@article{anyah_xia_semazzi_2022, title={Influence of water table dynamics on spatial and temporal patterns of hydroclimate extremes over Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa: Comparison of wet and dry years}, ISSN={["1097-0088"]}, DOI={10.1002/joc.7682}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY}, author={Anyah, Richard and Xia, Sun and Semazzi, Fredrick}, year={2022}, month={May} } @article{evans_rowell_semazzi_2020, title={The future-climate, current-policy framework: towards an approach linking climate science to sector policy development}, volume={15}, ISBN={1748-9326}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/abbeb9}, number={11}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Evans, Barbara E. and Rowell, David P. and Semazzi, Frederick H. M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} } @article{kiwanuka-tondo_semazzi_pettiway_2019, title={Climate risk communication of navigation safety and climate conditions over Lake Victoria basin: Exploring perceptions and knowledge of indigenous communities}, volume={5}, ISBN={2331-1886}, ISSN={2331-1886}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1588485}, DOI={10.1080/23311886.2019.1588485}, number={1}, journal={Cogent Social Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kiwanuka-Tondo, James and Semazzi, Fredrick and Pettiway, Keon}, editor={Ricart Casadevall, SandraEditor}, year={2019}, month={Mar} } @article{gudoshava_semazzi_2019, title={Customization and Validation of a Regional Climate Model Using Satellite Data Over East Africa}, volume={10}, ISBN={2073-4433}, DOI={10.3390/atmos10060317}, number={6}, journal={ATMOSPHERE}, author={Gudoshava, Masilin and Semazzi, Fredrick H. M.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} } @article{wootten_terando_reich_boyles_semazzi_2017, title={Characterizing sources of uncertainty from global climate models and downscaling techniques}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1175/jamc-d-17-0087.1}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, author={Wootten, A. and Terando, A. and Reich, Brian and Boyles, R. P. and Semazzi, F.}, year={2017}, pages={3245–3262} } @inproceedings{tetteh_appiah-badu_semazzi_olayide_2017, title={Deriving useful information from bimonthly global-scale climate analysis for climate change adaptation over East Africa}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-49520-0_8}, booktitle={Climate change adaptation in africa: fostering resilience and capacity to adapt}, author={Tetteh, I. K. and Appiah-Badu, N. K. A. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Olayide, O. E.}, year={2017}, pages={125–140} } @article{thiery_gudmundsson_bedka_semazzi_lhermitte_willems_lipzig_seneviratne_2017, title={Early warnings of hazardous thunderstorms over Lake Victoria}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/aa7521}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Research Letters}, author={Thiery, W. and Gudmundsson, L. and Bedka, K. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Lhermitte, S. and Willems, P. and Lipzig, N. P. M. and Seneviratne, S. I.}, year={2017} } @inbook{chaudhary_gonzalez_bello_angus_desai_harenberg_doraiswamy_semazzi_kumar_samatova_2016, title={Causality-Guided Feature Selection}, ISBN={9783319495859 9783319495866}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49586-6_26}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-49586-6_26}, booktitle={Advanced Data Mining and Applications}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Chaudhary, Mandar S. and Gonzalez, Doel L. and Bello, Gonzalo A. and Angus, Michael P. and Desai, Dhara and Harenberg, Steve and Doraiswamy, P. Murali and Semazzi, Fredrick H. M. and Kumar, Vipin and Samatova, Nagiza F.}, year={2016}, pages={391–405} } @article{sun_xie_semazzi_liu_2015, title={Effect of lake surface temperature on the spatial distribution and intensity of the precipitation over the Lake Victoria basin}, volume={143}, DOI={10.1175/mwr-d-14-00049.1}, number={4}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Sun, Xia and Xie, L. and Semazzi, F. and Liu, B.}, year={2015}, pages={1179–1192} } @article{gonzalez_angus_tetteh_bello_padmanabhan_pendse_srinivas_yu_semazzi_kumar_et al._2015, title={On the data-driven inference of modulatory networks in climate science: an application to West African rainfall}, volume={22}, DOI={10.5194/npg-22-33-2015}, number={1}, journal={Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics}, author={Gonzalez, D. L. and Angus, M. P. and Tetteh, I. K. and Bello, G. A. and Padmanabhan, K. and Pendse, S. V. and Srinivas, S. and Yu, J. and Semazzi, F. and Kumar, V. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={33–46} } @article{xie_semazzi_hanna_anyah_gao_he_2015, title={Regional climate change: downscaling, prediction, and impact assessment}, DOI={10.1155/2015/290281}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, author={Xie, L. and Semazzi, F. and Hanna, A. and Anyah, R. and Gao, H. W. and He, Y. J.}, year={2015} } @inbook{bello_angus_pedemane_harlalka_semazzi_kumar_samatova_2015, title={Response-Guided Community Detection: Application to Climate Index Discovery}, ISBN={9783319235240 9783319235257}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23525-7_45}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-23525-7_45}, booktitle={Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Bello, Gonzalo A. and Angus, Michael and Pedemane, Navya and Harlalka, Jitendra K. and Semazzi, Fredrick H. M. and Kumar, Vipin and Samatova, Nagiza F.}, year={2015}, pages={736–751} } @article{argent_sun_semazzi_xie_liu_2015, title={The development of a customization framework for the WRF model over the Lake Victoria basin, Eastern Africa on seasonal timescales}, DOI={10.1155/2015/653473}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, author={Argent, R. and Sun, Xia and Semazzi, F. and Xie, L. and Liu, B.}, year={2015} } @article{pandya_hodgson_hayden_akweongo_hopson_forgor_yoksas_dalaba_dukic_mera_et al._2015, title={Using Weather Forecasts to Help Manage Meningitis in the West African Sahel}, volume={96}, ISSN={0003-0007 1520-0477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00121.1}, DOI={10.1175/bams-d-13-00121.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Understanding and acting on the link between weather and meningitis in the Sahel could help improve vaccine distribution and save lives. People living there know that meningitis epidemics occur in the dry season and end after the start of the rainy season. Integrating and analyzing newly available epidemiological and meteorological data quantified this relationship, showing that that the risk of meningitis epidemics climbed from a background level of 2% to a maximum risk of 25% during the dry season. These data also suggested that, of all meteorological variables, relative humidity has the strongest correlation to cases of meningitis. Weather acts alongside a complex set of environmental, social, and economic drivers, and a complementary investigation of local and regional knowledge, attitudes, and practices suggested several additional interventions to manage meningitis. These include improved awareness of early meningitis symptoms and vaccinations for farmworkers who migrate seasonally. An economic survey showed that the cost of a single case of meningitis is 3 times the average annual household income, underscoring the need for improved vaccination strategy. Using these insights, meteorologists and public health workers developed a tool to guide vaccination decisions. Iterative development allowed a multinational team of public health officials to use the tool while guiding its refinement and directed research toward maximum practical use. That meant focusing on predicting areas where high humidity would naturally end epidemics so vaccines could be moved elsewhere. Using this tool and this approach could have prevented an estimated 24,000 cases of meningitis over a 3-yr period.}, number={1}, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, publisher={American Meteorological Society}, author={Pandya, Rajul and Hodgson, Abraham and Hayden, Mary H. and Akweongo, Patricia and Hopson, Thomas and Forgor, Abudulai Adams and Yoksas, Tom and Dalaba, Maxwell Ayindenaba and Dukic, Vanja and Mera, Roberto and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={103–115} } @article{sun_xie_semazzi_liu_2014, title={A Numerical Investigation of the Precipitation over Lake Victoria Basin Using a Coupled Atmosphere-Lake Limited-Area Model}, volume={2014}, DOI={10.1155/2014/960924}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, publisher={Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, author={Sun, Xia and Xie, Lian and Semazzi, Fredrick H. M. and Liu, Bin}, year={2014}, pages={1–15} } @article{liess_kumar_snyder_kawale_steinhaeuser_semazzi_ganguly_samatova_kumar_2014, title={Different modes of variability over the Tasman Sea: Implications for regional climate}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1175/jcli-d-13-00713.1}, number={22}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Liess, S. and Kumar, A. and Snyder, P. K. and Kawale, J. and Steinhaeuser, K. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Ganguly, A. R. and Samatova, N. F. and Kumar, V.}, year={2014}, pages={8466–8486} } @article{liu_costa_xie_semazzi_2014, title={Dynamical downscaling of climate change impacts on wind energy resources in the contiguous United States by using a limited-area model with scale-selective data assimilation}, DOI={10.1155/2014/897246}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, author={Liu, B. and Costa, K. B. and Xie, L. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2014} } @article{mera_laing_semazzi_2014, title={Moisture Variability and Multiscale Interactions during Spring in West Africa}, volume={142}, ISSN={0027-0644 1520-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00175.1}, DOI={10.1175/mwr-d-13-00175.1}, abstractNote={ The West African monsoon (WAM) is a vital source of rainfall for the African Sahel. In addition to the agricultural benefit of its rains, it benefits public health because bacterial meningitis outbreaks end with the monsoon onset. Outbreaks occur between December and May, a period of low humidity. Knowledge of the onset of high humidity could aid in predicting where the outbreaks will cease. Therefore, this study investigates the variability of atmospheric moisture during the spring over West Africa, characterizing the sources of moisture, as well as circulation patterns and relative influences of tropical and midlatitude systems. A conceptual model of the evolution of the premonsoon period is presented. }, number={9}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, publisher={American Meteorological Society}, author={Mera, Roberto and Laing, Arlene G. and Semazzi, Frederick}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={3178–3198} } @article{smith_semazzi_2014, title={The role of the dominant modes of precipitation variability over eastern Africa in modulating the hydrology of Lake Victoria}, DOI={10.1155/2014/516762}, journal={Advances in Meteorology}, author={Smith, K. A. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2014} } @article{kawale_liess_kumar_steinbach_snyder_kumar_ganguly_samatova_semazzi_2013, title={A graph-based approach to find teleconnections in climate data}, volume={6}, ISSN={1932-1864}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/SAM.11181}, DOI={10.1002/SAM.11181}, number={3}, journal={Statistical Analysis and Data Mining}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kawale, Jaya and Liess, Stefan and Kumar, Arjun and Steinbach, Michael and Snyder, Peter and Kumar, Vipin and Ganguly, Auroop R. and Samatova, Nagiza F. and Semazzi, Fredrick}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={158–179} } @inproceedings{gonzalez_pendse_padmanabhan_angus_tetteh_srinivas_villanes_semazzi_kumar_samatova_2013, title={Coupled heterogeneous association rule mining (CHARM): Application toward inference of modulatory climate relationships}, DOI={10.1109/icdm.2013.142}, booktitle={2013 ieee 13th international conference on data mining (icdm)}, author={Gonzalez, D. L. and Pendse, S. V. and Padmanabhan, K. and Angus, M. P. and Tetteh, I. K. and Srinivas, S. and Villanes, A. and Semazzi, F. and Kumar, V. and Samatova, N. F.}, year={2013}, pages={1055–1060} } @article{chen_hendrix_guan_tetteh_choudhary_semazzi_samatova_2013, title={Discovery of extreme events-related communities in contrasting groups of physical system networks}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1007/s10618-012-0289-3}, number={2}, journal={Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery}, author={Chen, Z. Z. and Hendrix, W. and Guan, H. and Tetteh, I. K. and Choudhary, A. and Semazzi, F. and Samatova, N. F.}, year={2013}, pages={225–258} } @inproceedings{gonzalez_chen_tetteh_pansombut_semazzi_kumar_melechko_samatova_2012, title={Hierarchical classifier-regression ensemble for multi-phase non-linear dynamic system response prediction: Application to climate analysis}, DOI={10.1109/icdmw.2012.133}, booktitle={12th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW 2012)}, author={Gonzalez, D. L. and Chen, Z. Z. and Tetteh, I. K. and Pansombut, T. and Semazzi, F. and Kumar, V. and Melechko, A. and Samatova, N. F.}, year={2012}, pages={781–788} } @article{norman_nair_semazzi_2011, title={A low communication and large time step explicit finite-volume solver for non-hydrostatic atmospheric dynamics}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcp.2010.11.022}, number={3}, journal={Electrochimica Acta}, author={Norman, M. R. and Nair, R. D. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2011}, pages={1567–1584} } @article{semazzi_2011, title={Framework for climate services in developing countries}, volume={47}, DOI={10.3354/cr00955}, number={1-2}, journal={Climate Research}, author={Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2011}, pages={145–150} } @article{peng_xie_liu_semazzi_2010, title={Application of scale-selective data assimilation to regional climate modeling and prediction}, volume={138}, DOI={10.1175/2009mwr2974.1}, number={4}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Peng, S. and Xie, L. and Liu, B. and Semazzi, F.}, year={2010}, pages={1307–1318} } @article{norman_semazzi_nair_2009, title={Conservative cascade interpolation on the sphere: An intercomparison of various non-oscillatory reconstructions}, volume={135}, DOI={10.1002/qj.402}, number={640}, journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, author={Norman, M. R. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Nair, R. D.}, year={2009}, pages={795–805} } @article{davis_bowden_semazzi_xie_onol_2009, title={Customization of RegCM3 Regional Climate Model for Eastern Africa and a Tropical Indian Ocean Domain}, volume={22}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2388.1}, DOI={10.1175/2009JCLI2388.1}, number={13}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Davis, N. and Bowden, Jared and Semazzi, F. and Xie, L. and Onol, B.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={3595–3616} } @inproceedings{anyah_semazzi_2009, title={Idealized simulation of hydrodynamic characteristics of Lake Victoria that potentially modulate regional climate}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1002/joc.1795}, number={7}, booktitle={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Anyah, R. O. and Semazzi, F.}, year={2009}, pages={971–981} } @article{onol_semazzi_2009, title={Regionalization of climate change simulations over the Eastern Mediterranean}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1175/2008JCLI1807.1}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Onol, B. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2009}, pages={1944–1961} } @article{bowden_semazzi_2007, title={Empirical Analysis of Intraseasonal Climate Variability over the Greater Horn of Africa}, volume={20}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1587.1}, DOI={10.1175/2007JCLI1587.1}, number={23}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Bowden, Jared and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={5715–5731} } @article{anyah_semazzi_2007, title={Variability of East African rainfall based on multiyear RegCM3 simulations}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1002/joc.1401}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Anyah, R. O. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2007}, pages={357–371} } @article{semazzi_mera_2006, title={An extended procedure for implementing the relative operating characteristic graphical method}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1175/JAM2397.1}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, author={Semazzi, F. H. M. and Mera, Roberto}, year={2006}, pages={1215–1223} } @article{fall_niyogi_semazzi_2006, title={Analysis of mean climate conditions in Senegal (1971-98)}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1175/ei158.1}, journal={Earth Interactions}, author={Fall, S. and Niyogi, D. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2006} } @article{anyah_semazzi_2006, title={Climate variability over the Greater Horn of Africa based on NCAR AGCM ensemble}, volume={86}, DOI={10.1007/s00704-005-0203-7}, number={4-Jan}, journal={Theoretical and Applied Climatology}, author={Anyah, R. O. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2006}, pages={39–62} } @article{mera_niyogi_buol_wilkerson_semazzi_2006, title={Potential individual versus simultaneous climate change effects on soybean (C-3) and maize (C-4) crops: An agrotechnology model based study}, volume={54}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.003}, number={1-2}, journal={Global and Planetary Change}, author={Mera, Roberto and Niyogi, D. and Buol, G. S. and Wilkerson, G. G. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2006}, pages={163–182} } @article{anyah_semazzi_xie_2006, title={Simulated physical mechanisms associated with climate variability over Lake Victoria basin in East Africa}, volume={134}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3266.1}, number={12}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Anyah, R. O. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Xie, L.}, year={2006}, pages={3588–3609} } @article{fall_semazzi_dutta_niyogi_anyah_bowden_2006, title={The spatiotemporal climate variability over Senegal and its relationship to global climate}, volume={26}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1355}, DOI={10.1002/joc.1355}, number={14}, journal={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Fall, S. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Dutta, D. and Niyogi, S. and Anyah, R. O. and Bowden, Jared}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={2057–2076} } @article{semazzi_scroggs_pouliot_mckee-burrows_norman_poojary_tsai_2005, title={On the accuracy of semi-Lagrangian numerical simulation of internal gravity wave motion in the atmosphere}, volume={83}, DOI={10.2151/jmsj.83.851}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan}, author={Semazzi, F. H. M. and Scroggs, J. S. and Pouliot, G. A. and Mckee-Burrows, A. L. and Norman, M. and Poojary, V. and Tsai, Y. M.}, year={2005}, pages={851–869} } @article{song_semazzi_xie_ogallo_2004, title={A coupled regional climate model for the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1002/joc.983}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Song, Y. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Xie, L. and Ogallo, L. J.}, year={2004}, pages={57–75} } @article{anyah_semazzi_2004, title={Simulation of the sensitivity of Lake Victoria basin climate to lake surface temperatures}, volume={79}, DOI={10.1007/s00704-004-0057-4}, number={02-Jan}, journal={Theoretical and Applied Climatology}, author={Anyah, R. O. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2004}, pages={55–69} } @article{schreck_semazzi_2004, title={Variability of the recent climate of eastern Africa}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1002/joc.1019}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Schreck, C. J. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2004}, pages={681–701} } @article{nair_scroggs_semazzi_2003, title={A forward-trajectory global semi-Lagrangian transport scheme}, volume={190}, DOI={10.1016/S0021-9991(03)00274-2}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computational Physics}, author={Nair, R. D. and Scroggs, J. S. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2003}, pages={275–294} } @article{semazzi_2003, title={Air quality research: Perspective from climate change modelling research}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00184-8}, number={2-3}, journal={Environment International}, author={Semazzi, F.}, year={2003}, pages={253–261} } @article{nair_scroggs_semazzi_2002, title={Efficient conservative global transport schemes for climate and atmospheric chemistry models}, volume={130}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2059:ECGTSF>2.0.CO;2}, number={8}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Nair, R. D. and Scroggs, J. S. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2002}, pages={2059–2073} } @article{semazzi_song_2001, title={A GCM study of climate change induced by deforestation in Africa}, volume={17}, DOI={10.3354/cr017169}, number={2}, journal={Climate Research}, author={Semazzi, F. H. M. and Song, Y.}, year={2001}, pages={169–182} } @article{indeje_semazzi_xie_ogallo_2001, title={Mechanistic model simulations of the East African climate using NCAR regional climate model: Influence of large-scale orography on the Turkana low-level jet}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2710:MMSOTE>2.0.CO;2}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Climate}, author={Indeje, M. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Xie, L. and Ogallo, L. J.}, year={2001}, pages={2710–2724} } @article{indeje_semazzi_ogallo_2000, title={ENSO signals in East African rainfall seasons}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(200001)20:1<19::AID-JOC449>3.3.CO;2-S}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Indeje, M. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Ogallo, L. J.}, year={2000}, pages={19–46} } @article{indeje_semazzi_2000, title={Relationships between QBO in the lower equatorial stratospheric zonal winds and east African seasonal rainfall}, volume={73}, DOI={10.1007/s007030050075}, number={3-4}, journal={Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics}, author={Indeje, M. and Semazzi, F. H. M.}, year={2000}, pages={227–244} } @article{sun_semazzi_giorgi_ogallo_1999, title={Application of the NCAR Regional Climate Model to eastern Africa - 2. Simulation of interannual variability of short rains}, volume={104}, DOI={10.1029/1998JD200050}, number={D6}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres}, author={Sun, L. Q. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Giorgi, F. and Ogallo, L.}, year={1999}, pages={6549–6562} } @article{sun_semazzi_giorgi_ogallo_1999, title={Application of the NCAR regional climate model to eastern Africa - 1. Simulation of the short rains of 1988}, volume={104}, DOI={10.1029/1998JD200051}, number={D6}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres}, author={Sun, L. Q. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Giorgi, F. and Ogallo, L.}, year={1999}, pages={6529–6548} } @article{qian_semazzi_scroggs_1998, title={A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model with orography}, volume={126}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0747:AGNSLA>2.0.CO;2}, number={3}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Qian, J. H. and Semazzi, F. H. M. and Scroggs, J. S.}, year={1998}, pages={747–771} } @article{semazzi_sun_1997, title={The role of orography in determining the Sahelian climate}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199705)17:6<581::AID-JOC134>3.0.CO;2-E}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Climatology}, author={Semazzi, F. H. M. and Sun, L. Q.}, year={1997}, pages={581–596} }