@article{worsham_terry_2022, title={Static and dynamic modeling of steam integration for a NuScale small modular reactor and pulp and paper mill coupling for carbon-neutral manufacturing}, volume={325}, ISSN={["1872-9118"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119613}, abstractNote={Small modular reactors (SMRs) are reactor designs producing less than 300 MWe and are generally planned for deployment as multimodule nuclear power plants. The possibility of factory-manufactured, flexibly sized plants expands the opportunities for nuclear power to different communities and industries, including manufacturing plants that currently utilize fossil fuels to produce both steam and electricity. This paper examines the feasibility of coupling a NuScale SMR with a midsize pulp and paper mill in the Southeastern United States. A steady-state mill model was developed in Aspen HYSYS, based on real data from the operation of the mill, and modified it to include the SMR while maintaining steam quality requirements and making as few changes as possible to existing equipment. Dynamic plant models were also developed Dymola to demonstrate possible plant conditions, using three configurations. Preliminary results suggest that, while SMR coupling is physically feasible, its economic feasibility is limited by the differences in steam and electricity demands. Because of limitations in the amount of steam the mill can take from the SMR, sizing the SMR for the plant's steam demand may result in an electricity deficit, or vice versa. Dynamic analyses show that the addition of a thermal storage system could reduce such deficits, but this entails its own challenges. Each plant must determine the best configuration and control scheme for itself, based on its electricity and heat needs, including the peak duration and intensity for both. Ultimately, an implementation of SMRs with manufacturing processes would benefit from partnering with a local utility to purchase excess electricity generated by the SMR. This will help manufacturing facilities meet their environmental and cost-savings goals, in addition to meeting the need for cost-effective baseload power across the United States.}, journal={APPLIED ENERGY}, author={Worsham, Elizabeth K. and Terry, Stephen D.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{frick_misenheimer_doster_terry_bragg-sitton_2018, title={Thermal Energy Storage Configurations for Small Modular Reactor Load Shedding}, volume={202}, ISSN={["1943-7471"]}, DOI={10.1080/00295450.2017.1420945}, abstractNote={Abstract The increased penetration of intermittent renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar power can strain electric grids, forcing carbon-based and nuclear sources of energy to operate in a load-follow mode. For nuclear reactors, load-follow operation can be undesirable due to the associated thermal and mechanical stresses placed on the fuel and other reactor components. Various methods of thermal energy storage (TES) can be coupled to nuclear (or renewable) power sources to help absorb grid variability caused by daily load demand changes and renewable intermittency. Two TES techniques are investigated as candidate thermal reservoirs to be used in conjunction with a small modular reactor (SMR): a two-tank sensible heat storage system and a stratified chilled-water storage system. The goal when coupling the two systems to the SMR is to match turbine output and demand and bypass steam to the TES systems to maintain reactor power at approximately 100%. Simulations of integral pressurized water reactor dynamics are run in a high-fidelity FORTRAN model developed at North Carolina State University. Both TES systems are developed as callable FORTRAN subroutines to model the time-varying behavior associated with different configurations of these systems when connected to the SMR simulator. Simulation results reveal the sensible heat storage system is capable of meeting turbine demand and maintaining reactor power constant while providing enough steam to power four absorption chillers for chilled-water production and storage. The stored chilled water is used to supplement cooling loads of an adjacent facility.}, number={1}, journal={NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY}, author={Frick, Konor and Misenheimer, Corey T. and Doster, J. Michael and Terry, Stephen D. and Bragg-Sitton, Shannon}, year={2018}, pages={53–70} }
 @article{misenheimer_terry_2017, title={The development of a dynamic single effect, lithium bromide absorption chiller model with enhanced generator fidelity}, volume={150}, ISSN={["1879-2227"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.005}, abstractNote={Single effect, lithium bromide absorption chillers offer the ability to utilize low-pressure steam to produce chilled water for satisfying various comfort cooling needs. Previous attempts have been made to characterize dynamic and steady-state absorption chiller operation. Though these models perform adequately, they are based on hot water driven absorption chillers. Commercially available absorption chillers often can run on both hot water and low-pressure steam. In this paper, the mathematical framework for a dynamic single effect, lithium bromide absorption chiller model capable of using low-pressure steam is presented. The transient thermodynamic FORTRAN model is grounded on mass, energy, and species balances, and builds on prior modeling efforts. Well-known correlations for heat transfer coefficients are used to describe both tube-side and shell-side heat transfer rates in each primary chiller component. To account for the absorption chiller unit receiving steam, a heat transfer model for condensation inside horizontal tubes based on distinct internal condensation flow regimes is incorporated within the generator. This heat transfer model is used with two-phase flow pressure drop equations to establish steam temperature, quality, and pressure along the generator tube bundle. Steam consumption trends are established as a function of fluctuating external conditions. These trends reasonably align with information made available online by the manufacturer, though some deviation does occur at low chiller capacities and cooling water temperatures. Additionally, the transient response of internal and external parameters from a step increase in heat input supplied to the generator mimics results of other dynamic absorption chiller models found throughout literature.}, journal={ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Misenheimer, Corey T. and Terry, Stephen D.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={574–587} }
 @article{misenheimer_terry_2017, title={Modeling Hybrid Nuclear Systems With Chilled-Water Storage}, volume={139}, ISSN={["0195-0738"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.4033858}, abstractNote={Air-conditioning loads during the warmer months of the year are large contributors to an increase in the daily peak electrical demand. Traditionally, utility companies boost output to meet daily cooling load spikes, often using expensive and polluting fossil fuel plants to match the demand. Likewise, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system components must be sized to meet these peak cooling loads. However, the use of a properly sized stratified chilled-water storage system in conjunction with conventional HVAC system components can shift daily energy peaks from cooling loads to off-peak hours. This process is examined in light of the recent development of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs). In this study, primary components of an air-conditioning system with a stratified chilled-water storage tank were modeled in FORTRAN 95. A basic chiller operation criterion was employed. Simulation results confirmed earlier work that the air-conditioning system with thermal energy storage (TES) capabilities not only reduced daily peaks in energy demand due to facility cooling loads but also shifted the energy demand from on-peak to off-peak hours, thereby creating a more flattened total electricity demand profile. Thus, coupling chilled-water storage-supplemented HVAC systems to SMRs is appealing because of the decrease in necessary reactor power cycling, and subsequently reduced associated thermal stresses in reactor system materials, to meet daily fluctuations in cooling demand. Also, such a system can be used as a thermal sink during reactor transients or a buffer due to renewable intermittency in a nuclear hybrid energy system (NHES).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Misenheimer, Corey T. and Terry, Stephen D.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{moore_terry_lyons_2011, title={Flame Hysteresis Effects in Methane Jet Flames in Air-Coflow}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0195-0738"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.4003806}, abstractNote={Presented are the results of experiments designed to investigate flame lift-off behavior in the hysteresis regime for low Reynolds number turbulent flows. The hysteresis regime refers to the situation where the jet flame has dual positions favorable to flame stabilization: attached and lifted. Typically, a jet flame is lifted off of a burner and stabilized at some downstream location at a pair of fuel and coflow velocities that is unique to a flame at that position. Since the direction from which that condition is arrived at is important, there is an inherent hysteretic behavior. To supplement previous research on hysteretic behavior in the presence of no coflow and low coflow velocities, the current research focuses on flames that are lifted and reattached at higher coflow velocities, where the flame behavior includes an unexpected downstream recession at low fuel velocities. Observations on the flame behavior related to nozzle exit velocity and coflow velocity are made using video imaging of flame sequences. The results show that a flame can stabilize at a location downstream despite a decrease in the local excess jet velocity and assist in determining the effect of coflow velocity magnitude on hysteretic behavior. These observations are of utility in designing maximum turndown burners in air coflow, especially for determining stability criteria in low fuel-flow applications.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Moore, N. J. and Terry, S. D. and Lyons, K. M.}, year={2011}, month={Jun} }
 @article{terry_lyons_2006, title={Turbulent lifted flames in the hysteresis regime and the effects of coflow}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0195-0738"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2358147}, abstractNote={A study of the characteristics of turbulent lifted-jet flames in the hysteresis regime was performed using methane and ethylene fuels in laminar and turbulent air coflows. Reattachment velocities and lifted flame heights just prior to reattachment vary linearly as for laminar flames in coflow. The flow regime of the coflow (i.e., laminar or turbulent) did not appear to affect the behavior of these flames. These observations are of utility in designing maximum turndown burners in air coflow, especially for determining stability criteria in low fuel-flow applications.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Terry, S. D. and Lyons, K. M.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={319–324} }
 @article{terry_lyons_2005, title={Low Reynolds number turbulent lifted flames in high co-flow}, volume={177}, ISSN={["1563-521X"]}, DOI={10.1080/00102200500240489}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study presents the results of experiments designed to investigate flame lift-off behavior to nozzle velocity, co-flow velocity, fuel-type, and nozzle size for low Reynolds Number turbulent flows (in and near the hysteresis regime). Local excess jet velocities are computed using jet relations from Tieszen et al. The results show that the local excess jet velocity remains linear with respect to nozzle velocity through most of the hysteresis regime, even though flame lift-off height is not linear. This suggests a non-linear relation not captured by Kalghatgi (1984) for lift-off in the near field and hysteresis regime. Local excess jet velocities at the reattachment point were also computed for flames that are lifted more than three nozzle diameters above the burner. The results show that there is a minimum excess jet velocity for which a flame can stabilize. This minimum velocity is inversely proportional to the laminar burning velocity of the fuel squared. A new relation for lift-off height at the reattachment point for flames in the hysteresis region is derived and compared to experimental data.}, number={11}, journal={COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Terry, SD and Lyons, KM}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={2091–2112} }
 @article{brown_leach_terry_1999, title={Evaporative air conditioning in a manufacturing facility}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0199-8595"]}, DOI={10.1080/01998595.1999.10530467}, abstractNote={A case study evaluates the economics of installing a staged evaporative cooling system in a factory in the southeastern USA. The effective temperature at the plant floor is predicted for each working hour from typical meteorological year data. The analysis accounts for internal loads and moisture evaporated by the manufacturing process. Worker productivity is estimated from the effective temperature. Several building loads and evaporative cooling system designs are considered. The results show that evaporative air conditioning can improve worker productivity and profit margins in manufacturing facilities that have high internal loads, high ventilation requirements, or other plant-specific conditions that would make conventional air conditioning uneconomical.}, number={4}, journal={ENERGY ENGINEERING}, author={Brown, CD and Leach, JW and Terry, SD}, year={1999}, pages={40–58} }