@article{gc_thapa_pokharel_alward_lamsal_poudel_dahal_joshi_parajuli_wagner_et al._2024, title={A Methodological Framework for Decomposing the Value-Chain Economic Contribution: A Case of Forest Resource Industries of the Lake States in the United States}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020305}, DOI={10.3390/f15020305}, abstractNote={The forest products industries play a vital role in the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the Lake States in the United States. While various economic contribution analyses of forest products industries have been conducted to highlight the importance of such industries to regional economies, little effort has yet been made to parse out the contribution of activities in the value chain. The value chain is a series of steps involved in producing goods or services. This study used a matrix decomposition approach to estimate the economic contribution along the value chain through multiple pathways of four forest resource-based industries using wood as inputs: biomass power generation, sawmills, paper mills, and the construction of new single-family residential structures in the Lake States. The direct and indirect economic output values in 2017 resulting from the construction of new single-family residential structures were $19.1 billion, sawmills were $2.5 billion, paper mills were $17.6 billion, and the biomass power generation industry was $759 million. Of the direct and indirect economic output contributed by each industry, the highest percentage of output attributable to the logging industry was observed from the sawmills industry (12%), followed by biomass power generation (9%), paper mills (1.4%), and the construction of new single-family residential structures (<1%), respectively. The percentage of total economic output attributable to the stumpage industry in the region followed a similar trend as commercial logging for all value-chain industries. The relative economic contribution of the value-chain industries to the total economic contribution of the final industry varied based on whether the industry was a primary or secondary forest products industry and the pathways used for sourcing wood inputs.}, number={2}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Gc, Shivan and Thapa, Ichchha and Pokharel, Raju and Alward, Greg and Lamsal, Basanta and Poudel, Jagdish and Dahal, Ram and Joshi, Omkar and Parajuli, Rajan and Wagner, John and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{lamica_parajuli_2023, title={Assessing interstate softwood roundwood trade in the southern United States: a gravity trade model approach}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2022-0217}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2022-0217}, abstractNote={Intraregional trade of forest products is a critical component of regional and subregional timber markets in terms of supply chain planning and locating forest product manufacturing facilities. Based on a gravity trade model, we evaluated the various factors driving the interstate flows of softwood sawlog and roundwood pulpwood in the 13 southern US states: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, and VA. Biennial state-level panel data from 2011 to 2019 in 13 southern states were employed to estimate empirical sawlog and pulpwood trade models. The results suggest that state gross domestic product (GDP) of importing states, exporter and importer production, importer consumption, the distance between the trading partners, and the electronic logging device mandate are influential factors of softwood sawlog trade between the states. Similarly, state GDP, exporter pulpwood production, importer consumption, the distance between the trading partners, delivered timber prices, and pellet mill capacity in each state are found to be significant determinants of softwood pulpwood trade between the partners across the state borderlines. The findings provide forest managers and policy makers with additional insights on the growing bilateral timber trade dynamics in regional and subregional markets in the southern United States.}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Lamica, Austin and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{barnes_parajuli_leggett_suchoff_2023, title={Assessing the financial viability of growing industrial hemp with loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2624-893X"]}, DOI={10.3389/ffgc.2023.1148221}, abstractNote={Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. <0.3% THC), a non-psychoactive chemotype of cannabis, was reclassified and made legal for growing across the United States under the 2018 Farm Bill. Given that resources, knowledge, and interest for this novel crop are expanding rapidly, we explored the possibility of intercropping industrial hemp for fiber with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations, one of the most commercially widespread tree species in the southern United States. Following a previous greenhouse study confirming hemp’s ability to grow in pine-influenced soils, we examined the financial feasibility of this potential agroforestry system. We simulated the loblolly pine tree growth information using PTAEDA 4.0, a growth and yield model, and collected the enterprise budget data on hemp productivity, operating and fixed costs, and prices from various sources. Based on the capital budgeting analyses, results suggest that pine-hemp intercropping can yield higher economic returns –at least 25% higher net present value—than the conventional monoculture loblolly pine plantation. The early rotation cash flow and the complimentary benefits can result in a more financially viable loblolly pine plantation under the intercropping scenario. While new research continues to advance further with field trials and other analyses, this study provides valuable insights into the current market conditions and productivity level of industrial hemp cultivation that need to be addressed for hemp intercropping to succeed as an economically viable agroforestry investment.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE}, author={Barnes, Thomas and Parajuli, Rajan and Leggett, Zakiya and Suchoff, David}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{parajuli_chizmar_lamica_wiseman_gordon_ochuodho_schons_henderson_mehmood_johnson_2023, title={Economic Contribution Analysis of Urban and Community Forestry in the Southern United States in 2019}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvad011}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvad011}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Lamica, Austin and Wiseman, Eric and Gordon, Jason and Ochuodho, Thomas and Schons, Stella Zucchetti and Henderson, James E. and Mehmood, Sayeed and Johnson, Lara}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={217–223} }
 @article{bardon_peters_parajuli_jayaratne_2023, title={Educational Needs of North Carolina Non-industrial Private Forest Landowners and Barriers to Meeting These Needs}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1077-5315"]}, DOI={10.34068/joe.61.01.01}, abstractNote={Forest landowners are an important target audience for many state Extension programs. Acknowledging the differences and associations between landownership values, characteristics, and educational preferences of forest landowners should lead to improvement of educational programs and ensuring that educational needs are being met. Through an internet-based survey of forest landowners four distinct landowner typologies were identified based on respondents’ reason for owning forestland. Results also identified the educational needs and barriers to meeting these needs for the landowners. Creating typologies based on attitudinal responses will allow for a more focused approach to developing educational products and services to meet landowner needs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXTENSION}, author={Bardon, Robert E. and Peters, Kristin and Parajuli, Rajan and Jayaratne, K. S. U.}, year={2023} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_bruck_frey_sills_2023, title={Forest-Based Employment in the Southern United States amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Causal Inference Analysis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad042}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxad042}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Bruck, Sonia and Frey, Gregory and Sills, Erin}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bruck_parajuli_chizmar_sills_2023, title={Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic policies on timber markets in the Southern United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.25}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.25}, abstractNote={The global pandemic, due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), disrupted global commodity markets and individual consumption patterns. Various COVID-19-related policies were put in place by state and local governments to limit the virus outbreak, which disrupted the production and supply chains of manufacturing industries. The forest sector was not an exception. Using the Time Regression Discontinuity (T-RD) approach, we quantified the effect of various COVID-19 policies on standing timber prices in the Southern United States. We found an overall significant decrease in prices across all timber products (7%-30%) soon after COVID-19 lockdowns were implemented in early 2020. Findings from the fixed effects (FE) estimators suggest mandatory lockdowns for all individuals in certain areas of the jurisdiction had a decreasing price effect on pine pulpwood but an increasing effect on hardwood sawtimber. We expect that the findings from this study may help to set expectations for future market shocks if policies are implemented that impact the timber supply chain and consumer behavioral changes.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Bruck, Sonia R. and Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{adhikari_poudyal_ochuodho_parajuli_joshi_mehmood_munsell_dhungel_thomas_crocker_et al._2023, title={Predictors of Landowners’ Intention to Manage Emerald Ash Borer in Kentucky}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad008}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxad008}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Adhikari, Ram K and Poudyal, Neelam C and Ochuodho, Thomas O and Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Mehmood, Sayeed R and Munsell, John F and Dhungel, Gaurav and Thomas, William and Crocker, Ellen and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ile_typhina_brannum_parajuli_bardon_2023, title={Toward the Adoption of New Farming Systems among Farmers: A Case study of Short Rotation Woody Crops in North Carolina}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1077-5315"]}, DOI={10.34068/joe.61.01.09}, abstractNote={This study explores the human dimensions of the broad-based adoption of Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWCs) among farmers in North Carolina. We used an actor diagramming and tracing approach to explore factors influencing farmers’ adoption of SRWCs. Results suggest four factors strongly influence the adoption process: 1) market availability, 2) education awareness, 3) funding, and 4) social networking. Based on these results, we recommend that Extension professionals use the following education modules to prompt the adoption of SRWCs practices and potentially adopt other new farming practices: 1) ecological sustainability, 2) financial considerations, 3) harvesting, and 4) community building.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXTENSION}, author={Ile, Omoyemeh J. and Typhina, Eli and Brannum, Katie and Parajuli, Rajan and Bardon, Robert E.}, year={2023} }
 @article{bhusal_awasthi_low_shrestha_neupane_paudel_chhetri_parajuli_2023, title={What Determines the Adoption of Agroforestry Practices in Farmlands and Public Lands? A Case Study from the Terai Region in Nepal}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1521-0723"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2023.2269531}, abstractNote={Abstract While agroforestry has been well acknowledged for its influential role and benefits in integrated resource management in the global south, its adoption in forest-rich countries with existing community conflict situations is under-explored. Through structured questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions, this study explored the context and factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry practices on farmlands and public lands in the Terai region of southern Nepal. Results from logistic regression models revealed that adoption of agroforestry practices on both farmland and public land could contribute to mitigating conflicts between northern and southern communities. In addition, the adoption of agroforestry practices can be explained by socio-demographic and economic factors such as education, ethnicity, well-being, and gender. Strong cooperation between agroforestry initiatives and local institutions such as forest user groups and local governments in educating and empowering local people from lower socio-economic backgrounds is critical for widespread adoption of agroforestry practices in similar resource-use conflict regions.}, journal={SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES}, author={Bhusal, Prabin and Awasthi, Kavi Raj and Low, Matthew and Shrestha, Naresh and Neupane, Asmit and Paudel, Naya Sharma and Chhetri, Bir Bahadur Khanal and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_frey_bardon_branan_macfarland_smith_ameyaw_2022, title={Challenges and opportunities for agroforestry practitioners to participate in state preferential property tax programs for agriculture and forestry}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2666-7193"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100176}, abstractNote={All 50 states offer preferential property tax programs that lower the taxes paid on enrolled agricultural and/or forest lands. While agroforestry is a land-use that combines elements of both agriculture and forestry, eligibility criteria and other rules and regulations may prevent landowners from enrolling agroforestry practices in one or more of the agricultural and forestry tax programs. This pilot-scale study developed conceptual and methodological frameworks to identify the current barriers to and opportunities in preferential tax policies applicable to agroforestry practices. We conducted an extensive review of state preferential property tax programs relevant for agroforestry practices, following focus group discussions with regional experts in five selected states across the United States: North Carolina, Nebraska, Wisconsin, New York, and Oregon. Based on a systematic review of statutes and their supporting documents, we developed a database of programs, which support or create barriers to enrollment of agroforestry practitioners into the programs. We found that agricultural tax assessments were more likely to favor multi-use agriculture and forestry systems than the preferential tax assessments of forestlands in the five states. Forest farming and silvopasture, followed by alley cropping, windbreaks, and riparian forest buffers, were found to be the most common agroforestry practices allowed under preferential tax classifications in the study states. This study provides a framework for cataloging and analyzing preferential property tax-programs to document barriers and facilitators to agroforestry practices in the United States.}, journal={TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Frey, Gregory E. and Bardon, Robert E. and Branan, Robert Andrew and MacFarland, Katherine and Smith, Matthew and Ameyaw, Lord}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{parajuli_chizmar_hoy_joshi_gordon_mehmood_henderson_poudel_witthun_buntrock_2022, title={Economic Contribution Analysis of Urban Forestry in the Northeastern and Midwestern States of the United States in 2018}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1610-8167"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127490}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127490}, abstractNote={Urban and community forestry is an increasingly integral component enhancing the well-being of urban places. Along with providing aesthetic benefits and other critical ecosystem services, urban forestry contributes to local and regional economies by supporting jobs and economic activities through various businesses and industries. In this study, we estimated the economic contribution of urban forestry to the regional economy in terms of several economic and business metrics including jobs, labor income, value-added, and tax collections. To this end, we developed an extensive scope of urban forest industries and activities incorporating all private, public, and non-profit businesses and organizations involved in urban forestry in the Northeastern and Midwest states. Results from the input-output modeling suggest that in 2018, urban forestry in the Northeastern and Midwest states directly contributed $17.6 billion in industry output and $13.5 billion in value-added by supporting about 258,550 full- and part-time jobs in various businesses and activities. Including direct, indirect, and induced effects, urban forestry in the region had a total contribution of $34.7 billion in industry output to the regional economy, employing more than 357,200 people with a payroll of about $16 billion. These numbers are crucial to highlight the economic significance of urban forestry businesses and agencies as well as to educate the public, economic development professionals, and legislators about the importance of urban and community forestry in the Northeastern and Midwest states.}, journal={URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Hoy, Morgan and Joshi, Omkar and Gordon, Jason and Mehmood, Sayeed and Henderson, James E. and Poudel, Jagdish and Witthun, Olivia and Buntrock, Laura}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bista_parajuli_giri_karki_song_2022, title={Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural households in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2666-7193"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100312}, abstractNote={The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has severely affected all sectors of the economy, and the impacts are expected to last-long. One major impact is that migrants return to their original households in rural communities due to loss of jobs. Since rural communities are highly dependent on forest and agriculture for livelihoods, an influx of return migrants likely increases the consumption of forest products and intensifies the agriculture practices, increasing the pressure on forest resources. Based on in-person interview of 215 in 2018 before the pandemic and a phone interview of the same 215 rural households in 2021 at the peak of the pandemic in Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal, this study addresses the following research questions: (1) Does COVID-19 exert differential impacts among the socio-economic groups? (2) How do return migrants affect the rural land use? (3) Do return migrants put additional pressure on forests resources? The rare before-and-after dataset provide a precious opportunity to assess the COVID-19 impacts on the livelihoods of rural households in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal. We found that the impacts of COVID-19 were severe on the households with larger family size, those belonging to the marginalized caste groups, having lower number of livestock, low wellbeing index, those who rely on daily wage-based occupation, with low level of education, and the households with return migrants. A significant number of migrants were found to return to their village of origin. As a result, there was a decrease in abandoned land and an increase in the livestock number and forest product use. These findings provide timely insights for the post-pandemic recovery efforts in better targeting needy household with limited resource in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal.}, journal={TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE}, author={Bista, Rajesh and Parajuli, Rajan and Giri, Kalpana and Karki, Rahul and Song, Conghe}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{sodiya_parajuli_abt_gray_2022, title={Spatial Analysis of Forest Product Manufacturers in North Carolina}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac045}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxac045}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Sodiya, Olakunle E. and Parajuli, Rajan and Abt, Robert C. and Gray, Joshua}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{adhikari_poudyal_ochuodho_parajuli_joshi_mehmood_munsell_dhungel_thomas_crocker_et al._2022, title={Understanding Forest Landowner Attitudes, Perceived Risk, and Response to Emerald Ash Borer in Kentucky}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvac040}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvac040}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Adhikari, Ram K. and Poudyal, Neelam C. and Ochuodho, Thomas O. and Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Mehmood, Sayeed R. and Munsell, John F. and Dhungel, Gaurav and Thomas, William and Crocker, Ellen and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_frey_bardon_sills_2021, title={Allocation versus completion: Explaining the distribution of the Forest Development Program fund in North Carolina}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102594}, abstractNote={The Forest Development Program (FDP) is a nationally renowned state-administered cost-share assistance program for forest landowners in North Carolina, primarily funded through taxation on primary forest products across the state. While the demand for FDP cost-share funds often exceeds available resources, over one-fourth of annual allocations on average go unused, due primarily to application cancellations and the divergence of actual costs and treated acres from the amounts approved originally. This study evaluates various factors related to the utilization of allocated funds based on actual cost-share fund usage data in the last six years. Results suggest that FDP applications associated with the piedmont region, shearing and chemical site preparation, hand-planting activities, and larger applied acres are more likely to be completed as defined in the initial application. The methods and findings of this study provide useful insights to administrators of other similar public incentive programs. The need for similar analyses evaluating the utilization of public funds will likely grow as state and federal governments increasingly rely on incentive programs to meet ambitious goals in conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Frey, Gregory E. and Bardon, Robert E. and Sills, Erin}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bista_zhang_parajuli_karki_chhetri_song_2021, title={Cropland Abandonment in the Community-Forestry Landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1087-3562"]}, DOI={10.1175/EI-D-21-0006.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={EARTH INTERACTIONS}, author={Bista, Rajesh and Zhang, Qi and Parajuli, Rajan and Karki, Rahul and Chhetri, Bir Bahadur Khanal and Song, Conghe}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={136–150} }
 @article{trlica_cook_albaugh_parajuli_carter_rubilar_2021, title={Financial Returns for Biomass on Short-Rotation Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeastern United States}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab033}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxab033}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Trlica, Andrew and Cook, Rachel L. and Albaugh, Timothy J. and Parajuli, Rajan and Carter, David R. and Rubilar, Rafael A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={670–681} }
 @article{bhandari_maraseni_timilsina_parajuli_2021, title={Species composition, diversity, and carbon stock in trees outside forests in middle hills of Nepal}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102402}, abstractNote={Trees outside forests (TOF) are integral components of rural livelihoods providing fodder, fruit, firewood, timber, and other ecosystem services. The extent and magnitude of the contribution of TOF may vary with the different socioeconomic and demographic factors of the households (HHs) within a community. Based on a comprehensive survey of 78 HHs and an inventory of their farms in the Tanahun district, Nepal, this study assessed the species diversity, richness, and carbon storage in TOF in various socioeconomic strata. We found 623 individual trees representing 38 species and 21 families. Species diversity was the highest in the farmland owned by indigenous people according to caste, middle-income class according to the well-being class, and farmers according to the main occupation of the HH. Species diversity varied significantly with the amount of land, the number of livestock, and the distance from one's home to forests; furthermore, the carbon stock per HH varied significantly with the amount of land, the number of livestock, caste, and well-being class. TOF contribute to a national carbon budget and therefore need to be considered in nationally determined contributions and performance-based payments in forestry systems (REDD+). Efforts to regularly measure and monitor TOF by including them in the national forest inventory system are crucial to record their contributions to the overall livelihood of local people and the national carbon budget.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Bhandari, Shes Kanta and Maraseni, Tek and Timilsina, Yajna Prasad and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{chizmar_parajuli_bardon_cubbage_2021, title={State Cost-Share Programs for Forest Landowners in the Southern United States: A Review}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa054}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa054}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie J. and Parajuli, Rajan and Bardon, Robert and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={177–195} }
 @article{parajuli_2021, title={Wood pellets versus pulp and paper: Quantifying the impacts of wood pellets on the pulpwood markets in the southeastern United States}, volume={317}, ISSN={["1879-1786"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128384}, DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128384}, abstractNote={Since the early 2010s, the production of industrial wood pellet for overseas exports has grown considerably in the Southern United States (U.S.). In order to meet the increasing demand for woody biomass feedstock, the wood pellet mills in the U.S. South consume roundwood pulpwood along with low-valued logging residues and sawmill wood wastes. By estimating empirical roundwood pulpwood market models based on the bi-monthly time-series data, this study estimates the impacts of wood pellet production, precipitation, and the COVID-19 Pandemic on the hardwood and softwood pulpwood stumpage prices in 12 southeastern Atlantic coastal micro-markets. Results suggest that the wood pellet industry has led to an increase in pine pulpwood prices, but no statistically significant impact is found on the hardwood pulpwood prices. Rainfall is found to be a positive determinant of the roundwood pulpwood prices. Furthermore, since March 2020, the COVID-19 Pandemic is estimated to lead about 6% decline in both pine and hardwood pulpwood prices. This study provides empirical evidence and additional insights on the timber market dynamics and how small roundwood markets have reacted to the additional wood demand from a growing bioenergy industry in the U.S. South.}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chizmar_castillo_pizarro_vasquez_bernal_rivera_sills_abt_parajuli_cubbage_2020, title={A Discounted Cash Flow and Capital Budgeting Analysis of Silvopastoral Systems in the Amazonas Region of Peru}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100353}, DOI={10.3390/land9100353}, abstractNote={Silvopasture is a type of agroforestry that could deliver ecosystem services and support local livelihoods by integrating trees into pasture-based livestock systems. This study modeled the financial returns from silvopastures, planted forests, and conventional cattle-pasture systems in Amazonas, Peru using capital budgeting techniques. Forests had a lower land expectation value (USD 845 per hectare) than conventional cattle systems (USD 1275 per hectare) at a 4% discount rate. “Typical” model silvopastures, based on prior landowner surveys in the Amazonas region, were most competitive at low discount rates. The four actual silvopastoral systems we visited and examined had higher returns (4%: USD 1588 to USD 9524 per hectare) than either alternative pure crop or tree system, more than likely through strategies for generating value-added such as on-site retail stands. Silvopasture also offers animal health and environmental benefits, and could receive governmental or market payments to encourage these practices.}, journal={Land}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Castillo, Miguel and Pizarro, Dante and Vasquez, Hector and Bernal, Wilmer and Rivera, Raul and Sills, Erin and Abt, Robert and Parajuli, Rajan and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{henderson_parajuli_abt_2020, title={Biological and market responses of pine forests in the US Southeast to carbon fertilization}, volume={169}, ISSN={["1873-6106"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106491}, abstractNote={In the coming decades, climate change is projected to cause carbon dioxide fertilization effects in pine forests in the US Southeast. Resulting changes in pine (loblolly) growth will impact forest markets and regional carbon sequestration. We examine this impact in the context of baseline demand scenarios of increasing sophistication to determine the relative impact of growth and business as usual assumptions on forest growing stock volume, removals, prices and carbon sequestration. We use above-ground biomass data generated from the 3-PG forest growth model based on 20 climate models and Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios 4.5 and 8.5. We examine forest market and carbon sequestration impacts using the Sub-Regional Timber Supply model, with and without climate change-related growth. Results suggest that forest growing stock will increase under all climate change scenarios. Timber prices under carbon fertilization are projected to be lower over the long run.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}, author={Henderson, Jesse D. and Parajuli, Rajan and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{parajuli_chizmar_megalos_bardon_2020, title={Educating Landowners on Forest-Based Alternative Income Streams in North Carolina: Program Evaluation and Lessons Learned}, volume={118}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa037}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa037}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Megalos, Mark and Bardon, Robert}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={551–554} }
 @article{silva_schons_cubbage_parajuli_2020, title={Spatial and cross-product price linkages in the Brazilian pine timber markets}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102186}, abstractNote={The South of Brazil is one of the most attractive regions for timberland investments in the world. High productivity and relatively attractive timber prices have gained attention from timberland investors. However, as in most emerging countries, it is not very clear how prices are transmitted across products and markets. Having this information is essential to strategic planning as well as understand the market structure. We investigate market linkages of the stumpage price of five products (fuelwood, pulpwood, sawtimber, veneer, and special veneer) in the three main pine producing states in Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). We use linear and regime shifting models and check the effect of external shocks on price transmission. The nonlinear process is observed main on high-grade timber (veneer and special veneer), possibly driven by their price recovery after the recession. Our results show that the spatial and between product price ratio converges back the market equilibrium within 10 months in the pine stumpage market in Brazil. This outcome indicates this market is efficient with small opportunities for arbritage profits.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Silva, Bruno Kanieski and Schons, Stella Z. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{cothran_bowker_larson_parajuli_whiting_green_2019, title={Fee hikes at state parks in Georgia: Effects on visitation, revenues, welfare, and visitor diversity}, volume={38}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9726}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9726}, abstractNote={Public land management agencies that provide outdoor recreation opportunities face financial constraints. Raising access fees is one approach to enhance fiscal sustainability. However, increased access costs may reduce visitation. Actual visitation changes are contingent on visitors’ price sensitivity, and these changes will influence revenue collection, visitor composition, changes in visitor welfare, and local economic impacts. Importantly, higher entrance fees may disproportionately affect visitors of different ethnicities and individuals from low-income populations. In this study, we developed a travel cost model using data collected during 2010 from 1,309 visitors across  three  state parks in northern Georgia to estimate the structure of recreation demand and the effects of potential fee increases across diverse populations. Results were applied to simulate the effects of various entrance fee levels on park revenue, visitor diversity, and visitor welfare, accounting for differential responses to fee hikes across different racial/ethnic groups. We found visitor demand to the parks was largely inelastic, signaling that decreases in visitation effected by a modest fee increase (e.g., from $5 to $8) would lead to higher total revenues. At higher fee values, decreased visitation offset potential revenue gains. Hispanics were less sensitive to entrance fee hikes than other visitors, suggesting that shifting fee structures could also impact visitor composition. If fees were to increase at state parks, the proportion of Hispanic visitors at parks would likely grow. This means that Hispanics would bear a disproportionate share of the cost burden under increasing fee scenarios. Additionally, state park recreation demand was highest among low-income visitors, suggesting that fee increases could have particularly significant negative impact on that group. To balance the possibly competing agency objectives of revenue generation and increased diversity, park managers may benefit from greater ex ante information provided by an applied framework like that developed in this analysis. Such analyses are expected to better inform management and policy makers concerning the likely economic effects of variation in state park access costs, including disproportionate impacts on racial/ethnic minorities. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Cothran, J. Wyatt and Bowker, J. M. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Parajuli, Rajan and Whiting, Jason W. and Green, Gary T.}, year={2019}, pages={55–76} }
 @article{parajuli_joshi_maraseni_2019, title={Incorporating Forests, Agriculture, and Energy Consumption in the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach}, volume={11}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092688}, DOI={10.3390/su11092688}, abstractNote={Based on country-specific panel data from 1990–2014 for 86 different countries, we quantify the effects of forests and agricultural land in CO2 emissions, using the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The results from the dynamic panel data method reveal that forests are an important determinant in reducing CO2 emissions globally, but the effects vary by region. All else constant, we estimate a 0.11% decline in CO2 emissions per 1% increase in the forest area globally. However, the agricultural sector is found to be a true CO2 emitter. Our study provides additional empirical evidence for the roles of forests in regulating atmospheric CO2, further reinforcing the importance of forests in global climate change policies.}, number={9}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Maraseni, Tek}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={2688} }
 @article{parajuli_tanger_abt_cubbage_2019, title={Subregional Timber Supply Projections with Chip-n-Saw Stumpage: Implications for Southern Stumpage Markets}, volume={65}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz044}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxz044}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Tanger, Shaun and Abt, Robert and Cubbage, Fred}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={665–669} }
 @article{parajuli_joshi_poudyal_kreuter_2019, title={To Insure or not to Insure? Factors Affecting Acquisition of Prescribed Burning Insurance Coverage}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1551-5028"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rama.2019.07.007}, abstractNote={Prescribed burning is a widely used tool in forest and grassland management. However, because fire that escapes from a prescribed burn accidentally may cause property damage, injuries, and even human casualties, purchasing insurance to cover such damages may be beneficial for prescribed burn practitioners. Given that insurance coverage for prescribed fire is recently emerging, factors that determine burners’ decisions to purchase such insurance are largely unknown. On the basis of data from a survey of prescribed burn practitioners in 14 southern and midwestern states, we modeled prescribed burners’ likelihood of purchasing insurance with respect to demographic characteristics, land management objectives, and importance placed on regulatory compliance and land use practices. Results suggest that prescribed burn practitioners are more likely to obtain such insurance if they are landowners themselves or have a written prescribed burn plan. Age of respondents and the level of importance they place on compliance with environmental laws also had a significant positive effect on the likelihood of obtaining insurance coverage. Respondents were less likely to purchase insurance if their land management objective was to control invasive plants or they considered the availability of lower-cost alternatives for woody plant removal an important factor in deciding whether or not to conduct prescribed burns. These findings shed light on underlying factors influencing insurance coverage for prescribed burning and are potentially beneficial for promoting the acquisition of insurance among burn practitioners.}, number={6}, journal={RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Poudyal, Neelam C. and Kreuter, Urs P.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={968–975} }
 @article{starr_joshi_will_zou_parajuli_2019, title={Understanding Market Opportunities Utilizing the Forest Resources of the Cross-timbers Ecoregion}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvz002}, abstractNote={The Cross-timbers forests of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas possess a wide variety of natural resources. However, there is no traditional forestry market for the resources in the region, because commercial timber is not viable due to limited site productivity and poor timber quality. The Cross-timbers, however, offers an array of potential noncommodity benefits and specialty commodities, for example, carbon sequestration, bioenergy, and hunting/recreation. This study utilized a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats-Analytic Network Process framework to determine how a variety of stakeholders viewed the available resources of the Cross-timbers and their market opportunities. Data were collected through a mixed-mode method, which included online and mail-based surveys. Results suggested that the availability of a variety of natural resources and the restoration of ecosystem services could be the driving forces in developing a nontraditional market within the Cross-timbers. However, stakeholders stated that uncertain markets, lack of enthusiasm from manufacturers, and low-quality resources might hinder the market potential of the Cross-timbers.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Starr, Morgan and Joshi, Omkar and Will, Rodney E. and Zou, Chris B. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={234–243} }
 @article{parajuli_henderson_tanger_joshi_dahal_2018, title={Economic Contribution Analysis of the Forest-Product Industry: A Comparison of the Two Methods for Multisector Contribution Analysis Using IMPLAN}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvy047}, abstractNote={State agencies and universities often use IMPLAN software and data to quantify economic contributions of forest-product industries in specific regions. Since IMPLAN software is designed to estimate economic impacts rather than economic contributions, adjustments have to be made to the direct effect values to avoid overstating the results of the analysis. Two economic contribution analysis approaches are most common: internal adjustments to the IMPLAN software and external adjustments of the input values by using output multipliers. Results suggest that both methods of contribution analysis produce similar total effects, but their approaches of handling direct effects are substantially different. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are discussed, and the importance of adjustments to obtain economic contribution estimates as opposed to economic impact estimates is highlighted. Furthermore, practitioners are cautioned to follow the steps carefully and explain which, between the two contribution analysis methods, was used in their analysis.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Henderson, James E. and Tanger, Shaun and Joshi, Omkar and Dahal, Ram}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={513–519} }
 @article{scheller_parajuli_2018, title={Forest Management for Climate Change in New England and the Klamath Ecoregions: Motivations, Practices, and Barriers}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100626}, DOI={10.3390/f9100626}, abstractNote={Understanding perceptions and attitudes of forest managers toward climate change and climate adaptive forest management is crucial, as they are expected to implement changes to forest resource management. We assessed the perceptions of forest managers toward climate adaptive forest management practices through a survey of forest managers working in private firms and public agencies in New England and the Klamath ecoregion (northern California and southwestern Oregon). We analyzed the motivations, actions, and potential barriers to action of forest managers toward climate adaptive forest management practices. Results suggest that managing for natural regeneration is the most common climate adaptive forest management approach considered by forest managers in both regions. Lack of information about the best strategies for reducing climate change risks, lack of education and awareness among the clients, and perceived client costs were forest managers’ primary barriers to climate adaptive management. Our findings suggest useful insights toward the policy and program design in climate adaptive forest management for both areas.}, number={10}, journal={FORESTS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Scheller, Robert M. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{parajuli_zhang_kosman_2018, title={Province specific impacts of the 2006 United States-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement: A seemingly unrelated regression approach}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2017.12.010}, abstractNote={In this paper, we evaluate effects of the 2006 U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) in U.S. lumber imports from Canadian provinces. Based on monthly data from January 1988 to October 2015, we estimate a system of U.S. softwood lumber import equations by using Seemingly Unrelated Regression approach. The results reveal that SLA 2006 had a negative impact on softwood lumber shipments to the U.S. from British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan, and no effect on those from SLA-exempted provinces. Thus, SLA 2006 did not provide an opportunity for trade diversion from SLA covered provinces to exempted provinces.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zhang, Daowei and Kosman, Keta}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{joshi_parajuli_kharel_poudyal_taylor_2018, title={Stakeholder opinions on scientific forest management policy implementation in Nepal}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0203106}, abstractNote={Despite its widespread recognition as a successful model of participatory forest management, the community forestry program in Nepal is often criticized for its protection-oriented emphasis. Recognizing the need for more active timber management, the government of Nepal recently adopted a scientific forest management (SFM) policy in the lowland tropical region. In this study, strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analytical hierarchical process criteria were employed to understand stakeholder perceptions concerning SFM implementation in Nepal. The overall perception was prioritized in the order of strengths (35%), threats (28%), opportunities (22%), and weaknesses (16%). The study results suggest that there is agreement among stakeholders regarding the need for active management of forests in the tropical lowland region. However, the perceptions of academic researchers and non-government organization professionals differed from those of the other stakeholders in that those two groups were more concerned about potential corruption and uncertainties surrounding policy and legal issues. The findings suggest that the long-term success of SFM may depend on the ability of the government to develop a mechanism that is transparent and capable of ensuring equitable benefit sharing among stakeholders. While the stakeholder perception analysis performed in this study was focused on SFM implementation in Nepal, the results could have implications for other countries that practice the participatory model of forest governance as well.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Joshi, Omkar and Parajuli, Rajan and Kharel, Gehendra and Poudyal, Neelam C. and Taylor, Eric}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{tanger_parajuli_2018, title={Toward an elasticity of chip-n-saw: Demand and supply models of chip-n-saw stumpage in Louisiana}, volume={9}, number={4}, journal={Forests}, author={Tanger, S. M. and Parajuli, R.}, year={2018} }