@article{shen_bao_pietrafesa_gayes_2022, title={Improving Numerical Model Predicted Float Trajectories by Deep Learning}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2333-5084"]}, DOI={10.1029/2022EA002362}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE}, author={Shen, Dongliang and Bao, Shaowu and Pietrafesa, Lenard J. and Gayes, Paul}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{shen_li_wang_bao_pietrafesa_2021, title={Dynamical Ocean Responses to Typhoon Malakas (2016) in the Vicinity of Taiwan}, volume={126}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/2020JC016663}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Shen, Dongliang and Li, Xiaofeng and Wang, Jia and Bao, Shaowu and Pietrafesa, Leonard J.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{viner_noble_qian_werth_gayes_pietrafesa_bao_2021, title={Frequency and Characteristics of Inland Advecting Sea Breezes in the Southeast United States}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2073-4433"]}, DOI={10.3390/atmos12080950}, abstractNote={Sea breezes have been observed to move inland over 100 km. These airmasses can be markedly different from regional airmasses, creating a shallow layer with differences in humidity, wind, temperature and aerosol characteristics. To understand their influence on boundary layer and cloud development on subsequent days, we identify their frequency and characteristics. We visually identified sea breeze fronts on radar passing over the Savannah River Site (SRS) between March and October during 2015–2019. The SRS is ~150 km from the nearest coastal location; therefore, our detection suggests further inland penetration. We also identified periods when sea breeze fronts may have passed but were not visually observed on radar due to the shallow sea breeze airmass remaining below the radar beam elevation that ranges between approximately 1–8 km depending on the beam angle and radar source (Columbia, SC or Charleston, SC). Near-surface atmospheric measurements indicate that the dew point temperature increases, the air temperature decreases, the variation in wind direction decreases and the aerosol size increases after sea breeze frontal passage. A synoptic classification procedure also identified that inland moving sea breezes are more commonly observed when the synoptic conditions include weak to moderate offshore winds with an average of 35 inland sea breezes occurring each year, focused primarily in the months of April, May and June.}, number={8}, journal={ATMOSPHERE}, author={Viner, Brian and Noble, Stephen and Qian, Jian-Hua and Werth, David and Gayes, Paul and Pietrafesa, Len and Bao, Shaowu}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{pietrafesa_zhang_bao_gayes_hallstrom_2019, title={Coastal Flooding and Inundation and Inland Flooding due to Downstream Blocking}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2077-1312"]}, DOI={10.3390/jmse7100336}, abstractNote={Extreme atmospheric wind and precipitation events have created extensive multiscale coastal, inland, and upland flooding in United States (U.S.) coastal states over recent decades, some of which takes days to hours to develop, while others can take only several tens of minutes and inundate a large area within a short period of time, thus being laterally explosive. However, their existence has not yet been fully recognized, and the fluid dynamics and the wide spectrum of spatial and temporal scales of these types of events are not yet well understood nor have they been mathematically modeled. If present-day outlooks of more frequent and intense precipitation events in the future are accurate, these coastal, inland and upland flood events, such as those due to Hurricanes Joaquin (2015), Matthew (2016), Harvey (2017) and Irma (2017), will continue to increase in the future. However, the question arises as to whether there has been a well-documented example of this kind of coastal, inland and upland flooding in the past? In addition, if so, are any lessons learned for the future? The short answer is “no”. Fortunately, there are data from a pair of events, several decades ago—Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd in 1999—that we can turn to for guidance in how the nonlinear, multiscale fluid physics of these types of compound hazard events manifested in the past and what they portend for the future. It is of note that fifty-six lives were lost in coastal North Carolina alone from this pair of storms. In this study, the 1999 rapid coastal and inland flooding event attributed to those two consecutive hurricanes is documented and the series of physical processes and their mechanisms are analyzed. A diagnostic assessment using data and numerical models reveals the physical mechanisms of downstream blocking that occurred.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING}, author={Pietrafesa, Leonard J. and Zhang, Hongyuan and Bao, Shaowu and Gayes, Paul T. and Hallstrom, Jason O.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{pietrafesa_buckley_peng_bao_liu_peng_xie_dickey_2007, title={On coastal ocean systems, coupled model architectures, products and services: Morphing from observations to operations and applications}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1948-1209"]}, DOI={10.4031/002533207787442268}, abstractNote={The national build-up of “coastal ocean observing systems” (COOSs) to establish the coastal observing component of the national component of the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) network must be well organized and must acknowledge, understand and address the needs
 of the principal clients, the federal, and in some cases state as well, agencies that provide financial support if it is to have substantive value. The funds being spent in support of COOS should be invested in pursuit of the establishment of the National Backbone (NB) that is needed: to greatly
 improve atmospheric, oceanic and coastal “weather” forecasting, broadly defined; for ecosystem management; and to document climate variability and change in coastal zones. However, this process has not occurred in a well conceived, orderly, well integrated manner due to historical
 and cultural bases and because of local priorities. A sub-regional effort that is designed to meet federal agency needs and mission responsibilities with an emphasis on meeting societal needs is presented by way of example to show that university and industry partners with federal agencies
 have an important role to play in the future of building out ocean and coastal observing and prediction systems and networks.}, number={1}, journal={MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL}, author={Pietrafesa, L. J. and Buckley, E. B. and Peng, M. and Bao, S. and Liu, H. and Peng, S. and Xie, L. and Dickey, D. A.}, year={2007}, pages={44–52} }
 @article{liu_xie_pietrafesa_bao_2007, title={Sensitivity of wind waves to hurricane wind characteristics}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1463-5003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.03.004}, abstractNote={In this study, the influence of the spatial and temporal variability of hurricane winds, storm translation speed, intensity, and ambient wind field on surface wind waves are investigated by using a third-generation wave model (Simulating WAves Nearshore, or SWAN). The results show that the asymmetric structure of wind-induced wave field is sensitive not only to the asymmetric structure of the hurricane wind field, but also to the variations in the storm translation speed and intensity. The significant wave height (SWH) in the front-right quadrant of the storm rises as storm translation speed increases until it reaches a critical value, then the SWH drops. The opposite occurs in the rear-left quadrant. The total contribution of the hurricane translation speed to the asymmetric structure of the wave field also depends on the intensity of the hurricane. As the intensity of the hurricane increases, the relative significance of the influence of the translation speed on the asymmetric structure of the wave field decreases. Most parametric hurricane wind models can only model symmetric hurricanes and do not include background winds. However, actual hurricanes in nature are not only asymmetric but also imbedded in background winds. Thus, to more properly model hurricane-induced wave field, it is important to consider storm asymmetry, translation speed, intensity, as well as background winds.}, number={1}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, author={Liu, Huiqing and Xie, Lian and Pietrafesa, Leonard J. and Bao, Shaowu}, year={2007}, pages={37–52} }
 @article{xie_bao_pietrafesa_foley_fuentes_2006, title={A real-time hurricane surface wind forecasting model: Formulation and verification}, volume={134}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3126.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Xie, L and Bao, SW and Pietrafesa, LJ and Foley, K and Fuentes, M}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={1355–1370} }
 @article{bao_xie_raman_2004, title={A numerical study of a TOGA-COARE squall-line using a coupled mesoscale atmosphere-ocean model}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1861-9533"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02916368}, number={5}, journal={ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Bao, SW and Xie, L and Raman, S}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={708–716} }
 @article{bao_raman_xie_2003, title={Numerical simulation of the response of the ocean surface layer to precipitation}, volume={160}, ISSN={["0033-4553"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00024-003-2402-4}, number={12}, journal={PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS}, author={Bao, SW and Raman, S and Xie, L}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={2419–2446} }