@book{batra_fraser_2015, title={Engineering fundamentals of ring spinning/twisting, over-end unwinding and two-for-one twisting in textile processes}, ISBN={9781605951720}, publisher={Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Destech Publications}, author={Batra, S. K. and Fraser, W. B.}, year={2015} }
 @article{batra_2007, title={Books I found useful}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Batra, S. K.}, year={2007}, pages={33–34} }
 @inbook{batra_2006, title={Other long vegetable fibers - abaca, banana, sisal, henequen, flax, ramie, hemp, sunn, and coir}, ISBN={9780824725655}, booktitle={Handbook of fiber chemistry (3rd ed.)}, publisher={New York: Taylor & Francis}, author={Batra, S.K.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_2005, title={Engineering with fibers (industry): Implications for education}, booktitle={Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Trends in Polymers and Textiles : 7th, 8th January 2005}, publisher={New Delhi}, author={Batra, S. K. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2005} }
 @inbook{batra_pourdeyhimi_2004, title={Thermal bonding in handbook of nonwovens}, ISBN={9780849317873}, booktitle={Handbook of nonwovens}, publisher={Boca Raton: Crc Press}, author={Batra, S.K. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2004} }
 @article{farer_seyam_ghosh_batra_grant_lee_2003, title={Forming shaped/molded structures by integrating meltblowing and robotic technologies}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307300103}, abstractNote={ A novel system is described that forms three-dimensional (3D) molded nonwoven structures through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. The 3D fiberweb structures can be formed by deposition of fibers from the die of the meltblown unit, which is manipulated by the robot, on any desired 3D mold. The mold rotational and surface speeds can be controlled by an additional external axis. The die is connected by two flexible hoses to the melt extruder of the meltblown unit and a hot air supply system. This system directly sprays fibers onto a 3D mannequin mold to produce structures from polypropylene polymers. With varying degrees of success. several robot manipulation algorithms of fiber deposition on the mold are developed to accurately control the basis weight uniformity the fiberwebs. A rule-based control algorithm using a linear variable differential transducer to map the mold contour results in the greatest fiberweb basis weight uniformity. }, number={1}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Farer, R and Seyam, AM and Ghosh, TK and Batra, SK and Grant, E and Lee, G}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={15–21} }
 @article{farer_ghosh_seyam_grant_batra_2003, title={Study of meltblown structures formed by robotic and meltblowing integrated system: Impact of process parameters on fiber diameter distribution}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Farer, R. and Ghosh, T. K. and Seyam, A. M. and Grant, E. and Batra, S. K.}, year={2003}, pages={36–42} }
 @article{farer_seyam_ghosh_grant_batra_2002, title={Meltblown structures formed by a robotic and meltblowing integrated system: Impact of process parameters on fiber orientation and diameter distribution}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750207201201}, abstractNote={ In a previous publication, we described a novel system that forms three-dimensional (3D) structures on 3D molds and two-dimensional (2D) structures on a rotating drum through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. In this paper, we investigate the impact of take-up speed. die-to-collector distance (DCD). polymer throughput rate. and attenuating air pressure on the fiber orien tation and diameter distribution of 2D structures formed by the system. We introduce a new parameter, the fiber stream approach angle, which can be precisely controlled by the robot, and discuss its impact on the meltblown structure. In the experimental range studied, fiber orientation and diameter distribution are significantly impacted by the parameters. Among these parameters. the fiber stream approach angle shows the highest effect on fiber orientation distribution. }, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Farer, R and Seyam, AM and Ghosh, TK and Grant, E and Batra, SK}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1033–1040} }
 @inproceedings{batra_brookstien_2002, title={Rethinking the US "textile industry"}, booktitle={2nd AUTEX Conference: Textile engineering at the dawn of a new millenium: an exciting challenge, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bruges, Belgium, 1-3 July 2002}, author={Batra, S.K. and Brookstien, D.}, year={2002} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_murthy_2001, title={Dynamic analysis of yarn unwinding from cylindrical packages - Part 1: Parametric studies of the two-region problem}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750107100905}, abstractNote={ In recent years, the interest in studying balloon formation during unwinding has been rekindled by recent publication of several significant papers on the dynamic analysis of moving yarns in rotational modes. The renewed interest can be partially attributed to the availability of powerful computing tools needed to solve problems of this kind. This paper is the first of a series of papers reporting results of ongoing research at NCSU. In this paper, apart from a critical evaluation of some recently published work, the physics of unwinding as proposed by earlier publications is examined through extensive parametric studies. That is, two parameters of high practical importance, balloon shape and unwinding tension, are calculated as functions of the direction of unwinding (from front-to-back and back-to-front), wind angle, residual tension in the yarn on the package, and the coefficient of yarn-package drag. In addition, limitations of a two-region analysis are addressed. }, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Ghosh, TK and Batra, SK and Murthy, AS}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={771–778} }
 @article{ma_ghosh_batra_2001, title={Dynamic analysis of yarn unwinding from cylindrical packages - Part II: The three-region analysis}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750107101002}, abstractNote={ In Part II of this series [2], we analyze the three-region problem. The formulation constitutes an integrated analysis of the three regions, which permits a study of the yarn path and related tension distributions for unwind points away from the two ends of the package. The numerical solutions presented reveal a very complex interaction between several of the nondimensional parameters characteristic of the problem. The complexity arises from the problem's nonlinear nature, whose solutions exhibit a bifurcation phenomenon and consequent inherent instabilities. In brief, we argue that heuristic discussions about the physics of the problem in dimensional space can be extremely misleading. }, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Ma, XF and Ghosh, TK and Batra, SK}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={855–861} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_qingyu_2000, title={Dynamic analysis of ring spinning: A brief review}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Vlakna A Textil}, author={Batra, S. K. and Ghosh, T. K. and Qingyu, Z.}, year={2000}, pages={57–64} }
 @article{batra_chidambaram_davis_2000, title={Strength loss in thermally bonded polypropylene fibers}, volume={9}, number={3}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Batra, S. K. and Chidambaram, A. and Davis, H. A.}, year={2000}, pages={27–35} }
 @article{meng_seyam_batra_1999, title={Carding dynamics - Part I: Previous studies of fiber distribution and movement in carding}, volume={69}, DOI={10.1177/004051759906900203}, abstractNote={ This paper is the first of a series of publications dealing with extensive card research supported by the Nonwovens Cooperative Research Center. The paper gives a com prehensive critical review of previous investigations of fiber movement and their dis tribution on card elements. It focuses on principles governing fiber transfer from one card element to another and fiber distribution on different card elements. }, number={2}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Meng, J. and Seyam, Abdel-Fattah and Batra, S. K.}, year={1999}, pages={90–96} }
 @article{batra_shahani_shiffler_1999, title={Foamed latex bonding of spunlace fabrics to improve physical properties}, volume={8}, number={2}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Batra, S. K. and Shahani, A. and Shiffler, D. A.}, year={1999}, pages={41–48} }
 @article{dharmadhikary_davis_gilmore_batra_1999, title={Influence of fiber structure on properties of thermally point bonded polypropylene nonwovens}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759906901005}, abstractNote={Carded webs with a basis weight of 30 g/m2are prepared from Hercules T-196 and Hercules T-101 polypropylene fibers, then thermally point bonded with "Novonette" rolls at various temperatures and pressures. A subset of samples is studied in relative detail using various methods. In particular, the distribution of bridging fiber strengths after bonding is measured directly. Bonding at higher temperatures reduces single fiber strength and increases its variability while increasing the effectiveness (strength) of the bonds. These competing effects appear to explain the maximum fabric-strength-versus-bonding temperature relationship. Bonding performance differences between these two fibers appear to depend on the fact that nonfailing bonds can be produced at lower temperatures in the T-196, where fiber strength degradation is less, and possibly to a lesser extent on the higher elongation and concave-down curvature of the stress-strain relationship.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Dharmadhikary, RK and Davis, H and Gilmore, TF and Batra, SK}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={725–734} }
 @article{narter_batra_buchanan_1999, title={Micromechanics of three-dimensional fibrewebs: constitutive equations}, volume={455}, ISSN={["1471-2946"]}, DOI={10.1098/rspa.1999.0465}, abstractNote={This paper extends the fibre–network theory of Cox to three–dimensional anisotropic fibrewebs. It presents a micromechanical model employing fibre axial deformation as the elemental deformation mechanism giving rise to assembly stress as a result of applied normal and shearing strain field. This model predicts the elastic constants of an assembly in terms of fibre linear density, fibre elastic modulus, fabric bulk density and the first 15 spherical harmonic coefficients of direction distribution function. A computer simulation has been performed to study the effect of structure on the initial elastic moduli of fibrewebs. This simulation shows that: (a) Young's modulus evaluated for each fabric axis is directly dependent on the fibre orientation distribution density (FODD) along the same axis; (b) shear modulus in any reference plane is maximized when orientation distribution function is isotropic in that plane and it decreases with increasing FODD along the direction normal to that plane; and (c) Poisson's ratio, &ngr;ij, increases as the FODD along the i–axis decreases and the FODD along the j–axis increases, but the effect of FODD along the k–axis is minimal.}, number={1989}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES}, author={Narter, MA and Batra, SK and Buchanan, DR}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={3543–3563} }
 @inproceedings{seyam_meng_batra_el-shiekh_1998, title={Development of a flexible photometric device for on-line monitoring of fiber loading on card surfaces}, booktitle={Book of papers: INDA-TEC 98, largest International Nonwovens Conference: September 15-17, 1998, Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, NJ}, publisher={Cary, N.C. : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Seyam, A.M. and Meng, J. and Batra, S.K. and El-Shiekh, A.}, year={1998} }
 @inbook{batra_1998, title={Other long vegetable fibers - abaca, banana, sisal, henequen, flax, ramie, hemp, sunn, and coir}, ISBN={9780824794712}, booktitle={Handbook of fiber chemistry (2nd ed., rev. and expanded)}, publisher={New York: Marcel Dekker}, author={Batra, S.K.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{batra_farer_gilmore_1998, title={Processing cotton and cotton/pulp blends for wet-laid nonwovens using novel dispersion technologies}, booktitle={Nonwovens Conference & Trade Fair: proceedings}, publisher={Atlanta, GA : TAPPI Press}, author={Batra, S.K. and Farer, R. and Gilmore, T.F.}, year={1998}, pages={133–136} }
 @inproceedings{batra_blackburn_1997, title={Nonwovens cooperative reserach center: A resource for research and development}, ISBN={9780898527070}, booktitle={1997 TAPPI Minimum Effluent Mills Symposium: proceedings. San Francisco, CA, October 23-24, 1997}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press}, author={Batra, S.K. and Blackburn, W.A.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{timble_shiffler_batra_1997, title={Thermal bonding of needlepunched nonwovens using IR}, ISBN={9780898526868}, booktitle={1997 Nonwovens Conference: March 17-19, 1997, the Peabody Hotel, Memphis, TN.}, publisher={Atlanta, Ga.: TAPPI Press}, author={Timble, N.B. and Shiffler, D.A. and Batra, S.K.}, year={1997} }
 @article{veerabadran_davis_batra_bullerwell_1996, title={Devices for on-line assessment of nonwovens' basis weights and structures}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759606600412}, abstractNote={ Two devices for quantifying the basis weight and fiber orientation distribution func tion in nonwoven webs have been developed and studied. The basis weight device measures the attenuation of a light beam by the fabric. The particular device is im plemented, calibrated, and tested at speeds up to 400 m/min. By statistical analysis, this device is accurate enough to use with fabrics that are three or more times less variable than current commercial nonwovens. The device for quantifying web structure measures the orientation distribution function of a static sample by light scattering, and it is sensitive enough to detect subtle differences in spunbonded webs produced with different filament-dispersing hardware. An anisotropy ratio calculated from mea sured orientation distribution functions correlates well with fabric tensile properties. }, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Veerabadran, R and Davis, HA and Batra, SK and Bullerwell, AC}, year={1996}, month={Apr}, pages={257–264} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1996, title={Glimpses of thermal bonding}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 96: international nonwovens conference: September 11-13, 1996, Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Crystal City, Virginia, USA}, publisher={Cary, NC : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K.}, year={1996} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_zeng_robert_fraser_1995, title={AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RING SPINNING PROCESS .4. INHERENT INSTABILITY OF THE FREE BALLOON}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759506500707}, abstractNote={ This paper will show that the theory of ring spinning developed by Batra et al. and subsequently by Fraser can be used to explain recent experimental results obtained at the SRRC. In particular, Fraser showed that the quasi-stationary, nonlinear equations of motion relevant to ring spinning, including the effect of centripetal acceleration and air drag force, developed earlier by several investigators exhibit a bifurcation phe nomenon typical of many other nonlinear systems in mathematical physics. This investigation shows that the bifurcation analysis applied in a way that simulates for mation of the bobbin, even a chase of the bobbin, reveals meta-stability in parametric space, which can be used to explain the instabilities in free (no control rings) balloon profiles observed experimentally. }, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and GHOSH, TK and ZENG, Q and ROBERT, KQ and FRASER, WB}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={417–423} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1995, title={Dynamic analysis of ring spinning:  A historical perspective}, booktitle={Proceedings of the eighth annual Cotton Incorporated Engineered Fiber Selection System Conference: June 12-14, 1995}, publisher={[Raleigh, N.C.]: Cotton Inc.}, author={Batra, S.K.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_ma_1995, title={Dynamic analysis of unwinding}, booktitle={Proceedings of the eighth annual Cotton Incorporated Engineered Fiber Selection System Conference: June 12-14, 1995}, publisher={[Raleigh, N.C.]: Cotton Inc.}, author={Batra, S.K. and Ghosh, T.K. and Ma, X.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{batra_wu_davis_1995, title={Interference microscopy and fiber structure}, volume={450}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, author={Batra, S.K. and Wu, Z. and Davis, H.A.}, year={1995}, pages={23–36} }
 @article{dharmadhikary_gilmore_davis_batra_1995, title={On thermal bonding}, volume={26}, journal={Textile Progress}, author={Dharmadhikary, R. and Gilmore, T.F. and Davis, H.A. and Batra, S.K.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1995, title={Role of fiber properties in nonwovens technology}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 95: book of papers}, publisher={Cary, NC : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{batra_mclawhorn_1995, title={The Nonwovens Industry: An international perspective}, booktitle={The globalisation of the Indian textile industry : 51st All India & 6th International Conference, 15-17, Dec. 1995}, publisher={Madras : Textile Association India}, author={Batra, S.K. and McLawhorn, B.M.}, year={1995} }
 @article{batra_gilmore_timble_yi_1994, title={Parametric study of thermal point bonding part II: Cotton-bicomponent staple webs}, volume={6}, number={4}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Batra, S. and Gilmore, T. F. and Timble, N. B. and Yi, F.}, year={1994}, pages={28–34} }
 @inproceedings{seyam_mi_batra_bullerwell_meng_mohamed_1993, title={Measurement of needle punching dynamic forces: The single needle case}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 93: book of papers: September 21-24, 1993, Doral Ocean Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida}, publisher={Cary, NC : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Seyam, A.M. and Mi, Z.X. and Batra, S.K. and Bullerwell, A. and Meng, J. and Mohamed, A.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{batra_seyam_mi_bullerwell_meng_mohamed_1993, title={Measurement of needlepunching forces: The single needle case}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 93: book of papers: September 21-24, 1993, Doral Ocean Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida}, publisher={Cary, NC: INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K. and Seyam, A. and Mi, Z.X. and Bullerwell, A.C. and Meng, J. and Mohamed, A.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{batra_gilmore_y._1993, title={The application of a mathematical model to optimization of a thermal bonding process: Consideration of three variables for a cotton-bicomponent nonwoven}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 93: book of papers: September 21-24, 1993, Doral Ocean Beach Resort, Miami Beach, Florida}, publisher={Cary, NC: INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K. and Gilmore, T.F. and Y., Feng}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{batra_gilmore_mi_1993, title={The effect of bond point design and bond strength on load-deformation of point bonded nonwovens: A computer-based study}, ISBN={9780898529012}, booktitle={Proceedings: 1994 Nonwovens Conference: Grenelefe Conference Center, Orlando, Florida, February 14-16}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI}, author={Batra, S.K. and Gilmore, T.F. and Mi, Z.X.}, year={1993} }
 @article{batra_dua_zeidman_1992, title={An Integrated approach to dynamic analysis of the ring spinning process. Part III: The effect of coefficients of friction and the balloon control rings}, volume={47}, number={
}, journal={Textil Praxis International}, author={Batra, S.K. and Dua, B. and Zeidman, M.I.}, year={1992} }
 @article{fraser_ghosh_batra_1992, title={ON UNWINDING YARN FROM A CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE}, volume={436}, ISSN={["0962-8444"]}, DOI={10.1098/rspa.1992.0030}, abstractNote={The over-end unwinding of yarn from a stationary helically wound cylindrical package is considered. The motion of the yarn between the unwind point (where it first starts to slip across the package surface before flying into the unwinding balloon) and the guide eye located on the package axis is analysed. The motion is periodic as the unwind point moves backwards and forwards along the length of the package surface. In 1958 D. G. Padfield argued that, provided the helix angle is small, the time derivative terms in the equations of motion can be neglected and the problem can be reduced to a stationary (relative to rotating axes) balloon problem subject to a modified boundary condition at the unwind point. The problem of yarn slipping across the package surface has also been investigated by D. G. Padfield and by H. V. Booth. In the present paper a regular perturbation expansion is used to provide a theoretical framework for Padfield’s ideas and to remove the time dependence from the zero order equations of motion. To this order of approximation the time dependence appears in the ‘moving’ boundary condition at the unwind point. A new derivation of this boundary condition is given and a set of continuity conditions between the yarn slipping on the package and the yarn in the balloon is used to splice the two solutions together so that the package can be unwound through a complete period of the unwinding cycle.}, number={1898}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY-MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES}, author={FRASER, WB and GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={479–498} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shim_gupta_1992, title={Test method for bond strength measurement: A proposal}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 92 :  book of papers : the International Nonwovens Technical Conference, April 7-10, 1992, Bonaventure Resort & Spa, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida}, publisher={Cary, NC:  INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry,}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shim, H. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shim_gupta_1992, title={Use of multiple needle penetration test for characterizing bond strength potential of resin/binder systems}, ISBN={9780898528343}, booktitle={Proceedings :  1992 Nonwovens Conference : Marriott's Marco Island Hotel, Marco Island, FL, May 10-14}, publisher={Atlanta, GA :  TAPPI Press}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shim, H.J. and Gupta, B.S.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_zeidman_dua_1991, title={An integrated approach to dynamic analysis of the ring spinning process: A progress report}, ISBN={9788085427165}, booktitle={Textile science 91: international conference: proceedings: Liberec, September 16-18, 1991}, publisher={Praha: Nakladatelske? druz?stvo Informatorium}, author={Batra, S.K. and Ghosh, T.K. and Zeidman, M.I. and Dua, B.}, year={1991} }
 @article{zeidman_batra_sasser_1991, title={DETERMINING SHORT FIBER CONTENT IN COTTON .1. SOME THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759106100103}, abstractNote={ The mathematical fundamentals of fiber length distribution are reviewed in a unified way, with particular emphasis on the derivation of short fiber content (SFC) by number and weight and other related length parameters. The concept of "similar distribu tions" is introduced to describe the resemblance in shape between different distribu tions. This is necessary because of the specific nature of cotton length distributions. The SFC as a length parameter is related to both the range and shape of the fiber length distributions. The paper concludes with the presentation of equations necessary to determine the SFC of a binary mixture, if the SFC and other fiber characteristics of each component are known. }, number={1}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={ZEIDMAN, MI and BATRA, SK and SASSER, PE}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={21–30} }
 @article{zeidman_batra_sasser_1991, title={DETERMINING SHORT FIBER CONTENT IN COTTON .2. MEASURES OF SFC FROM HVI DATA STATISTICAL-MODELS}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759106100209}, abstractNote={ Based on large data sets from three consecutive cotton crop years, linear models for SFW and SFN in terms of the HVI length parameters have been developed. The necessity of modifying the Suter-Webb array distributions is justified. The results are discussed in light of the concept of "similarity" related to fiber length distributions, as defined in Part I. Using normalized regression equations, UI is demonstrated to have a stronger influence on SFC than the range parameters (UHM, ML). The terms UI, UHM, ML are standard measurements of the HVI instruments and have been defined in the text. The models developed in this study have been compared with the one developed by Preysch in 1979, and the relative improvement over Preysch's method is discussed. }, number={2}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={ZEIDMAN, MI and BATRA, SK and SASSER, PE}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={106–113} }
 @article{zeidman_suh_batra_1990, title={A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON YARN UNEVENNESS - COMPONENTS AND DETERMINANTS OF GENERAL UNEVENNESS}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759006000101}, abstractNote={ A simple analysis of the local linear density of a yarn yields an equation of its overall variance, which has three components: variance of the number of fibers per cross section, variance of the mean local fiber fineness, and that of the mean parameter of fiber inclination relative to yam axis. Further mathematical analysis of the component variances reveals a set of determining factors: the sequence of the fiber ends along the yam, the distribution of the fiber length, fiber fineness and its irregularity, the irregularity of the fiber configuration relative to the yam axis, and the blend uniformity along the yarn. To help in this analysis, a representation of the yarn, free of any structural hypothesis, is derived from the way the yam emerges from a ring spinning process: a superposition of elementary strips, each resulting from an initial sliver. This represen tation demonstrates that inverse proportionality between the squared CV of the yarn and its mean number of fibers in cross section holds for any yarn, including those idealized by Poissonian or other similar models. }, number={1}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={ZEIDMAN, MI and SUH, MW and BATRA, SK}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={1–6} }
 @inproceedings{batra_zeidman_1990, title={Basic aspects related to assessment of fiber characteristics in mixtures}, booktitle={Cotton Incorporated 3rd Engineered Fiber Selection Research Forum: Proceedings: November 8-9, 1990}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C. : Cotton Inc.}, author={Batra, S.K. and Zeidman, M.I.}, year={1990} }
 @article{batra_pai_hersh_1990, title={Interpreting creep and fatigue of fibers via deformation kinetics}, volume={39}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Batra, S. K. and Pai, G. A. and Hersh, S. P.}, year={1990}, pages={18–23} }
 @inproceedings{batra_mohamed_udomkichdecha_1990, title={Some thought on the compressional behavior of fiber assemblies}, booktitle={Nonwovens: Proceedings of the International Seminar, Jsanuary 22 & 23, 1990 and other Presentations}, publisher={Bombay : Bombay Textile Research Association}, author={Batra, S.K. and Mohamed, M.H. and Udomkichdecha, W.}, year={1990} }
 @misc{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .1. A CRITICAL-REVIEW}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658708}, abstractNote={The mechanics of the bending of yarns and woven fabrics have received considerable attention in the literature. Efforts have been made to obtain analytical relations between yarn-bending behaviour and constituent-fibre properties. In the case of fabrics, the objectives have been to obtain analytical relations between fabric-bending behaviour and constituent-fibre behaviour or yarn behaviour, on the assumption of a given geometrical disposition of fibres or yarns in the fabric. In this paper, a review of these efforts is made. Comparisons of the theoretical models with available experimental observations are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={245–254} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .2. THE CASE OF LINEAR THREAD-BENDING BEHAVIOR}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658709}, abstractNote={In the preceding paper, a critical review of the state of knowledge of the bending behaviour of yarns and woven fabrics was reported. In the present one, an elastica-based computational model of plain-woven fabrics in pure bending is developed. The thread moment/curvature relation is considered to be linear. Various contact conditions at the thread-crossover points are also considered. The threads are further considered to be unset, i.e., if released from the fabric, they would be completely uncrimped. The computational scheme developed requires the minimum interference from the user to solve the associated boundary-value problems.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={255–271} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .3. THE CASE OF BILINEAR THREAD-BENDING BEHAVIOR AND THE EFFECT OF FABRIC SET}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658710}, abstractNote={In the preceding paper, an elastica-based computational model of the bending behaviour of plain-woven fabrics assuming linear bending behaviour of the constituent threads, together with appropriate computational techniques, was described. In the present paper, bilinear thread-bending behaviour, as proposed by Huang, is considered. In the first model, the threads were considered to be unset, i.e., if released from the fabric, they would straighten out completely, but in the present paper varying degrees of set are considered for both the earlier model and the present model. The computational scheme developed requires the minimum interference from the user to solve the associated boundary-value problems. Contrary to the earlier work of Skelton and Schoppee, the model predicts an increase in contact forces at the thread-crossover points owing to increasing fabric curvature. This increase is found to be larger for fabrics with higher degrees of set and is in agreement with the observations made by G.M. Abbott...}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={272–287} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_zeidman_1989, title={AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RING SPINNING PROCESS .1. WITHOUT AIR DRAG AND CORIOLIS ACCELERATION}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758905900601}, abstractNote={ We have re-analyzed the dynamics of the ring spinning process as a coupled set of subproblems and have obtained the solutions numerically. The analyses in Parts I and II of this series deal with the case of an uncontrolled balloon. In Part I we ignore the effects of air drag as well as gravitational and Coriolis accelerations. In Part II we include the effects of air drag. These analyses differ from the earlier ones in their choice of the relevant boundary conditions; those used here we presume are more realistic. The shapes of the spinning balloons are derived from the conditions of dynamic equi librium of the yam, from pigtail to wind-point, as well as that of the traveler. Non dimensionalization of the problem is based on two physical lengths, allowing easy comparison of the balloon shapes for widely different dynamic conditions (including collapsed balloons) on the same plot. Tension distributions along the yarn path can be predicted. Similarly, the mass of the traveler required for a specified yarn tension at the pigtail can be calculated. Air drag is particularly useful in controlling the shape and size of the balloon. The numerical solution procedures we have developed can be used to explore the regions of instability of the balloon. }, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and GHOSH, TK and ZEIDMAN, MI}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={309–317} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_zeidman_1989, title={AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RING SPINNING PROCESS .2. WITH AIR DRAG}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758905900707}, abstractNote={ The dynamics of the ring spinning process has been re-analyzed as a coupled set of subproblems; the solutions are obtained numerically. The analyses in Part I and II of this series deal with the case of an uncontrolled balloon. In Part I the effects of air drag as well as gravitational and Coriolis accelerations are ignored. In Part II the effects of air drag are included. These analyses differ from the earlier ones in their choice of the relevant boundary conditions; the ones used here are presumed more realistic. Shapes of the spinning balloons are derived from the conditions of dynamic equilibrium of the yam, from pig-tail to wind-point, as well as that of the traveler. Non-dimen sionalization of the problem, is based on two physical lengths, which allows easy comparison of the balloon shapes for widely different dynamic conditions (including collapsed balloons) on the same plot. Tension distributions along the yarn path can be predicted. Similarly, mass of the traveler required for a specified yam tension at the pig-tail can be calculated. Air drag is found to be particularly useful in controlling the shape and size of the balloon. The numerical solution procedures developed can be used to explore the regions of instability of the balloon. }, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and GHOSH, TK and ZEIDMAN, MI}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={416–424} }
 @inproceedings{batra_zeidman_sasser_1989, title={Relationship between short fiber content and the HVI length parameters}, booktitle={1989 proceedings :  Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, January 2-7, 1989, Nashville, Tennessee}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.:  Published by National Cotton Council of American in cooperation with the Cotton Foundation}, author={Batra, S.K. and Zeidman, M.I. and Sasser, P.E.}, year={1989}, pages={605–610} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_zeidman_1988, title={On the dynamic analysis of yarn in ring spinning}, ISBN={9780908699223}, booktitle={The Application of mathematics and physics in the wool industry: proceedings of an advenced workshop held at Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand on 9-12 February 1988}, publisher={Christchurch, N.Z.: WRONZ}, author={Batra, S.K and Ghosh, T.K. and Zeidman, M.I.}, editor={G.A. Carnaby, E.J. Wool and Story, L.F.Editors}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_dastoor_batra_hersh_1988, title={The database component of a hybrid CAD system for industrial fabrics design}, booktitle={Managing engineering data: Emerging issues : Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31-August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California}, publisher={San Francisco, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Dastoor, P. H. and Batra, S. K. and Hersh, S. P.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shang_1987, title={Designing fiberwebs for specific elastic properties}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 87: book of papers: the International Nonwovens Technological Conference: May 18-21, 1987, Marriott's Hilton Head Resort, Hilton Head, S.C.}, publisher={New York : INDA Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shang, P.P.}, year={1987} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1987, title={Designing fiberwebs for specific fiber properties}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 87: book of papers: the International Nonwovens Technological Conference: May 18-21, 1987, Marriott's Hilton Head Resort, Hilton Head, S.C.}, publisher={New York : INDA Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.}, year={1987} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1987, title={Nonwovens technology and mechanics of nonwovens}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 97: largest international nonwovens technical conference: September 8-10, 1997, Royal Sonesta Hotel, Cambridge, Mass.}, publisher={Cary, NC: INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.}, year={1987} }
 @inbook{batra_1986, title={Other long vegetable fibers - abaca, banana, sisal, henequen, flax, ramie, hemp, sunn, and coir}, ISBN={9780824773359}, DOI={10.1201/9781420015270.ch8}, booktitle={Fiber chemistry}, publisher={New York: Marcel Dekker}, author={Batra, S.K.}, editor={M. Lewin and Pearce, E. M.Editors}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shoshani_1986, title={Use of some fiberwebs as noise insulation materials:  An assessment}, booktitle={INDA-TEC, the International Nonwovens Technological Conference: June 2-5, 1986, Franklin Plaza Hotel, Philadelphia, PA}, publisher={New York : INDA Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shoshani, Y.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{batra_pan_buchanan_1985, title={Application of fracture mechanics to the tear resistance of fiberweb structures}, booktitle={ISF-85 :  proceedings of the International Symposium on Fiber Science and Technology, August 20-24, 1985, Hakone, Japan}, publisher={Tokyo, Japan:  The Society of Fiber Science and Technology, Japan}, author={Batra, S.K. and Pan, W.W. and Buchanan, D.R.}, year={1985}, pages={20–24} }
 @article{batra_hersh_barker_buchanan_gupta_george_mohamed_1985, title={Neither woven nor knit: A new system for classifying textiles}, volume={16}, number={9}, journal={Nonwovens Industry}, author={Batra, S. K. and Hersh, S. P. and Barker, R. L. and Buchanan, D. R. and Gupta, B. S. and George, T. W. and Mohamed, M. H.}, year={1985} }
 @inproceedings{batra s.k._s.p._udomkichdecha_1983, title={Release of dust suppressant additives as oil mist or vapor during cotton carding}, booktitle={Seventh Cotton Dust Research Conference :  proceedings: beltwide cotton production research conferences: San Antonio, Texas, January 3-4, 1983}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.:  The Council}, author={Batra S.K., Hersh and S.P. and Udomkichdecha, W.}, editor={P.J. Wakelyn and Jacobs, R.R.Editors}, year={1983}, pages={130–134} }
 @inproceedings{batra_pan_hersh_1982, title={Evaluation of the equivalency between vertical elutriators}, booktitle={Sixth Cotton Dust Research Conference :  proceedings: beltwide cotton production research conferences: Las Vegas, Nevada, January 4,1982}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.:  The Council}, author={Batra, S.K. and Pan, W.W. and Hersh, S.P.}, year={1982} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1982, title={On properties of fibers as structural members in nonwovens}, booktitle={Tenth Technical symposium, advances in nonwoven technology :  November 17-19, 1982, Grand Hyatt, New York, NY.}, publisher={New York, NY:  Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Batra, S.K.}, year={1982} }
 @inproceedings{batra_hersh_lee_1982, title={Real time measurement of particle size distribution of airborne cotton dust by light scattering}, ISBN={9780841207165}, DOI={10.1021/bk-1982-0189.ch009}, abstractNote={The particle size distribution (PSD) of airborne cotton dust has been measured in real time by light scattering while processing cotton in a model card room. The light sensing particle counter was coupled to a multichannel analyzer. With this instrumentation it is possible to identify components of the dust as originating from vegetable matter in the cotton, mineral matter from humidifiers, or background dust. The influence of various dust control techniques such as adding dust suppressing lubricants to the cotton or using an electrostatic precipitator as a second stage filter was also studied. For example, it has been found that dust in the size range from 2 to 4.5 μm is more efficiently removed (95-98%) by the use of a dust suppressant additive than is larger (∼90%) or smaller (∼70%) size dust.}, booktitle={Cotton dust :  controlling an occupational health hazard}, publisher={Washington, D.C.:  American Chemical Society}, author={Batra, S.K. and Hersh, S.P. and Lee, W.W.}, year={1982} }
 @inproceedings{batra_blackburn_zimmerman_1981, title={A method for measuring fiber to fiber bonding in nonwovens}, booktitle={Ninth Technical Symposium, Nonwovens in the '80s, years of change: March 9-11, 1981, Hyatt Regency Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia}, publisher={New York, NY: The Association}, author={Batra, S.K. and Blackburn, W.A. and Zimmerman, G.S.}, year={1981} }
 @article{hersh_batra_fornes_1981, title={COTTON DUST CONTROL STUDIES - EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS, WASHING COTTON, AND ADDITIVES}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758105101106}, abstractNote={ This paper reviews some of the cotton dust control technology studies carried out a North Carolina State University since 1973. The purpose of the investigations has been to examine means for reducing respirable dust emission during carding, as well as to evaluate the relative merits of various dust-sampling devices. Typically the results indicate that introducing lint cleaners at the gin reduces dust emission, while the use of two types of feeder/cleaners examined does not. Steaming of ginned cotton reduces the dust emission, while storage of ginned cotton (steamed or unsteamed) beyond three months increases it. Air-cleaning devices such as properly-designed electrostatic precipitators can be quite effective in diminishing the dust concentration in the card room. Similarly, washing of cotton, the use of cleaning devices such as COTTONMASTER®, or the addition of dust suppressants to cotton reduces the emission during subsequent carding. While some of the studies are complete, others are in progress. }, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HERSH, SP and BATRA, SK and FORNES, RE}, year={1981}, pages={714–722} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1981, title={Costs for removing respirable dust from the cotton workplace}, booktitle={Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences :  1981 proceedings : January 4-8, 1981, New Orleans, Louisiana}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.:  Published by National Cotton Council of American in cooperation with the Cotton Foundation}, author={Batra, S.}, year={1981} }
 @inproceedings{batra_leonard_hersh_dyer_1981, title={Costs for removing respirable dust from the cotton workplace by purifying humidifier water supply}, booktitle={Fifth Cotton Dust Research Conference :  proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 6-8, 1981}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.:  The Council}, author={Batra, S.K. and Leonard, M.H. and Hersh, S.P. and Dyer, C.L.}, year={1981} }
 @article{leonard_hersh_batra_dyer_1981, title={ELIMINATING RESPIRABLE DUST FROM THE COTTON WORKPLACE BY PURIFYING HUMIDIFIER WATER - A COST-ANALYSIS}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758105101005}, abstractNote={ Vertical-elutriator cotton-dust samplers collect all particles with aerodynamic diameters < 15 μm, including those whose origin is not in the cotton supply. One process giving rise to such non-cotton dust particles is the spray-drying of dissolved solids in the water supplied to the plant humidification system. Based on a survey of plant production, ventilation, and ambient conditions, it is shown that a cost-effective strategy for reducing the concentration of "cotton dust" in the atmosphere of textile plants could be to remove the dissolved solids from the water supplied to the humidification system to prevent their release in the plants as respirable dust. It is estimated that when atomizers are used for humidification, dust removal by deminer alization of the water supplied to the atomizers can be achieved at a fraction of the cost (1/30th to 1 /9th) compared with the cost of removing an equivalent amount of dust by conventional air-filtration technology. For humidification supplied exclusively by air-washer systems, the benefits of supply-water demineralization are not as dramatic. }, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={LEONARD, MH and HERSH, SP and BATRA, SK and DYER, CL}, year={1981}, pages={642–649} }
 @inproceedings{batra_bohlmann_1981, title={Overview of the new developments in needle-and stitch-bonding technologies}, ISBN={9780879301323}, booktitle={Advanced Forming/Bonding Conference}, publisher={Kalamazoo, Mich.:  Marketing/Technology Service}, author={Batra, S.K. and Bohlmann, D.H.}, year={1981} }
 @article{batra_hersh_fornes_1981, title={Review of cotton dust control technology at North Carolina State University}, volume={79S}, DOI={10.1378/chest.79.4.101s}, journal={Chest}, author={Batra, S. K. and Hersh, S. P. and Fornes, R. E.}, year={1981}, pages={101S–108} }
 @article{johnson_hersh_batra_myers_1980, title={EVALUATION OF CLEANING AND WASHING PROCESSES FOR COTTON FIBER .3. CARDING AND DUST LEVELS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758005000203}, abstractNote={ Washing decreases the dust concentrations emitted from cotton processed in a model card room. The higher the washing and rinsing temperatures, the greater the reduction. In 5 of 10 trials, the amount of dust added to the background concentration in the card room while processing washed cotton was 0.05 mg/m3 or less. The rate at which cotton can be carded is reduced by wash ing. Processability is improved by insuring that the cotton is not wet while carding, using a static eliminator at the doffer crush rolls, increasing the relative humidity of the ambient atmosphere, and using a wire-wound feed roll rather than a fluted feed roll at the lickerin. Processability is also im proved by applying a finish to the washed cotton. The effects of mechanically precleaning and washing the cotton on Shirley Analyser trash analyses were examined, but attempts to predict dust concentrations from these measurements were not successful. }, number={2}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={JOHNSON, RH and HERSH, SP and BATRA, SK and MYERS, T}, year={1980}, pages={73–78} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1980, title={Evaluation of SRRC precutter sampler}, booktitle={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Batra, S.}, year={1980} }
 @inproceedings{evaluation of the srrc precutter as a cotton dust sampler_1980, booktitle={Fourth special session on cotton dust research: proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, St. Louis, Missouri, January 8-9, 1980}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.: The Council}, year={1980} }
 @misc{batra_fornes_hersh_1980, title={HUMIDIFIERS AS A SOURCE OF RESPIRABLE DUST IN TEXTILE MILLS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758005000711}, abstractNote={We wish to bring to your attention some recent observations concerning the source of respirable dust in cotton textile mills. A considerable fraction of the airborne lint-free respirable cotton dust, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ~14], present in a textile plant might be introduced by the humidification system. This suggestion is based on our work in the model card room at the School of Textiles, North Carolina State University. Specifically we have observed that, with the model card}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and FORNES, RE and HERSH, SP}, year={1980}, pages={454–455} }
 @article{hersh_hobby_fornes_batra_1980, title={THE EFFECT OF COTTON GRADE, VARIETY, AND GROWING LOCATION ON THE DUST GENERATED IN A MODEL CARD ROOM}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758005000903}, abstractNote={ The influence of cotton grade, growing location, and genetic variety on the amount of cotton dust generated while processing cotton in a model card room has been examined. Even though data collected from 140 bales were considered, an analysis of variance based on a standard linear additive model could not be made because the samples available were unbalanced with respect to the inde pendent variables. The data were therefore evaluated by determining whether any deviations in the amount of dust emitted by individual bales from that of the average measured on all bales of the same grade of cotton could be attributed to growing location and/or variety. In general, the results suggest that cottons grown in the eastern U. S. A. produce somewhat less dust in the card room for a given grade of cotton than the U. S. A. average; and cottons grown in the arid areas of the west, somewhat more than average. Quantitatively, deviations from the U. S. A. average ranged from -146 to +145 μg/m3, a spread that is almost inconsequential when compared with the 3.5 times greater range observed among bales of a single grade of cotton grown in a single state. Variety effects were even smaller than state effects. Many factors other than growing location and variety were observed to have large effects on the measured dust concentrations. }, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HERSH, SP and HOBBY, CK and FORNES, RE and BATRA, SK}, year={1980}, pages={531–540} }
 @inproceedings{batra_shang_hersh_robert_1980, title={The SRRC cotton dust sampler as a substitute for vertical elutriator}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on Cotton Dust, Sampling, Monitoring, and Control: presented at Textile Engineering Industries Conference and Exhibit, October 7-8, 1980, Atlanta, Georgia}, publisher={New York, N.Y.: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Batra, S.K. and Shang, P.P. and Hersh, S.P. and Robert, K.Q.}, editor={K.Q. Robert and Batra, S.K.Editors}, year={1980} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1980, title={The SRRC sampler as a substitute for the vertical elutriator}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on Cotton Dust, Sampling, Monitoring, and Control :  presented at Textile Engineering Industries Conference and Exhibit, October 7-8, 1980, Atlanta, Georgia}, publisher={New York, N.Y.:  American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Batra, S.}, editor={K.Q. Robert and Batra, S.K.Editors}, year={1980} }
 @inproceedings{batra_hersh_hobby_fornes_1980, title={The influence of cotton grade, variety and growing location on dust emission}, booktitle={Fourth special session on cotton dust research: proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, St. Louis, Missouri, January 8-9, 1980}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.: The Council}, author={Batra, S.K. and Hersh, S.P. and Hobby, C.K. and Fornes, R.E.}, year={1980} }
 @inproceedings{batra_hersh_fornes_anand_johnson_1979, title={Characteristics of card room dust measured by light scattering and short-termed samplers}, booktitle={Third special session on cotton dust research :  proceedings: beltwide cotton production research conference: Phoenix, Arizona, January 9-10, 1979}, publisher={Memphis, Tenn.:  The Council}, author={Batra, S.K. and Hersh, S.P. and Fornes, R.E. and Anand, M. and Johnson, R.H.}, year={1979} }
 @article{batra_krepchin_lau_shack_lardner_1979, title={MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF THE MAMMALIAN VAS-DEFERENS .1. PASSIVE STATE}, volume={3}, ISSN={["0148-5016"]}, DOI={10.3109/01485017908985057}, abstractNote={Knowledge of the mechanical properties of the vas deferens is important in order to understand the mechanical interaction between an intravasal device (IVD) and the vas deferens--a necessary step for successful long-term implantation. It is equally important in order to understand the mechanism of sperm transport through the vas, with or without an IVD implant, by means of quantitative mechanical models. Experiments were performed, in vitro, on vas deferens from rat, bull, and rabbit, to determine its mechanical properties in the passive state. The data consist of (1) load response to simple extension and cyclic extension, (2) extensional response to cyclic loading, and (3) stress relaxation response at constant extensions. The load-elongation behavior is characterized by Fung's exponential model T = (T* + beta)e alpha(lambda-lambda*) - beta quantitatively, where T is the Lagrangian or engineering stress (current force in the specimen divided by the original area of cross section) (dyn/cm2), T* is a convenient stress value (dyn/cm2), alpha is a parameter characterizing material elasticity (dimensionless), beta is a second material parameter (dyn/cm2), lambda is a stretch ratio (dimensionless) equal to l/l0, where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen (cm) and l0 is its reference length measured at 2-gram-force (1 gram force = 981 dyn) applied load (cm), and lambda* is the stretch level corresponding to T* (dimensionless). The vas appears to behave as a viscoelastic material and its reduced relaxation function may be dependent on the initial level of stretch. The cyclic-loading and cyclic-extension data give evidence of internal damping mechanisms, which make the loading curves different from the unloading curves (hysteresis). Also, the mechanical behavior of the vas is found to be altered by repeated loadings in quick succession. It is likely that cyclic loadings, in vivo, occur at much lower levels of stress and thus cause negligible damage, or that there are natural mechanisms which repair the damage. The behavior of tissue from different species of animals are qualitatively similar, although the tissue from the larger-size animal is likely to be stronger and stiffer. Due to very little interweaving between the muscle fibers of the longitudinal and circumferential layers, the data reported reflect the properties of the longitudinal layers only. Because the muscular structure of the three layers is very similar, the properties of the circumferential layer may be extrapolated.}, number={2}, journal={ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY}, author={BATRA, SK and KREPCHIN, IP and LAU, CW and SHACK, WJ and LARDNER, TJ}, year={1979}, pages={107–117} }
 @article{batra_lau_krepchin_shack_lardner_1979, title={MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF THE MAMMALIAN VAS-DEFERENS .2. ACTIVE STATE}, volume={3}, ISSN={["0148-5016"]}, DOI={10.3109/01485017908985058}, abstractNote={The mechanical response of the vas induced by field stimulation is described in this paper. The experiments were performed, in vitro, on vasa from Sprague-Dawley albino rats. In the maintained ac tetanic stimulation, the active force achieves the peak magnitude in about 1 to 1.2 sec; thereafter, it relaxes gradually. For a given stimulus voltage (amplitude), a maximal response is elicited at 60 Hz. At 6000 Hz, and greater, no response is elicited. The ability to respond to stimulus dies out in 2 hr at 5 degrees C above the normal temperature of 37 degrees C; the ability to respond to stimulus remains unaffected at 5 degrees C below the normal temperature. The active force is always larger than the passive force when the vas is subjected to titanic stimulation near its in situ length.}, number={2}, journal={ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY}, author={BATRA, SK and LAU, CW and KREPCHIN, IP and SHACK, WJ and LARDNER, TJ}, year={1979}, pages={119–125} }
 @inproceedings{batra_1979, title={Washing cotton to eliminate health hazard.  Part III:  Carding and dust levels}, booktitle={Natural Fibers Textile Conference, 1979}, publisher={Washington, D.C.:  The Conference}, author={Batra, S.}, year={1979} }
 @article{batra_lee_backer_1978, title={THERMAL EFFECTS IN A WARP BEAM (A WOUND-YARN-PACKAGE)}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439352}, abstractNote={The development of the stress field in a cylindrically-wound-yarn-package with side flanges (warp beams), during winding, can be predicted [6] using Beddoe’s [4] cylindrically anisotropic continuum model. This model is extended to account for the temperature effects observed during prolonged storage of the beams. The results predicted by the new model compare well with the experimental observations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={BATRA, SK and LEE, DS and BACKER, S}, year={1978}, pages={8–12} }
 @article{batra_1976, title={HEAT SETTING AND THERMOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE AND NYLON 66 MONOFILAMENTS}, volume={B 12}, ISSN={["0022-2348"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222347608019328}, abstractNote={Abstract The force-temperature history of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon 66 monofilaments was explored at annealing temperatures of 100,125, 150,175, and 200°C. Annealing was carried out at constant length with 0, 5, 10, and 15% pre-strain. Unexpected difference in behavior was observed during the cooling stage subsequent to the annealing stage. The PET monofilament behavior is attributed to its very high degree of crystallinity.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-PHYSICS}, author={BATRA, SK}, year={1976}, pages={405–422} }
 @inproceedings{batra_lardner_1976, title={On the mechanism of sperm transport in the vas deferens}, ISBN={9780801620089}, booktitle={Human semen and fertility regulation in men}, publisher={Saint Louis:  Mosby}, author={Batra, S.K. and Lardner, T.J.}, year={1976} }
 @article{batra_lee_backer_1976, title={STRESS ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICALLY WOUND PACKAGES - CASE OF A WARP BEAM}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757604600613}, abstractNote={ The state of stress in a warp beam is investigated through continuum (isotropic and anisotropic) models. Beddoe's [2] model (cylindrically anisotropic) is found to give an acceptable description. The anisotropy parameters are estimated by comparing the calculated results with the experimental data. Influence of prolonged storage at higher temperatures (up to 130°F) on the barrel pressure and flange thrust are discussed. An auxiliary (boundary value) problem is formulated to account for these thermal effects; its solution gives results which are comparable to those observed experimentally. Means of estimating the mechanical and thermomechanical parameters of the system are discussed in some detail. The analyses can be adapted to model the state of stress in the cylindrically wound packaging of sheet-like material such as paper and polymeric films. }, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and LEE, DS and BACKER, S}, year={1976}, pages={453–459} }
 @article{varela_batra_backer_1975, title={DYNAMIC OBSERVATIONS OF ABRASION-SNAGGING - LABORATORY DEVICE FOR SEM}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757504500405}, abstractNote={ In a study of the mechanics of surface attrition of fiber assemblies, a device has been designed and fabricated to be used in conjunction with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It allows the in situ observation of the deformation of the yam and fabric structures in attrition processes, such as the snagging of a knit fabric by a sharp needle point (or a hook) or the abrasion of a fabric by single or multiple macro-asperities. Some preliminary observations obtained with this device are discussed. }, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={VARELA, C and BATRA, SK and BACKER, S}, year={1975}, pages={303–307} }
 @article{batra_syed_1975, title={ELASTIC-INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF PET AND NYLON 66 MONOFILAMENTS UNDER LATERAL COMPRESSION}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1975.180130214}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={BATRA, SK and SYED, N}, year={1975}, pages={369–386} }
 @misc{batra_1974, title={GENERALIZED MODEL FOR CRIMP ANALYSIS OF MULTICOMPONENT FIBERS .1. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757404400509}, abstractNote={ The present status of bicomponent fiber crimp frequency analysis is briefly reviewed. In order to develop a generalized model for the prediction of radius of curvature (or crimp frequency) of multi- (or bi-) component fiber, with an arbitrary shape of the cross-section and interfacial curves, the background of compound bars in the literature of classical theory of elasticity is also reviewed. Employing the semi-inverse method of St. Venant, the radius of curvature in the generalized case is derived through the use of the principle of minimum potential energy (see Appendix A). Both the limitations and the usefulness of the results are discussed. }, number={5}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK}, year={1974}, pages={377–385} }
 @article{batra_1974, title={GENERALIZED MODEL FOR CRIMP ANALYSIS OF MULTICOMPONENT FIBERS .2. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757404400510}, abstractNote={ The theoretical development of a generalized model to predict the crimp radius of a multi-component fiber has been reported in Part I [1]. The model is based on the linear theory of elasticity and attempts to provide a first-order estimate for multi-component fibers without any restrictions on the number of components or their geometrical arrangement in the cross section. This paper illustrates the application of the formulation in [1] to a bicomponent structure. Within the limitations of the basic assumptions, the influences of dimensionless parameters (geometrical and material) on the crimp radius are investigated in some detail. }, number={5}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK}, year={1974}, pages={386–392} }
 @article{batra_1974, title={On the sperm transport through vas deferens: Review of hypotheses and suggestions for a quantitative model}, volume={25}, DOI={10.1016/s0015-0282(16)40220-7}, abstractNote={Study of the mechanism of sperm transport through the vas deferens stems from the need to develop acceptable male contraceptive devices or procedures. The object of this paper is to review all the hypothese related to the innervation structure and function of the vas. Also considered are the experimental data and theoretical analyses necessary for understanding seminal fluid transport through the vas. Similarities in structure and function of the ureter are noted. Histologically the vas deferens lumen is bounded by a 3-layer musular wall. The inner and outer layers of smooth muscle wall are arranged longitudinally. The middle layer is circumferential. The vas deferns epididymis prostate and seminal vesicles have only an autonomic nerve suppply via the inferior hypogastric plexus. Studies of the fine details are described as they occur in man and experimental animals. Experiments suggest that the innervation of the vas is seriously damaged by local anesthesia used for vasectomy or reanstamosis when attempted. However the mechanisms of veurotransmission in the vas remain controversial. The various theories of muscular activity of the vas are reviewed. These data may be useful in the design of reversible vas occlusion devices. The improved understanding may suggest simple and effective methods of reversible vasectomy.}, number={2}, journal={Fertility and Sterility}, author={Batra, S.}, year={1974}, pages={186–202} }
 @article{batra_1973, title={NORMAL FORCE BETWEEN TWISTED FILAMENTS .1. FIBER WOUND ON CYLINDER MODEL - ANALYTICAL TREATMENT}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0040-5000"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405007308630431}, abstractNote={The importance of lateral pressure in the tension and bending behaviour of yarns and fabrics is discussed. To determine the lateral pressure between fibres, a specific model is considered, that of a filament helically wound around a cylinder. The equations governing the equilibrium of the filament are derived and both account for the helical geometry of the filament and allow for the variation of the helix angle. The filament is assumed to possess both bending and torsional rigidities. The special case of constant helix angle yields expressions for the lateral-force intensity as a function of the tension in the filament, bending and torsional rigidities, bending curvature, and torsion. Specific examples are considered to show the relative contributions of the bending and torsional rigidities to the lateral force}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={BATRA, SK}, year={1973}, pages={209–222} }
 @article{batra_tayebi_backer_1973, title={NORMAL FORCE BETWEEN TWISTED FILAMENTS .2. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0040-5000"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405007308630258}, abstractNote={In a previous paper, the importance of lateral pressure in the tension and bending behaviour of yarns was discussed; a theoretical model, which included the effects of bending and torsional rigidities as well as the tensile, shear, and frictional forces, was proposed, and expressions for the lateral pressures were derived. In this sequel, the experimental verification of the previously derived expressions has been carried out on a very simple twisted structure, consisting of two rubber strands. The results obtained support the theoretical predictions of the lateral pressure for the experimental model and lead to the conclusion that, for filaments with significant torsional and bending rigidities, lateral pressures are obtained in the yarn even when there is no significant tension on the individual filaments. An approximate scheme for estimating the lateral pressures in an idealized, close-packed, multilayered continuous-filament yarn is proposed as an extension of the above results.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={BATRA, SK and TAYEBI, A and BACKER, S}, year={1973}, pages={363–373} }
 @article{batra_berg_tirosh_1973, title={Wear and friction of two different types of graphite fiber reinforced composites materials}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1016/0015-0568(73)90018-3}, abstractNote={The wear of epoxy resins reinforced with either of two strongly different types of graphite fibre was studied, in a pin-disc sliding contact wear tester. Composites reinforced (62 per cent by volume) with low modulus, high strength circular fibre (Modmor II) exhibited high wear resistance (threshold wear load∼ 1 kg, maximum bearing load ∼ 5 kg, wear coefficient ∼ 10−6) when worn by hardened (y ∼ 400 ksi) 52100 steel pins. However, the composite produced extreme abrasion on the steel counter face. Composites reinforced (62 per cent by volume) with high modulus, lower strength, non-circular fibre (GY70) also exhibited high wear resistance (threshold wear load ∼ 1/4 kg, maximum bearing load ∼ 2 kg, wear coefficient ∼ 10−6) when worn by 52100 steel. However, these composites developed a surface film which prevented abrasion at the steel counter face. Potential applications of the two different types of fibre reinforcement in bearings are discussed. Advantages of these composites in bearings subject to corrosion, vibration, loss of lubrication, or impact, are noted.}, number={3}, journal={Fibre Science and Technology}, author={Batra, S.K. and Berg, C.A and Tirosh, J.}, year={1973}, pages={159} }
 @article{batra_berg_tirosh_1972, title={Friction and wear of graphite fiber composites}, volume={76C}, number={1,2}, journal={Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, author={Batra, S.K. and Berg, C.A and Tirosh, J.}, year={1972}, pages={41–52} }
 @article{batra_backer_1971, title={On the mechanics of bicomponent fibers}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1177/004051757104101212}, abstractNote={ This communication concerns the prediction of curvature in a bicomponent strip resulting from differential shrinkage of its components. It questions the physical basis for part of El-Shiekh's proposed correction of earlier analyses and indicates that Timoshenko's treatment contains similar inconsistencies if applied to large strain cases. For differential strains below 15r/i, corresponding to most bicomponent fibers produced commercially, the agreement between the two analyses is close and error introduced by flaws in the physical assumptions becomes negligible. However, it is necessary to use EI-Shiekh's base length correction where absolute shrinkage values of the separate fiber components are large, even though the differential shrinkage is small. }, number={12}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Batra, S. K. and Backer, S.}, year={1971}, pages={1008–1012} }
 @article{batra_ling_1967, title={On deformation friction and interface shear stress in viscoelastic-elastic layered system under a moving load}, volume={10}, journal={ASLE Transactions}, author={Batra, S. and Ling, F.F.}, year={1967}, pages={294–301} }
 @misc{batra_backer_1966, title={RECOVERY FO FIBERS AND YARNS FROM EXTENSIONS AT HIGH SPEEDS}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051756603601118}, abstractNote={Solvent A, e.g., phengl-water, is commonly used in paper chromatography for amino acid analysis. Use of ammonia with phenol gives sharply defined spots, avoiding trailing of the amino acids. Solvent B has been suggested by Hardy et al. [1]. However a combination of these solvent systems has not been applied so far. This combination of solvent systems is regularly being used in this laboratory and has been found satisfactory.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and BACKER, S}, year={1966}, pages={1029-&} }