@article{fletcher_patterson_dunne_saski_fallen_2023, title={Evaluating the Effects of Flooding Stress during Multiple Growth Stages in Soybean}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy13051243}, abstractNote={Flooding is becoming an increasing concern for soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production worldwide due to the sensitivity of most cultivars grown today to flood stress. Flooding can stunt plant growth and limit yield, causing significant economic loss. One sustainable approach to improve performance under flood stress is to develop flood-tolerant soybean cultivars. This study was conducted to evaluate soybean genotypes for the response to flood stress at three critical growth stages of production—germination, early vegetative growth (V1 and V4), and early reproductive growth (R1). The results demonstrated that stress imposed by flooding significantly affected soybean yield for each growth stage studied. The average germination rate over the various treatments ranged from 95% to 46%. Despite the poor germination rates after the extended flood treatments, the flood-tolerant genotypes maintained a germination rate of >80% after 8 h of flooding. The germination rate of the susceptible genotypes was significantly lower, ranging 58–63%. Imposing flood stress at the V1 and V4 growth stage also resulted in significant differences between the tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Genotypes with the highest level of flood tolerance continually outperformed the susceptible genotypes with an average 30% decrease in foliar damage based on visual scoring and a 10% increase in biomass. The yield of the tolerant genotypes was also on average 25% higher compared to the susceptible genotypes. These results suggest that breeding for flood tolerance in soybean can increase resiliency during crucial growth stages and increase yield under flood conditions. In addition, the genotypes developed from this research can be used as breeding stock to further make improvements to flood tolerance in soybean.}, number={5}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Fletcher, Elizabeth and Patterson, Robert and Dunne, Jeffery and Saski, Christopher and Fallen, Benjamin}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{cockson_veazie_davis_barajas_post_crozier_leon_patterson_whipker_2021, title={The Impacts of Micronutrient Fertility on the Mineral Uptake and Growth of Brassica carinata}, volume={11}, ISBN={2077-0472}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030221}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture11030221}, abstractNote={Many abiotic factors impact the yield and growth of Brassica carinata (commonly referred to as carinata or Ethiopian mustard). Very little is known about carinata and how mineral nutrients impact its growth, and more specifically, the sufficiency values for fertility over the plant’s growth cycle and life stages. This study explored the impacts that plant nutrients, specifically micronutrients, can have on the growth and development of carinata over its distinct life stages (rosette, bolting, flowering, and pod set). Plants were grown under varying micronutrient concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 87.5, and 100%) of a modified Hoagland’s solution. Data were collected on plant height, canopy diameter, leaf tissue mineral nutrient concentrations, and biomass. The results demonstrated that micronutrient fertility has profound impacts on the production of Brassica carinata during different life stages. Boron (B) exclusion had the greatest impact on the growth and reproduction of Brassica carinata, with the death of the apical meristem that resulted in a lack of siliques or seeds at the lowest rate. Optimal relative elemental leaf tissue concentrations varied among micronutrient fertility concentrations and life stages. Certain elements exhibited linear increases in nutrient leaf tissue accumulation as solution concentration increased without reaching a maximum concentration during specific life stages. Other life stages and/or elements produced distinct plateau leaf tissue mineral concentrations despite increasing fertility treatment concentrations such as B in the rosette stage (47.2–50.0 mg·kg−1), copper (Cu) (bolting stage at 6.62–7.57 mg·kg−1), zinc (Zn) (bolting stage at 27.47–39.87 and flowering at 33.98–43.50 mg·kg−1), molybdenum (Mo) (flowering stage at 2.42–3.23 mg·kg−1), and manganese (Mn) (bolting stage at 117.03–161.63 mg·kg−1). This work demonstrates that Brassica carinata has different fertility demands and will accumulate differing leaf tissue concentrations during its life stages. This work serves as a baseline for further uptake and portioning work for Brassica carinata.}, number={3}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Cockson, Paul and Veazie, Patrick and Davis, Matthew and Barajas, Gabby and Post, Angela and Crozier, Carl R. and Leon, Ramon G. and Patterson, Robert and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={221} }
 @article{pan_liu_mo_patterson_duan_tian_hu_tang_2017, title={Erratum: Corrigendum: Effects of Nitrogen and Shading on Root Morphologies, Nutrient Accumulation, and Photosynthetic Parameters in Different Rice Genotypes}, volume={7}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/SREP45611}, DOI={10.1038/SREP45611}, abstractNote={Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 32148; published online: 25 August 2016; updated: 30 March 2017 The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Shuijin Hu, which was incorrectly given as Shuijing Hu. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Pan, Shenggang and Liu, Haidong and Mo, Zhaowen and Patterson, Bob and Duan, Meiyang and Tian, Hua and Hu, Shuijin and Tang, Xiangru}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @article{pan_liu_mo_patterson_duan_tian_hu_tang_2016, title={Effects of Nitrogen and Shading on Root Morphologies, Nutrient Accumulation, and Photosynthetic Parameters in Different Rice Genotypes}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/srep32148}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Pan, Shenggang and Liu, Haidong and Mo, Zhaowen and Patterson, Bob and Duan, Meiyang and Tian, Hua and Hu, Shuijing and Tang, Xiangru}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @article{rincon_raper_patterson_2003, title={Genotypic differences in root anatomy affecting water movement through roots of soybean}, volume={164}, ISSN={["1537-5315"]}, DOI={10.1086/375377}, abstractNote={The ability of root systems to absorb water was determined as the root hydraulic conductance for five exotic genotypes (PI 416937, H2L16, N95‐SH‐259, PI 407859‐2, and PI 471938) and the commercial cultivar Young of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). The genotypes were grown for 28 d in flowing hydroponic culture to minimize possible variations in physical or chemical constraints on root development and functioning. Root hydraulic conductance was determined in response to applied hydrostatic pressure to the solution inside a pressure vessel to induce solution flow through the root system to the nonpressurized cut‐stem surface. Almost twofold differences in hydraulic conductance of from 0.43 to 
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$$0.79\times 10^{-7}$$
\end{document} m3 s−1 MPa−1 among the six genotypes were statistically significant. External root surface area and surface area of the stele were determined as estimates of the dimensions of exodermal and endodermal Casparian bands as barriers to radial movement of water. Volume of the cortex was considered to be proportional to the possible resistance of the symplastic pathway through the cortical cells themselves. Abundance of large metaxylem elements with radii 20 μm or greater was determined for comparison of relative axial conductance through root sections. Root hydraulic conductivity based on external surface area, which ranged from 2.20 to 
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$$3.82\times 10^{-7}$$
\end{document} m s−1 MPa−1, did not account for a statistically significant portion of the genotypic difference in water conductance. The relationship between root hydraulic conductance and surface area of the stele, however, accounted for 35% of the genotypic variation in conductance. The endodermis thus appears to be a limiting barrier to water conductance with dimensions relative to the exodermis that vary among the genotypes. Although statistically significant differences occurred among the genotypes for cortex volume and relative axial conductance, these differences were not correlated with differences in conductance. The diversity among the six genotypes for root anatomical traits that apparently influence water movement through the root system under well‐watered conditions is sufficiently large to justify exploration of the relationship between root hydraulic conductance and performance of soybean under water‐limiting conditions.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Rincon, CA and Raper, CD and Patterson, RP}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={543–551} }
 @article{chipman_raper_patterson_2001, title={Allocation of nitrogen and dry matter for two soybean genotypes in response to water stress during reproductive growth}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0190-4167"]}, DOI={10.1081/PLN-100103779}, abstractNote={Drought stress significantly limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in the Southeastern United States. The Plant Introduction 416937 (PI), which has lower yields than adapted cultivars under favorable conditions but a relatively lesser yield reduction under water-stress conditions, has been identified as a potential source of drought avoidance germplasm. It is unclear whether the mechanism of drought avoidance is associated with shoot or root. Also unclear is the effect of the PI's restricted yield potential on the extent of its yield reduction in response to a water stress. To determine the differences in response between the PI and an adapted cultivar, Deltapine 105, to reproductive sink size and water stress, inoculated PI and Deltapine plants were grown in sand-filled pots in controlled-environment chambers. The fixed rooting volume of the pot culture restricts the influence that genotypic differences in rooting patterns may have in accessing soil water. During the 24-day period of pod development between R-3 and R-6 growth stages, plants were subjected to one of two water regimes, either well-watered or water-stressed to a leaf water potential of about −0.95 MPa. Within each water treatment, plants of both genotypes were depodded at the R3 stage to remove all pods (full depodding), one-half of the pods (partial depodding), or no pods (no depodding). Tissues of plants harvested at the R6 stage were separated, dried to a constant mass, weighed, and analyzed for nitrogen. Photosynthate production was calculated from dry matter and nitrogen content. Photosynthate production and nitrogen fixation by Deltapine plants were unaffected within a pod load by the mild water stress, but both photosynthate production and nitrogen fixation by the PI plants were diminished by the mild water stress except when a reproductive sink was absent. It thus appears that a sizeable component of the drought tolerance observed in field experiments for the PI plants may be attributed to root characteristics. Leaf nitrogen concentration decreased during water stress in Deltapine plants but not in the PI plants. Also, the decrease in nitrogen concentration in stems was greater in response to increased reproductive load for Deltapine plants than for the PI plants. These data suggest that the PI does not remobilize leaf nitrogen as readily as Deltapine.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Chipman, RB and Raper, CD and Patterson, RP}, year={2001}, pages={873–884} }