@article{kulesza_leon_sosinski_kilroy_meis_castillo_wilson_2024, title={Risk of weed seed and seedling emergence from poultry litter}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2639-6696"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20479}, DOI={10.1002/agg2.20479}, abstractNote={In areas surrounding large poultry industries, poultry litter is often an alternative nitrogen fertilizer for crop production. However, farmers who have not used poultry litter in the past have concerns regarding potential weed seed contamination. A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of germinable weed seed in poultry litters (n = 61) submitted by growers and industry representatives across North Carolina. In a 9:1 potting media:poultry litter mix, a single grass seed germinated from the 61 surveyed poultry litters, equating to 0.3 viable seeds 100 g−1 poultry litter. Viable seed content averaged 1.1 seeds 100 g−1 litter using the extractable seedbank method on 25% of the litters from the survey, much higher than the grow out method, and the majority of seeds found were Amaranthaceae. A growth chamber experiment was then conducted and demonstrated that there was a negative relation between poultry litter application and weed seedling emergence. There was a 65%, 75%, and 85% reduction in Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., and Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson germination, respectively, from the control to highest application rate of poultry litter (26.9 Mg ha−1). A laboratory study showed that poultry litter leachates can decrease seed radicle length and integrity and is likely due to osmotic or salinity stress. The weed seed content in litter as well as the negative impact of poultry litter and its leachates on weed seedling emergence make it unlikely that poultry litter applications will significantly increase seedbanks above levels commonly observed in agricultural fields.}, number={1}, journal={AGROSYSTEMS GEOSCIENCES & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Leon, Ramon G. and Sosinski, Stephanie C. and Kilroy, Grace M. and Meis, Brittani and Castillo, Miguel S. and Wilson, Melissa L.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{morales_gatiboni_osmond_vann_kulesza_crozier_hardy_2023, title={Critical soil test values of phosphorus and potassium for soybean and corn in three long-term trials in North Carolina}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20491}, DOI={10.1002/saj2.20491}, abstractNote={Abstract Soil test correlation is continuously necessary to affirm critical soil test values (CSTV) for specific nutrients, as changes in crop management and development of new plant varieties may change CSTVs. The objective of this study was to determine the CSTVs of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn ( Zea mays L.) using three long‐term trials in North Carolina. Soybean was cultivated in 2020 and corn in 2021 in three long‐term trials established on research stations located in the Tidewater, Coastal Plain, and Piedmont regions of NC. In each trial, up to five rates of P (0–88.2 kg P ha −1 ) and K (0–186.8 kg K ha −1 ) were applied annually at planting. Soil and tissue samples were analyzed and yield measured. There was yield response to P in all site‐years. The average CSTVs of P for corn and soybean were 51, 66, and 14 mg kg −1 for the sites at Tidewater, Coastal Plain, and Piedmont regions. The CSTV of P for Piedmont (14 mg kg −1 ) differs greatly from the current recommendation for NC (52 mg kg −1 ). The response to K fertilization was observed only in three site‐years and the CSTVs varied from 49 to 93 mg kg −1 , while the current recommendation is setting the CSTV of K at 85 mg kg −1 . These results indicate it is necessary to develop further studies of soil test correlation for P and K in North Carolina to better estimate the CSTVs for the state.}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Morales, Nelida Agramont and Gatiboni, Luke and Osmond, Deanna and Vann, Rachel and Kulesza, Stephanie and Crozier, Carl and Hardy, David}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{patil_sharara_shah_kulesza_classen_2023, title={Impacts of utilizing swine lagoon sludge as a composting ingredient}, volume={327}, ISSN={0301-4797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116840}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116840}, abstractNote={Lagoon sludge, a byproduct of swine operations in the Southeast United States, poses a management challenge due to its high mineral and metal content. Composting is a low-cost, scalable technology for manure management. However, limited information is available on composting swine lagoon sludge in terms of recipes, greenhouse gas emissions and end-product quality. Moreover, due to its high Zn and Cu content, high inclusion of sludge in composting recipes can potentially inhibit the process. To address these knowledge gaps, in-vessel aerated composting (0.4 m3each) was carried out to evaluate impacts of sludge inclusion, at 10% (Low Sludge, LS-Recipe) and 20% (High sludge, HS-Recipe) wet mass-basis, on composting process and end-product quality. Comparable maximum temperatures (74 ± 2.7 °C, 74.9 ± 2.9 °C), and organic matter loss were observed in both recipes. Similarly, sludge inclusion ratio had no significant impact on cumulative GHG emissions. The global warming potential (20-year GWP) for swine lagoon sludge composting using LS and HS recipes was observed to be 241.9 (±13.3) and 229.9 (±8.7) kg CO2-e/tDM respectively. Both recipes lost 24–28% of initial carbon (C) and 4–15% of nitrogen (N) respectively. Composting and curing did not change water-extractable (WE) phosphorus (P) concentrations while WE Zn and Cu concentrations decreased by 67–74% and 55–59% respectively in both recipes. End compost was stable (respiration rates <2 mgCO2-C/g OM/day) with germination index >93 for both recipes.}, journal={Journal of Environmental Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Patil, Piyush and Sharara, Mahmoud and Shah, Sanjay and Kulesza, Stephanie and Classen, John}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={116840} }
 @article{kulesza_woodley_heather_kilroy_2022, place={111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}, title={Cover crops can increase ammonia volatilization and reduce the efficacy of urease inhibitors}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20367}, DOI={10.1002/saj2.20367}, abstractNote={Abstract Surface application of urea can result in high nitrogen (N) losses through ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization. While management practices aim to increase the efficiency of nutrient cycling and prevent N loss, it is unknown whether the combination of multiple practices will have a synergistic or antagonistic effect. Therefore, laboratory volatilization studies were conducted to determine the effect of five cover crop treatments (surface clover [ Trifolium incarnatum L.] and rye [ Secale cereale L.], incorporated clover and rye, and bare soil), three N application timings (2, 4, and 8 wk after cover crop addition), and two N sources (untreated and treated urea) on the effectiveness of a urease inhibitor. Soils were incubated according to N application timing treatment, amended with the appropriate N source, and placed in chambers which captured NH 3 over 7 d. There were significant interactions between cover crop treatment and N source and N source and N application timing on cumulative NH 3 loss, ranging from 29 to 174 kg N ha −1 . Losses were highest from treated urea when applied 2 wk after residue addition (75.9 kg N ha −1 ) or on top of surface residues (85.8 kg N ha −1 ). There was no significant effect of application timing on cumulative NH 3 loss from untreated urea. However, inhibitor effectiveness did increase when residue was applied eight weeks after residue addition (77%) as compared with 2 wk after residue addition (45%). Future research should focus on alternate dosing or application timing to overcome high residue scenarios in these systems.}, number={2}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Woodley, Alex L. and Heather, Kayleigh and Kilroy, Grace}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kulesza_burns_woodley_gatiboni_shupe_hicks_2022, title={Distribution and Fractionation of Zinc and Copper in Poultry Litters Across North Carolina}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2022.2072866}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are necessary micronutrients for crop production. However, excess Zn and Cu applied through land application of manures can result in Zn and Cu toxicity, reducing yields. With many integrators and little information on the formulation of poultry feeds in North Carolina (NC), it is difficult to predict the fractionation of Zn and Cu in litters generated at facilities, as the form of Zn and Cu determines mobility and bioavailability. Therefore, statewide data from the NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services was analyzed to determine regional variation of total Zn and Cu. The results showed a significant effect of the region on the total Zn and Cu among the three production regions in the state. Additionally, 11 broilers and broiler breeder litter samples were analyzed to determine the distribution of Zn and Cu in acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions. Total Zn and Cu averaged 675 mg/kg and 629 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant interaction between the region and Zn concentration in the fractions. However, there was no region interaction when converted to a percentage of the sum of the fractions, indicating Zn partitions similarly across a wide range of concentrations and 37%, 40%, 21%, and 0.6% was found in the acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions, respectively. Region did not have an effect on Cu fractionation, with 26%, 8%, 67%, and 2% of Cu in the acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions, respectively. Results indicate greater bioavailability and mobility potential for Zn as compared to Cu.}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie and Burns, Joseph and Woodley, Alex and Gatiboni, Luciano and Shupe, Maggie and Hicks, Kristin}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{kulesza_maguire_xia_ray_knowlton_2022, title={Effect of temperature, pH, and soil texture on pirlimycin fate in dairy manure-amended soils}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20410}, DOI={10.1002/jeq2.20410}, abstractNote={Antibiotics applied to soil through application of manure are of increasing concern due to their adverse environmental impacts, including their potential contribution to the development of antibiotic resistance in the environment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Maguire, Rory and Xia, Kang and Ray, Partha and Knowlton, Katharine}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{burns_kulesza_vann_woodley_2022, title={Effects of Nitrogen Source and Rate on Soybean Yield and Quality}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2118299}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2022.2118299}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The poultry industry in North Carolina (NC) has increased substantially over the past few decades, which has led to widespread availability of poultry litter. While many grain producers in NC utilize litter in their fertilization programs, it is typically applied to the corn or wheat crops that are in the rotation with soybean, instead of directly prior to soybeans. However, there is interest in application to soybean. Therefore, three field sites were established across NC in both 2019 and 2020, with four replicates of 11 treatments: four litter rates (22.4, 44.8, 89.7 and 134.5 Mg/hectare), six inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (16.8, 33.6, 67.3, 134.5, 201.8, and 269.0 kg N/hectare), and a control. The impact of these treatments on biomass production, tissue N, plant population, yield, and grain quality were investigated. There was no significant effect on yield in 2019; however, there was a significant effect on yield in 2020, showing a negative correlation with inorganic N fertilizer in Plymouth and a 22% reduction in yield over the range of inorganic N treatments. It is possible there was an increased salt effect in these plots, as there was a negative response in plant population at five of six site years. While there was a positive correlation between grain protein and increasing inorganic N rate, growers are not paid based on grain quality. The results of this study suggest N application at planting is not beneficial for growers, but litter could be applied to meet soybean phosphorus or potassium demands.}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Burns, Joseph and Kulesza, Stephanie and Vann, Rachel and Woodley, Alex}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kulesza_manning_vann_suchoff_woodley_mcginnis_2022, title={Organic nitrogen fertilizer sources for field production of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20989}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20989}, abstractNote={Abstract Despite rapid expansion of organic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) production in the US, limited research has been conducted comparing the numerous organic fertilizer sources. Organic flue‐cured tobacco traditionally relies on feather meal as the organic N fertility source, as it is readily available, but there is limited information on alternative organic N fertilizers. The objective of this research was to investigate seven different organic fertilizer sources to determine their effect on the growth and development of flue‐cured tobacco. From 2018 to 2019, field sites were established at four locations in North Carolina. Fertilizer treatments included sodium nitrate, composted layer manure, feather meal, corn gluten, soy protein, blood meal, and seabird guano. Both years, these organic N treatments were banded at sidedress (10 d after transplanting) at a rate of 78 kg total N ha −1 . Sodium nitrate resulted in higher foliar nitrate‐N concentration than composted layer manure at layby and higher cured leaf yield compared with feather meal and composted layer manure. However, soy protein and seabird guano were often similar to sodium nitrate in yield response and resulted in higher yields when compared with other sources of organic N, such as feather meal and composted layer manure. While feather meal and composted layer manure resulted in a 10 and 11% reduction in yield, respectively, there was no significant difference in tobacco value among treatments. Our results suggest that organic tobacco farmers have other options for N selection beyond the current feather meal standard.}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Manning, Nicholas J. and Vann, Matthew C. and Suchoff, David H. and Woodley, Alexander L. and McGinnis, Michelle M.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{sosinski_castillo_kulesza_leon_2022, title={Poultry litter and nitrogen fertilizer effects on productivity and nutritive value of crabgrass}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20815}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20815}, abstractNote={Crabgrass ( Digitaria spp.) is deemed as a productive and nutritious warm-season annual forage for livestock in the U.S. transition zone. However, there is limited information about nitrogen (N) source and rate effects on productivity and nutritive value of crabgrass in North Carolina. Herbage accumulation (HA), N removal, crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and tissue nitrate (NO 3 − ) concentrations were evaluated for 2 yr (2020 and 2021) in two physiographic regions (Piedmont and Coastal Plain). Treatments were five rates of chemical N fertilizer (up to 480 kg N ha − 1 ), five rates of plant-available N from broiler poultry litter (up to 472 and 399 kg N ha − 1 in 2020 and 2021, respectively), and one control (zero N). Overall crabgrass responses were not different between N sources. At Coastal Plain, HA increased from 4,990 kg dry matter (DM) ha − 1 and plateaued at 7,136 kg DM ha − 1 at an agronomic optimum N rate (AONR) of 198 (SE = 49) kg N ha − 1 . At Piedmont, HA responses were erratic, estimation of an AONR was not possible, and HA values were approximately half or less to those at Coastal Plain. Removal of N was linearly associated with HA. Increasing N rate had a marginal positive effect on CP (ranged}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Sosinski, Stephanie and Castillo, Miguel S. and Kulesza, Stephanie and Leon, Ramon}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gatiboni_junior_dall'orsoletta_mumbach_kulesza_abdala_2021, title={Phosphorus speciation in soils with low to high degree of saturation due to swine slurry application}, volume={282}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111553}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111553}, abstractNote={Soils with continuous application of swine slurry (SS) may present high phosphorus (P) content and high risk for environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to characterize the forms of phosphorus accumulation in 15 fields with increasing degrees of P saturation (DPS) in a watershed with a high density of swine farming. Soil samples collected from 0 to 10 cm were chemically characterized for water soluble phosphorus (WSP), DPS, Hedley chemical fractionation, and chemical speciation by P K-edge XANES. WSP increased linearly to a value of 137% of DPS, with subsequent stabilization at 2.7 mg kg−1. Only the inorganic fractions of the chemical fractionation changed with increasing DPS. Phosphorus forms considered labile increased up to 144% of DPS, with subsequent stabilization. The moderately labile fraction 0.1 M NaOH and non-labile 1 M HCl increased exponentially. Phosphorus K-edge XANES analysis demonstrated that P associated to apatite, amorphous aluminum minerals, and goethite were the main forms of P found and only the latter had a correlation with DPS (−0.57*). With increasing DPS, there are changes in the dynamics of P in the soil, with a reduction in forms associated to Fe and an increase in forms linked to Al. The forms linked to Al buffer the WSP and are recovered in the first inorganic fractions of the Hedley chemical fractionation.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Gatiboni, Luciano Colpo and Junior, Abelino Anacleto de Souza and Dall'Orsoletta, Daniel Joao and Mumbach, Gilmar Luiz and Kulesza, Stephanie Brooke and Abdala, Dalton Belchior}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{morris_vann_collins_heitman_kulesza_2021, title={Planting date and maturity group impact on soybean seed quality in the southeastern United States}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20913}, abstractNote={Abstract The impacts on soybean seed quality from shifting to using earlier soybean planting dates (PDs) and earlier‐maturing varieties in the southeastern United States are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of diverse PDs and maturity groups (MGs) on soybean protein content, oil content, seed damage, and purple seed stain. Studies were installed across seven North Carolina locations in 2019 and 2020 to determine the impact of PD (mid‐March through mid‐July) and MG (2–7) on seed quality. Protein content declined as planting was delayed for the early MGs (2–5) but was stable across PD for the later MGs (6–7). It was observed that early‐maturing varieties (MG ≤5) had a lower protein content than the later‐maturing varieties (MGs 6–7). The oil content was greater in the early MGs (MGs 2–4) compared with the later MGs (MGs 5–7), with oil content and protein content having an inverse relationship. Seed damage was greatest when planting before late April with early MGs (MGs 2–4). Less purple seed stain was found in MGs 5–7 compared with the earlier MGs across all PDs. Further research is needed to understand how to minimize seed damage and purple seed stain as producers consider shifting to an earlier production system for the associated yield benefits in North Carolina and across the southeastern United States.}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Morris, Tristan C. and Vann, Rachel A. and Collins, Guy D. and Heitman, Joshua and Kulesza, Stephanie B.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{kulesza_maguire_thomason_pote_2016, title={Injecting Poultry Litter into Orchardgrass Hay}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2016.1178761}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Traditional surface application of poultry litter leaves nutrients vulnerable to loss through volatilization and runoff. However, injection can increase capture of these nutrients in agricultural fields. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of poultry litter injection on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay yield and quality. Poultry litter was injected or surface applied using the Subsurfer poultry litter injector at the recommended agronomic rate (high) and half that rate (low) in 2012 and 2013 in an established field of orchardgrass. Soil was sampled to 15 cm and analyzed for soil nitrate. No significant differences in soil nitrate were detected between treatments. Although not always statistically significant, first cutting orchardgrass yields tended to be greater with surface litter application. Injected treatments had greater protein concentrations than their respective surface treatment, showing greater nitrogen uptake, when protein was weighted by yield. Protein was the same for high surface and low injected treatments showing that similar nitrogen (N) uptake was achieved.}, number={11}, journal={Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Maguire, Rory O. and Thomason, Wade E. and Pote, Dan H.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1389–1397} }
 @article{kulesza_maguire_xia_cushman_knowlton_ray_2016, title={Manure Injection Affects the Fate of Pirlimycin in Surface Runoff and Soil}, volume={45}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2015.06.0266er}, abstractNote={Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 45, Issue 4 p. 1466-1466 Erratum Manure Injection Affects the Fate of Pirlimycin in Surface Runoff and Soil S. B. Kulesza, S. B. KuleszaSearch for more papers by this authorR. O. Maguire, Corresponding Author R. O. Maguire kxia@vt.edu Corresponding author (kxia@vt.edu; rmaguire@vt.edu).Search for more papers by this authorK. Xia, Corresponding Author K. Xia rmaguire@vt.edu Corresponding author (kxia@vt.edu; rmaguire@vt.edu).Search for more papers by this authorJ. Cushman, J. CushmanSearch for more papers by this authorK. Knowlton, K. KnowltonSearch for more papers by this authorP. Ray, P. RaySearch for more papers by this author S. B. Kulesza, S. B. KuleszaSearch for more papers by this authorR. O. Maguire, Corresponding Author R. O. Maguire kxia@vt.edu Corresponding author (kxia@vt.edu; rmaguire@vt.edu).Search for more papers by this authorK. Xia, Corresponding Author K. Xia rmaguire@vt.edu Corresponding author (kxia@vt.edu; rmaguire@vt.edu).Search for more papers by this authorJ. Cushman, J. CushmanSearch for more papers by this authorK. Knowlton, K. KnowltonSearch for more papers by this authorP. Ray, P. RaySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2016 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.06.0266erCitations: 1 All rights reserved. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume45, Issue4July-August 2016Pages 1466-1466 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Quality}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kulesza, S. B. and Maguire, R. O. and Xia, K. and Cushman, J. and Knowlton, K. and Ray, P.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={1466–1466} }
 @article{kulesza_maguire_thomason_hodges_pote_2014, title={Effects of Poultry Litter Injection on Ammonia Volatilization, Nitrogen Availability, and Nutrient Losses in Runoff}, volume={179}, DOI={10.1097/ss.0000000000000058}, abstractNote={Abstract Poultry litter is a common organic amendment in agricultural production, but nutrient losses can reduce its effectiveness as a fertilizer. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) volatilization, N availability, and runoff losses of nutrients by conducting a closed chamber volatilization study, a soil incubation, and a rainfall simulation. In all studies, poultry litter was applied at a rate of 6.7 Mg · ha−1 either on the surface or injected and compared with an unamended control. In the volatilization and soil incubation studies, Braddock Loam and Bojac Sandy Loam surface soils were compared. Of the ammonium N added, cumulative loss of NH3-N by volatilization was 3% from injected and 121% from surface applied poultry litter after 7 days in the Loam. In the Sandy Loam, cumulative loss of NH3-N was 9% from injected and 153% from surface applied poultry litter after 7 days. After a 40-day soil incubation, injection increased total inorganic N by 52% and 99% for the Loam and Sandy Loam soils, respectively, when compared with surface application. Injection reduced total Kjeldahl N by 59%, total Kjeldahl P by 53%, dissolved reactive P, dissolved nitrate N by 73%, and dissolved NH3-N in runoff by 99%, compared with surface application. Injection reduced NH3-N volatilization and nutrients in runoff to levels of the control. These studies show that injection increases plant available N while decreasing losses through volatilization and runoff.}, number={4}, journal={Soil Science}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Maguire, Rory O. and Thomason, Wade E. and Hodges, Steven C. and Pote, Dan H.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={190–196} }