@article{maal-bared_gerba_bibby_munakata_mehrotra_brisolara_haas_gary_nayak_swift_et al._2022, title={The Current Multicountry Monkeypox Outbreak: What Water Professionals Should Know}, ISSN={["2690-0637"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.2c00287}, abstractNote={Recent water sector safety concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need for industry-focused reviews of emerging pathogens to support evidence-based utility decision-making. Between May 7 and August 20, 2022, more than 41 358 cases of human monkeypox were reported globally from over 87 countries in which the disease is not endemic. Given that the presence and persistence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in feces, water, and wastewater has not been investigated, we summarize the available evidence on MPXV and related orthopoxviruses to provide sector-wide recommendations and identify knowledge gaps. On the basis of the information available to date, this outbreak is unlikely to pose an exposure and transmission risk from wastewater, biosolids, or water due to the absence of any evidence to date that suggests that infectious MPXV is present in wastewater or biosolids or has caused human cases, clusters, or outbreaks from exposure to these sources. In addition, remaining smallpox vaccine immunity in the population, availability of vaccines and treatments, susceptibility of poxviruses to disinfection (e.g., UV and chlorine), and evidence from health care confirming the efficacy of infection control measures all suggest that current treatment and recommended wastewater worker protection practices are sufficient to protect public and occupational health.}, journal={ACS ES&T WATER}, author={Maal-Bared, Rasha and Gerba, Charles and Bibby, Kyle and Munakata, Naoko and Mehrotra, Anna S. and Brisolara, Kari Fitzmorris and Haas, Charles and Gary, Lee and Nayak, Bina and Swift, Jay and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{brisolara_maal-bared_sobsey_reimers_rubin_bastian_gerba_smith_bibby_kester_et al._2021, title={Assessing and managing SARS-CoV-2 occupational health risk to workers handling residuals and biosolids}, volume={774}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145732}, abstractNote={Current wastewater worker guidance from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aligns with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommendations and states that no additional specific protections against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 infections, are recommended for employees involved in wastewater management operations with residuals, sludge, and biosolids at water resource recovery facilities. The USEPA guidance references a document from 2002 that summarizes practices required for protection of workers handling class B biosolids to minimize exposure to pathogens including viruses. While there is no documented evidence that residuals or biosolids of any treatment level contain infectious SARS-CoV-2 or are a source of transmission of this current pandemic strain of coronavirus, this review summarizes and examines whether the provided federal guidance is sufficient to protect workers in view of currently available data on SARS-CoV-2 persistence and transmission. No currently available epidemiological data establishes a direct link between wastewater sludge or biosolids and risk of infection from the SARS-CoV-2. Despite shedding of the RNA of the virus in feces, there is no evidence supporting the presence or transmission of infectious SARS-CoV-2 through the wastewater system or in biosolids. In addition, this review presents previous epidemiologic data related to other non-enveloped viruses. Overall, the risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, or any pathogen, decreases with increasing treatment measures. As a result, the highest risk of exposure is related to spreading and handling untreated feces or stool, followed by untreated municipal sludge, the class B biosolids, while lowest risk is associated with spreading or handling Class A biosolids. This review reinforces federal recommendations and the importance of vigilance in applying occupational risk mitigation measures to protect public and occupational health.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Brisolara, Kari Fitzmorris and Maal-Bared, Rasha and Sobsey, Mark D. and Reimers, Robert S. and Rubin, Albert and Bastian, Robert K. and Gerba, Charles and Smith, James E. and Bibby, Kyle and Kester, Greg and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{maal-bared_brisolara_munakata_bibby_gerba_sobsey_schaefer_swift_gary_sherchan_et al._2021, title={Implications of SARS-CoV-2 on current and future operation and management of wastewater systems}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.1002/wer.1446}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Maal-Bared, Rasha and Brisolara, Kari and Munakata, Naoko and Bibby, Kyle and Gerba, Charles and Sobsey, Mark and Schaefer, Scott and Swift, Jay and Gary, Lee and Sherchan, Samendra and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={502–515} }
 @misc{maal-bared_sobsey_bibby_fitzmorris_munakata_gerba_schaefer_swift_gary_babatola_et al._2021, title={Letter to the Editor regarding Mathavarajah et al. (2020) Pandemic danger to the deep: The risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater}, volume={773}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144855}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Maal-Bared, Rasha and Sobsey, Mark and Bibby, Kyle and Fitzmorris, Kari Brisolara and Munakata, Naoko and Gerba, Charles and Schaefer, Scott and Swift, Jay and Gary, Lee and Babatola, Akin and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{liehr_rubin_tonning_2004, title={Natural treatment and onsite processes}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1061-4303"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143004X142059}, abstractNote={Tonning This review includes many types of physical and biological treatment technologies, with the common feature of utilizing primarily natural processes or components for the treatment function, whether the system is aquatic or}, number={6}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Liehr, SK and Rubin, AR and Tonning, B}, year={2004}, pages={1191–1237} }
 @article{rubin_2002, title={Fulfilling potential of on-site wastewater treatment}, volume={43}, number={1}, journal={BioCycle}, author={Rubin, A. R.}, year={2002}, pages={66-} }
 @book{liehr_kozub_rash_sloop_doll_rubin_house_hawes_burks_2000, title={Constructed wetlands treatment of high nitrogen landfill leachate}, ISBN={1893664082}, publisher={Alexandria, VA : Water Environment Research Foundation}, author={Liehr, S. K. and Kozub, D. D. and Rash, J. K. and Sloop, G. M. and Doll, B. and Rubin, A. R. and House, C. H. and Hawes, S. and Burks, D.}, year={2000} }
 @article{renkow_rubin_1998, title={Does municipal solid waste composting make economic sense?}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1006/jema.1998.0214}, abstractNote={Currently there is widespread interest on the part of local Governments in incorporating municipal solid waste (MSW) composting into their integrated solid waste management systems. However, there is little information on the costs of MSW composting and how those costs compare with the costs of alternative forms of waste disposal (especially traditional land disposal). This article begins to fill this information gap by reporting the results of a survey of 19 MSW composting facilities around the United States. Results indicate that MSW composting generally costs around $50 per ton, and that very few facilities receive any revenues from the sale of compost to offset operating costs. Additional economic analysis indicates that, at present, MSW composting cannot be justified on financial grounds in most parts of the US, but may be competitive with land disposal where the cost of landfilling is high (such as the north-east).1998 Academic Press}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Renkow, M and Rubin, AR}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={339–347} }
 @inproceedings{spooner_house_hoover_rubin_silverthorne_steinbeck_harris_uebler_martin_1998, title={Performance evaluation of innovative and alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems in Craven County, NC}, booktitle={On-site wastewater treatment: Proceedings of the eighth national symposium on individual and small community sewage systems, March 8-10, 1998, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Spooner, J. and House, C. H. and Hoover, M. T. and Rubin, A. R. and Silverthorne, R. and Steinbeck, S. J. and Harris, V. and Uebler, R. L. and Martin, B.}, year={1998}, pages={458–469} }
 @article{bergmann_rubin_campbell_1997, title={Potential of Paulownia elongata trees for swine waste utilization}, volume={40}, DOI={10.13031/2013.21401}, abstractNote={A greenhouse experiment was done with vegetatively propagated trees to examine the influence of swine 
lagoon effluent on the growth and foliar nutrient content of the fast-growing hardwood species Paulownia elongata. 
Application of swine lagoon effluent promoted plant growth and was as beneficial as a complete chemical fertilizer 
applied at a similar nitrogen loading rate. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen were high, typically between 3.5% and 4.5%, 
when swine lagoon effluent was applied at a nitrogen loading rate equivalent to 205 or 409 kg/ha. Zinc and copper 
concentrations were also relatively high when plants received these swine lagoon effluent treatments (45 to 55 ppm and 
17 to 23 ppm, respectively). Sufficient variation among P. elongata clones was revealed for growth parameters and foliar 
nutrient concentrations to anticipate a benefit from the selection of genotypes that are the most efficient for remediation of 
animal waste, i.e., high biomass production and foliar nutrient accumulation. The data show that P. elongata has potential 
for use as a swine waste utilization species.}, number={6}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Bergmann, Ben and Rubin, A. R. and Campbell, C. R.}, year={1997}, pages={1733–1738} }
 @article{line_wu_arnold_jennings_rubin_1997, title={Water quality of first flush runoff from 20 industrial sites}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1061-4303"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143097X125489}, abstractNote={A sampling program was conducted to assess the quality of first flush storm water runoff from 10 industrial groups typical of many businesses located in North Carolina. Analysis of samples collected during the first 30 min of runoff (first flush) indicated that zinc and copper were the most common of the eight metals measured in runoff from the 20 industrial sites monitored. Ten volatile organic, semivolatile organic, or pesticide compounds were found at eight different sites, with the most common being methylene chloride (three sites). Conventional pollutants such as nutrients and solids were measured at varying levels at every site, but were generally the highest where a significant amount of biological waste or exposed soil was present.}, number={3}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and Wu, J and Arnold, JA and Jennings, GD and Rubin, AR}, year={1997}, pages={305–310} }
 @inbook{rubin_cogger_1982, title={Effect of extreme water conservation on the characteristics and treatability of septic tank effluent}, ISBN={0916150437}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment : December 14-15, 1981, the Palmer House, Chicago, Illinois}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Rubin, A. R. and Cogger, C. G.}, year={1982}, pages={170} }