@article{lamica_parajuli_mihiar_2025, title={Forest-Based Employment in the Southern United States Under Climate Change: Historical Impacts and Future Projections}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s44391-025-00015-x}, DOI={10.1007/s44391-025-00015-x}, abstractNote={Abstract The southern United States (US) is the largest producer of timber products in the world, which faces significant threat from climate driven extreme weather events. The forest products industry is particularly vulnerable to climate change when production is seasonal and working conditions are affected by temperature and precipitation. This study estimates the impacts of climatic factors on forest-based employment in the US South using county-level panel data from 2001 to 2021. Our empirical estimates between employment and climatic variables are employed to project the forest-based employment through 2070 under Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios -- RCP 4.5 and 8.5. Results suggest that precipitation is positively correlated with the aggregate forest-based employment and wood product and furniture manufacturing sectors. We find a negative relationship between temperature and employment in the aggregate forest-based employment and furniture manufacturing sector. The future projections suggest a decline in aggregate forest-based employment by 9% and 16% by 2070 under RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively, relative to a constant climate baseline scenario. These results offer implications for forest managers, policy makers, and employers in forest-based industries, as they plan for future management decisions and employment opportunities under a changing climate.}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Lamica, Austin and Parajuli, Rajan and Mihiar, Christopher}, year={2025}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gc_thapa_pokharel_alward_lamsal_poudel_dahal_joshi_parajuli_wagner_et al._2024, title={A Methodological Framework for Decomposing the Value-Chain Economic Contribution: A Case of Forest Resource Industries of the Lake States in the United States}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020305}, DOI={10.3390/f15020305}, abstractNote={The forest products industries play a vital role in the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the Lake States in the United States. While various economic contribution analyses of forest products industries have been conducted to highlight the importance of such industries to regional economies, little effort has yet been made to parse out the contribution of activities in the value chain. The value chain is a series of steps involved in producing goods or services. This study used a matrix decomposition approach to estimate the economic contribution along the value chain through multiple pathways of four forest resource-based industries using wood as inputs: biomass power generation, sawmills, paper mills, and the construction of new single-family residential structures in the Lake States. The direct and indirect economic output values in 2017 resulting from the construction of new single-family residential structures were $19.1 billion, sawmills were $2.5 billion, paper mills were $17.6 billion, and the biomass power generation industry was $759 million. Of the direct and indirect economic output contributed by each industry, the highest percentage of output attributable to the logging industry was observed from the sawmills industry (12%), followed by biomass power generation (9%), paper mills (1.4%), and the construction of new single-family residential structures (<1%), respectively. The percentage of total economic output attributable to the stumpage industry in the region followed a similar trend as commercial logging for all value-chain industries. The relative economic contribution of the value-chain industries to the total economic contribution of the final industry varied based on whether the industry was a primary or secondary forest products industry and the pathways used for sourcing wood inputs.}, number={2}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Gc, Shivan and Thapa, Ichchha and Pokharel, Raju and Alward, Greg and Lamsal, Basanta and Poudel, Jagdish and Dahal, Ram and Joshi, Omkar and Parajuli, Rajan and Wagner, John and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bruck_chizmar_parajuli_frey_lamica_sills_2024, title={A Qualitative Assessment of Interrelated Impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on the Timber Supply Chain in the Southern United States}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1521-0723"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2024.2380451}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2024.2380451}, journal={SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES}, author={Bruck, Sonia R. and Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Frey, Gregory E. and Lamica, Austin and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{lamica_parajuli_2024, title={Examining Drivers, Policies, and Efficiency of Wood Pellet Exports from the United States: An Application of the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Trade Model}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4898607}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.4898607}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lamica, Austin and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2024} }
 @article{parajuli_brandeis_chizmar_2024, title={Impacts of the European renewable energy policy on forest resource markets in the Southern United States: A case of the wood pellet industry}, volume={207}, ISSN={["1879-0658"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107692}, DOI={10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107692}, journal={RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Brandeis, Consuelo and Chizmar, Stephanie}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{nepal_lamica_parajuli_2024, title={Projected Effects of the Russia-Ukraine War on Global Forest Products Markets}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4739843}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.4739843}, abstractNote={This study provided an insight into the projected short-term (<10 years) and long-term (10 to 30 years) effects of the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine on the global forest products markets. The assessment was conducted by comparing the projected outcomes from the Global Forest Products Market (GFPM) model simulations for a reference (no war) scenario and an alternate scenario representing the current trade sanctions for Russian wood products trade by several major partner countries, and the potential trade disruption in Ukraine due to their military operations, during the 2021-2025 period, and no such trade restrictions thereafter assuming the war ends by that time. Results indicate considerable projected short-term disruptions in the Russian, Ukrainian, and the global wood products sector in terms of higher industrial roundwood and finished wood products prices (up to 3%) and altered production, consumption and trade displacement for wood products. However, in the long run, a lower overall disruption is projected as the Russian markets for industrial roundwood and sawnwood start to recover and the global markets begin to converge to pre-war levels. Findings also suggest that Russian markets for wood-based panels and paper and paperboard and Ukrainian markets for paper and paperboard do not recover within the next 30 years, suggesting a potential permanent structural change in markets of these wood product groups. These outcomes suggest several economic and environmental implications for the forest products sector in Russia, Ukraine and the rest of the world in the near- and long-term.}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Lamica, Austin and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2024} }
 @article{nepal_lamica_parajuli_2024, title={Projected effects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on global forest products markets}, volume={168}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103301}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103301}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Lamica, Austin and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2024}, month={Nov}, pages={103301} }
 @misc{kumar_debele_khalili_halios_sahani_aghamohammadi_andrade_athanassiadou_bhui_calvillo_et al._2024, title={Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure: Drivers, effectiveness, and future needs}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2666-6758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100588}, abstractNote={The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change. Yet, the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI), such as parks, wetlands, and engineered greening, which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures. Despite many reviews, the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear. This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits. After screening 27,486 papers, 202 were reviewed, based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions. Certain GBGI (green walls, parks, street trees) have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities. However, several other GBGI have received negligible (zoological garden, golf course, estuary) or minimal (private garden, allotment) attention. The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens (5.0 ± 3.5°C), wetlands (4.9 ± 3.2°C), green walls (4.1 ± 4.2°C), street trees (3.8 ± 3.1°C), and vegetated balconies (3.8 ± 2.7°C). Under changing climate conditions (2070-2100) with consideration of RCP8.5, there is a shift in climate subtypes, either within the same climate zone (e.g., Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa) or across other climate zones (e.g., Dfb [continental warm-summer humid] to BSk [dry, cold semi-arid] and Cwa [temperate] to Am [tropical]). These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future. Given the importance of multiple services, it is crucial to balance their functionality, cooling performance, and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI. This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating, filling research gaps, and promoting community resilience.}, number={2}, journal={INNOVATION}, author={Kumar, Prashant and Debele, Sisay E. and Khalili, Soheila and Halios, Christos H. and Sahani, Jeetendra and Aghamohammadi, Nasrin and Andrade, Maria de Fatima and Athanassiadou, Maria and Bhui, Kamaldeep and Calvillo, Nerea and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bhusal_awasthi_low_shrestha_neupane_paudel_chhetri_parajuli_2024, title={What Determines the Adoption of Agroforestry Practices in Farmlands and Public Lands? A Case Study from the Terai Region in Nepal}, volume={37}, ISSN={0894-1920 1521-0723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2023.2269531}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2023.2269531}, abstractNote={AbstractWhile agroforestry has been well acknowledged for its influential role and benefits in integrated resource management in the global south, its adoption in forest-rich countries with existing community conflict situations is under-explored. Through structured questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions, this study explored the context and factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry practices on farmlands and public lands in the Terai region of southern Nepal. Results from logistic regression models revealed that adoption of agroforestry practices on both farmland and public land could contribute to mitigating conflicts between northern and southern communities. In addition, the adoption of agroforestry practices can be explained by socio-demographic and economic factors such as education, ethnicity, well-being, and gender. Strong cooperation between agroforestry initiatives and local institutions such as forest user groups and local governments in educating and empowering local people from lower socio-economic backgrounds is critical for widespread adoption of agroforestry practices in similar resource-use conflict regions.Keywords: Community forestrylanduse and managementconflict managementnorthern and southern communities Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by authors.Additional informationFundingThis research was funded by The Rufford Foundation, UK, Grant no: 26820-B.}, number={2}, journal={Society & Natural Resources}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bhusal, Prabin and Awasthi, Kavi Raj and Low, Matthew and Shrestha, Naresh and Neupane, Asmit and Paudel, Naya Sharma and Chhetri, Bir Bahadur Khanal and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2024}, pages={234–250} }
 @article{lamica_parajuli_2023, title={Assessing interstate softwood roundwood trade in the southern United States: a gravity trade model approach}, volume={53}, ISSN={0045-5067 1208-6037}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2022-0217}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2022-0217}, abstractNote={Intraregional trade of forest products is a critical component of regional and subregional timber markets in terms of supply chain planning and locating forest product manufacturing facilities. Based on a gravity trade model, we evaluated the various factors driving the interstate flows of softwood sawlog and roundwood pulpwood in the 13 southern US states: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, and VA. Biennial state-level panel data from 2011 to 2019 in 13 southern states were employed to estimate empirical sawlog and pulpwood trade models. The results suggest that state gross domestic product (GDP) of importing states, exporter and importer production, importer consumption, the distance between the trading partners, and the electronic logging device mandate are influential factors of softwood sawlog trade between the states. Similarly, state GDP, exporter pulpwood production, importer consumption, the distance between the trading partners, delivered timber prices, and pellet mill capacity in each state are found to be significant determinants of softwood pulpwood trade between the partners across the state borderlines. The findings provide forest managers and policy makers with additional insights on the growing bilateral timber trade dynamics in regional and subregional markets in the southern United States.}, number={3}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Lamica, Austin and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={151–162} }
 @article{barnes_parajuli_leggett_suchoff_2023, title={Assessing the financial viability of growing industrial hemp with loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2624-893X"]}, DOI={10.3389/ffgc.2023.1148221}, abstractNote={Industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L. <0.3% THC), a non-psychoactive chemotype of cannabis, was reclassified and made legal for growing across the United States under the 2018 Farm Bill. Given that resources, knowledge, and interest for this novel crop are expanding rapidly, we explored the possibility of intercropping industrial hemp for fiber with loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) plantations, one of the most commercially widespread tree species in the southern United States. Following a previous greenhouse study confirming hemp’s ability to grow in pine-influenced soils, we examined the financial feasibility of this potential agroforestry system. We simulated the loblolly pine tree growth information using PTAEDA 4.0, a growth and yield model, and collected the enterprise budget data on hemp productivity, operating and fixed costs, and prices from various sources. Based on the capital budgeting analyses, results suggest that pine-hemp intercropping can yield higher economic returns –at least 25% higher net present value—than the conventional monoculture loblolly pine plantation. The early rotation cash flow and the complimentary benefits can result in a more financially viable loblolly pine plantation under the intercropping scenario. While new research continues to advance further with field trials and other analyses, this study provides valuable insights into the current market conditions and productivity level of industrial hemp cultivation that need to be addressed for hemp intercropping to succeed as an economically viable agroforestry investment.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE}, author={Barnes, Thomas and Parajuli, Rajan and Leggett, Zakiya and Suchoff, David}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{parajuli_chizmar_lamica_wiseman_gordon_ochuodho_schons_henderson_mehmood_johnson_2023, title={Economic Contribution Analysis of Urban and Community Forestry in the Southern United States in 2019}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvad011}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvad011}, abstractNote={Abstract As populations in developing areas continue to increase in recent years, urban and community forestry (U&CF) has received considerable attention due to the ecological, social, and economic significance of trees and green landscapes in urban and semi-urban settings. Based on a regional survey of private, public, and nonprofit businesses and agencies involved in U&CF, we first developed a complete profile of the U&CF sector in the southern United States (SUS) and then estimated the economic contribution of U&CF businesses and activities to the thirteen-state regional economy. We estimated that, in 2019, U&CF in the SUS contributed about $23.2 billion in value added with a total jobs support of over 349,200. Based on the current economic contributions and the number of cities and towns in each state, we also categorized thirteen states into four different tiers. Results not only underscore the economic significance of U&CF businesses and activities in the SUS, but also serve as a baseline to track future trends and performance of U&CF in terms of various business metrics.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Lamica, Austin and Wiseman, Eric and Gordon, Jason and Ochuodho, Thomas and Schons, Stella Zucchetti and Henderson, James E. and Mehmood, Sayeed and Johnson, Lara}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={217–223} }
 @article{bardon_peters_parajuli_jayaratne_2023, title={Educational Needs of North Carolina Non-industrial Private Forest Landowners and Barriers to Meeting These Needs}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1077-5315"]}, DOI={10.34068/joe.61.01.01}, abstractNote={Forest landowners are an important target audience for many state Extension programs. Acknowledging the differences and associations between landownership values, characteristics, and educational preferences of forest landowners should lead to improvement of educational programs and ensuring that educational needs are being met. Through an internet-based survey of forest landowners four distinct landowner typologies were identified based on respondents’ reason for owning forestland. Results also identified the educational needs and barriers to meeting these needs for the landowners. Creating typologies based on attitudinal responses will allow for a more focused approach to developing educational products and services to meet landowner needs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXTENSION}, author={Bardon, Robert E. and Peters, Kristin and Parajuli, Rajan and Jayaratne, K. S. U.}, year={2023} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_bruck_frey_sills_2023, title={Forest-Based Employment in the Southern United States amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Causal Inference Analysis}, volume={70}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad042}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxad042}, abstractNote={Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some governments instituted mandatory stay-at-home policies. As these policies made exceptions for essential industries such as the forest sector, it is not clear a priori whether and how these policies would affect forest-based employment. This study examined the effect of mandatory stay-at-home orders on employment in the forest sector in forest dependent counties in eleven southern states in the United States. We estimated panel event study models in addition to difference-in-difference models to evaluate the policy effects with respect to initial treatment as well as average effects to the treated counties during treatment. We found that employment in wood product manufacturing was lower on average in counties under a lockdown order compared with employment in counties without an active order. We also found that employment in the aggregate forest sector in counties that implemented the policy was significantly lower than employment in counties without the policy up to 9 months following initial enactment compared with the underlying difference between treated and control counties one month prior to treatment. Overall, our findings suggest that lockdown policies had a limited effect on employment in essential industries such as wood-based manufacturing sectors in the southern states. Study Implications: This study uses causal inference techniques to assess the effect of lockdown orders on forest-based employment in 11 southern states. Results suggest effects of lockdown orders were limited to the aggregate forest sector and wood product manufacturing, likely due to the rapid designation of the sector as essential and the reduced production of sawmills. The other industries within the sector were not significantly affected, implying that industries designated as essential may be more resilient to short-term shocks. These findings can be used to inform discussions on potential policy responses to future disasters, including how different interventions interact with one another.}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Bruck, Sonia and Frey, Gregory and Sills, Erin}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={23–36} }
 @article{bruck_parajuli_chizmar_sills_2023, title={Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic policies on timber markets in the Southern United States}, volume={2}, ISSN={2956-3364}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.25}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.25}, abstractNote={The global pandemic, due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), disrupted global commodity markets and individual consumption patterns. Various COVID-19-related policies were put in place by state and local governments to limit the virus outbreak, which disrupted the production and supply chains of manufacturing industries. The forest sector was not an exception. Using the Time Regression Discontinuity (T-RD) approach, we quantified the effect of various COVID-19 policies on standing timber prices in the Southern United States. We found an overall significant decrease in prices across all timber products (7%-30%) soon after COVID-19 lockdowns were implemented in early 2020. Findings from the fixed effects (FE) estimators suggest mandatory lockdowns for all individuals in certain areas of the jurisdiction had a decreasing price effect on pine pulpwood but an increasing effect on hardwood sawtimber. We expect that the findings from this study may help to set expectations for future market shocks if policies are implemented that impact the timber supply chain and consumer behavioral changes.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, publisher={Forest Business Analytics sp. z o.o.}, author={Bruck, Sonia R. and Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={130–167} }
 @article{parajuli_schons_khanal_wiseman_chizmar_lamica_gordon_ochuodho_henderson_mehmood_et al._2023, title={Perceived Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Private-Sector Urban and Community Forestry in the Southern United States}, volume={10}, ISSN={1935-5297 2155-0778}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.020}, DOI={10.48044/jauf.2023.020}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Private-sector urban and community forestry (U&CF) is a major segment of the green industry with substantial socio-ecological and economic contributions to urban and sub-urban communities. The COVID-19 pandemic reportedly caused heterogeneous impacts on businesses, the workforce, and various sectors of the overall economy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceived impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on private businesses carrying out U&CF activities in the Southern United States. Methods Using data collected through an online survey distributed across the Southern USA in 2021, we developed and estimated an empirical model to evaluate the factors describing the perceived impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on U&CF businesses in the region. Results Results suggest that COVID-19 had, on average, a neutral impact on the U&CF activities performed by the private sector in the study region, but the perceived impacts varied by the industry types. Results from the ordered logistic regression suggest that nursery and garden supply stores were more likely than other businesses to have a positive impact of COVID-19 on the U&CF segment of their business. Similarly, business metrics such as the size of the company in terms of annual sales and revenues or longevity in the business were found to be significant factors explaining the COVID-19 impacts on U&CF business. Conclusion Our study findings are useful for U&CF decisionmakers for better planning, preparedness, and programming of U&CF activities and businesses in the southern USA.}, journal={Arboriculture & Urban Forestry}, publisher={International Society of Arboriculture}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Schons, Stella Zucchetti and Khanal, Puskar and Wiseman, P. Eric and Chizmar, Stephanie and Lamica, Austin and Gordon, Jason and Ochuodho, Thomas and Henderson, James E. and Mehmood, Sayeed and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={jauf.2023.020} }
 @article{adhikari_poudyal_ochuodho_parajuli_joshi_mehmood_munsell_dhungel_thomas_crocker_et al._2023, title={Predictors of Landowners’ Intention to Manage Emerald Ash Borer in Kentucky}, volume={69}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad008}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxad008}, abstractNote={Abstract Native ash species in the central hardwood region of the United States have been threatened by infestations of emerald ash borers (EAB), which have caused significant damage to the forests’ ecological and economic value. Because private landowners own most of these forestlands, their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior are important in managing EAB effectively across the landscape. We conducted a mail survey of landowners in Kentucky, where EAB are spreading across the state and causing variable levels of damage depending upon how long they have been established, and assessed whether and how psychosocial and demographic factors help explain the landowner’s behavioral intention to manage EAB on their property. The results of an ordinal logistic regression model, grounded in a modified theory of planned behavior framework, suggested that severity of risk perception, knowledge about management options, importance of economic objectives, and perceived group efficacy were related positively to landowners’ intention to manage EAB. These findings shed light on landowners’ perspective of EAB’s effects and the role of psychosocial factors in their motivation to adopt EAB control options. Study Implications: Landowners’ active participation can be critical in managing EAB effectively in privately owned forests. This study found that landowners’ management intentions depended on their perception of EAB risks, knowledge of EAB prevention, and perceived cooperation among landowners. Raising awareness of EAB threats, educating landowners on the control options available, and promoting collaborative approaches to combat EAB at the regional scale can help increase landowners’ participation in EAB management. Taking a collaborative approach is important to address such transboundary problems as EAB infestations because such an approach ensures that relevant agencies will provide landowners with continuous legal, technical, and financial support.}, number={4}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Adhikari, Ram K and Poudyal, Neelam C and Ochuodho, Thomas O and Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Mehmood, Sayeed R and Munsell, John F and Dhungel, Gaurav and Thomas, William and Crocker, Ellen and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={452–462} }
 @article{ile_typhina_brannum_parajuli_bardon_2023, title={Toward the Adoption of New Farming Systems among Farmers: A Case study of Short Rotation Woody Crops in North Carolina}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1077-5315"]}, DOI={10.34068/joe.61.01.09}, abstractNote={This study explores the human dimensions of the broad-based adoption of Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWCs) among farmers in North Carolina. We used an actor diagramming and tracing approach to explore factors influencing farmers’ adoption of SRWCs. Results suggest four factors strongly influence the adoption process: 1) market availability, 2) education awareness, 3) funding, and 4) social networking. Based on these results, we recommend that Extension professionals use the following education modules to prompt the adoption of SRWCs practices and potentially adopt other new farming practices: 1) ecological sustainability, 2) financial considerations, 3) harvesting, and 4) community building.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXTENSION}, author={Ile, Omoyemeh J. and Typhina, Eli and Brannum, Katie and Parajuli, Rajan and Bardon, Robert E.}, year={2023} }
 @article{adhikari_poudyal_ochuodho_parajuli_joshi_mehmood_munsell_dhungel_thomas_crocker_et al._2023, title={Understanding Forest Landowner Attitudes, Perceived Risk, and Response to Emerald Ash Borer in Kentucky}, volume={121}, ISSN={0022-1201 1938-3746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvac040}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvac040}, abstractNote={Abstract Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), an invasive nonnative beetle, is responsible for the mortality of ash trees in the eastern and midwestern United States. Despite efforts to contain this beetle through various control options, human-induced spread of EAB has caused damage to ash forests in many states. Because most ash trees are under private ownership, it is important to understand how landowners evaluate the risk of EAB and perceive the effectiveness of various control options. A mail survey of private forest landowners was conducted in Kentucky in 2020 to assess their awareness and perception of various control options of EAB infestation. Results from this survey suggest that landowners are concerned about EAB and the associated increased risks, reduced quality of scenic views, and increased cleanup costs. Landowners experiencing EAB infestation believed that EAB management needs collective actions and that current efforts by government agencies are not sufficient. However, few landowners are taking actions themselves to manage EAB on their property. These findings shed light on the extent to which landowners are concerned about EAB impact and emphasize the need for development of effective control options and outreach programs to increase landowner engagement and actions in EAB control and management.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Adhikari, Ram K and Poudyal, Neelam C and Ochuodho, Thomas O and Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Mehmood, Sayeed R and Munsell, John F and Dhungel, Gaurav and Thomas, William and Crocker, Ellen and et al.}, year={2023}, pages={157–167} }
 @article{hoy_parajuli_chizmar_joshi_gordon_henderson_mehmood_khanal_witthun_buntrock_2022, title={Business Outlook of Private Urban Forestry in the Northeast-Midwest Region of the United States}, volume={48}, ISSN={1935-5297 2155-0778}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2022.021}, DOI={10.48044/jauf.2022.021}, abstractNote={Background: Urban forestry is a crucial sector of the green industry and increasingly a tool used to address ecological and sociopolitical challenges in urban landscapes. Along with a number of public agencies and nonprofit organizations, various private industry types are directly involved in the development and management of urban trees and landscapes. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the outlook of private green industry businesses on their urban forestry activities in the Northeast-Midwest region of the United States. Methods: Based on a survey of private businesses involved in the green industry in late 2020, we developed an empirical model by incorporating industry types, business metrics, and issues related to urban forestry perceived by private businesses. Results: Results from an ordered logistic regression model suggest that nursery and florist’s supplies merchant wholesaler businesses are less likely than other businesses to have a positive outlook on urban forestry activities. We found that survey respondents who reported a higher percentage of urban forestry employees had a higher likelihood of a positive outlook of their business. Conclusion: Many respondents referenced how COVID-19 has been an overall deterrent to economic growth, implying that the state of their business depends on the recovery of the economy. The findings provide useful policy and management insights on how private businesses perceive the future outlook of urban forestry. These study results benefit the private sector and public agencies involved in urban forestry for better planning and programming in the Northeast-Midwest region of the United States.}, number={5}, journal={Arboriculture & Urban Forestry}, publisher={International Society of Arboriculture}, author={Hoy, Morgan and Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Joshi, Omkar and Gordon, Jason and Henderson, James and Mehmood, Sayeed and Khanal, Puskar and Witthun, Olivia and Buntrock, Laura}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={278–292} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_frey_bardon_branan_macfarland_smith_ameyaw_2022, title={Challenges and opportunities for agroforestry practitioners to participate in state preferential property tax programs for agriculture and forestry}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2666-7193"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100176}, abstractNote={All 50 states offer preferential property tax programs that lower the taxes paid on enrolled agricultural and/or forest lands. While agroforestry is a land-use that combines elements of both agriculture and forestry, eligibility criteria and other rules and regulations may prevent landowners from enrolling agroforestry practices in one or more of the agricultural and forestry tax programs. This pilot-scale study developed conceptual and methodological frameworks to identify the current barriers to and opportunities in preferential tax policies applicable to agroforestry practices. We conducted an extensive review of state preferential property tax programs relevant for agroforestry practices, following focus group discussions with regional experts in five selected states across the United States: North Carolina, Nebraska, Wisconsin, New York, and Oregon. Based on a systematic review of statutes and their supporting documents, we developed a database of programs, which support or create barriers to enrollment of agroforestry practitioners into the programs. We found that agricultural tax assessments were more likely to favor multi-use agriculture and forestry systems than the preferential tax assessments of forestlands in the five states. Forest farming and silvopasture, followed by alley cropping, windbreaks, and riparian forest buffers, were found to be the most common agroforestry practices allowed under preferential tax classifications in the study states. This study provides a framework for cataloging and analyzing preferential property tax-programs to document barriers and facilitators to agroforestry practices in the United States.}, journal={TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Frey, Gregory E. and Bardon, Robert E. and Branan, Robert Andrew and MacFarland, Katherine and Smith, Matthew and Ameyaw, Lord}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{parajuli_chizmar_hoy_joshi_gordon_mehmood_henderson_poudel_witthun_buntrock_2022, title={Economic Contribution Analysis of Urban Forestry in the Northeastern and Midwestern States of the United States in 2018}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1610-8167"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127490}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127490}, abstractNote={Urban and community forestry is an increasingly integral component enhancing the well-being of urban places. Along with providing aesthetic benefits and other critical ecosystem services, urban forestry contributes to local and regional economies by supporting jobs and economic activities through various businesses and industries. In this study, we estimated the economic contribution of urban forestry to the regional economy in terms of several economic and business metrics including jobs, labor income, value-added, and tax collections. To this end, we developed an extensive scope of urban forest industries and activities incorporating all private, public, and non-profit businesses and organizations involved in urban forestry in the Northeastern and Midwest states. Results from the input-output modeling suggest that in 2018, urban forestry in the Northeastern and Midwest states directly contributed $17.6 billion in industry output and $13.5 billion in value-added by supporting about 258,550 full- and part-time jobs in various businesses and activities. Including direct, indirect, and induced effects, urban forestry in the region had a total contribution of $34.7 billion in industry output to the regional economy, employing more than 357,200 people with a payroll of about $16 billion. These numbers are crucial to highlight the economic significance of urban forestry businesses and agencies as well as to educate the public, economic development professionals, and legislators about the importance of urban and community forestry in the Northeastern and Midwest states.}, journal={URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Hoy, Morgan and Joshi, Omkar and Gordon, Jason and Mehmood, Sayeed and Henderson, James E. and Poudel, Jagdish and Witthun, Olivia and Buntrock, Laura}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{khanal_parajuli_straka_2022, title={Evaluating Structural and Temporal Factors Affecting Supply of Ecosystem Benefits in a University Urban Environment in South Carolina, USA}, volume={12}, ISSN={2163-0429 2163-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.123016}, DOI={10.4236/ojf.2022.123016}, abstractNote={Sustainable urban forest management is still an evolving concept, particularly as it pertains to a sustainable supply of ecosystem benefits and management planning. Urban forestry maintains a greater human dimension component than traditional timber-oriented rural forestry because urban trees grow in city centers and neighborhoods, supplying critical ecosystem benefits to the population centers. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship of urban forest stand structure and its temporal dynamics with the sustainable supply of ecosystem benefits in university environments. Individual tree data were collected from a completed inventory, while the i-Tree Eco model was used to generate ecosystem benefits data from the Clemson urban forest. The cumulative-benefits supply curve had an inverted J-shaped curve, but the average supply curve had a negative slope against the species richness. Likewise, individual tree variables total height, DBH, leaf area, and crown height strongly correlated with the total ecosystem services supply. Based on the temporal supply trends, the study area trees were broadly segmented into three groups: establishment, growth, and legacy, with 65%, 31%, and 4% frequency distribution, respectively. Urban forest managers need to identify forest management goals and preferred ecosystem benefits among the urban communities to guide the required forest structure and dynamics to ensure a sustainable and functioning urban forest.}, number={03}, journal={Open Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Khanal, Puskar N. and Parajuli, Rajan and Straka, Thomas J.}, year={2022}, pages={297–311} }
 @misc{parajuli_2022, title={Game Theoretic Analyses of the United States-Canada Softwood Lumber Trade}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3125}, DOI={10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3125}, abstractNote={The ongoing softwood lumber trade dispute between the United States (U.S.) and Canada is one of the most contentious and largest bilateral trade battles over the recent decades. The bilateral trade debate is mostly because of the different forestland ownership systems in the U.S. and Canada, and the alleged timber subsidies by provincial governments to Canadian lumber producers. The Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) 2006 between the U.S. and Canada is the latest transitory solution of this dispute, entailing Canada to impose mandatory export charges on its lumber shipments to the U.S. In order to understand this trade dispute from a strategic policy perspective, this study analyzes SLA 2006 using game-theoretic frameworks. A Cournot-Nash duopoly model is developed to assess the possible effects of the export tax on overall lumber price and production of softwood lumber in both countries. The empirical econometric models are estimated to uncover the findings of the Cournot-Nash duopoly model by employing the historical time-series data of the softwood lumber market. Even though the game-theoretic model suggests that the export tax under SLA 2006 could decrease Canadian lumber exports to the U.S., the empirical estimation reveals that SLA 2006 is quite ineffective in restricting the lumber trade between the two countries. This study also develops a two-country two-stage game, and concludes that the optimum export tax under the framework of SLA 2006 is mainly determined by the level of Canadian lumber production costs and the U.S. lumber production capacity. Unlike the actual export tax of 0-15%, the empirical estimation reveals that the monthly optimal export tax ranges from -23% to 30%. Given that SLA 2006 is scheduled to expire in October 2015 and that both countries already started looking for ways forward, this study provides useful information in country-level bargaining and trade negotiations between the two countries.}, publisher={Louisiana State University Libraries}, author={Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{bista_parajuli_giri_karki_song_2022, title={Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of rural households in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2666-7193"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100312}, abstractNote={The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has severely affected all sectors of the economy, and the impacts are expected to last-long. One major impact is that migrants return to their original households in rural communities due to loss of jobs. Since rural communities are highly dependent on forest and agriculture for livelihoods, an influx of return migrants likely increases the consumption of forest products and intensifies the agriculture practices, increasing the pressure on forest resources. Based on in-person interview of 215 in 2018 before the pandemic and a phone interview of the same 215 rural households in 2021 at the peak of the pandemic in Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal, this study addresses the following research questions: (1) Does COVID-19 exert differential impacts among the socio-economic groups? (2) How do return migrants affect the rural land use? (3) Do return migrants put additional pressure on forests resources? The rare before-and-after dataset provide a precious opportunity to assess the COVID-19 impacts on the livelihoods of rural households in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal. We found that the impacts of COVID-19 were severe on the households with larger family size, those belonging to the marginalized caste groups, having lower number of livestock, low wellbeing index, those who rely on daily wage-based occupation, with low level of education, and the households with return migrants. A significant number of migrants were found to return to their village of origin. As a result, there was a decrease in abandoned land and an increase in the livestock number and forest product use. These findings provide timely insights for the post-pandemic recovery efforts in better targeting needy household with limited resource in the community forestry landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal.}, journal={TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE}, author={Bista, Rajesh and Parajuli, Rajan and Giri, Kalpana and Karki, Rahul and Song, Conghe}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hartshorn_munro_parajuli_nowak_2022, title={Review of the Potential Effects of Shifting Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus Frontalis) Population and Outbreak Dynamics}, ISSN={1556-5068}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4104347}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.4104347}, abstractNote={Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, southern pine beetle, is one of the most damaging insect pests of pine trees ( Pinus spp.) in the southern United States (U.S.), Mexico, and Central America. Populations and outbreaks have been decreasing in the southeastern U.S., but they have been steadily advancing their range into novel areas in the northeastern U.S., such as Massachusetts and Maine. There have been many recent advances in monitoring, genetics, and management of D. frontalis since the last major review and synthesis in 2011. In this manuscript, we review and synthesize recent literature on; 1) alterations in the geographic distribution and range of D. frontalis , and their host trees and associated organisms (i.e., natural enemies and fungal associates); 2) beetle trapping and monitoring protocols; 3) sustainable management and restoration efforts; and 4) economic effects. Additionally, we identify several gaps in knowledge that, if filled, would provide valuable information for trapping this pest and managing the potential outbreaks in the future.}, journal={SSRN Electronic Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hartshorn, Jessica and Munro, Holly L. and Parajuli, Rajan and Nowak, John}, year={2022} }
 @article{sodiya_parajuli_abt_gray_2022, title={Spatial Analysis of Forest Product Manufacturers in North Carolina}, volume={69}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac045}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxac045}, abstractNote={Abstract Spatial analysis of industrial locations is an important tool for cluster-based economic development that helps identify hot spots for attracting new businesses in a particular region. The forest product industry in North Carolina (NC) is the top employer among all manufacturing sectors, with a substantial contribution to the state economy. Using geographic information system tools, we examined the current spatial distribution of the primary and secondary forest product manufacturers (FPM) and available forest resources to identify major hot spots in NC. Additionally, by estimating count data models, this study evaluated factors influencing the location of FPMs across counties in NC. Our results suggested that primary FPMs exhibit a higher spatial dependency relative to secondary FPMs. Similarly, regression results suggested that the counties near cities with high population, hot spots of raw materials, and better county economy are more likely to host both primary and secondary FPMs in the counties of NC. The findings of this study shed light on how the clustering of forest product manufacturing firms may influence competition between FPMs, sustainable supply of raw materials, and supply-chain networks in forest-dependent rural regions.}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Sodiya, Olakunle E and Parajuli, Rajan and Abt, Robert C and Gray, Joshua}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={24–36} }
 @book{bista_parajuli_giri_karki_song_2022, title={The Covid-19 Pandemic, Migrant Returnees, and the Forest-Dependent Rural Livelihood in Mid-Hills of Nepal}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.4049391}, abstractNote={The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has severely affected all sectors of the economy, and the impacts are expected to last long. One major impact is migrant returnees returning to their original household in rural communities due to loss of jobs. Since rural communities are highly dependent on forest and agriculture for livelihoods, an influx of migrant returnees likely increases the consumption of forest products and intensifies the agriculture practices, increasing the pressure on forest resources. Based on a phone interview of 215 rural households in Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal, this study explored the following research questions: (1) Does Covid-19 exert differential impacts among the socio-economic class groups? (2) How do migrant returnees affect the rural land use dynamics? (3) Do migrant returnees put additional pressure on forests resources? We employed a quick follow-up survey of the same households that were surveyed prior to the pandemic for a separate study, which provides a rare before-and-after dataset to assess the COVID-19 impacts on forest-dependent rural livelihood in the mid-hill region of Nepal. Results suggest that the impacts of COVID were severe in the households with larger family size, those belonging to the marginalized caste groups, having lower number of livestock, low wellbeing index, those who rely on daily wage-based occupation, with low level of education, and the households with return migrants. A significant number of migrants were found to return to their villages. As a result, there was a decrease in abandoned land and an increase in the livestock number and forest product use. These findings provide relevant and timely insights for the post-pandemic recovery efforts in the forest-dependent rural communities in Nepal.}, author={Bista, R. and Parajuli, R. and Giri, K. and Karki, R. and Song, C.}, year={2022} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_frey_bardon_sills_2021, title={Allocation versus completion: Explaining the distribution of the Forest Development Program fund in North Carolina}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102594}, abstractNote={The Forest Development Program (FDP) is a nationally renowned state-administered cost-share assistance program for forest landowners in North Carolina, primarily funded through taxation on primary forest products across the state. While the demand for FDP cost-share funds often exceeds available resources, over one-fourth of annual allocations on average go unused, due primarily to application cancellations and the divergence of actual costs and treated acres from the amounts approved originally. This study evaluates various factors related to the utilization of allocated funds based on actual cost-share fund usage data in the last six years. Results suggest that FDP applications associated with the piedmont region, shearing and chemical site preparation, hand-planting activities, and larger applied acres are more likely to be completed as defined in the initial application. The methods and findings of this study provide useful insights to administrators of other similar public incentive programs. The need for similar analyses evaluating the utilization of public funds will likely grow as state and federal governments increasingly rely on incentive programs to meet ambitious goals in conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Frey, Gregory E. and Bardon, Robert E. and Sills, Erin}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bista_zhang_parajuli_karki_chhetri_song_2021, title={Cropland Abandonment in the Community-Forestry Landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1087-3562"]}, DOI={10.1175/EI-D-21-0006.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Cropland abandonment has been a major land-use concern, threatening food security globally. Understanding the factors contributing to cropland abandonment advances land-use change science and provides essential information for policy making, both of which aim to improve agriculture land management. Despite many studies conducted on this topic, we still lack in-depth understanding on how feedbacks from the natural system influence cropland-use decisions at the household level in the human system. We fill this knowledge gap by conducting this study in the Middle Hills of Nepal, where community forestry is an integral part of the land-use system. We collected qualitative data through focus-group discussions, key-informant interviews, and review of local community-forest management documents, and we collected quantitative socioeconomic data through a household survey of 415 households. We geolocated 1264 cropland parcels owned by these households and recorded their use statuses. We found that there is an increasing trend of cropland abandonment that is due to multiple socioeconomic, ecological, and biophysical factors. A higher likelihood of cropland abandonment is linked to households that have more out-migrants, female heads, nonagricultural occupation of the household heads, and larger areas of agriculture landholding. The study also found that cropland parcels that are far from the households, close to the forest edge, and on steeper slopes are more likely to be abandoned. These findings provide key information for policy makers to devise effective measures on managing cropland and developing sustainable agriculture in rural Nepal.}, number={1}, journal={EARTH INTERACTIONS}, author={Bista, Rajesh and Zhang, Qi and Parajuli, Rajan and Karki, Rahul and Chhetri, Bir Bahadur Khanal and Song, Conghe}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={136–150} }
 @article{trlica_cook_albaugh_parajuli_carter_rubilar_2021, title={Financial Returns for Biomass on Short-Rotation Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeastern United States}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab033}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxab033}, abstractNote={Abstract Rising demand for renewable energy has created a potential market for biomass from short-rotation pine plantations in the southeastern United States. Site preparation, competition control, fertilization, and enhanced seedling genotypes offer the landowner several variables for managing productivity, but their combined effects on financial returns are unclear. This study estimated returns from a hypothetical 10-year biomass harvest in loblolly pine plantation using field studies in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and the Virginia Piedmont testing combinations of tree genotype, planting density, and silviculture. Although enhanced varietal genotypes could yield more biomass, open-pollinated seedlings at 1,236–1,853 trees ha−1 under operational silviculture had the greatest returns at both sites, with mean whole-tree internal rates of return of 8.3%–9.9% assuming stumpage equal to current pulpwood prices. At a 5% discount rate, break-even whole-tree stumpage at the two sites in the optimal treatments was $8.72–$9.92 Mg−1, and break-even yield was 175–177 Mg ha−1 (roughly 18 Mg ha−1 yr−1 productivity), although stumpage and yield floors were higher if only stem biomass was treated as salable. Dedicated short-rotation loblolly biomass plantations in the region are more likely to be financially attractive when site establishment and maintenance costs are minimized.}, number={6}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Trlica, Andrew and Cook, Rachel L. and Albaugh, Timothy J. and Parajuli, Rajan and Carter, David R. and Rubilar, Rafael A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={670–681} }
 @article{bhandari_maraseni_timilsina_parajuli_2021, title={Species composition, diversity, and carbon stock in trees outside forests in middle hills of Nepal}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102402}, abstractNote={Trees outside forests (TOF) are integral components of rural livelihoods providing fodder, fruit, firewood, timber, and other ecosystem services. The extent and magnitude of the contribution of TOF may vary with the different socioeconomic and demographic factors of the households (HHs) within a community. Based on a comprehensive survey of 78 HHs and an inventory of their farms in the Tanahun district, Nepal, this study assessed the species diversity, richness, and carbon storage in TOF in various socioeconomic strata. We found 623 individual trees representing 38 species and 21 families. Species diversity was the highest in the farmland owned by indigenous people according to caste, middle-income class according to the well-being class, and farmers according to the main occupation of the HH. Species diversity varied significantly with the amount of land, the number of livestock, and the distance from one's home to forests; furthermore, the carbon stock per HH varied significantly with the amount of land, the number of livestock, caste, and well-being class. TOF contribute to a national carbon budget and therefore need to be considered in nationally determined contributions and performance-based payments in forestry systems (REDD+). Efforts to regularly measure and monitor TOF by including them in the national forest inventory system are crucial to record their contributions to the overall livelihood of local people and the national carbon budget.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Bhandari, Shes Kanta and Maraseni, Tek and Timilsina, Yajna Prasad and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_bardon_cubbage_2021, title={State Cost-Share Programs for Forest Landowners in the Southern United States: A Review}, volume={119}, ISSN={0022-1201 1938-3746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa054}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa054}, abstractNote={Abstract The largest concentration of state-level forest cost-share programs in the United States can be found in the southern states. Since the inception of the first programs in the 1970s, the state-level forest cost-share programs in the US South have acted as models for the rest of the country. Cost-share programs compensate landowners through direct reimbursements to address barriers such as limited owner capital and cash flow in the initial years of investment. Through a review of the literature and progress reports from southern state forestry agencies, we qualitatively assessed state-level cost-share programs and their status in the southern states. We identified the common themes in the literature related to cost-share programs: market, nonmarket, and landowners’ perceptions and knowledge. Many of the programs enacted between the 1970s and 1980s aimed to ensure a sustainable timber supply, a market good, from private forestlands. A few of the programs enacted more recently compensate landowners for nonmarket benefits such as forest health or soil and water conservation. Two of the nine available programs are practically inactive in recent years because of a lack of funding. We discuss current prospects regarding funding, partnerships, and broadening the focus of incentives to cover forest-based ecosystem services. Study Implications Regionally, cost-share programs in the US South differ in eligibility criteria, funding source and status, and resource management objectives. The majority of state-level cost-share programs in the US South were enacted 30 to 50 years ago. The first cost-share programs were designed to support a continued timber supply from private forestlands, but a few recent programs have expanded their objectives to protect forest health and soil and water quality. Forest-based ecosystem service markets, specifically reforestation to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide and provide clean air and water, have become more prevalent in recent years. Funding for forest commodity incentive programs is a continual challenge. New funding sources and new programs are crucial to meet demands for incentives for landowners to provide both timber and ecosystem services outputs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie J and Parajuli, Rajan and Bardon, Robert and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={177–195} }
 @article{parajuli_2021, title={Wood pellets versus pulp and paper: Quantifying the impacts of wood pellets on the pulpwood markets in the southeastern United States}, volume={317}, ISSN={["1879-1786"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128384}, DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128384}, abstractNote={Since the early 2010s, the production of industrial wood pellet for overseas exports has grown considerably in the Southern United States (U.S.). In order to meet the increasing demand for woody biomass feedstock, the wood pellet mills in the U.S. South consume roundwood pulpwood along with low-valued logging residues and sawmill wood wastes. By estimating empirical roundwood pulpwood market models based on the bi-monthly time-series data, this study estimates the impacts of wood pellet production, precipitation, and the COVID-19 Pandemic on the hardwood and softwood pulpwood stumpage prices in 12 southeastern Atlantic coastal micro-markets. Results suggest that the wood pellet industry has led to an increase in pine pulpwood prices, but no statistically significant impact is found on the hardwood pulpwood prices. Rainfall is found to be a positive determinant of the roundwood pulpwood prices. Furthermore, since March 2020, the COVID-19 Pandemic is estimated to lead about 6% decline in both pine and hardwood pulpwood prices. This study provides empirical evidence and additional insights on the timber market dynamics and how small roundwood markets have reacted to the additional wood demand from a growing bioenergy industry in the U.S. South.}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chizmar_castillo_pizarro_vasquez_bernal_rivera_sills_abt_parajuli_cubbage_2020, title={A Discounted Cash Flow and Capital Budgeting Analysis of Silvopastoral Systems in the Amazonas Region of Peru}, volume={9}, ISSN={2073-445X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100353}, DOI={10.3390/land9100353}, abstractNote={Silvopasture is a type of agroforestry that could deliver ecosystem services and support local livelihoods by integrating trees into pasture-based livestock systems. This study modeled the financial returns from silvopastures, planted forests, and conventional cattle-pasture systems in Amazonas, Peru using capital budgeting techniques. Forests had a lower land expectation value (USD 845 per hectare) than conventional cattle systems (USD 1275 per hectare) at a 4% discount rate. “Typical” model silvopastures, based on prior landowner surveys in the Amazonas region, were most competitive at low discount rates. The four actual silvopastoral systems we visited and examined had higher returns (4%: USD 1588 to USD 9524 per hectare) than either alternative pure crop or tree system, more than likely through strategies for generating value-added such as on-site retail stands. Silvopasture also offers animal health and environmental benefits, and could receive governmental or market payments to encourage these practices.}, number={10}, journal={Land}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Castillo, Miguel and Pizarro, Dante and Vasquez, Hector and Bernal, Wilmer and Rivera, Raul and Sills, Erin and Abt, Robert and Parajuli, Rajan and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={353} }
 @article{henderson_parajuli_abt_2020, title={Biological and market responses of pine forests in the US Southeast to carbon fertilization}, volume={169}, ISSN={["1873-6106"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106491}, abstractNote={In the coming decades, climate change is projected to cause carbon dioxide fertilization effects in pine forests in the US Southeast. Resulting changes in pine (loblolly) growth will impact forest markets and regional carbon sequestration. We examine this impact in the context of baseline demand scenarios of increasing sophistication to determine the relative impact of growth and business as usual assumptions on forest growing stock volume, removals, prices and carbon sequestration. We use above-ground biomass data generated from the 3-PG forest growth model based on 20 climate models and Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios 4.5 and 8.5. We examine forest market and carbon sequestration impacts using the Sub-Regional Timber Supply model, with and without climate change-related growth. Results suggest that forest growing stock will increase under all climate change scenarios. Timber prices under carbon fertilization are projected to be lower over the long run.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}, author={Henderson, Jesse D. and Parajuli, Rajan and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{parajuli_chizmar_megalos_bardon_2020, title={Educating Landowners on Forest-Based Alternative Income Streams in North Carolina: Program Evaluation and Lessons Learned}, volume={118}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa037}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa037}, abstractNote={Abstract Forest-based payments for ecosystem services markets have grown considerably in recent years. Besides timber products from harvests, forests offer multiple nontimber and intrinsic benefits, which could be important sources of income for landowners. In summer 2019, we organized four region-specific educational workshops all across North Carolina to educate landowners, Extension agents, and natural resource professionals about these alternative forest-based income streams. In this article, we cover the topics included in those workshops, postworkshop evaluation, and lessons learned from those events, which provide useful insights for Extension and outreach professionals in program design and delivery in forest-based payments for ecosystem service markets. Study Implications This article presents the details of a program, postworkshop evaluation, and lessons learned, which serve as useful guidelines for Extension and outreach educators in designing and delivering similar programs in forest-based alternative income streams. Although markets for ecosystem services are improving worldwide along with increasing research and outreach efforts in forest-based intrinsic benefits, results from evaluation surveys suggest that attendees had limited knowledge in forest carbon markets, wetland mitigation banking, and conservation easements in North Carolina. More region-specific Extension and outreach programs highlighting the locally available nontimber market options are recommended all across the country. Similarly, partnerships with other state agencies and institutions in program planning, advertisement, and delivery would improve effectiveness of similar Extension and outreach programs.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Megalos, Mark and Bardon, Robert}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={551–554} }
 @book{parajuli_fawcett_kays_2020, title={Recent Research on Perceived Risks, Legal Liabilities, and Insurance Coverage Associated with Prescribed Burning on Private Lands}, number={2020-2}, institution={Southern Fire Exchange}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Fawcett, J.E. and Kays, L.}, year={2020} }
 @article{kanieski da silva_schons_cubbage_parajuli_2020, title={Spatial and cross-product price linkages in the Brazilian pine timber markets}, volume={117}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102186}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102186}, abstractNote={The South of Brazil is one of the most attractive regions for timberland investments in the world. High productivity and relatively attractive timber prices have gained attention from timberland investors. However, as in most emerging countries, it is not very clear how prices are transmitted across products and markets. Having this information is essential to strategic planning as well as understand the market structure. We investigate market linkages of the stumpage price of five products (fuelwood, pulpwood, sawtimber, veneer, and special veneer) in the three main pine producing states in Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). We use linear and regime shifting models and check the effect of external shocks on price transmission. The nonlinear process is observed main on high-grade timber (veneer and special veneer), possibly driven by their price recovery after the recession. Our results show that the spatial and between product price ratio converges back the market equilibrium within 10 months in the pine stumpage market in Brazil. This outcome indicates this market is efficient with small opportunities for arbritage profits.}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kanieski da Silva, Bruno and Schons, Stella Z. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={102186} }
 @article{fawcett_parajuli_bardon_boby_kays_strnad_2020, title={Tools for Quickly Adapting During Pandemics, Disasters, and Other Unique Events}, volume={58}, ISSN={1077-5315 0022-0140}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/joe.58.02.05}, DOI={10.34068/joe.58.02.05}, abstractNote={Amid the current COVID-19 pandemic, Cooperative Extension personnel across the nation are quickly adapting to daily changes while continuing to respond to the needs of clients. This article provides examples of how we in North Carolina State Extension Forestry have responded to the challenges we have faced thus far. The solutions and tools described can be used in the current situation and for future pandemics, disasters, and other unique events that require "alternative" arrangements. The needs of landowners, farmers, youths, and the public at large will not diminish during this unprecedented time; therefore, we should continue to innovate to ensure that our impact is not diminished.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, publisher={Clemson University}, author={Fawcett, Jennifer and Parajuli, Rajan and Bardon, Robert and Boby, Leslie and Kays, Laurel and Strnad, Renee}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{chizmar_cubbage_castillo_sills_abt_parajuli_2019, title={An Economic Assesment of Silvopasture Systems in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina}, booktitle={Forest Resource Economics in Transition: Traditional and Emerging Markets}, author={Chizmar, S. and Cubbage, F. and Castillo, M. and Sills, E. and Abt, R. and Parajuli, R.}, editor={Brandeis, C. and Hodges, D.G. and Poudyal, N.Editors}, year={2019}, pages={51} }
 @book{parajuli_megalos_ruseva_chizmar_fisher_2019, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={An introduction to forest carbon offset markets}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Extension}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Megalos, M. and Ruseva, T. and Chizmar, S. and Fisher, M.}, year={2019} }
 @book{parajuli_laleicke_vlosky_2019, place={Athens, GA}, title={Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT): An Overview and Prospects in the U.S. South}, institution={Southern Regional Extension Forestry}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Laleicke, F. and Vlosky, R.}, year={2019} }
 @article{cothran_bowker_larson_parajuli_whiting_green_2019, title={Fee hikes at state parks in Georgia: Effects on visitation, revenues, welfare, and visitor diversity}, volume={38}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9726}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9726}, abstractNote={Public land management agencies that provide outdoor recreation opportunities face financial constraints. Raising access fees is one approach to enhance fiscal sustainability. However, increased access costs may reduce visitation. Actual visitation changes are contingent on visitors' price sensitivity, and these changes will influence revenue collection, visitor composition, changes in visitor welfare, and local economic impacts. Importantly, higher entrance fees may disproportionately affect visitors of different ethnicities and individuals from low-income populations. In this study, we developed a travel cost model using data collected during 2010 from 1,309 visitors across three state parks in northern Georgia to estimate the structure of recreation demand and the effects of potential fee increases across diverse populations. Results were applied to simulate the effects of various entrance fee levels on park revenue, visitor diversity, and visitor welfare, accounting for differential responses to fee hikes across different racial/ethnic groups. We found visitor demand to the parks was largely inelastic, signaling that decreases in visitation effected by a modest fee increase (e.g., from $5 to $8) would lead to higher total revenues. At higher fee values, decreased visitation offset potential revenue gains. Hispanics were less sensitive to entrance fee hikes than other visitors, suggesting that shifting fee structures could also impact visitor composition. If fees were to increase at state parks, the proportion of Hispanic visitors at parks would likely grow. This means that Hispanics would bear a disproportionate share of the cost burden under increasing fee scenarios. Additionally, state park recreation demand was highest among low-income visitors, suggesting that fee increases could have particularly significant negative impact on that group. To balance the possibly competing agency objectives of revenue generation and increased diversity, park managers may benefit from greater ex ante information provided by an applied framework like that developed in this analysis. Such analyses are expected to better inform management and policy makers concerning the likely economic effects of variation in state park access costs, including disproportionate impacts on racial/ethnic minorities. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Cothran, J. Wyatt and Bowker, J. M. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Parajuli, Rajan and Whiting, Jason W. and Green, Gary T.}, year={2019}, pages={55–76} }
 @article{parajuli_joshi_maraseni_2019, title={Incorporating Forests, Agriculture, and Energy Consumption in the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach}, volume={11}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092688}, DOI={10.3390/su11092688}, abstractNote={Based on country-specific panel data from 1990–2014 for 86 different countries, we quantify the effects of forests and agricultural land in CO2 emissions, using the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The results from the dynamic panel data method reveal that forests are an important determinant in reducing CO2 emissions globally, but the effects vary by region. All else constant, we estimate a 0.11% decline in CO2 emissions per 1% increase in the forest area globally. However, the agricultural sector is found to be a true CO2 emitter. Our study provides additional empirical evidence for the roles of forests in regulating atmospheric CO2, further reinforcing the importance of forests in global climate change policies.}, number={9}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Maraseni, Tek}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={2688} }
 @inproceedings{vlosky_parajuli_leblanc_gale_2019, title={Influencer perceptions of cross-laminated timber in the US South Digitalisation and Circular Economy}, booktitle={Digitalisation and Circular Economy: Forestry and Forestry Based Industry Implications: Proceedings of Scientific Papers}, author={Vlosky, R.P. and Parajuli, R. and LeBlanc, M.T. and Gale, C.B.}, year={2019}, pages={321} }
 @article{parajuli_mcconnell_tanger_henderson_2019, title={Interpreting Forestry Economic Contribution Reports: A User's Guide}, volume={57}, ISSN={1077-5315 0022-0140}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/joe.57.04.02}, DOI={10.34068/joe.57.04.02}, abstractNote={State agencies and Extension professionals often employ IMPLAN software and associated data to conduct economic contribution analyses of the forest sector. Economic contribution reports often vary with regard to modeling, results presentation, and interpretation of estimates. We present practical guidelines for report users on how to better understand input–output modeling and interpret forestry economic contribution reports. We discuss strategies for understanding basic terminology, aspects of IMPLAN software, and the difference between economic contribution and economic impacts, among other concepts.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Extension}, publisher={Clemson University}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and McConnell, Eric and Tanger, Shaun and Henderson, James}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @book{parajuli_megalos_myers_lipford_hamilton_cook_2019, title={Is Reforestation a Profitable Investment? An Economic Analysis}, url={https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/is-reforestation-a-profitable-investment}, number={8}, institution={Https://Content. Ces. Ncsu. Edu/Is-Reforestation-a-Profitable-Investment}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Megalos, M. and Myers, R. and Lipford, R. and Hamilton, R. and Cook, R.}, year={2019} }
 @article{parajuli_tanger_abt_cubbage_2019, title={Subregional Timber Supply Projections with Chip-n-Saw Stumpage: Implications for Southern Stumpage Markets}, volume={65}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz044}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxz044}, abstractNote={Abstract Softwood chip-n-saw (CNS), an intermediate stumpage product between sawtimber and pulpwood, has become a mainstay in southern timber markets in recent years. Most of the previous studies in southern timber markets primarily focused on pulpwood and sawtimber markets, and often overlooked CNS as a standalone timber product. Using the Subregional Timber Supply model, this study examines the dynamics of sawtimber- and pulpwood-dominated softwood stumpage markets with growing CNS markets in the US South. Results suggest that South-wide CNS inventory increases over the short run but begins to decrease by 2024, which leads to CNS prices rising over the years. The projected trends vary widely from one wood basket to another. This study provides additional nuance to future prospects of southern timber markets.}, number={6}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Tanger, Shaun and Abt, Robert and Cubbage, Fred}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={665–669} }
 @article{parajuli_joshi_poudyal_kreuter_2019, title={To Insure or not to Insure? Factors Affecting Acquisition of Prescribed Burning Insurance Coverage}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1551-5028"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rama.2019.07.007}, abstractNote={Prescribed burning is a widely used tool in forest and grassland management. However, because fire that escapes from a prescribed burn accidentally may cause property damage, injuries, and even human casualties, purchasing insurance to cover such damages may be beneficial for prescribed burn practitioners. Given that insurance coverage for prescribed fire is recently emerging, factors that determine burners’ decisions to purchase such insurance are largely unknown. On the basis of data from a survey of prescribed burn practitioners in 14 southern and midwestern states, we modeled prescribed burners’ likelihood of purchasing insurance with respect to demographic characteristics, land management objectives, and importance placed on regulatory compliance and land use practices. Results suggest that prescribed burn practitioners are more likely to obtain such insurance if they are landowners themselves or have a written prescribed burn plan. Age of respondents and the level of importance they place on compliance with environmental laws also had a significant positive effect on the likelihood of obtaining insurance coverage. Respondents were less likely to purchase insurance if their land management objective was to control invasive plants or they considered the availability of lower-cost alternatives for woody plant removal an important factor in deciding whether or not to conduct prescribed burns. These findings shed light on underlying factors influencing insurance coverage for prescribed burning and are potentially beneficial for promoting the acquisition of insurance among burn practitioners.}, number={6}, journal={RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Joshi, Omkar and Poudyal, Neelam C. and Kreuter, Urs P.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={968–975} }
 @article{starr_joshi_will_zou_parajuli_2019, title={Understanding Market Opportunities Utilizing the Forest Resources of the Cross-timbers Ecoregion}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvz002}, abstractNote={The Cross-timbers forests of Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas possess a wide variety of natural resources. However, there is no traditional forestry market for the resources in the region, because commercial timber is not viable due to limited site productivity and poor timber quality. The Cross-timbers, however, offers an array of potential noncommodity benefits and specialty commodities, for example, carbon sequestration, bioenergy, and hunting/recreation. This study utilized a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats-Analytic Network Process framework to determine how a variety of stakeholders viewed the available resources of the Cross-timbers and their market opportunities. Data were collected through a mixed-mode method, which included online and mail-based surveys. Results suggested that the availability of a variety of natural resources and the restoration of ecosystem services could be the driving forces in developing a nontraditional market within the Cross-timbers. However, stakeholders stated that uncertain markets, lack of enthusiasm from manufacturers, and low-quality resources might hinder the market potential of the Cross-timbers.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Starr, Morgan and Joshi, Omkar and Will, Rodney E. and Zou, Chris B. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={234–243} }
 @article{parajuli_henderson_tanger_joshi_dahal_2018, title={Economic Contribution Analysis of the Forest-Product Industry: A Comparison of the Two Methods for Multisector Contribution Analysis Using IMPLAN}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvy047}, abstractNote={State agencies and universities often use IMPLAN software and data to quantify economic contributions of forest-product industries in specific regions. Since IMPLAN software is designed to estimate economic impacts rather than economic contributions, adjustments have to be made to the direct effect values to avoid overstating the results of the analysis. Two economic contribution analysis approaches are most common: internal adjustments to the IMPLAN software and external adjustments of the input values by using output multipliers. Results suggest that both methods of contribution analysis produce similar total effects, but their approaches of handling direct effects are substantially different. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are discussed, and the importance of adjustments to obtain economic contribution estimates as opposed to economic impact estimates is highlighted. Furthermore, practitioners are cautioned to follow the steps carefully and explain which, between the two contribution analysis methods, was used in their analysis.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Henderson, James E. and Tanger, Shaun and Joshi, Omkar and Dahal, Ram}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={513–519} }
 @article{chizmar_cubbage_sills_abt_parajuli_castillo_2018, title={Evaluating Complementarity in Silvopasture Systems}, volume={24}, url={https://www.aftaweb.org/about/what-is-agroforestry/windbreaks/138-2018-vol-24/volume-24-no-2-august-2018/236-evaluating-complementarity-in-silvopasture-systems.html}, number={2}, journal={Windbreaks}, author={Chizmar, S. and Cubbage, F. and Sills, E. and Abt, R. and Parajuli, R. and Castillo, M.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{scheller_parajuli_2018, title={Forest Management for Climate Change in New England and the Klamath Ecoregions: Motivations, Practices, and Barriers}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100626}, DOI={10.3390/f9100626}, abstractNote={Understanding perceptions and attitudes of forest managers toward climate change and climate adaptive forest management is crucial, as they are expected to implement changes to forest resource management. We assessed the perceptions of forest managers toward climate adaptive forest management practices through a survey of forest managers working in private firms and public agencies in New England and the Klamath ecoregion (northern California and southwestern Oregon). We analyzed the motivations, actions, and potential barriers to action of forest managers toward climate adaptive forest management practices. Results suggest that managing for natural regeneration is the most common climate adaptive forest management approach considered by forest managers in both regions. Lack of information about the best strategies for reducing climate change risks, lack of education and awareness among the clients, and perceived client costs were forest managers’ primary barriers to climate adaptive management. Our findings suggest useful insights toward the policy and program design in climate adaptive forest management for both areas.}, number={10}, journal={FORESTS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Scheller, Robert M. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{parajuli_johnston_abt_2018, title={Lumber and timber prices are projected to rise with tariffs on Canadian lumber}, journal={The Forestry Source}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Johnston, C.M. and Abt, B.}, year={2018}, pages={17} }
 @book{parajuli_laleicke_2018, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Mass Timber Products: Innovative Wood-Based Building Materials}, url={https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/mass-timber-products-innovative-wood-based-building-materials}, number={AG-845}, institution={North Carolina State Cooperative Extension}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Laleicke, F.}, year={2018} }
 @article{parajuli_zhang_kosman_2018, title={Province specific impacts of the 2006 United States-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement: A seemingly unrelated regression approach}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2017.12.010}, abstractNote={In this paper, we evaluate effects of the 2006 U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) in U.S. lumber imports from Canadian provinces. Based on monthly data from January 1988 to October 2015, we estimate a system of U.S. softwood lumber import equations by using Seemingly Unrelated Regression approach. The results reveal that SLA 2006 had a negative impact on softwood lumber shipments to the U.S. from British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan, and no effect on those from SLA-exempted provinces. Thus, SLA 2006 did not provide an opportunity for trade diversion from SLA covered provinces to exempted provinces.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zhang, Daowei and Kosman, Keta}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{joshi_parajuli_kharel_poudyal_taylor_2018, title={Stakeholder opinions on scientific forest management policy implementation in Nepal}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0203106}, abstractNote={Despite its widespread recognition as a successful model of participatory forest management, the community forestry program in Nepal is often criticized for its protection-oriented emphasis. Recognizing the need for more active timber management, the government of Nepal recently adopted a scientific forest management (SFM) policy in the lowland tropical region. In this study, strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analytical hierarchical process criteria were employed to understand stakeholder perceptions concerning SFM implementation in Nepal. The overall perception was prioritized in the order of strengths (35%), threats (28%), opportunities (22%), and weaknesses (16%). The study results suggest that there is agreement among stakeholders regarding the need for active management of forests in the tropical lowland region. However, the perceptions of academic researchers and non-government organization professionals differed from those of the other stakeholders in that those two groups were more concerned about potential corruption and uncertainties surrounding policy and legal issues. The findings suggest that the long-term success of SFM may depend on the ability of the government to develop a mechanism that is transparent and capable of ensuring equitable benefit sharing among stakeholders. While the stakeholder perception analysis performed in this study was focused on SFM implementation in Nepal, the results could have implications for other countries that practice the participatory model of forest governance as well.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Joshi, Omkar and Parajuli, Rajan and Kharel, Gehendra and Poudyal, Neelam C. and Taylor, Eric}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{parajuli_tanger_henderson_2018, title={Timber Markets: Supply, Demand, and Extenuating Circumstances}, journal={Forest Landowner Magazine}, author={Parajuli, R. and Tanger, S. and Henderson, J.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={35–38} }
 @article{tanger_parajuli_2018, title={Toward an Elasticity of Chip-N-Saw: Demand and Supply Models of Chip-N-Saw Stumpage in Louisiana}, volume={9}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/f9040211}, DOI={10.3390/f9040211}, abstractNote={Softwood chip-n-saw (CNS) is a relatively new stumpage product in the sawtimber- and pulpwood-dominated stumpage markets in the U.S. South. Based on a quarterly data series from 2003 to 2016, this study estimates the demand and supply models of the softwood CNS stumpage market in Louisiana. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) results reveal that own price elasticity of demand (PED) is price elastic, and the cross-price elasticity (XED)with sawtimber approaches unit elasticity. On the supply side, CNS is price inelastic in supply (PES), but more responsive to own price changesthan sawtimber quantity supplied. Further, severance tax increases are found to decrease the supply of CNS, indicating that suppliers are responsive to severance tax incidence. As the first empirical estimation of CNS, the findings should be of interest to those involved in the analysis of Southeastern stumpage markets.}, number={4}, journal={Forests}, author={Tanger, Shaun M. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @book{parajuli_megalos_lambert_2018, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Valuing Immature Forest Stands}, url={https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/valuing-immature-forest-stands}, number={63}, institution={North Carolina State Cooperative Extension}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Megalos, M. and Lambert, C.}, year={2018} }
 @article{henderson_joshi_parajuli_hubbard_2017, title={A regional assessment of wood resource sustainability and potential economic impact of the wood pellet market in the U.S. South}, volume={105}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.08.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.08.003}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Henderson, James E. and Joshi, Omkar and Parajuli, Rajan and Hubbard, William G.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={421–427} }
 @article{parajuli_zhang_2017, title={An Econometric Study of the Hardwood Sawtimber Stumpage Market in Louisiana}, volume={67}, ISSN={0015-7473}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-16-00021}, DOI={10.13073/fpj-d-16-00021}, abstractNote={Abstract Although the hardwood timber market is an important segment of the forest industry in the United States, little attention has been paid to modeling hardwood stumpage and lumber markets. Based on the annual data series from 1955 to 2014, we estimate simultaneous demand and supply models of the hardwood sawtimber stumpage market in Louisiana. A permanent structural break in 1993 is detected in the hardwood sawtimber stumpage market, and the modified cointegration test and structural vector error correction approach are used to estimate the demand for and supply of hardwood sawtimber stumpage. The results show that own-price elasticity values in both the demand and the supply equations are inelastic in the long run. Hardwood and softwood sawtimber are found to be substitutes. Moreover, the softwood timber market always leads in the feedback adjustment process and can help predict the hardwood timber price in Louisiana.}, number={1-2}, journal={Forest Products Journal}, publisher={Forest Products Society}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zhang, Daowei}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={91–100} }
 @book{parajuli_zehnder_carraway_2017, title={Economic Impact of the Texas Forest Sector, 2015}, institution={Texas A&M Forest Service}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zehnder, R. and Carraway, A.B.}, year={2017} }
 @book{edgar_parajuli_zehnder_carraway_taylor_2017, title={Harvest Trends 2015}, institution={Texas A&M Forest Service}, author={Edgar, C. and Parajuli, R. and Zehnder, R. and Carraway, B. and Taylor, E.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{johnston_parajuli_2017, title={What's next in the U.S.-Canada softwood lumber dispute? An economic analysis of restrictive trade policy measures}, volume={85}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.09.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2017.09.011}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnston, Craig M.T. and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={135–146} }
 @article{parajuli_zhang_chang_2016, title={Modeling stumpage markets using vector error correction vs. simultaneous equation estimation approach: A case of the Louisiana sawtimber market}, volume={70}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.013}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zhang, Daowei and Chang, Sun Joseph}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={16–19} }
 @article{zhang_parajuli_2016, title={Policy impacts estimates are sensitive to data selection in empirical analysis: evidence from the United States – Canada softwood lumber trade dispute}, volume={46}, ISSN={0045-5067 1208-6037}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0168}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2016-0168}, abstractNote={In this paper, we use the U.S. softwood lumber import demand model as a case study to show that the effects of past trade policies are sensitive to the data sample used in empirical analyses. We conclude that, to be consistent with the purpose of analysis of policy and to ensure all else being equal, policy impacts can only be judged by using data up to the time when the policy is terminated.}, number={11}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Zhang, Daowei and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1343–1347} }
 @article{parajuli_zhang_2016, title={Price Linkages between Spot and Futures Markets for Softwood Lumber}, volume={62}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.16-019}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.16-019}, abstractNote={Price discovery is one of the central functions of futures markets. In this article, we evaluate the relative contributions of spot and futures markets to the price discovery of softwood lumber. We estimate a bivariate vector error correction model using weekly lumber futures and spot price data from 1980 to 2015 and assess the price linkages and dynamic relationship between lumber futures and spot markets. Our empirical results show that the futures market plays a dominant role in price discovery of softwood lumber. In certain periods of the United States-Canada softwood lumber dispute, the lumber spot market also plays a significant role in the price discovery of softwood lumber in the United States.}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zhang, Daowei}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={482–489} }
 @article{parajuli_sarangi_chang_hill_2016, title={The United States-Canada softwood lumber trade: An actual versus optimal export tax}, volume={73}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.08.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2016.08.009}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Sarangi, Sudipta and Chang, Sun Joseph and Hill, R. Carter}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={112–119} }
 @article{parajuli_zhang_2016, title={Welfare impacts of the 2006 United States – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement}, volume={46}, ISSN={0045-5067 1208-6037}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0141}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2016-0141}, abstractNote={In this paper, we evaluate the market and welfare effects of the 2006 United States (U.S.) – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) based on a U.S. import demand model for Canadian softwood lumber. We find that SLA 2006 reduces the U.S. lumber imports from Canada by 7.78% in the months when export taxes took effect. The welfare analysis based on a partial equilibrium framework shows that U.S. lumber producers gained $1.6 billion and U.S. consumers lost $2.3 billion in 9 years under SLA 2006.}, number={7}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Zhang, Daowei}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={950–958} }
 @article{parajuli_lamichhane_joshi_2015, title={Does Nepal's community forestry program improve the rural household economy? A cost–benefit analysis of community forestry user groups in Kaski and Syangja districts of Nepal}, volume={20}, ISSN={1341-6979 1610-7403}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-015-0501-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10310-015-0501-6}, abstractNote={While the Nepalese Community Forestry (CF) program is a highly prioritized development program with potential social, economic, and environmental benefits, its effect on the rural household economy has not been well examined. Using the cost–benefit analysis, this study examines the impact of the CF program on the household economy of forest users in the mid-hills region of Nepal. Both direct and indirect benefits and costs accrued by three wealth-ranked users were considered while calculating net present values. Results revealed that net benefits of the program were greater in rich households than in poor forest user households across a 50-year period. The poor households realized less direct and indirect benefits, yet they paid highest indirect costs incurred from the CF program. The CF program in Nepal requires prompt policy revisions to ensure cost-effective mechanisms to improve net income of poor households participating in the CF program.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Forest Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Lamichhane, Dhananjaya and Joshi, Omkar}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={475–483} }
 @article{parajuli_chang_hill_2015, title={How Effective Is the United States-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement 2006? An Econometric Study}, volume={61}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.15-014}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.15-014}, abstractNote={The ongoing softwood lumber trade dispute between the United States (US) and Canada is one of the most contentious and longest bilateral trade battles in international trade history. The Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) 2006 is the latest temporary solution for this dispute, requiring Canada to impose mandatory export charges on lumber shipments to the United States. By estimating a system of supply and demand equations for the US softwood lumber market, this article assesses the possible effects of the export tax on the lumber trade between the US and Canada. Unlike previous studies, this study computes the actual monthly export tax collected by Canada during the period of SLA 2006 and incorporates it into the empirical modeling. The findings reveal that SLA 2006 has no statistically significant effect on the softwood lumber trade between the United States and Canada. The Canadian lumber exports from SLA-included provinces are found to be price elastic, whereas the US domestic supply schedule is price inelastic. Further, Canadian overseas lumber exports significantly influence the Canadian lumber exports to the United States. Given that SLA 2006 is scheduled to expire in October 2015, this article provides useful insights into the decades-long trade battle between the otherwise friendly neighboring nations.}, number={6}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chang, Sun Joseph and Hill, R. Carter}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1041–1049} }
 @inproceedings{parajuli_chang_2015, title={Real assets and inflation: which real assets hedge inflation}, DOI={10.22004/ag.econ.205283}, abstractNote={Abstract Inflation is considered as a leading macroeconomic indicator, which might create substantial distortions in financial statements, future earnings, and overall performance of securities in the financial market. An inflation-hedging ability of an asset offers protection against inflation, which eliminates or at least reduces the uncertainty about the future real returns. Real assets like real estate, timberland, and farmland have been regarded as good inflation hedges, whereas financial assets like common stocks and bonds are considered as perverse hedges against inflation. Using the generalized Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to account for inflation, this study evaluates the inflation-hedging ability of several real assets. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, this study concludes that private-equity assets offer hedges against inflation to some extent, but stocks are found to be inferior hedges against inflation. JEL classification: G11 (Keywords: Real Assets, Inflation, CAPM, Private-equity assets, Public-equity assets)}, booktitle={2015 AAEA & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chang, S.J.}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @article{parajuli_chang_2015, title={The Softwood Sawtimber Stumpage Market in Louisiana: Market Dynamics, Structural Break, and Vector Error Correction Model}, volume={61}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.14-099}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.14-099}, abstractNote={This study estimates simultaneous demand and supply equations for the softwood sawtimber stumpage market in Louisiana using Johansen's multivariate time-series analysis. The cointegration test in the presence of structural breaks is used to identify the rank of the long-run cointegrating space, and normalization restrictions are imposed to specify demand and supply models under the framework of the vector error correction model. Based on the annual data series from 1955 to 2013, the results reveal that long-run demand and supply coefficient estimates are statistically significant with expected signs. The pine beetle outbreaks in 1985–1986, the timber harvest reductions in the Pacific Northwest region in early 1990s, and the great financial crisis of 2007–2009 significantly influenced the sawtimber stumpage market in Louisiana. The estimated short-run error correction terms indicate that the speed of adjustment toward the long-run equilibrium in the sawtimber market is rather slow.}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chang, Sun Joseph}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={904–913} }
 @article{lamichhane_parajuli_2014, title={How good is the governance status in community forestry? A case study from midhills in Nepal}, DOI={10.1155/2014/541374}, abstractNote={Five representative community forest user groups (CFUGs) from Gorkha district in Nepal were studied in order to evaluate the status of good governance in community forestry (CF). Eight criteria and their local indicators were employed to quantify the governance status in CF using simple mathematical procedures. Results show that overall governance level ranges from 70.7% to 79.8%. Among the eight criteria, “consensus-oriented” received the highest score (90.72%), and “accountability” acquired the lowest score (65.34%). Lack of accountability was the striking factor in all CFUGs. Crafting CFUGs and their executive committees more accountable and responsive to all CFUG users including poor, women, and disadvantaged groups, was one of the major challenges. However, the practice of regular auditing of CFUG funds, maintenance of records and other documents, and inclusion of women and poor in the executive committee were some striking opportunities. Because of the inequitable distribution system of forest products, the gap between the rich and poor users is widening and the involvement of poor and marginalized members in CFUG activities has been decreasing.}, journal={Journal of Ecosystems}, author={Lamichhane, D. and Parajuli, R.}, year={2014}, pages={541374} }
 @article{timilsina-parajuli_timilsina_parajuli_2013, title={Climate Change and Community Forestry in Nepal: Local People’s Perception}, volume={2}, ISSN={2328-7241}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/env-2-1-1}, DOI={10.12691/env-2-1-1}, abstractNote={Climate change is regarded as one of the most fundamental threats to sustainable livelihood and global development. There is growing a global concern in linking community-managed forests as potential climate change mitigation projects. This study was conducted to explore the local people’s perception on climate change and the role of community forestry (CF) to combat climate change impacts. Two active community forest user groups (CFUGs) from Kaski and Syangja Districts in Nepal were selected as study sites, and various participatory tools were applied to collect primary data. Although most of the respondents were unaware about the words “<i>Climate Change</i>” in study sites, they were quite familiar with the irregularities in rainfall season and other weather extremities. 60% of the respondents had the idea that, due to increase in precipitation, there is a frequent occurrence of erosion, floods and landslide. Around 85% of the people agreed that community forests help in stabilizing soil, reducing the natural hazards like erosion, landslide. Biogas as an alternative source of cooking energy, and changes in crops and their varieties are the common adaptation measures that local people start practicing in both CFUGs in Nepal.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Environmental Protection}, publisher={Science and Education Publishing Co., Ltd.}, author={Timilsina-Parajuli, Laxmi and Timilsina, Yajna and Parajuli, Rajan}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{parajuli_chang_2012, title={Carbon sequestration and uneven-aged management of loblolly pine stands in the Southern USA: A joint optimization approach}, volume={22}, ISSN={1389-9341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.05.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2012.05.003}, journal={Forest Policy and Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Parajuli, Rajan and Chang, Sun Joseph}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={65–71} }
 @article{antony_jordan_schimleck_daniels_kantavichai_hansen_hitt_hubbard_boyd_boyles_et al._2011, title={Forest Management, Engineering, and Operations / Global Competency and Issues in Contemporary Education}, volume={109}, ISSN={0022-1201 1938-3746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/109.8.584}, DOI={10.1093/jof/109.8.584}, abstractNote={Abstract 31Maps depicting spatial variation in wood properties are important for forest product industries as they aid decision making regarding raw material procurement, can assist in product categorization and help improve utilization. Loblolly pine is an important commercial species grown throughout the southern Unites States of America (USA). Wood Quality Consortium (WQC)—a joint collaboration between the University of Georgia, USDA Forest Service and industries—was established in 1999 with the objective of characterizing wood property variation of plantation grown loblolly pine. Data on wood specific gravity (SG), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) collected by the WQC was utilized in this study. Maps showing spatial variation in SG at different stand ages and SG, MOE and MOR at different heights within a tree were developed using appropriate spatial prediction methods (kriging). The geographical variation of these wood properties across southeastern USA was demonstrated here.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Antony, Finto and Jordan, Lewis and Schimleck, Laurie and Daniels, Richard and Kantavichai, Rapeepan and Hansen, Lara and Hitt, Jessica and Hubbard, William and Boyd, Gwendolyn and Boyles, Ryan and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={584–588} }
 @article{parajuli_pokharel_lamichhane_2010, title={Social discrimination in community forestry: Socio-economic and gender perspectives}, volume={20}, ISSN={2631-2301 1016-0582}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v20i2.4799}, DOI={10.3126/banko.v20i2.4799}, abstractNote={A study was carried out to analyze the existing social discrimination among Community Forest User Group (CFUG) members. Two CFUGs representing heterogeneous ethnic groups in Syangja district were selected to examine the participation of CFUG members in Community Forestry (CF) activities, benefit sharing and fund mobilization system. PRA/RRA tools like questionnaire survey, wealth ranking, key informant survey, triangulation, and informal discussion were employed to generate primary data. Statistical parameters such as percentage, mean, ANOVA, and contingency coefficient were used to interpret this data. The perception of local people was measured on the five point Likert scale, and Chi-square test was applied to interpret this result. The participation of the poor, disadvantaged group and women were minimal in CF activities but their presence was more at the time of forest product distribution. Timber had been distributed less to the poor and disadvantaged group (DAG) households than to others. More than 65% CFUG members were unaware about CFUG fund. Their overall perceptions of CF management were not positive. The result clearly demonstrated discrimination between the rich and the poor, male and female, and DAG and non-DAG within the CFUG. Key words: Community forest user group; discrimination; participation; disadvantaged group; poor DOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i2.4799 Banko Janakari Vol.20(2) 2010 pp.26-33}, number={2}, journal={Banko Janakari}, publisher={Nepal Journals Online (JOL)}, author={Parajuli, R and Pokharel, RK and Lamichhane, D}, year={2010}, pages={26–33} }
 @inproceedings{lamichhane_parajuli_2009, title={Status of Good Governance in Community Forestry: A Study from Gorkha District}, booktitle={Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry.}, publisher={Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry}, author={Lamichhane, D. and Parajuli, R.}, year={2009} }