors for blood product administration. Nonsurviving dogs were hypocoagulable with prolonged aPTT (P = 0.008), decreased plasmin inhibition (P = 0.033), decreased α (P = 0.021), and decreased MA (P = 0.038) compared to surviving dogs. Multivariate analysis accounting for disease severity showed that prolonged aPTT (P = 0.004, OR = 1.74) was the strongest predictor of nonsurvival. Prolonged aPTT was positively correlated with APPLE‐fast score (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.35), lactate concentration (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.35), and negative base excess (P = 0.001, r2 = 0.27). Acute traumatic coagulopathy, as defined by 2 or more abnormal coagulation tests, was diagnosed in 15% of dogs at hospital admission and was more common in dogs with increased disease severity (P = 0.002), decreased systolic blood pressure (P = 0.002), and increased lactate concentration (P = 0.011).ConclusionsIn dogs with severe traumatic injuries and hypoperfusion, measurement of thromboelastography and aPTT should be considered to support clinical assessments in predicting the need for blood product administration and nonsurvival.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Holowaychuk, Marie K. and Hanel, Rita M. and Wood, R. Darren and Rogers, Lindsey and O'Keefe, Karen and Monteith, Gabrielle}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={93–104} }
 @article{hanel_chan_conner_gauthier_holowaychuk_istvan_walker_wood_goggs_wiinberg_2014, title={Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing Part 4: Definitions and data reporting}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12145}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo systematically examine evidence surrounding definitions and reporting of data for viscoelastic testing in veterinary medicine.DesignStandardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice.SettingAcademic and referral veterinary medical centers.ResultsDatabases searched included Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar.ConclusionsAll 4 standard thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) variables should be universally reported, and the reporting of shear elastic modulus in addition to maximum amplitude (MA) is encouraged. There is insufficient evidence to support universal usage of the coagulation index at this time. The K value and clot formation time are the most variable of the 4 parameters, with alpha angle, MA, and maximum clot firmness generally the least variable. Individual studies should report sufficient data on patients and institutional controls to enable definitions of hypo‐ and hypercoagulability to be evaluated post‐hoc, and it is recommended that all studies specifically report how these conditions were defined. In reporting data relating to fibrinolysis, the TEG variables LY30, LY60, CL30, CL60, and the ROTEM variables LI30, LI60, ML, LOT, and LT should be documented. Studies should report sufficient data on patients and controls to enable definitions of hyper‐ and hypofibrinolysis to be evaluated post‐hoc, and we suggest that standard TEG/ROTEM assays may be unable to detect hypofibrinolysis in companion animals. We recommend that every center establish reference intervals, which are specific to either TEG or ROTEM. These reference intervals should be established using veterinary clinical pathology guidelines, standardized protocols, and a minimum of 40 healthy animals. There are currently insufficient data in companion animals to suggest a utility for Vcurve variables beyond that of standard TEG variables.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Hanel, Rita M. and Chan, Daniel L. and Conner, Bobbi and Gauthier, Vincent and Holowaychuk, Marie and Istvan, Stephanie and Walker, Julie M. and Wood, Darren and Goggs, Robert and Wiinberg, Bo}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={47–56} }
 @article{fujita_hansen_hanel_2013, title={Bacterial Contamination of Stethoscope Chest Pieces and the Effect of Daily Cleaning}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12032}, abstractNote={BackgroundStethoscopes are a potential source of nosocomial infection for hospitalized humans, a phenomenon not previously studied in companion animals.ObjectivesTo determine if daily cleaning of stethoscope chest pieces reduces bacterial contamination between cleanings.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs and cats.MethodsProspective observational study. In phase 1, bacterial cultures were obtained from the chest pieces of 10 participant stethoscopes once weekly for 3 weeks. In phase 2, stethoscopes were cleaned daily and 2 culture samples were obtained once weekly, immediately before and after cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol, for 3 weeks.ResultsDaily cleaning eliminated bacteria immediately after each cleaning (P = .004), but did not reduce the rate of positive cultures obtained before cleaning in phase 2. Cultures were positive for 20/30 (67%) samples during phase 1 and 18/30 (60%) obtained before daily cleaning during phase 2. Recovered organisms included normal skin flora, agents of opportunistic infections, and potential pathogens. The only genus that was repeatedly recovered from the same stethoscope for 2 or more consecutive weeks was Bacillus sp.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDaily cleaning was highly effective at removing bacteria, but provided no reduction in precleaning contamination. Cleaning stethoscopes after use on dogs or cats infected with pathogenic bacteria and before use on immunocompromised animals should be considered.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Fujita, H. and Hansen, B. and Hanel, R.}, year={2013}, pages={354–358} }
 @article{lennon_hanel_walker_vaden_2013, title={Hypercoagulability in Dogs with Protein-Losing Nephropathy as Assessed by Thromboelastography}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12067}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) are at risk of thromboembolic disease, but the mechanism leading to hypercoagulability and the population of dogs at risk are unknown.ObjectivesTo characterize thromboelastography (TEG) and its association with serum albumin (SALB), UPC, and antithrombin activity in dogs with PLN.AnimalsTwenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with PLN (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] > 2.0) and 8 control dogs were prospectively enrolled in this observational study.MethodsTEG parameters, antithrombin activity, serum biochemical profiles, and UPC were measured. TEG analyses were run in duplicate with kaolin activation; reaction time (R), clot formation time (K), α‐angle (α), maximal amplitude (MA), and global clot strength (G) were analyzed.ResultsDogs with PLN had lower K (P = .004), and higher α (P = .001), MA (P < .001), and G (P < .001) values than controls. No significant correlation between TEG parameters and UPC, SALB, or antithrombin was noted. Twelve PLN dogs (42.8%) were azotemic and 19 (67.8%) were hypoalbuminemic (SALB < 3.0 g/dL); 11 had SALB < 2.5 g/dL.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese results indicate that dogs with PLN have TEG values that demonstrate hypercoagulability compared with a control population but that antithrombin, SALB, or UPC cannot be used in isolation to predict this result. A comprehensive evaluation of the coagulation system in individual patients may be necessary to predict the point at which anti‐thrombotic therapy is indicated.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Hanel, R. M. and Walker, J. M. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, pages={462–468} }
 @article{walker_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_2012, title={Comparison of venous sampling methods for thromboelastography in clinically normal dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1864}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate effects of blood collection method and site on results of thromboelastography in healthy dogs.
Animals—8 clinically normal purpose-bred dogs.
Procedures—Blood was collected from the external jugular vein by syringe aspiration via direct venipuncture with a 20-gauge needle, through a central venous catheter, or into an evacuated tube with a 21-gauge winged needle catheter. Blood was collected from the lateral saphenous vein by syringe aspiration via direct venipuncture with a 20-gauge needle or into an evacuated tube with a 21-gauge winged needle catheter. Kaolin-activated thromboelastographic analyses were performed, and R (reaction time), K (clot formation time), α angle, maximal amplitude, and G (global clot strength) were analyzed.
Results—No significant differences were observed with regard to sampling site. Sample collection method had no effect on thromboelastographic results for saphenous vein samples. Blood samples collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration had a lower R and K and higher α angle than did blood samples collected from the jugular vein by evacuated tube collection. Significant differences were observed between blood samples collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration and samples collected from the saphenous vein by evacuated tube collection and between samples collected from the saphenous vein by evacuated tube collection and samples collected from the jugular vein through a central venous catheter.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Different sampling methods resulted in small but significant differences in thromboelastographic values. Results justify the use of standardized techniques for research purposes, but all of these sampling methods were acceptable for 1-time clinical use.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Walker, Julie M. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1864–1870} }
 @article{conner_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_asakawa_swanson_2012, title={Effects of acepromazine maleate on platelet function assessed by use of adenosine diphosphate activated- and arachidonic acid-activated modified thromboelastography in healthy dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.5.595}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of acepromazine maleate administered IV on platelet function assessed in healthy dogs by use of a modified thromboelastography assay.
Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Dogs received each of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution [1 to 2 mL, IV] and acepromazine maleate [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IV]) in a randomized crossover study with a minimum 3-day washout period between treatments. From each dog, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture immediately before and 30 and 240 minutes after administration of each treatment. A modified thromboelastography assay, consisting of citrated kaolin–activated (baseline assessment), reptilase-ADP–activated (ADP-activated), and reptilase-arachidonic acid (AA)–activated (AA-activated) thromboelastography, was performed for each sample. Platelet inhibition was evaluated by assessing the percentage change in maximum amplitude for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples, compared with baseline values. Percentage change in maximum amplitude was analyzed by use of Skillings-Mack tests with significance accepted at a family-wise error rate of P < 0.05 by use of Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons.
Results—No significant differences were found in the percentage change of maximum amplitude from baseline for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples among treatments at any time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet function in dogs, as assessed by use of a modified thromboelastography assay, was not inhibited by acepromazine at doses of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, IV. This was in contrast to previous reports in which it was suggested that acepromazine may alter platelet function via inhibition of ADP and AA.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Conner, Bobbi J. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Asakawa, Makoto and Swanson, Clifford R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={595–601} }
 @article{gonzales_hanel_hansen_marks_2011, title={Effect of intravenous administration of dextrose on coagulation in healthy dogs}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.4.562}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To investigate effects of IV administration of dextrose on coagulation in healthy dogs.
Animals—7 dogs.
Procedures—Thromboelastography and coagulation panel analysis were used to assess coagulation. Samples (S1 through S9) were collected during the study phases: phase 0 (S1 [baseline]); phase 1 (S2 and S3), infusion of crystalloid fluid without dextrose; phase 2 (S4 and S5), high-rate dextrose infusion; phase 3 (S6, S7, and S8), moderate-rate dextrose infusion; and phase 4 (S9), discontinuation of fluids for 24 hours. In phase 3, dogs were allocated to 2 groups; 1 was administered dextrose at a rate comparable to total parental nutrition (40% of resting energy requirement; group A), and 1 was administered dextrose at rates equaling 70% to 90% of resting energy requirement (group B). Blood glucose concentration was measured every 2 hours.
Results—No dogs had clinically relevant sustained hyperglycemia. Maximum amplitude and elastic shear modulus were significantly lower at S6 than at S1 through S4. Concentration of D-dimer was significantly higher at S6 than at S1, S3, and S4 and significantly higher at S5 than at S3. Prothrombin time was significantly prolonged at S3, S5, S7, S8, and S9, compared with the value at S1. Activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged at S5 and S6, compared with values at S1, S2, S3, S4, and S9.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of dextrose to healthy dogs at rates comparable to or higher than those for conventional parenteral nutrition resulted in mild but clinically unimportant interference with coagulation.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gonzales, Jennifer L. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Marks, Steve L.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={562–569} }
 @article{fitzwater_marks_hanel_2008, title={Thrombi in the trachea of a dog secondary to placement of a tracheotomy tube}, volume={233}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.233.5.758}, abstractNote={Abstract
Case Description—A 7-year-old Spaniel-crossbreed dog was evaluated for stertorous breathing and inspiratory stridor.
Clinical Findings—A temporary tracheotomy tube was placed prior to referral. Results of physical examination at our facility, including thoracic auscultation, were unremarkable. Examination of the larynx revealed a 2 × 2-cm nodular mass on the lateral aspect of the epiglottis and left arytenoid cartilage. Cytologic examination of the mass indicated septic suppurative inflammation and intracellular rod-shaped bacteria. During the procedures, decreased air movement through the temporary tracheotomy tube was detected, and the tube was replaced. A thrombus was found on the distal end of the temporary tracheotomy tube; the thrombus obstructed 90% of the tube lumen. Approximately 12 hours later, auscultation revealed decreased sounds in all lung fields. Cervical and thoracic radiography revealed an intraluminal soft tissue opacity distal to the tracheotomy tube. A thrombus that contained hair and plant material was removed from the trachea by use of an embolectomy catheter and videogastroscope. Approximately 30 hours after removal of the initial thrombus, the dog had an episode of respiratory distress. Cervical radiography revealed another intraluminal opacity. It was another thrombus, which also was removed by use of the videogastroscope.
Treatment and Outcome—Tracheoscopy was performed with a videogastroscope in an attempt to remove the thrombi. A Fogarty catheter was used to remove the initial intraluminal thrombus from the trachea.
Clinical Relevance—Airway obstruction resulting from an intraluminal thrombus in the trachea should be considered as a secondary complication after tracheotomy tube placement.}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Fitzwater, Kathryn L. and Marks, Steven L. and Hanel, Rita M.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={758–760} }