@article{hurley-sanders_larsen_troan_loomis_2015, title={FUNGAL OSTEOMYELITIS IN TWO BUFFLEHEAD DUCKLINGS (BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2014-0196.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Over a 25-mo span from a single zoologic collection, two bufflehead ducklings (Bucephala albeola) presented with pelvic limb paresis and were euthanized. On postmortem examination, the first duckling had intralesional fungal hyphae consistent with Aspergillus sp. in the spinal vertebrae and within pulmonary granulomas. In the second duckling, evidence of a thoracic spinal lesion was detected antemortem by using thermographic imaging. At postmortem examination, fungal hyphae consistent with Mucor sp. were found within the vertebrae. Although fungal infections of the respiratory system are commonly reported in waterfowl, infections that involve the spinal cord and vertebrae are unusual. These cases highlight the importance of consideration of axial skeleton fungal disease in neurologic presentations and the use of thermography for noninvasive diagnostic screening.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Hurley-Sanders, Jennifer L. and Larsen, R. Scott and Troan, Brigid and Loomis, Michael}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={613–616} }
 @article{rosypal_tripp_lewis_francis_stoskopf_larsen_lindsay_2010, title={Survey of Antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in Gray and Red Fox Populations From North Carolina and Virginia}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.1645/ge-2600.1}, abstractNote={Abstract American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are caused by related hemoflagellate parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., which share several common host species. Both zoonotic protozoans are endemic in the United States. Canines, including domestic and wild canids, are reservoir hosts for human infections with T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. The present study examined the seroprevalence of T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. in wild canids from North Carolina and Virginia. Wild canine species tested in this work included 49 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and 5 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Overall, sera samples from 54 foxes (North Carolina  =  43; Virginia  =  11) were tested by immunochromatographic strip assays (ICT). Antibodies to T. cruzi were found in 4 (9%) gray foxes from North Carolina and 2 (18%) gray foxes from Virginia. Antibodies to Leishmania spp. were detected in 1 (2%) gray fox from North Carolina. Our results indicate that wild canids are exposed more frequently to T. cruzi in North Carolina than Leishmania spp. and only T. cruzi in Virginia.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Rosypal, Alexa C. and Tripp, Shanesha and Lewis, Samantha and Francis, Joy and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Larsen, R. Scott and Lindsay, David S.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1230–1231} }
 @article{mulcahy_tuomi_larsen_2003, title={Differential mortality of male spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) and king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) subsequent to anesthesia with propofol, bupivacaine, and ketoprofen}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1082-6742"]}, DOI={10.1647/2001-024}, abstractNote={Abstract Twenty free-ranging spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri; 10 male, 10 female), 11 free-ranging king eiders (Somateria spectabilis; 6 male, 5 female), and 20 female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) were anesthetized with propofol, bupivacaine, and ketoprofen for the surgical implantation of satellite transmitters. Propofol was given to induce and maintain anesthesia (mean total dose, 26.2–45.6 mg/kg IV), bupivacaine (2–10 mg/kg SC) was infused into the incision site for local analgesia, and ketoprofen (2–5 mg/kg IM) was given at the time of surgery for postoperative analgesia. Four of 10 male spectacled eiders and 5 of 6 male king eiders died within 1–4 days after surgery. None of the female spectacled or common eiders and only 1 of the 5 female king eiders died during the same postoperative period. Histopathologic findings in 2 dead male king eiders were severe renal tubular necrosis, acute rhabdomyolysis, and mild visceral gout. Necropsy findings in 3 other dead male king eiders were consistent with visceral gout. We suspect that the perioperative use of ketoprofen caused lethal renal damage in the male eiders. Male eiders may be more susceptible to renal damage than females because of behavioral differences during their short stay on land in mating season. The combination of propofol, bupivacaine, and ketoprofen should not be used to anesthetize free-ranging male eiders, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be used perioperatively in any bird that may be predisposed to renal insufficiency.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Mulcahy, DM and Tuomi, P and Larsen, RS}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={117–123} }
 @article{larsen_nutter_augspurger_rocke_thomas_stoskopf_2003, title={Failure to transmit avian vacuolar myelinopathy to mallard ducks}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.707}, abstractNote={Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease that has been diagnosed in free-ranging birds in the southeastern United States. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leuocephalus), American coots (Fulica americana), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) have been affected. Previous investigations have not determined the etiology of this disease. In November and December 2002, we attempted to induce AVM in game-farmed mallards through four, 7-day exposure trials. Mallards were housed in six groups of eight, with two of these groups serving as controls. One group was housed with AVM-affected coots; one group was tube fed daily with water from the lake where affected coots were captured; one group was tube fed daily with aquatic vegetation (Hydrilla verticillata) from the same lake; and another group was tube fed daily with sediment from the lake. No ducks exhibited clinical neurologic abnormalities consistent with AVM and no evidence of AVM was present at histopathologic examination of brain tissue. Although limitations in sample size, quantity of individual doses, frequency of dose administration, duration of exposure, and timing of these trials restrict the interpretation of the findings, AVM was not readily transmitted by direct contact, water, hydrilla, or sediment in this investigation.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Larsen, RS and Nutter, FB and Augspurger, T and Rocke, TE and Thomas, NJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={707–711} }
 @article{larsen_haulena_grindem_gulland_2002, title={Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical analyzer}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00288.x}, abstractNote={Background —Sick, injured, or orphaned juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustisrostris) treated at rehabilitation centers frequently present with abnormalities in blood sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations, and HCT. These abnormalities could be detected rapidly using a portable blood analyzer, but the results with this analysis method do not necessarily equate with those obtained using other techniques.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Larsen, RS and Haulena, M and Grindem, CB and Gulland, FMD}, year={2002}, pages={106–110} }
 @article{larsen_loomis_kelly_sladky_stoskopf_horne_2002, title={Cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-butorphanol, medetomidine-butorphanol-diazepam, and medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine in captive red wolves (Canis rufus).}, volume={33}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Larsen, R. S. and Loomis, M. R. and Kelly, B. T. and Sladky, K. K. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Horne, W. A.}, year={2002}, pages={101–107} }
 @article{larsen_nutter_augspurger_rocke_tomlinson_thomas_stoskopf_2002, title={Clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in American coots}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.80}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Larsen, RS and Nutter, FB and Augspurger, T and Rocke, TE and Tomlinson, L and Thomas, NJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={80–85} }
 @article{larsen_cebra_wild_2000, title={Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a captive Rocky Mountain wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0236:datoou]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A captive 5-yr-old castrated male Rocky Mountain wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) developed stranguria. Rectal palpation and physical examination indicated urethral obstruction that was subsequently relieved by urethrostomy and required only minimal aftercare. The wapiti was able to urinate freely after surgery; however, the obstruction recurred 27 mo later. Urethral catheterization relieved the second obstruction, which was caused by a large calculus composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Urolithiasis may have been associated with a diet high in calcium, and urethral obstruction may have been associated with castration at an early age. The wapiti continued to urinate freely 9 mo after relief of the second obstruction and 3 yr after the initial surgery.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Larsen, R. S. and Cebra, C. K. and Wild, M. A.}, year={2000}, pages={236–239} }
 @article{larsen_salman_mikota_isaza_montali_triantis_2000, title={Evaluation of a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in captive elephants}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0291:eoamae]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become an important agent of disease in the captive elephant population of the United States, although current detection methods appear to be inadequate for effective disease management. This investigation sought to validate a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening of M. tuberculosis infection in captive elephants and to document the elephant's serologic response over time using a cross-sectional observational study design. Serum samples were collected from 51 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and 26 African elephants (Loxodonta africana) from 16 zoos and circuses throughout the United States. Infection status of each animal was determined by mycobacterial culture of trunk washes. Reactivity of each serum sample against six antigens was determined, and the linear combination of antigens that accurately predicted the infection status of the greatest number of animals was determined by discriminant analysis. The resulting classification functions were used to calculate the percentage of animals that were correctly classified (i.e., specificity and sensitivity). Of the 77 elephants sampled, 47 fit the criteria for inclusion in discriminant analysis. Of these, seven Asian elephants were considered infected; 25 Asian elephants and 15 African elephants were considered noninfected. The remaining elephants had been exposed to one or more infected animals. The specificity and sensitivity of the multiple-antigen ELISA were both 100% (91.9–100% and 54.4–100%, respectively) with 95% confidence intervals. Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate showed the highest individual antigen specificity (95%; 83.0–100%) and sensitivity (100%; 54.4–100%). Serum samples from 34 elephants were analyzed over time by the response to the culture filtrate antigen; four of these elephants were culture positive and had been used to calculate the discriminant function. Limitations such as sample size, compromised ability to ascertain each animal's true infection status, and absence of known-infected African elephants suggest that much additional research needs to be conducted regarding the use of this ELISA. However, the results indicate that this multiple-antigen ELISA would be a valuable screening test for detecting M. tuberculosis infection in elephant herds.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Larsen, R. S. and Salman, M. D. and Mikota, S. K. and Isaza, R. and Montali, R. J. and Triantis, J.}, year={2000}, pages={291–302} }
 @article{larsen_carpenter_1999, title={Husbandry and medical management of African hedgehogs}, volume={94}, number={10}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Larsen, R. S. and Carpenter, J. W.}, year={1999}, pages={877–890} }