@article{shalizi_walker_heine_payn_isik_bullock_mckeand_2023, title={Performance Based on Measurements from Individual-Tree Progeny Tests Strongly Predicts Early Stand Yield in Loblolly Pine}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad002}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxad002}, abstractNote={Abstract To facilitate the utility of genetic improvement in loblolly pine, individual-tree volume (productivity) scores estimated from single-tree plot or row-plot progeny test designs were compared with stand-level volume per unit area from block plots. A large number of families representing a wide range of progeny test scores for volume were established in growth and yield trials to generalize the results to families created by the breeding program. Individual-tree volume scores from progeny tests strongly corresponded with stand-level volume from block plots, especially after accounting for site quality and the risk of fusiform rust disease. A ten-point increase in the volume score from progeny test data was estimated to increase stand-level volume by 3.9 m3 ha-1 at age 6 years. A prediction model is presented that includes a new statistic, rust risk index, which is the expected rust incidence for a family at a new site when the hazard of rust for a checklot can be estimated from historical data. The study results through age 6 years corroborate the Performance Rating System as effective in guiding family deployment decisions. The models presented are based on pre-crown closure data at 6 years and will be updated with older measurements as the study matures. Study Implications: The Performance Rating System (PRS™) has been a successful tool for presenting genetic merit of improved loblolly pine families for landowners and forest managers in a more coherent and standardized manner. This system can be easily applied in other forest tree improvement programs, because it makes genetic improvement user-friendly for silviculturists and forest managers. Landowners can use this system to make decisions for selecting improved families suited to their specific forest management objectives. Seed orchard and nursery managers also depend on the PRS to choose the families to produce and as a third-party verification to market their genetic merit to customers. This study demonstrates that higher stand-level volume per unit area can be achieved when forest managers plant fast growing families with low fusiform rust disease risk on productive sites. The combined effect of genetic improvement for productivity and fusiform rust disease resistance is significant on stand-level volume per unit area.}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Shalizi, Mohammad Nasir and Walker, Trevor D. and Heine, Austin J. and Payn, Kitt G. and Isik, Fikret and Bullock, Bronson P. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{shalizi_payn_walker_isik_heine_mckeand_2022, title={Long-term evaluation of intra- and inter-provenance hybrids of loblolly pine in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States}, volume={522}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120469}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120469}, abstractNote={Long-term response of two intra- and two inter-provenance populations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were evaluated in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. In total, 82 polycross families of the Atlantic Coastal (C) and Piedmont (P) provenances (C×C, P×P) and their hybrids (C×P, P×C) were field tested for growth, sawtimber potential, and survival through age 19 years. The Coastal pure (C×C) families were the tallest, and the hybrid populations (C×P, P×C) were intermediate for height. The four populations did not differ for diameter at breast height. The hybrid C×P population, followed by the C×C population, showed significantly higher stand volumes per hectare. These two populations maintained higher survival and stand density compared to the Piedmont pure populations. Sawtimber potential was significantly higher in the Piedmont pure families at the coldest study sites, presumably due to defect in the C×C and C×P from cold damage. No significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for any traits. The genetic gain for height, stand volume, and survival was considerable in the C×C and C×P over the Piedmont source, suggesting potential for benefiting from the faster growth of the Coastal material in the Piedmont region. The performance of the Coastal intra- and inter-provenance populations was marginally affected by the minimum winter temperatures (MWT). These results indicate that the Coastal and the hybrid families can be planted in the Piedmont region with MWT’s of −13 °C or greater and where the difference in MWT between the origin of the Coastal parents and the test sites was not extreme (e.g., the difference did not exceed 2.8 °C). These MWT limits encompass the southern Piedmont of North Carolina (<35.615 °N) and the Piedmont of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Shalizi, Mohammad Nasir and Payn, Kitt G. and Walker, Trevor D. and Isik, Fikret and Heine, Austin J. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{heine_walker_jett_isik_mckeand_2022, title={Pollination Bag Type Affects Ovule Development and Seed Yields in Pinus taeda L.}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac052}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxac052}, abstractNote={Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is the most widely planted forest tree species in the United States. Most of the seedlings used to establish these plantations come from seed collected in open-pollinated seed orchards, but an increasing number are coming from controlled crosses, about 15%–20% of the loblolly pine seedling crops in the last five years. To produce this seed, millions of pollination bags are installed each spring in orchards throughout the southeastern United States; over 2.6 million bags were installed in 2022. This study evaluated 13 pollination bag types available for use in the mass production of control-cross seed. Using cone analysis, significant differences were found among bag types for the proportion of ovules resulting in filled seed, empty seed, and first-year aborts. Due to differences in the efficacy of orchard management, study trees varied greatly in their proportion of ovules resulting in filled seed and first-year aborts. Under good orchard management, open-pollinated cones had 72% of their ovules as filled seed and 12% in first-year aborted ovules. The best pollination bag type had 62% of its ovules as filled seed with 22% in first-year aborted ovules. These differences are apparently due to the quality of pollen used in the controlled crosses. Study Implications: Compared with open-pollinated families, full-sibling crosses among elite parents of loblolly pine produce more market value to landowners due to greater productivity, increased disease resistance, and enhanced stem form. Specific crosses of loblolly pine have occupied about 15%–20% of the recent seedling market because the seed are costly and difficult to produce. This study tested pollination bag types to determine their effectiveness in producing control-cross seed. Some bag types were superior in increasing seed yield, but seed yields for open-pollinated cones tended to be higher, suggesting problems in the control-cross process. Cone analysis is a useful tool for seed orchard managers to diagnose problems in seed production. Understanding and correcting these problems will help managers increase their production of full-sibling seed and lead to the establishment of new plantations with increased forest productivity.}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Heine, Austin J. and Walker, Trevor D. and Jett, Jackson B. and Isik, Fikret and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lauer_sims_mckeand_isik_2021, title={Genetic Parameters and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions in Regional Progeny Tests of Pinus taeda L. in the Southern USA}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa035}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxaa035}, abstractNote={Abstract Genetic parameters were estimated using a five-series multienvironment trial of Pinus taeda L. in the southern USA. There were 324 half-sib families planted in five test series across 37 locations. A set of six variance/covariance matrices for the genotype-by-environment (G × E) effect for tree height and diameter were compared on the basis of model fit. In single-series analysis, extended factor analytical models provided generally superior model fit to simpler models for both traits; however, in the combined-series analysis, diameter was optimally modeled using simpler variance/covariance structures. A three-way compound term for modeling G × E interactions among and within series yielded substantial improvements in terms of model fit and standard errors of predictions. Heritability of family means ranged between 0.63 and 0.90 for both height and diameter. Average additive genetic correlations among sites were 0.70 and 0.61 for height and diameter, respectively, suggesting the presence of some G × E interaction. Pairs of sites with the lowest additive genetic correlations were located at opposite ends of the latitude range. Latent factor regression revealed a small number of parents with large factor scores that changed ranks significantly between southern and northern environments.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lauer, Edwin and Sims, Andrew and McKeand, Steven and Isik, Fikret}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={60–71} }
 @article{grans_isik_purnell_peszlen_mckeand_2021, title={Genetic Variation and the Effect of Herbicide and Fertilization Treatments on Wood Quality Traits in Loblolly Pine}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab026}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxab026}, abstractNote={Abstract The effect of silvicultural treatments (herbicide, fertilization, herbicide + fertilization) and the interactions with genetic effects were investigated for wood quality traits in a 16-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genetic test established in southwest Georgia, USA. Fertilizer and herbicide treatment combinations were applied multiple times to main plots containing 25 open-pollinated families as sub plots. Significant differences among treatments were found for all traits. Squared acoustic velocity, used as a surrogate for wood stiffness, was higher in herbicide-only plots compared with other treatments. Wood density was considerably lower in fertilization plots. A large proportion of variance observed for wood quality traits was explained by additive genetic effects, with individual-tree heritabilities ranging from 0.78 (ring 7–16 section wood density) to 0.28 (ring 2–6 section wood density). Corresponding family-mean heritability values were well over 0.86. Genotype-by-treatment interactions were nonsignificant for all traits, indicating no need to match families to silvicultural treatments. Wood quality traits had weak genetic correlations with growth and stem quality traits (stem slenderness, sweep, and branch angle) with a range of −0.33 to 0.43, suggesting that recurrent selection on growth or stem quality traits would not adversely affect wood quality in loblolly pine.}, number={5}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Grans, Daniel and Isik, Fikret and Purnell, Robert C. and Peszlen, Ilona M. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={564–573} }
 @article{maynor_isik_walker_whetten_heine_payn_mckeand_2021, title={Provenance and Family Variation in Biomass Potential of Loblolly Pine in the Piedmont of North Carolina}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa056}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxaa056}, abstractNote={Abstract Considerable genetic differences in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) exist for growth, stem form, and wood quality traits that influence biomass/biofuel production. By planting genetically superior trees with desirable biomass/biofuel traits, it is possible to substantially increase the amount of biomass and potential sawtimber trees produced from plantations. Ten of the fastest growing loblolly pine families from two provenances, Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont, were tested for their biomass potential in North Carolina on a Piedmont site. At this northern Piedmont site at age six years, there were no provenance differences for biomass production or for trees with sawtimber potential. Variation in volume and sawtimber potential was significant at the family level. For biomass plantations, risks can be mitigated because of shorter rotation length, allowing for a higher-risk seed lot to capture greater gains in terms of volume. For a longer-rotation sawtimber stand, a more conservative family deployment strategy should be considered to maintain stem quality at the end of the rotation. Understanding the different seed source families and harvest regimes is essential to ensure profitable returns from pine plantations.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Maynor, Jessica A. and Isik, Fikret and Walker, Trevor D. and Whetten, Ross W. and Heine, Austin J. and Payn, Kitt G. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={312–320} }
 @article{mckeand_payn_heine_abt_2020, title={Economic Significance of Continued Improvement of Loblolly Pine Genetics and Its Efficient Deployment to Landowners in the Southern United States}, volume={119}, ISSN={0022-1201 1938-3746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa044}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvaa044}, abstractNote={Abstract The economic consequence of continuing or increasing the tree improvement efforts for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southern United States is immense. For the more than one million acres planted each year with germplasm from the North Carolina State University Cooperative Tree Improvement Program, the present value of continuing current tree breeding efforts and deploying the genetic gains to landowners is estimated to be more than $1.7 billion at current prices. The present value of increasing the rate of genetic gain from 1% per year to 1.1% per year is $211 million. These analyses can be used to justify maintaining and even increasing efforts in tree improvement. With the aggressive fourth-cycle breeding program underway and plans for fifth-cycle breeding and deployment strategies being developed, we have every reason to believe that this trend for at least 1% gain per year will continue for decades, provided the resources to continue tree improvement efforts remain available. Even a modest increase in genetic gain per year would be justification for stakeholders to invest more than $12 million per year to realize this gain.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={McKeand, Steven E and Payn, Kitt G and Heine, Austin J and Abt, Robert C}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={62–72} }
 @article{walker_bullock_smith_mckeand_2020, title={Modeling Self-Thinning Patterns in Loblolly Pine with Provenance and Family Effects}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa030}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxaa030}, abstractNote={Abstract Size-density trajectories and self-thinning boundary lines were modeled for two diverse provenances of Pinus taeda L. and five open-pollinated families within each provenance. The data used come from a single site with replicated 64-tree block plots measured through age 25 years. The effects of provenance and family were tested using linear and nonlinear mixed-effects self-thinning models. The drought-hardy Lost Pines of Texas provenance displayed a greater predicted carrying capacity (almost 200 more trees per hectare at reference diameter 25.4 cm) and had a more abrupt approach to the self-thinning line than the widely planted Atlantic Coastal Plain provenance. However, the growth rate of the Lost Pines of Texas provenance was considerably slower and stem form was unacceptable for timber production. Families from the Atlantic Coastal Plain differed in their maximum stand density index predictions (from 1,118 to 1,282 trees per hectare at the reference diameter), suggesting there is an opportunity for artificial selection to change maximum stand density index in this breeding population of loblolly pine. A novel method for predicting the self-thinning boundary line using random effects inherent to the experimental design is presented and recommended for repeated measures data. Experimental design considerations for evaluating genetic differences in self-thinning are discussed. Study Implications Genetic improvement of growth rate in forest trees has resulted in large gains in plantation productivity, but the effect on carrying capacity has not been addressed. This study indicated that artificial selection on tolerance to competition in the widely planted Atlantic Coastal Plain provenance of loblolly pine can potentially increase harvest yield without sacrificing growth rate. The drought-hardy Lost Pines of Texas provenance displayed greater carrying capacity but had poor stem form and slow growth. The Lost Pines provenance may be attractive for aboveground carbon sequestration, since it sustained substantially more biomass because of greater maximum stand density and denser wood.}, number={6}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Walker, Trevor D. and Bullock, Bronson P. and Smith, Benjamin C. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={712–725} }
 @article{heine_walker_mckeand_jett_isik_2020, title={Pollination Bag Type Has a Significant Impact on Cone Survival in Mass Production of Controlled Pollinated Seeds in Loblolly Pine}, volume={66}, ISSN={0015-749X 1938-3738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa013}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxaa013}, abstractNote={Abstract Since 2009, deployment of full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has gained prominence in the southeastern United States. To produce full-sib seed, a pollination bag is used to isolate female strobili from outside pollen contamination, and a known pollen is applied at the time of maximum female strobilus receptivity. The goal of this study was to compare prototype pollination bags made by PBS International to the industry standard kraft paper pollination bag with and without a support wire for female strobili survival and to assess their efficiency for mass production of controlled cross loblolly pine seed. A multiyear study compared 13 pollination bag types at more than nine seed orchard sites across the southeastern United States. There were significant differences among bag types for conelet survival at the time of bag removal that persisted until cone harvest 18 months later. Female strobili bagged in prototype PBS-I2 were over three times more likely to survive to cone harvest than strobili inside the traditional kraft pollination bag. Two of the PBS bag types had the highest estimated filled seed per bag. One PBS bag was faster to install and remove than the kraft paper bag with a support wire.}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Heine, Austin J and Walker, Trevor D and McKeand, Steven E and Jett, Jackson B and Isik, Fikret}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={589–599} }
 @article{isik_mckeand_2019, title={Fourth cycle breeding and testing strategy for Pinus taeda in the NC State University Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-019-1377-y}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-019-1377-y}, number={5}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Isik, Fikret and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mckeand_2019, title={The Evolution of a Seedling Market for Genetically Improved Loblolly Pine in the Southern United States}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz006}, DOI={10.1093/jofore/fvz006}, abstractNote={Landowners in the southern United States have witnessed unprecedented changes in the availability of genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Landowners can now purchase the most advanced seedlings bred by tree improvement programs to have increased productivity, improved stem and wood quality, and enhanced disease resistance. Until the mid-2000s, the best genetics were typically planted by forest product companies on their own lands to capture the maximum benefit from their investment in tree breeding. Other forest landowners typically did not have access to the very best genetics. Since the large, vertically integrated forest products companies no longer own or manage much of the land, virtually all seedling families are now available to all landowners. With the evolution of a more open market for seedlings, differential prices developed rapidly. The highest performing full-sibling families now sell for more than four times more than open-pollinated families of lower performance. Landowners who choose to invest in improved genetics are reaping the benefits of many years of selective breeding, which increases their own profitability as well as contributes to the long-term sustainability of cooperative tree improvement programs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={293–301} }
 @article{walker_mckeand_2018, title={Fusiform Rust Hazard Mapping for Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern United States Using Progeny Test Data}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.5849/jof-2017-070}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Walker, Trevor D. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={117–122} }
 @article{spitzer_isik_whetten_farjat_mckeand_2017, title={Correspondence of Loblolly Pine Response for Fusiform Rust Disease from Local and Wide-Ranging Tests in the Southern United States}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/fs-2016-093r1}, abstractNote={Fusiform rust is the most economically important disease of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southern United States. Estimates of family resistance to rust are critical for deployment decisions because 95% of loblolly pine plantations are established with individual families. If families show significant interactions with different pathogen inocula, then the performance of some families in different regions may not be predictable. This study compared rust breeding values of 56 loblolly families estimated from two independent sets of trials. We regressed the rust incidence breeding values of the families estimated from broadly based field tests on breeding values of the same families estimated from narrowly based tests. The model F test was highly significant (P < 0.0001), and breeding values based on local testing explained 75% of the variation in breeding values based on wide-range geographic testing, indicating that local rust breeding values are relatively reliable predictors of families' performance across a broad range of sites. Family rankings were highly consistent across test sites within broadly and narrowly based testing schemes as shown by type B genetic correlations (0.90 and 0.91). We conclude that field testing provides a reliable prediction of the operational value of loblolly families for deployment in regions with a high hazard for fusiform rust. Management and Policy Implications When choosing loblolly pine families to be planted on sites where resistance to fusiform rust is necessary, foresters and landowners can have confidence in the performance data coming from a range of field trials. Results show that local testing for rust resistance in relatively narrow geographic regions provides reasonably reliable rust disease resistance/susceptibility predictions and adequate predictive power for deployment decisions across a broad range of planting sites in the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions of the southeastern United States.}, number={5}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Spitzer, Jesse and Isik, Fikret and Whetten, Ross W. and Farjat, Alfredo E. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={496–503} }
 @article{farjat_reich_guinness_whetten_mckeand_isik_2017, title={Optimal seed deployment under climate change using spatial models: Application to loblolly pine in the Southeastern US}, volume={112}, DOI={10.1080/01621459.2017.1292179}, abstractNote={Provenance tests are a common tool in forestry designed to identify superior genotypes for planting at specific locations. The trials are replicated experiments established with seed from parent trees collected from different regions and grown at several locations. In this work, a Bayesian spatial approach is developed for modeling the expected relative performance of seed sources using climate variables as predictors associated with the origin of seed source and the planting site. The proposed modeling technique accounts for the spatial dependence in the data and introduces a separable Matérn covariance structure that provides a flexible means to estimate effects associated with the origin and planting site locations. The statistical model was used to develop a quantitative tool for seed deployment aimed to identify the location of superior performing seed sources that could be suitable for a specific planting site under a given climate scenario. Cross-validation results indicate that the proposed spatial models provide superior predictive ability compared to multiple linear regression methods in unobserved locations. The general trend of performance predictions based on future climate scenarios suggests an optimal assisted migration of loblolly pine seed sources from southern and warmer regions to northern and colder areas in the southern USA. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.}, number={519}, journal={Journal of the American Statistical Association}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Farjat, A. and Reich, B. J. and Guinness, J. and Whetten, Ross and McKeand, Steven and Isik, Fikret}, year={2017}, pages={909–920} }
 @article{farjat_chamblee_isik_whetten_mckeand_2017, title={Variation among Loblolly Pine Seed Sources across Diverse Environments in the Southeastern United States}, volume={63}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.15-107}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.15-107}, abstractNote={Seven seed sources of first-generation plantation selections of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were evaluated for six traits in test sites across most of its native range east of the Mississippi River in the southeastern United States. The traits evaluated were survival, height, volume, straightness, stem forking, and incidence of fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). At age 8 years, survival was high, with most seed sources having survival greater than 75% at all but two test sites. South Carolina Coastal and Georgia-Florida Coastal seed sources exhibited the fastest growth and most resistance to fusiform rust, whereas the Virginia seed source exhibited the slowest growth but had the best stem form. Test sites and seed source were significantly different for all traits. Seed source × site interactions (genotype × environment [G × E]) were also significant for all traits except stem forking. Low type B genetic correlation values (rB <0.67) for height, volume, and straightness suggest the presence of G × E interactions. The South Carolina Coastal and Virginia seed sources contributed disproportionally the most to G × E interactions for growth traits, but environmental contributions to G × E interactions were distributed relatively uniformly across most test sites. The results indicate that when seed sources are moved outside of their adaptive range, important G × E interactions should be expected and the difference among seed sources originating from a wide range of climates are expected to be more pronounced in older ages.}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Farjat, Alfredo E. and Chamblee, Aaron K. and Isik, Fikret and Whetten, Ross W. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={39–48} }
 @article{grans_isik_purnell_mckeand_2016, title={Genetic Variation in Response to Herbicide and Fertilization Treatments for Growth and Form Traits in Loblolly Pine}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.16-029}, abstractNote={The effects of imposed silvicultural treatments and genetics on growth and form traits were investigated in a 15-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trial in southwestern Georgia, USA. The trial consisted of four treatment combinations and 25 open-pollinated first- and second-generation families. Average individual-tree stem volume ranged from 185.2 dm3 in the combined fertilization and herbicide plots to 91.2 dm3 in the control plots. Variation among treatment combinations was significant for height, volume, sweep, and forking defect but was not significant for branch angle and fusiform rust disease incidence (caused by the fungus Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). Family effects were significant for all traits across treatments. Individual-tree heritability values ranged from 0.10 (stem sweep) to 0.39 (branch angle). Corresponding family-mean heritability values had a range of 0.60 (stem sweep) to 0.90 (branch angle). Genetic correlations between growth (height and volume) and other traits (rust, branch angle, stem forking, and stem sweep) were low and not significant. The lack of important culture × genetics interactions in the study indicates a low risk of losing value due to suboptimal matching between genetic material and silvicultural prescriptions.}, number={6}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Grans, Daniel and Isik, Fikret and Purnell, Robert C. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={633–640} }
 @article{ford_mckeand_jett_isik_2015, title={Effects of Inbreeding on Growth and Quality Traits in Loblolly Pine}, volume={61}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.13-185}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.13-185}, abstractNote={The effect of inbreeding in two provenances of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was investigated. Ten parent trees from each of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont provenances in the southern United States were mated to produce outcrossed (F = 0), half-sib mated (F = 0.125), full-sib mated (F = 0.25), and selfed (F = 0.5) progeny. Growth and quality traits were measured in the progeny of the four inbreeding levels at age 9. Inbreeding decreased height growth up to 21% and stem volume up to 33% but did not affect stem straightness or fusiform rust disease incidence. As expected from quantitative genetics theory, inbreeding depression was more pronounced in crosses between more closely related individuals. Responses to inbreeding varied within parental groups at each inbreeding level, especially depending on the pollen source. Most of the parent groups showed consistent decreases in vigor with increased inbreeding. However, one specific parent group actually had a positive growth response, demonstrating that such genotypes may be selected for advanced-generation breeding, especially when breeding strategies make use of crosses among related individuals. Variation among inbreeding levels and among parents within inbreeding levels presents opportunities as well as challenges for developing breeding strategies in forest trees.}, number={3}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ford, Graham A. and McKeand, Steven E. and Jett, Jackson B. and Isik, Fikret}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={579–585} }
 @article{egbäck_bullock_isik_mckeand_2015, title={Height-Diameter Relationships for Different Genetic Planting Stock of Loblolly Pine at Age 6}, volume={61}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.14-015}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.14-015}, number={3}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Egbäck, Samuel and Bullock, Bronson P. and Isik, Fikret and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={424–428} }
 @article{farjat_isik_reich_whetten_mckeand_2015, title={Modeling Climate Change Effects on the Height Growth of Loblolly Pine}, volume={61}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.14-075}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.14-075}, abstractNote={We present a statistical model to predict the effects of climate change on the height growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) families in the southeastern United States. Provenance-progeny trials were used for assessing the response of loblolly pine seed sources to environmental change. Ordinary least squares, ridge regression, and LASSO regression were used to develop height growth prediction models. The approach integrates both genetic and environmental effects and is meant to overcome the critical limitations of population response function and transfer function methods by making full use of data from provenance trials. Prediction models were tested using a hypothetical future climate scenario with 5% decrease in precipitation and 0.5° C increase in maximum and minimum temperatures, relative to historical average values. Under this scenario, local families from the coastal plains of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina showed the highest performance relative to the current climate in their native environments. As these seed sources were moved to colder northern and inland regions from their origin, we observed declines in their height growth. Similarly, the climatic change scenario suggested that performance of northern seed sources declined significantly when they were moved to more southern warmer regions. The statistical model can be used as a quantitative tool to model the effect of climatic variables on the performance of loblolly pine seed sources and may help to develop sound breeding deployment strategies.}, number={4}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Farjat, Alfredo E. and Isik, Fikret and Reich, Brian J. and Whetten, Ross W. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={703–715} }
 @article{zapata-valenzuela_ogut_kegley_cumbie_isik_li_mckeand_2015, title={Seedling Evaluation of Atlantic Coastal and Piedmont Sources of <i>Pinus taeda</i> L. and Their Hybrids for Cold Hardiness}, volume={61}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.12-610}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.12-610}, abstractNote={Seedlings of 59 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) polycross families representing four populations (Atlantic Coastal, Piedmont, Coastal × Piedmont, and Piedmont × Coastal) were evaluated for cold hardiness. Seedlings were preconditioned in phytotron environments and then subjected to a freezing treatment. Freezing injury, mortality, and size of seedlings were assessed. Significant differences in cold injury were found among populations and families within each population. The Piedmont families and hybrid seedlings with a Piedmont maternal parent had less injury and higher survival relative to those of the other populations. Most families with high cold injury had a Coastal maternal parent, whereas most families with the least cold injury had a Piedmont maternal parent. The large observed among- and within-population variations in cold injury suggested that family or individual-within-family selection could improve cold hardiness in loblolly pine. Based on the results of seedling growth and cold injury, there may be an advantage to deploying Piedmont × Coastal hybrids or Piedmont families on more adverse sites, e.g., cold sites. On the milder sites, deployment of Coastal × Piedmont hybrids or hardy Coastal families seems appropriate.}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zapata-Valenzuela, Jaime A. and Ogut, Funda and Kegley, Angela and Cumbie, Patrick and Isik, Fikret and Li, Bailian and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={169–175} }
 @article{mckeand_2015, title={The success of tree breeding in the southern US}, volume={10}, DOI={10.15376/biores.10.1.1-2}, abstractNote={Nowhere in the world have tree improvement and silviculture had a bigger impact on forest productivity and value to landowners than in the southern US. The economic impact from almost 60 years of tree improvement in the southern United States has been staggering. For example, over 300,000 hectares are planted each year with seedlings from the breeding efforts with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) by members and staff of the North Carolina State University Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. The present value of continued genetic gains from traditional tree improvement efforts is estimated to be $2.5 billion USD to landowners and citizens in the southern US.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={McKeand, Steven}, year={2015}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{wood_bullock_isik_mckeand_2015, title={Variation in Stem Taper and Growth Traits in a Clonal Trial of Loblolly Pine}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.12-068}, abstractNote={As volume is the primary measure of value in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands, knowledge about the stem taper of commonly deployed clones may better describe genetic gains made by each clonal variety and could provide more accurate volume estimates. Clonal varieties with combined low taper and fast growth can potentially offer great gains in uniformity, quality, and volume when deployed operationally. Clones propagated via somatic embryogenesis from 13 full-sib families and two open-pollinated families were measured in the eighth growing season across three sites in coastal Georgia and South Carolina. Three form quotients were used to analyze stem taper differences among clones and to assess taper impacts on total stem volume. Significant clonal variation was found for form quotients, indicating that genetic differences exist in stem taper among different clones. Clone mean heritability estimates for form quotients and growth traits were moderate to high (0.64–0.94), indicating that the use of form quotients could improve selection by accounting for taper in clones. However, taper impacts on total volume were minimal after accounting for dbh and total height, and differences among clones in total volume were sufficiently captured using a single combined-variable D2H equation. While selecting clones by total height and dbh may not necessarily capture clones with the least taper, this method was sufficient for selecting varieties with the largest volumes.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Wood, Elizabeth R. and Bullock, Bronson P. and Isik, Fikret and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={76–82} }
 @article{ogut_maltecca_whetten_mckeand_isik_2014, title={Genetic Analysis of Diallel Progeny Test Data Using Factor Analytic Linear Mixed Models}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84893424508&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.12-108}, abstractNote={Multienvironmental trials are commonly used in plant breeding programs to select superior genotypes for specific sites or across multiple sites for breeding and deployment decisions. We compared the efficiency of factor analytic (FA) and other covariance structures for genetic analysis of height growth in Pinus taeda L. diallel progeny trials to account for heterogeneity in variances and covariances among different environments. Among the models fitted, FA models produced the smallest Akaike information criterion (AIC) model fit statistic. An unstructured (US) variance-covariance matrix produced a log likelihood value similar to that for the FA model but had a large number of parameters. As a result, some models with US covariance failed to converge. FA models captured both variance and covariance at the genetic level better than simpler models and provided more accurate predictions of breeding values. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for height from 10 different sites were about 0.20 when more complex variance structures were used, compared with 0.13 when simpler variance structures such as identity and block-diagonal variance structures were used. FA models are robust for modeling genotype × environment interaction, and they reduce the computational requirements of mixed-model analysis. On average, all 10 environments had additive genetic correlation of 0.83 and dominance genetic correlation of 0.91, suggesting that genotype × environment interaction should not be a concern for this specific population in the environments in which the genotypes were tested.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ogut, Funda and Maltecca, Christian and Whetten, Ross and McKeand, Steven and Isik, Fikret}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={119–127} }
 @article{xiong_mckeand_whetten_isik_2014, title={Genetics of Stem Forking and Ramicorn Branches in a Cloned Loblolly Pine Family}, volume={60}, ISSN={0015-749X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.12-018}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.12-018}, abstractNote={Forking defects and ramicorn branching were assessed in a cloned full-sib family of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The proportion of forking ranged from 13 to 21% across four test sites with a mean of 17%. Ramicorn branching incidence averaged 24% and varied from 18 to 31% over all sites. There were significant differences among clones within this family for all traits studied. The estimated clone mean repeatabilities were moderately high for forking defects (0.67–0.86). Through single trait selection with a selection differential of 4%, the proportion of trees with forks and ramicorn branches could be reduced 10 and 13%, respectively. Low to moderate unfavorable genetic correlations were found between growth traits and forking defects (0.12–0.45), suggesting that selection for either trait alone will negatively affect the genetic response for the other. No significant environmental correlations were found between forking and growth. A moderate significant positive genetic correlation between stem forking and ramicorn branching indicates that both traits may be partially controlled by the same genes and could be improved simultaneously. Strategies are discussed for within-family selection to capture more gain for increased growth and reduced stem forking for the breeding of loblolly pine.}, number={2}, journal={Forest Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Xiong, Jin S. and McKeand, Steven E. and Whetten, Ross W. and Isik, Fikret T.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={360–366} }
 @article{smith_bullock_isik_mckeand_2014, title={Modeling genetic effects on growth of diverse provenances and families of loblolly pine across optimum and deficient nutrient regimes}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0379}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2013-0379}, abstractNote={Optimal deployment of improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planting stock in the southeastern United States requires knowing how diverse seed sources and families perform over time across the wide range of sites used for plantations. This study tests if the relative growth performance of provenances and families is the same at the individual-tree and stand levels for family block plantings and determines what type of adjustment may be required to account for genetic differences when modeling growth and yield. Ten open-pollinated families from two very different provenances, Atlantic Coastal Plain and “Lost Pines” Texas, were grown in single-family block plots to test for growth differences between provenances and among families under severely deficient and optimal nutrition regimes on a nutrient-deficient, dry site. The three-parameter Chapman–Richards function was fit to plot means over time by provenance, family, and nutrition treatments. Models with provenance- or family-specific parameters of the Chapman–Richards function were tested for significant improvement over global parameters. At age 14 years, family, provenance, and nutrition treatments all significantly affected individual-tree growth traits of height, diameter, and volume. Significant nutrition by provenance interactions were found for stand-level traits of basal area per hectare and volume per hectare. Family differences were also significant for these traits. Provenance- or family-specific asymptotic parameters accounted for differences in growth over time. Several traits required the use of local asymptotic and rate parameters in the fertilized treatment only. For modeling growth, a multiplier would be sufficient to account for genetic effects on the majority of traits.}, number={11}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Smith, Ben C. and Bullock, Bronson P. and Isik, Fikret and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={1453–1461} }
 @article{zapata-valenzuela_whetten_neale_mckeand_isik_2013, title={Genomic Estimated Breeding Values Using Genomic Relationship Matrices in a Cloned Population of Loblolly Pine}, volume={3}, ISSN={2160-1836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.113.005975}, DOI={10.1534/g3.113.005975}, abstractNote={Abstract Replacement of the average numerator relationship matrix derived from the pedigree with the realized genomic relationship matrix based on DNA markers might be an attractive strategy in forest tree breeding for predictions of genetic merit. We used genotypes from 3461 single-nucleotide polymorphism loci to estimate genomic relationships for a population of 165 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) individuals. Phenotypes of the 165 individuals were obtained from clonally replicated field trials and were used to estimate breeding values for growth (stem volume). Two alternative methods, based on allele frequencies or regression, were used to generate the genomic relationship matrices. The accuracies of genomic estimated breeding values based on the genomic relationship matrices and breeding values estimated based on the average numerator relationship matrix were compared. On average, the accuracy of predictions based on genomic relationships ranged between 0.37 and 0.74 depending on the validation method. We did not detect differences in the accuracy of predictions based on genomic relationship matrices estimated by two different methods. Using genomic relationship matrices allowed modeling of Mendelian segregation within full-sib families, an important advantage over a traditional genetic evaluation system based on pedigree. We conclude that estimation of genomic relationships could be a powerful tool in forest tree breeding because it accurately accounts both for genetic relationships among individuals and for nuisance effects such as location and replicate effects, and makes more accurate selection possible within full-sib crosses.}, number={5}, journal={G3&#58; Genes|Genomes|Genetics}, publisher={Genetics Society of America}, author={Zapata-Valenzuela, Jaime and Whetten, Ross W. and Neale, David and McKeand, Steve and Isik, Fikret}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={909–916} }
 @article{aspinwall_king_mckeand_2013, title={Productivity differences among loblolly pine genotypes are independent of individual-tree biomass partitioning and growth efficiency}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1432-2285"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00468-012-0806-4}, number={3}, journal={TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION}, author={Aspinwall, Michael J. and King, John S. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={533–545} }
 @article{aspinwall_mckeand_king_2012, title={Carbon Sequestration from 40 Years of Planting Genetically Improved Loblolly Pine across the Southeast United States}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.11-058}, abstractNote={Highly productive, widely deployed genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) may play an important role in mitigating rising atmospheric CO2 via carbon (C) sequestration. To understand the role of loblolly pine genetic improvement in future C sequestration strategies, we examined the historical (1968–2007) impact of operationally deploying improved families of loblolly pine on productivity and C sequestration across the southeast United States. Since 1977, nearly 100% of loblolly pine plantations in the southeast United States have been established with genetically improved loblolly pine. In recent years, more than 400,000 ha of genetically improved loblolly pine are planted annually. Between 1968 and 2007, we estimate that genetically improved loblolly pine plantations have produced a total of 25.6 billion m3 of stemwood volume and have sequestered 9,865 Tg C in live and dead biomass. Our estimates also indicate that genetic improvement has resulted in an additional 3.7 billion m3 (17% increase) and 1,100 Tg C (13%) of volume production and C sequestration, respectively, relative to volume production and C sequestration with no genetic improvement. We expect that loblolly pine plantation C sequestration will increase as more productive families and clones are deployed and as currently deployed genetic material continues to mature. Together, genetic improvement, intensive silvicultural, and longer rotations aimed at producing long-lived wood products will be important tools for maximizing C sequestration in loblolly pine plantations.}, number={5}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Aspinwall, Michael J. and McKeand, Steven E. and King, John S.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={446–456} }
 @article{cumbie_isik_mckeand_2012, title={Genetic Improvement of Sawtimber Potential in Loblolly Pine}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.09-060}, abstractNote={Progeny from 48 elite parents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were bred in a disconnected diallel mating design and were planted at four sites across the lower coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Height, dbh, volume, fusiform rust incidence (caused by the fungus Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme), stem forking, stem sweep, branch angle, branch diameter, branch frequency, and a sawtimber potential score were measured after six growing seasons. There were significant differences among families for all traits measured. Individual-tree narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 and half-sib family-mean heritability estimates ranged from 0.73 to 0.98. Height and volume were the traits most highly correlated with the sawtimber potential score of individual trees. From multiple regression, 79% of the variation in sawtimber potential breeding values can be attributed to variation in volume, rust incidence, stem sweep, and forking breeding values. The potential dollar value of loblolly pine was increased as much as 162% over local checks when both volume and sawtimber potential were used to select the 10 best parents from the population. Implementation of a selection index on currently measured traits is a promising opportunity to make gains in the proportion of sawtimber produced from improved germplasm of loblolly pine in the southeastern United States.}, number={2}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cumbie, W. Patrick and Isik, Fikret and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={168–177} }
 @article{zapata-valenzuela_isik_maltecca_wegrzyn_neale_mckeand_whetten_2012, title={SNP markers trace familial linkages in a cloned population of Pinus taeda-prospects for genomic selection}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869878413&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-012-0516-5}, abstractNote={Advances in DNA sequencing technology have made possible the genotyping of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and new methods of statistical analysis are emerging to apply these advances in plant breeding programs. We report the utility of markers for prediction of breeding values in a forest tree species using empirical genotype data (3,406 polymorphic SNP loci). A total of 526 Pinus taeda L. clones tested widely in field trials were phenotyped at age 5 years. Only 149 clones from 13 full-sib crosses were genotyped. Markers were fit simultaneously to predict marker additive and dominance effects. Subsets of the 149 genotyped clones were used to train a model using all markers. Cross-validation strategies were followed for the remaining subset of genotyped individuals. The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values ranged from 0.61 to 0.83 for wood lignin and cellulose content, and from 0.30 to 0.68 for height and volume traits. The accuracies of predictions based on markers were comparable with the accuracies based on pedigree. Because of the small number of SNP markers used and the relatively small population size, we suggest that observed accuracies in this study trace familial linkage rather than historical linkage disequilibrium with trait loci. Prediction accuracies of models that use only a subset of markers were generally comparable with the accuracies of the models using all markers, regardless of whether markers are associated with the phenotype. The results suggest that using SNP loci for selection instead of phenotype is efficient under different relative lengths of the breeding cycle, which would allow cost-effective applications in tree breeding programs. Prospects for applications of genomic selection to P. taeda breeding are discussed.}, number={6}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Zapata-Valenzuela, Jaime and Isik, Fikret and Maltecca, Christian and Wegrzyn, Jill and Neale, David and McKeand, Steve and Whetten, Ross}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1307–1318} }
 @article{espinoza_allen_mckeand_dougherty_2012, title={Stem sinuosity in loblolly pine with nitrogen and calcium additions}, volume={265}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.026}, abstractNote={Abstract Stem sinuosity is a deformation that occurs in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.), and in many other pine species, that frequently affects the quality of the wood and hence, the final products. This deformation occurs mainly on the stem and has been associated with nutritional and physiological disorders. Nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) are two important elements affecting the formation, growth, membrane stability and maintenance of tree cell integrity. We hypothesized that high N and low Ca availability could be a cause for sinuous growth in young loblolly pine. A trial was established in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina using different loblolly pine genotypes to evaluate sinuosity when nitrogen fertilizer was applied with and without calcium additions. Eight genotype blocks were fertilized with N (224 kg ha −1 ) as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and Ca (168 kg ha −1 ) as CaSO 4 . Nutrient concentrations from flushing shoot tissue were examined and then correlated with stem sinuosity. Nitrogen additions caused significant increases in both stem sinuosity and N concentrations. Calcium additions reduced stem sinuosity and mitigated the negative effect of N addition when it was applied with N. The magnitude of the effect of nutrient additions observed in the eight genotypes used, however, suggests that long-term trials composed of more genotypes need to be established in order to confirm the effect of Ca, N and genotype on stem sinuosity found on this study. Our findings infer that the appropriate nutrient balance and selection of genetic material are important to provide good growth and acceptable stem form when managing stands of loblolly pine.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Espinoza, J. A. and Allen, H. L. and McKeand, S. E. and Dougherty, P. M.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={55–61} }
 @article{aspinwall_king_mckeand_bullock_2011, title={Genetic effects on stand-level uniformity and above- and belowground dry mass production in juvenile loblolly pine}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.029}, abstractNote={Genetic differences in stand-level above- and belowground dry mass production in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) may influence southern pine plantation productivity, sustainability and carbon (C) sequestration. Furthermore, deployment of more or less genetically homogeneous individuals could impact stand uniformity and ecosystem processes. In this study, we aimed to compare stand uniformity and above- and belowground dry mass production among loblolly pine genotypes of contrasting inherent genetic homogeneity. We hypothesized that stand-level uniformity would increase as within-genotype inherent genetic variation decreased (open-pollinated (half-sib) > full-sib > clone). To examine genetic effects on stand uniformity and productivity, we grew ten different genotypes (three open-pollinated families, three full-sib families, three clones, and one seed orchard mix variety) in a plantation setting for 4 years, at two different planting densities (∼539 and 1077 trees ha−1), and used allometric relationships to estimate standing dry mass and annual dry mass production. In the low planting density treatment, age 3 total standing dry mass of the most productive genotype (5824 kg ha−1) was 82% higher than that of the least productive genotype (3207 kg ha−1). In the high planting density treatment, age 3 total standing dry mass of the most productive genotype (11,393 kg ha−1) was 110% higher than that of the least productive genotype (5427 kg ha−1). Genetic differences in annual dry mass production were of a similar magnitude with peak rates during the third year as high as 4221 and 8198 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the low and high planting density treatments, respectively. More genetically homogeneous genotypes did not show greater stand-level uniformity under operational management conditions. Over time, genotypes showed no consistent differences in the coefficient of variation (CV) for ground-level diameter; however, two full-sib and two half-sib families showed significantly lower CV’s for total tree height than all three clones. Moreover, genotypes with lower CV’s for height growth displayed greater stand-level dry mass production which supports the premise that greater stand uniformity will lead to enhanced productivity. Since uniformity and stand-level productivity of loblolly pine clones will be principally governed by environmental heterogeneity, our results highlight the need for silvicultural prescriptions that maximize site uniformity. In addition, our results demonstrate how the deployment of highly productive loblolly pine genotypes may provide a means of enhancing southern pine ecosystem sustainability by sequestering C in both harvestable aboveground biomass and woody belowground biomass.}, number={4}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Aspinwall, Michael J. and King, John S. and McKeand, Steven E. and Bullock, Bronson P.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={609–619} }
 @article{aspinwall_king_booker_mckeand_2011, title={Genetic effects on total phenolics, condensed tannins and non-structural carbohydrates in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) needles}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/tpr073}, abstractNote={Carbon allocation to soluble phenolics (total phenolics, proanthocyanidins (PA)) and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; starch and soluble sugars) in needles of widely planted, highly productive loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes could impact stand resistance to herbivory, and biogeochemical cycling in the southeastern USA. However, genetic and growth-related effects on loblolly pine needle chemistry are not well characterized. Therefore, we investigated genetic and growth-related effects on foliar concentrations of total phenolics, PA and TNC in two different field studies. The first study contained nine different genotypes representing a range of genetic homogeneity, growing in a 2-year-old plantation on the coastal plain of North Carolina (NC), USA. The second study contained eight clones with different growth potentials planted in a 9-year-old clonal trial replicated at two sites (Georgia (GA) and South Carolina (SC), USA). In the first study (NC), we found no genetic effects on total phenolics, PA and TNC, and there was no relationship between genotype size and foliar biochemistry. In the second study, there were no differences in height growth between sites, but the SC site showed greater diameter (diameter at breast height (DBH)) and volume, most likely due to greater tree mortality (lower stocking) which reduced competition for resources and increased growth of remaining trees. We found a significant site × clone effect for total phenolics with lower productivity clones showing 27–30% higher total phenolic concentrations at the GA site where DBH and volume were lower. In contrast to the predictions of growth–defense theory, clone volume was positively associated with total phenolic concentrations at the higher volume SC site, and PA concentrations at the lower volume GA site. Overall, we found no evidence of a trade-off between genotype size and defense, and genetic potential for improved growth may include increased allocation to some secondary metabolites. These results imply that deployment of more productive loblolly pine genotypes will not reduce stand resistance to herbivory, but increased production of total phenolics and PA associated with higher genotype growth potential could reduce litter decomposition rates and therefore, nutrient availability.}, number={8}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Aspinwall, Michael J. and King, John S. and Booker, Fitzgerald L. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={831–842} }
 @article{aspinwall_king_domec_mckeand_isik_2011, title={Genetic effects on transpiration, canopy conductance, stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit, and cavitation resistance in loblolly pine}, volume={4}, ISSN={1936-0584}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.197}, DOI={10.1002/eco.197}, abstractNote={Physiological uniformity and genetic effects on canopy-level gas-exchange and hydraulic function could impact loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation sustainability and ecosystem dynamics under projected changes in climate. Over a 1-year period, we examined genetic effects on mean and maximum mid-day canopy conductance (Gs, Gsmax) and transpiration (E, max-E) within a juvenile loblolly pine plantation composed of ‘genotypes’ (e.g. different genetic entries) from each of the three different genetic groups (clones, full-sibs, open-pollinated). We also compared reference canopy conductance (Gs−ref or Gs at a vapour pressure deficit (D) = 1 kPa), maximum E (Emax) in response to D, stomatal sensitivity to D, specific hydraulic conductivity (ks), and cavitation resistance among genotypes. Based on genetic and physiological principles, we hypothesized that (1) within genotypes, physiological uniformity will increase as inherent genetic diversity decreases and (2) genotypes with greater ks and higher canopy-level gas-exchange rates will be more sensitive to increases in D, and more susceptible to loss of ks. In our results, high- and low-genetic diversity genotypes showed no differences in E and Gs uniformity over time. However, E and max-E were significantly different among genotypes, and genotypes showed significant seasonal variability in Gs and Gsmax. Additionally, there were significant differences in Emax, Gs−ref, Gs sensitivity to D, and the pressure at which 50% loss of ks occurs (P50) among individual genotypes. We found no relationship between mean hydraulic conductivity parameters and overall Gs−ref or Gs sensitivity. However, the genotype full embolism point (P88) and loss of ks rate (LCrate) both showed a significant positive relationship with genotype Gs−ref during the spring, indicating that genotypes with higher Gs were less resistant to cavitation. Overall, genetic effects on canopy-level gas-exchange and cavitation resistance were significant, implying that physiological differences among genotypes might affect stand water use, carbon gain, drought tolerance, and hydrologic processes. Contrary to our expectations, uniformity in physiological process rates did not increase as inherent genetic diversity decreased, suggesting that clonal genotypes exhibit high physiological plasticity under plantation conditions. Lastly, our results imply that genotypes with higher spring-time gas-exchange rates may be more susceptible to catastrophic loss of ks. With changes in climate expected to continue, physiological differences among genotypes may affect loblolly pine plantation carbon and water cycling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={2}, journal={Ecohydrology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Aspinwall, Michael J. and King, John S. and Domec, Jean-Christophe and McKeand, Steven E. and Isik, Fikret}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={168–182} }
 @article{isik_amerson_whetten_garcia_mckeand_2011, title={Interactions of Fr genes and mixed-pathogen inocula in the loblolly pine-fusiform rust pathosystem}, volume={8}, ISSN={1614-2942 1614-2950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-011-0416-0}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-011-0416-0}, number={1}, journal={Tree Genetics & Genomes}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Isik, Fikret and Amerson, Henry V. and Whetten, Ross W. and Garcia, Saul A. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={15–25} }
 @article{aspinwall_king_mckeand_domec_2011, title={Leaf-level gas-exchange uniformity and photosynthetic capacity among loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes of contrasting inherent genetic variation}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/tpq107}, abstractNote={Variation in leaf-level gas exchange among widely planted genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes could impact stand-level water use, carbon assimilation, biomass production, C allocation, ecosystem sustainability and biogeochemical cycling under changing environmental conditions. We examined uniformity in leaf-level light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (Asat/gs or δ) among nine loblolly pine genotypes (selected individuals): three clones, three full-sib families and three half-sib families, during the early years of stand development (first 3 years), with each genetic group possessing varying amounts of inherent genetic variation. We also compared light- and CO2-response parameters between genotypes and examined the relationship between genotype productivity, gas exchange and photosynthetic capacity. Within full-sib, half-sib and clonal genotypes, the coefficient of variation (CV) for gas exchange showed no consistent pattern; the CV for gs and δ was similar within clonal (44.3–46.9 and 35.5–38.6%) and half-sib (41.0–49.3 and 36.8–40.9%) genotypes, while full-sibs showed somewhat higher CVs (46.9–56.0 and 40.1–45.4%). In contrast, the CVs for Asat were generally higher within clones. With the exception of δ, differences in gas exchange among genotypes were generally insignificant. Tree volume showed a significant positive correlation with Asat and δ, but the relationship varied by season. Individual-tree volume and genotype volume were positively correlated with needle dark respiration (Rd). Our results suggest that uniformity in leaf-level physiological rates is not consistently related to the amount of genetic variation within a given genotype, and δ, Asat and Rd were the leaf-level physiological parameters that were most consistently related to individual-tree and genotype productivity. An enhanced understanding of molecular and environmental factors that influence physiological variation within and between loblolly pine genotypes may improve assessments of genotype growth potential and sensitivity to global climate change.}, number={1}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Aspinwall, Michael J. and King, John S. and McKeand, Steven E. and Domec, Jean-Christophe}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={78–91} }
 @article{sherrill_bullock_mullin_mckeand_purnell_2011, title={Total and merchantable stem volume equations for midrotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)}, volume={35}, number={3}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Sherrill, J. R. and Bullock, B. P. and Mullin, T. J. and McKeand, S. E. and Purnell, R. C.}, year={2011}, pages={105–108} }
 @article{xiong_isik_mckeand_whetten_2010, title={Genetic variation of stem forking in loblolly pine}, volume={56}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Xiong, J. S. and Isik, F. and McKeand, S. E. and Whetten, R. W.}, year={2010}, pages={429–436} }
 @article{aspinwall_li_mckeand_isik_gumpertz_2010, title={Prediction of whole-stem alpha-cellulose yield, lignin content, and wood density in juvenile and mature loblolly pine}, volume={34}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Aspinwall, M. J. and Li, B. L. and McKeand, S. E. and Isik, F. and Gumpertz, M. L.}, year={2010}, pages={84–90} }
 @inbook{mullin_andersson_bastien_beaulieu_burdon_dvorak_king_kondo_krakowski_lee_et al._2009, title={Economic importance, breeding objectives and achievements}, booktitle={Genomics of industrial crops}, publisher={New Hampshire, UK: Science Publishers}, author={Mullin, T. J. and Andersson, B. and Bastien, J.-C. and Beaulieu, J. and Burdon, R. D. and Dvorak, W. S. and King, J. N. and Kondo, T. and Krakowski, J. and Lee, S. D. and et al.}, editor={Plomion, C. and Bousquet, J.Editors}, year={2009} }
 @article{grans_hannrup_isik_lundqvist_mckeand_2009, title={Genetic variation and relationships to growth traits for microfibril angle, wood density and modulus of elasticity in a Picea abies clonal trial in southern Sweden}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1651-1891"]}, DOI={10.1080/02827580903280061}, abstractNote={Abstract Genetic variation in wood density, microfibril angle (MFA), wood stiffness (MOE), height, diameter and volume was investigated in a 26-year-old Norway spruce [(Picea abies (L.) Karst.] clonal trial in southern Sweden. Wood quality measurements were performed on 10 mm increment cores using SilviScan. For MFA, mean values of annual rings showed the highest value (30°) at ring 2 counting from the pith, followed by a steep decrease and a gradual stabilization around ring 12 at approximately 14°. MOE showed a monotonic increase from 5 GPa to 14 GPa when moving from pith to bark. High broad-sense heritability values were found for wood density (0.48), MFA (0.41) and MOE (0.50). All growth traits displayed heritability values of similar magnitudes as reported in earlier studies. The generally high age–age correlations between different sections of the wood cores suggested that early selection for wood quality traits would be successful. Owing to unfavorable genetic correlations between volume and MOE, the correlated response indicated that selection for volume only at age 10 would result in a 0.27% decrease in weighted MOE at age 26 for every 1% increase in volume.}, number={6}, journal={SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Grans, Daniel and Hannrup, Bjorn and Isik, Fikret and Lundqvist, Sven-Olof and McKeand, Steve}, year={2009}, pages={494–503} }
 @article{sherrill_mullin_bullock_mckeand_purnell_gumpertz_isik_2008, title={An evaluation of selection for volume growth in loblolly pine}, volume={57}, ISSN={["2509-8934"]}, DOI={10.1515/sg-2008-0004}, abstractNote={Abstract Total inside-bark volume is the most important selection criterion for productivity in tree breeding programs in the Southeastern U.S. Tree breeders typically estimate total inside-bark volume based on outside-bark diameter at breast height and total height without accounting for stem taper or bark thickness. To make a direct determination of total inside- and outside-bark volume, a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) open-pollinated family trial replicated with cultural treatments of weed control and fertilization was measured. This direct measurement was compared to typical volume estimates. In this trial, approximately 40 individuals from each of 25 open-pollinated first- and second-generation families were destructively sampled in the 13 th growing season. Selection for volume using a combined-variable (diameter 2 * height) equation was found to be highly effective for making volume gain. There was a high correlation between estimated and directly-measured total inside-bark volumes (0.99). Bark thickness and stem taper had low importance for stem volume selection. There was a positive genetic correlation between bark thickness and diameter at breast height (0.66). This indicates that selection for larger diameters may produce individuals with thicker bark, which may eventually affect total inside-bark volume estimates.}, number={1}, journal={SILVAE GENETICA}, author={Sherrill, J. R. and Mullin, T. J. and Bullock, B. P. and McKeand, S. E. and Purnell, R. C. and Gumpertz, M. L. and Isik, F.}, year={2008}, pages={22–28} }
 @article{mckeand_li_grissom_isik_jayawickrama_2008, title={Genetic parameter estimates for growth traits from diallel tests of loblolly pine throughout the southeastern United States}, volume={57}, ISSN={["2509-8934"]}, DOI={10.1515/sg-2008-0016}, abstractNote={Abstract Variation in heritability and in genetic correlation estimates were evaluated for juvenile tree height and volume for six testing areas of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southeastern United States. Variance components and their functions (heritability and type B genetic correlations) were estimated from 265 six-parent disconnected diallel series, tested in almost 1000 trials (4 tests per diallel series). Original data were collected at age 6 years from about one million trees (265 diallel series x 30 crosses x 36 trees per cross/site x 4 sites) planted in field tests. Genetic tests were from the second cycle of breeding in the North Carolina State University - Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. The overall unbiased individual-tree narrow-sense heritability for height was 0.19 and for volume was 0.16. The broad-sense heritabilities for height (0.24) and for volume (0.22) were higher than narrow-sense heritabilities due to the presence of non-additive genetic variance. There were moderate regional differences in these estimates, with tests in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain tending to have the highest heritabilities for growth traits. There was very little association between site index and heritability, but heritabilities were higher on sites with the highest survival and highest test precision. Genotype x environment interactions were generally low both for half-sib and full-sib families, indicating that families can be operationally deployed to different sites with little concern about unpredictable performance.}, number={3}, journal={SILVAE GENETICA}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Li, B. and Grissom, J. E. and Isik, F. and Jayawickrama, K. J. S.}, year={2008}, pages={101–110} }
 @article{emerson_frampton_mckeand_2008, title={Genetic variation in early growth and bud production among natural populations of fraser fir}, volume={43}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Emerson, J. L. and Frampton, J. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2008}, pages={661–666} }
 @article{isik_li_goldfarb_mckeand_2008, title={Prediction of wood density breeding values of Pinus taeda elite parents from unbalanced data: A method for adjustment of site and age effects using common checklots}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1286-4560"]}, DOI={10.1051/forest:2008018}, abstractNote={• Wood density of elite parents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was investigated in 6 to 18 year-old progeny trials. The sampling was carried out separately in seven testing regions in the southeastern US. A checklot was the only connection between elite parents planted at different trials in a testing region.


• We used a data normalization method suggested for unbalanced designs in cDNA microarray experiments to remove confounding site and age effects using the checklot as a reference sample. Wood density breeding values of parents were predicted by fitting a linear mixed model to the normalized data.


• Using the reference samples to remove site and age effects appears to be an effective method for analysis of unbalanced progeny tests data. In general, wood density (kg/m3) decreased from coastal to inland plantings and from the southern to the northern planting. Considerable genetic variation for wood density was detected among these fast-growing elite parents in six of seven testing regions, with half-sib family mean heritabilities ranging from 0.71 to 0.97 within a testing region. With the exception of two regions, checklots were stable across trials in a region, based on regressing the checklot means on trial means.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Isik, Fikret and Li, Bailian and Goldfarb, Barry and McKeand, Steve}, year={2008}, month={Jun} }
 @article{isik_amerson_whetten_garcia_li_mckeand_2008, title={Resistance of <i>Pinus taeda</i> families under artificial inoculations with diverse fusiform rust pathogen populations and comparison with field trials}, volume={38}, ISSN={0045-5067 1208-6037}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-111}, DOI={10.1139/X08-111}, abstractNote={Controlled inoculations with 10 bulk inocula of Cronartium quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme were carried out on open-pollinated progeny of 25 fast-growing Pinus taeda L. parents. The parents had a range of breeding values for resistance to fusiform rust in progeny field trials. There were highly significant differences among the half-sib families in response to inoculations, and these differences were very reproducible; the half-sib family-mean heritability of resistance to controlled inoculation was 0.97. All of the families that were susceptible in the field were susceptible in controlled inoculations, and most (12 of 17) of the field-resistant families were resistant in response to controlled inoculations. Significant pathogenic variability was observed among the different bulk inocula, although this accounted for only 1.9% of the total variation. Genetic differences among families within field-resistant or field-susceptible groups accounted for 13.7% of the total variation. The family by inocula interaction was highly significant, but a single field-resistant family contributed 44% of the total family by inocula interaction variance, and two other field-resistant families also showed significant interactions.}, number={10}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Isik, Fikret and Amerson, Henry V. and Whetten, Ross W. and Garcia, Saul A. and Li, Bailian and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={2687–2696} }
 @article{isik_amerson_whetten_garcia_li_mckeand_2008, title={Resistance of Pinus taeda families under artificial inoculations with diverse fusiform rust pathogen populations and comparison with field trials (vol 38, pg 2687, 2008)}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x08-910}, number={12}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={Isik, Fikret and Amerson, Henry V. and Whetten, Ross W. and Garcia, Saul A. and Li, Bailian and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={3151–3151} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_gerwig_cumbie_jett_2008, title={Seed orchard management strategies for deployment of intensively selected loblolly pine families in the southern US}, ISBN={978-91-85911-28-8}, booktitle={Seed orchards, Proceedings from a conference at Umea, Sweden}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Gerwig, D. M. and Cumbie, W. P. and Jett, J. B.}, year={2008}, pages={177–182} }
 @inproceedings{cumbie_mckeand_espinoza_isik_grissom_2007, title={Improvements in stem form and growth of elite genotypes in loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 29th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Cumbie, W. P. and McKeand, S. E. and Espinoza, J. and Isik, F. and Grissom, J. E.}, year={2007}, pages={108–111} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_zobel_byram_huber_2007, title={Southern pine tree improvement--a living success story}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 29th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Zobel, B. J. and Byram, T. D. and Huber, D. A.}, year={2007}, pages={3–7} }
 @inproceedings{isik_whetten_garcia_cumbie_mckeand_grissom_batista_2007, title={Using markers in breeding, testing and selection
in loblolly pine ? current and future research.}, booktitle={Conference Proceedings}, author={Isik, F. and Whetten, R. and Garcia, S. and Cumbie, P. and McKeand, S. and Grissom, J. and Batista, T.}, year={2007} }
 @article{isik_whetten_garcia_cumbie_mckeand_grissom_batista_2007, title={Using markers in breeding, testing and selection in loblolly pine: Current and future research}, journal={GENECAR Meeting: Application of DNA based tools for genetic research, molecular breeding, management and monitoring of genetic resources}, author={Isik, F. and Whetten, R. and Garcia, S. and Cumbie, P. and McKeand, S. and Grissom, J. and Batista, T.}, year={2007} }
 @article{yu_li_nelson_mckeand_batista_mullin_2006, title={Association of the cad-n1 allele with increased stem growth and wood density in full-sib families of loblolly pine}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1614-2950"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11295-005-0032-y}, number={2}, journal={TREE GENETICS & GENOMES}, author={Yu, Q. and Li, B. and Nelson, C. D. and McKeand, S. E. and Batista, V. B. and Mullin, T. J.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={98–108} }
 @article{alizoti_li_mckeand_2006, title={Early evaluation of intra- and inter-provenance hybrids of loblolly pine for planting in piedmont regions of the southern United States}, volume={52}, number={5}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Alizoti, P. G. and Li, B. L. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2006}, pages={557–567} }
 @article{emerson_frampton_mckeand_2006, title={Genetic variation of spring frost damage in 3-year-old Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations}, volume={41}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Emerson, J. L. and Frampton, J. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2006}, pages={1531–1536} }
 @inproceedings{isik_mckeand_li_amerson_2006, title={Marker aided selection of loblolly pine clones}, booktitle={Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Symposium}, author={Isik, F. and McKeand, S. and Li, B. and Amerson, H.}, year={2006} }
 @article{mckeand_jokela_huber_byram_allen_li_mullin_2006, title={Performance of improved genotypes of loblolly pine across different soils, climates, and silvicultural inputs}, volume={227}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.016}, abstractNote={Deployment of improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes across the southern United States is a standard silvicultural practice. Most planting is conducted using open-pollinated (OP) families from first- or second-generation seed orchards, and these OP families typically display remarkable rank stability for productivity and quality traits across a range of site characteristics, climates, and silvicultural systems. With only a few exceptions, families are generally stable in performance across all sites within a climatic zone. As tree improvement and nursery programs progress towards deployment of more intensively selected genotypes and less genetically diverse full-sib families or clones, there may be a greater likelihood that genotype by environment (G × E) interactions will become important, particularly as the level of silvicultural treatment intensity increases. We present evidence from numerous trials with full-sib families and clones demonstrating that G × E for growth and other traits is no more significant than for OP families. At present and for the foreseeable future, G × E does not appear to be a major concern for the majority of deployed genetic sources under most silvicultural systems.}, number={1-2}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={McKeand, Steven E. and Jokela, Eric J. and Huber, Dudley A. and Byram, Thomas D. and Allen, H. Lee and Li, Bailian and Mullin, Timothy J.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={178–184} }
 @inproceedings{aspinwall_li_mckeand_isik_gumpertz_2006, title={Predicting whole-stem wood properties in loblolly pine}, volume={40}, booktitle={Information Exchange Group 40 Conference, Incorporating Genetic Advances into Forest Productivity Systems: Value for All Landowners.
Exchange Group 40 Conference, Incorporating Genetic Advances into Forest
Productivity Systems: Value for All Landowners.}, author={Aspinwall, M. and Li, B. and McKeand, S. and Isik, F. and Gumpertz, M.}, year={2006} }
 @article{mckeand_abt_allen_li_catts_2006, title={What are the best loblolly pine genotypes worth to landowners?}, volume={104}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Abt, R. C. and Allen, H. L. and Li, B. L. and Catts, G. P.}, year={2006}, pages={352–358} }
 @inproceedings{smith_bullock_mckeand_2005, title={Comparing parameter estimation techniques for diameter distributions of loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Smith, B. C. and Bullock, B. P. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2005}, pages={104–106} }
 @article{yu_mckeand_nelson_li_sherrill_mullin_2005, title={Differences in wood density and growth of fertilized and nonfertilized loblolly pine associated with a mutant gene, cad-n1}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X05-103}, abstractNote={A rare mutant allele (cad-n1) of the cad gene in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) causes a deficiency in the production of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Effects associated with this allele were examined by comparing wood density and growth traits of cad-n1 heterozygous trees with those of wild-type trees in a 10-year-old open-pollinated family trial growing under two levels of fertilization in Scotland County, North Carolina. In all, 200 trees were sampled, with 100 trees for each fertilizer treatment. Wood density measurements were collected from wood cores at breast height using X-ray densitometry. We found that the substitution of a cad-n1 for a wild-type allele (Cad) was associated with a significant effect on wood density. The cad-n1 heterozygotes had a significantly higher wood density (+2.6%) compared with wild-type trees. The higher density was apparently due to the higher percentage of latewood in the heterozygotes. The fertilization effect was highly significant for both growth and wood density traits. This study indicates that the cad-n1 allele could be a valuable gene to the pulp and paper industry for the purpose of enhancing pulp yields by increasing wood density.}, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Yu, Q and McKeand, SE and Nelson, CD and Li, B and Sherrill, JR and Mullin, TJ}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1723–1730} }
 @article{li_mckeand_2005, title={Forest genetics and tree breeding in the age of genomics--IUFRO Conference}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2005}, pages={141–143} }
 @inproceedings{emerson_frampton_mckeand_2005, title={Genetic variation in young Fraser fir progeny tests}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Emerson, J. L. and Frampton, L. J. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2005}, pages={115–117} }
 @article{lambeth_mckeand_rousseau_schmidtling_2005, title={Planting nonlocal seed sources of loblolly pine: Managing benefits and risks}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Lambeth, C. and McKeand, S. and Rousseau, R. and Schmidtling, R.}, year={2005}, pages={96–104} }
 @article{isik_goldfarb_lebude_li_mckeand_2005, title={Predicted genetic gains and testing efficiency from two loblolly pine clonal trials}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X05-064}, abstractNote={Clonal field trials were established at two sites using rooted cuttings from 450 clones of eight full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Height, survival, fusiform rust infection (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme), bole straightness, and diameter were measured after four growing seasons. There were significant differences among full-sib families and among clones within families for all traits studied. Moderately high within-family repeatabilities of clone means (0.50 to 0.75) for growth traits and a very high within-family repeatability of clone means (0.94) for fusiform rust infection were estimated. When the best eight clones were selected regardless of family structure, the volume yield was 52% greater than that of the unimproved seedlings at two sites. Selection of the best two clones from each of four families produced only slightly lower estimated genetic gains than the above scenario. The probability of fusiform rust infection ranged from 0.08 to 0.93 among clones at the South Carolina site. Predicted genetic gain for rust resistance was relatively insensitive to selection intensity, as there were numerous clones with high apparent resistance. The number of ramets per clone necessary to reliably characterize performance on one site was estimated to be between four and six. These results contribute to estimates of the gains available from clonal forestry and will help guide clonal testing and selection programs. Implementation of clonal forestry and cost issues are discussed.}, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Isik, F and Goldfarb, B and LeBude, A and Li, BL and McKeand, S}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={1754–1766} }
 @article{bridgwater_kubisiak_byram_mckeand_2005, title={Risk assessment with current deployment strategies for fusiform rust-resistant loblolly and slash pines}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Bridgwater, F. and Kubisiak, T. and Byram, T. and McKeand, S.}, year={2005}, pages={80–87} }
 @article{martin_dougherty_mckeand_2005, title={Strategies and case studies for incorporating ecophysiology into southern pine tree improvement programs}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Martin, T. A. and Dougherty, P. M. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2005}, pages={70–79} }
 @article{mckeand_allen_2005, title={Summary of IEG-40 meeting: Silviculture and genetic impacts on productivity of southern pine forests}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Allen, H. L.}, year={2005}, pages={61} }
 @inproceedings{sherrill_mullin_bullock_mckeand_purnell_gumpertz_2005, title={Total inside-bark volume estimation for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in genetic trials}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Sherrill, J. R. and Mullin, T. J. and Bullock, B. P. and McKeand, S. E. and Purnell, R. C. and Gumpertz, M. L.}, year={2005}, pages={123–125} }
 @inproceedings{goldfarb_lebude_isik_mckeand_li_2004, title={Advance and Challenges in Clonal Forestry with Rooted Cuttings of Loblolly Pine}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Goldfarb, B. and LeBude, A. and Isik, F. and McKeand, S. and Li, B.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={41} }
 @inproceedings{isik_li_goldfarb_frampton_mckeand_2004, title={Cloned genotypes are more efficient than seedlings for indirect selection}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Isik, F. and Li, B. and Goldfarb, B. and Frampton, J. and McKeand, S.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={465} }
 @inproceedings{mullin_li_mckeand_2004, title={Delivering on the promise of tree improvement in the southeastern United States}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Mullin, T. and Li, B. and McKeand, S.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{goldfarb_mckeand_lebude_cumbie_isik_li_2004, title={Deployment issues: what kinds of research, development
and demonstration activities are needed to address critical topics, such as public concerns, performance monitoring, and technologies for merchandising harvested clones?}, booktitle={Conference Proceedings}, author={Goldfarb, B. and McKeand, S. E. and LeBude, A. V. and Cumbie, W. P. and Isik, F. and Li, B.}, year={2004} }
 @article{goldfarb_mckeand_lebude_cumbie_isik_li_2004, title={Deployment issues: what kinds of research, development and demonstration activities are needed to address critical topics, such as public concerns, performance monitoring, and technologies for merchandising harvested clones?}, journal={Agenda 2020 Technology Summit II: Meeting the Challenge of Deployment}, author={Goldfarb, B. and McKeand, S. E. and LeBude, A. V. and Cumbie, W. P. and Isik, F. and Li, B.}, year={2004} }
 @article{isik_li_goldfarb_frampton_mckeand_2004, title={Efficiency of clones versus seedlings for correlated response of wood density}, journal={IEG-40 Meeting}, author={Isik, F. and Li, B. and Goldfarb, B. and Frampton, J. and McKeand, S.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{whetten_li_mckeand_2004, title={Microarray analysis of gene expression in OP pine families in field plantings}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Whetten, R. W. and Li, Z. and McKeand, S. E.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={257–269} }
 @article{wu_grissom_mckeand_o'malley_2004, title={Phenotypic plasticity of fine roots increases plant productivity in pine seedlings}, volume={4}, journal={BMC Ecology}, author={Wu, R. and Grissom, J. E. and McKeand, S. E. and O'Malley, D. M.}, year={2004}, pages={14} }
 @article{goldfarb_lebude_gocke_li_isik_mckeand_2004, title={Producing rooted cutting reforestation stock of Loblolly pine: progress and challenges}, journal={IEG-40 Meeting}, author={Goldfarb, B. and LeBude, A. and Gocke, M. and Li, B. and Isik, F. and McKeand, S.}, year={2004} }
 @article{kegley_mckeand_li_2004, title={Seedling evaluation of Atlantic coastal and piedmont sources of loblolly pine and their hybrids for height growth}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Kegley, A. J. and Mckeand, S. E. and Li, B. L.}, year={2004}, pages={83–90} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_allen_2004, title={Silviculture and genetic impacts on productivity of loblolly pine in the southern United States}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Allen, H. L.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={373–374} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_grissom_allen_bullock_2004, title={Ten-year response of diverse families of loblolly pine to fertilization}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Grissom, J. E. and Allen, H. L. and Bullock, B. P.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={453–455} }
 @inbook{schmidtling_robison_mckeand_rousseau_allen_goldfarb_2004, title={The role of genetics and tree improvement in southern forest productivity}, ISBN={60843994}, booktitle={Southern forest science: Past, present, future}, publisher={Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station}, author={Schmidtling, R. C. and Robison, T. L. and McKeand, S. E. and Rousseau, R. J. and Allen, H. L and Goldfarb, B.}, editor={Rauscher, H. M. and Johnsen, K.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={97–108} }
 @inproceedings{cumbie_gerwig_lambeth_raley_mckeand_2004, title={Topgrafting loblolly pine to accelerate breeding and deployment of genetic gain in the southern US}, booktitle={Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics: Progress and Future,  IUFRO Joint Conference of Division 2, Conference Proceedings}, author={Cumbie, W. P. and Gerwig, D. and Lambeth, C. C. and Raley, M. and McKeand, S.}, editor={Li, B. and McKeand, S.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={228} }
 @inproceedings{yu_capanema_batista_josserand_johnson_nelson_mckeand_mackay_kadla_li_et al._2004, title={Tracking down the effects of a rare mutant gene in loblolly pine: a first report}, booktitle={2004 Paper Summit, Spring Technical and International Environmental Conference}, publisher={CD-ROM published by TAPPI,  Norcross, GA}, author={Yu, Q. and Capanema, E. and Batista, V. B. and Josserand, S. and Johnson, G. and Nelson, C. D. and McKeand, S. E. and MacKay, J. J. and Kadla, J. F. and Li, B. and et al.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{byram_mangini_mckeand_2003, title={Cone and seed insect pest research: the role of the southwide studies}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Byram, T. D. and Mangini, A. C. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2003}, pages={116–125} }
 @article{mckeand_mullin_byram_white_2003, title={Deployment of genetically improved loblolly and slash pines in the south}, volume={101}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. and Mullin, T. and Byram, T. and White, T.}, year={2003}, pages={32–37} }
 @inproceedings{rubilar_mckeand_allen_2003, title={Dominance and stand structure analysis in a GxE interaction trial}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Rubilar, R. and McKeand, S. E. and Allen, H. L.}, year={2003}, pages={34–37} }
 @article{roberds_strom_hain_gwaze_mckeand_lott_2003, title={Estimates of genetic parameters for oleoresin and growth traits in juvenile loblolly pine}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X03-186}, abstractNote={In southern pines of the United States, resistance to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is believed to principally involve flow of oleoresin to beetle attack sites. Both environmental and genetic factors are known to affect the quantity of oleoresin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., but little is known about the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in this trait. Here we report estimates of genetic variation in oleoresin flow and growth traits for a population of this species. Oleoresin yield, total height, and diameter were measured on 10- and 11-year-old trees from an experimental test in Santa Rosa County, Florida. Trees were from 72 full-sib families produced by mating 48 parents according to a disconnected partial diallel mating design. Resin yield was determined from breast-height samples collected at two times: once in the summer of 1999 when latewood was being produced (summer resin flow), and once in the spring of 2000 during earlywood formation (spring resin flow). All traits studied were found to be highly genetically variable and to have much greater additive than dominance variance. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability for spring and summer resin flow were in the moderate range and are comparable to values obtained for the growth traits. Additive genetic correlations between oleoresin yield and the growth traits were positive and moderately high, suggesting that directional selection to improve growth in loblolly pine will also result in increased production of oleoresin.}, number={12}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Roberds, JH and Strom, BL and Hain, FP and Gwaze, DP and McKeand, SE and Lott, LH}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={2469–2476} }
 @article{mckeand_amerson_li_mullin_2003, title={Families of loblolly pine that are the most stable for resistance to fusiform rust are the least predictable}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/X03-050}, abstractNote={In an extensive series of trials with open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), resistance to fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) at individual test sites was relatively unpredictable for the families deemed most resistant. The most resistant families were also the most stable for performance across test sites, with stability defined as the slope of the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. A family's R-50 value (its predicted rust infection level when the site mean infection is 50%) was correlated to its stability parameter or slope (r = 0.78). On average, any one family's level of infection (% galled) was reasonably predictable for any given infection level at a given site; the average coefficient of determination (r 2 ) was 0.78 for the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. However, the six most stable families for resistance had the lowest r 2 values (average r 2 = 0.58). We speculated that the lower predictability for the most resistant families was due to interactions of specific resistance genes in these families and corresponding avirulence and (or) virulence levels in the pathogen populations that may differ among sites. Although the predictability of the individual resistant families was relatively low, if these families were bulked into a resistant seed lot, they performed in a more predictable manner with r 2 = 0.74 for the regression of the bulk mean versus site means. Bulks of four to six highly resistant families appeared to be a good solution to obtain stable and predictable performance across a range of sites.}, number={7}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={McKeand, SE and Amerson, HV and Li, B and Mullin, TJ}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={1335–1339} }
 @article{goldfarb_isik_lebude_mckeand_li_2003, title={Four-year results from a clonal test of loblolly pine}, volume={27}, journal={Proc. 27th Biennial Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Goldfarb, B. and Isik, F. and LeBude, A. and McKeand, S. and Li, B.}, year={2003}, pages={42} }
 @article{xiang_li_mckeand_2003, title={Genetic gain and selection efficiency of loblolly pine in three geographic regions}, volume={49}, number={2}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Xiang, B. and Li, B. L. and McKeand, S.}, year={2003}, pages={196–208} }
 @article{sierra-lucero_huber_mckeand_white_rockwood_2003, title={Genotype-by-environment interaction and deployment considerations for families from Florida provenances of loblolly pine}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={Sierra-Lucero, V. and Huber, D. A. and McKeand, S. E. and White, T. L. and Rockwood, D. L.}, year={2003}, pages={85–92} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_grissom_rubilar_allen_2003, title={Responsiveness of diverse families of loblolly pine to fertilization: eight-year results from SETRES-2}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 27th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Grissom, J. E. and Rubilar, R. and Allen, H. L.}, year={2003}, pages={30–33} }
 @article{lai_katul_butnor_siqueira_ellsworth_maier_johnsen_mckeand_oren_2002, title={Modelling the limits on the response of net carbon exchange to fertilization in a south-eastern pine forest}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00896.x}, abstractNote={Using a combination of model simulations and detailed measurements at a hierarchy of scales conducted at a sandhills forest site, the effect of fertilization on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and its components in 6-year-old Pinus taeda stands was quantified. The detailed measurements, collected over a 20-d period in September and October, included gas exchange and eddy covariance fluxes, sampled for a 10-d period each at the fertilized stand and at the control stand. Respiration from the forest floor and above-ground biomass was measured using chambers during the experiment. Fertilization doubled leaf area index (LAI) and increased leaf carboxylation capacity by 20%. However, this increase in total LAI translated into an increase of only 25% in modelled sunlit LAI and in canopy photosynthesis. It is shown that the same climatic and environmental conditions that enhance photosynthesis in the September and October periods also cause an increase in respiration The increases in respiration counterbalanced photosynthesis and resulted in negligible NEE differences between fertilized and control stands. The fact that total biomass of the fertilized stand exceeded 2·5 times that of the control, suggests that the counteracting effects cannot persist throughout the year. In fact, modelled annual carbon balance showed that gross primary productivity (GPP) increased by about 50% and that the largest enhancement in NEE occurred in the spring and autumn, during which cooler temperatures reduced respiration more than photosynthesis. The modelled difference in annual NEE between fertilized and control stands (approximately 200 1;g 2;C 3;m−2 y−1) suggest that the effect of fertilization was sufficiently large to transform the stand from a net terrestrial carbon source to a net sink.}, number={9}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Lai, CT and Katul, G and Butnor, J and Siqueira, M and Ellsworth, D and Maier, C and Johnsen, K and Mckeand, S and Oren, R}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={1095–1119} }
 @article{sierra-lucero_mckeand_huber_rockwood_white_2002, title={Performance differences and genetic parameters for four coastal provenances of loblolly pine in the southeastern United States}, volume={48}, number={4}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Sierra-Lucero, V. and Mckeand, S. E. and Huber, D. A. and Rockwood, D. L. and White, T. L.}, year={2002}, pages={732–742} }
 @article{dimmel_mackay_courchene_kadla_scott_dm o'malley_mckeand_2002, title={Pulping and bleaching of partially CAD-deficient wood}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0277-3813"]}, DOI={10.1081/WCT-120016260}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Mutant loblolly pine trees that are partially deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) have been studied as a possible new source of pulpwood. Young (4- and 6-year-old) partially CAD-deficient pine trees are ˜20% more easily delignified (pulping and bleaching) and provide similar pulp yields to that of similarly aged normal pines grown on the same plots. Bleached pulp from a 6-year-old partially CAD-deficient pine tree displayed better strength properties than the same age normal pine tree; this probably reflects the milder pulping conditions needed in the case of the partially CAD-deficient tree. Studies also were conducted on a limited number of 14-year-old trees from a different genetic background. In contrast to the results with young trees, no real differences in ease of delignification, pulp yields, bleached pulp strength properties, and wood specific gravities were observed with the 14-year-old trees. There would likely be no penalty if partially CAD-deficient trees were used for ...}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Dimmel, DR and MacKay, JJ and Courchene, CE and Kadla, JF and Scott, JT and DM O'Malley and McKeand, SE}, year={2002}, pages={235–248} }
 @article{landsberg_johnsen_albaugh_allen_mckeand_2001, title={Applying 3-PG, a simple process-based model designed to produce practical results, to data from loblolly pine experiments}, volume={47}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Landsberg, J. J. and Johnsen, K. H. and Albaugh, T. J. and Allen, H. L. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2001}, pages={43–51} }
 @inproceedings{o'malley_scott_harkins_kadia_mckeand_chang_2001, title={Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cad) and genomic approaches to manipulating wood properties in loblolly pine}, booktitle={7th Brazilian Symposium on the Chemistry of Lignins and Other Wood Components}, author={O'Malley, D. and Scott, J. and Harkins, D. and Kadia, J. and McKeand, S. and Chang, H-M}, year={2001}, pages={19–24} }
 @inproceedings{grissom_mckeand_2001, title={Comparative physiology of contrasting genotypes of loblolly pine under dry field conditions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Grissom, J. E. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2001}, pages={122–124} }
 @inproceedings{cumbie_li_goldfarb_mullin_mckeand_2001, title={Genetic parameters and uniformity of wood properties of full-sib families and clones of loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Cumbie, W. P. and Li, B. and Goldfarb, B. and Mullin, T. and McKeand, S.}, year={2001}, pages={104–106} }
 @article{isik_keskin_mckeand_2001, title={Provenance variation and provenance-site interaction in Pinusbrutia TEN.: Consequences of defining breeding zones}, volume={49}, number={4-5}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={Isik, F. and Keskin, S. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={2001}, pages={213–223} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_allen_goldfarb_2001, title={Tree improvement and intensive silviculture - productivity increases from modern plantation methods}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th CAETS Convocation. World Forests and Technology}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Allen, H. L. and Goldfarb, B.}, year={2001}, pages={99–112} }
 @article{retzlaff_handest_dm o'malley_mckeand_topa_2001, title={Whole-tree biomass and carbon allocation of juvenile trees of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): influence of genetics and fertilization}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/x01-017}, abstractNote={To assess the contribution of belowground biomass allocation towards total carbon (C) allocation of two provenances of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), we examined the total biomass allocation of a fast- and slow-growing family from each provenance. Since planting on a xeric, infertile site in Scotland County, N.C., U.S.A., trees in this study have been subjected to one of two nutrient treatments: optimal nutrition or control (no fertilization). Total biomass of 24 (1 tree/family plot × 2 families × 2 provenances × 2 treatments × 3 blocks) 5-year-old (juvenile) trees was harvested in January 1998. Fertilization increased total root, total shoot, and total tree biomass in all families as compared with harvested trees in control plots. Fertilization also increased biomass of coarse-root, woody-root, taproot, stem, branch, and foliar components of families as compared with trees in control plots. Although there were treatment and family differences in standing-crop biomass of the total root, total shoot, total tree, and various individual root and shoot components, the percent biomass (whole-tree) allocation to these tissues remained similar across treatments. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) analysis indicated some treatment, family, and provenance differences in TNC concentrations and partitioning to starch and soluble sugars. At the time of harvest, TNC concentrations of belowground tissues were much higher than those of aboveground tissues, and enhanced partitioning towards starch in root tissues indicates an important C storage role for belowground tissues at this time. Indeed, more than 90% of the trees starch content was present in root tissue in January. Although constrained by a sample size of three harvested trees per family, this study suggests that biomass allocation on a whole-tree level was similar between fast- and slow-growing families of different provenances of juvenile loblolly pine and was not affected by fertilizer treatment.}, number={6}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Retzlaff, WA and Handest, JA and DM O'Malley and McKeand, SE and Topa, MA}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={960–970} }
 @article{mckeand_jett_2000, title={Grafting loblolly pine}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Bulletin of the American Conifer Society}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={2000}, pages={22–30} }
 @article{li_mckeand_weir_2000, title={Impact of forest genetics on sustainable forestry: results from two cycles of loblolly pine breeding in the U.S.}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1300/j091v10n01_09}, number={1/2}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, Steven and Weir, R.}, year={2000}, pages={79–85} }
 @article{mckeand_raley_2000, title={Interstock effects on strobilus initiation in topgrafted loblolly pine}, volume={7}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Raley, E. M.}, year={2000}, pages={179–182} }
 @article{mckeand_grissom_handest_o'malley_allen_2000, title={Responsiveness of diverse provenances of loblolly pine to fertilization - age 4 results}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1300/j091v10n01_10}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, author={McKeand, Steven and Grissom, J. E. and Handest, J. A. and O'Malley, D. M. and Allen, H. L.}, year={2000}, pages={87–94} }
 @article{wu_grissom_o'malley_mckeand_2000, title={Root architectural plasticity to nutrient stress in two contrasting ecotypes of loblolly pine}, volume={10}, ISBN={1054-9811}, DOI={10.1300/j091v10n03_13}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, author={Wu, R. L. and Grissom, J. E. and O'Malley, D. M. and McKeand, Steven}, year={2000}, pages={307} }
 @article{rongling_zeng_mckeand_o'malley_2000, title={The case for molecular mapping in forest tree breeding}, volume={19}, number={2000}, journal={Plant Breeding Reviews}, author={Rongling, W. and Zeng, Z.-B. and McKeand and O'Malley, D. M.}, year={2000}, pages={41–68} }
 @article{wu_remington_mackay_mckeand_dm o'malley_1999, title={Average effect of a mutation in lignin biosynthesis in loblolly pine}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0040-5752"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001220051287}, number={3-4}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Wu, RL and Remington, DL and MacKay, JJ and McKeand, SE and DM O'Malley}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={705–710} }
 @article{mckeand_li_amerson_1999, title={Genetic variation in fusiform rust resistance in loblolly pine across a wide geographic range}, volume={48}, number={5}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Li, B. and Amerson, H. V.}, year={1999}, pages={255–260} }
 @article{svensson_mckeand_allen_campbell_1999, title={Genetic variation in height and volume of loblolly pine open-pollinated families during canopy closure}, volume={48}, number={3-4}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={Svensson, J. C. and McKeand, S. E. and Allen, H. L. and Campbell, R. G.}, year={1999}, pages={204–208} }
 @inproceedings{handest_allen_mckeand_1999, title={Genotype and nutrition effects on stand-level leaf area in loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Handest, J. A. and Allen, H. L. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1999}, pages={70–72} }
 @inproceedings{grissom_mckeand_1999, title={Growth and biomass allocation of grafted loblolly pine seedlings from diverse families following fertilization}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Grissom, J. E. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1999}, pages={67–69} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_raley_1999, title={Interstock effects on topgrafting in loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Raley, F.}, year={1999}, pages={121–123} }
 @inproceedings{harbin_mckeand_1999, title={Seed source study of North Carolina and South Carolina Atlantic Coastal Plain loblolly pine in Virginia}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Harbin, M. C. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1999}, pages={73–75} }
 @article{li_mckeand_weir_1999, title={Tree improvement and sustainable forestry- impact of two cycles of loblolly pine breeding in the U.S.A.}, volume={6}, number={4}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S.E. and Weir, R.J.}, year={1999}, pages={229–234} }
 @article{wu_dm o'malley_mckeand_1999, title={Understanding the genetic architecture of a quantitative trait in gymnosperms by genotyping haploid megagametophytes}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0040-5752"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001220051411}, number={6}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Wu, RL and DM O'Malley and McKeand, SE}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={1031–1038} }
 @article{mckeand_bridgwater_1998, title={A strategy for the third breeding cycle of loblolly pine in the Southeastern US}, volume={47}, number={4}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1998}, pages={223–234} }
 @book{li_hatcher_sprauge_mckeand_weir_1998, title={Full-sib breeding values from 2nd-cycle diallel progeny tests}, number={2}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={Li, B. and Hatcher, A. V. and Sprauge, J. R. and McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1998} }
 @book{mckeand_1998, title={Genetic basis for tree improvement}, journal={1998 International Short Course in Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement}, institution={Department of Forestry,  N.C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1998} }
 @book{mckeand_jett_1998, title={Grafting loblolly pine}, journal={1998 International Short Course in Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement}, institution={Department of Forestry,  N.C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1998} }
 @article{mckeand_kurinobu_1998, title={Japanese tree improvement and forest genetics}, volume={96}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. and Kurinobu, S.}, year={1998}, pages={12–17} }
 @book{li_hatcher_sprauge_mckeand_weir_1998, title={Loblolly pine breeding values from 2nd-generation diallel progeny tests}, number={1}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={Li, B. and Hatcher, A. V. and Sprauge, J. R. and McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1998} }
 @article{jayawickrama_mckeand_jett_1998, title={Phenological variation in height and diameter growth in provenances and families of loblolly pine}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1016527317326}, number={1}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Jayawickrama, KJS and McKeand, SE and Jett, JB}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={11–25} }
 @book{mckeand_1998, title={The most common mistakes made in progeny test establishment}, journal={1998 International Short Course in Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement}, institution={Department of Forestry,  N.C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1998} }
 @article{jayawickrama_mckeand_jett_wheeler_1997, title={Date of earlywood-latewood transition in provenances and families of loblolly pine, and its relationship to growth phenology and juvenile wood specific gravity}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x97-091}, abstractNote={When grown together in plantations, fast-growing southern and coastal sources of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) often have lower wood specific gravity than northern and inland sources. This study investigated whether this phenomenon could be explained by a later transition to latewood, associated with a longer period of height growth, of the fast-growing sources. Seven to nine open-pollinated families, from each of four provenances, were grown at two locations in southwest Georgia. Tree cambia were wounded with a needle during summer and fall of the fifth and sixth growing seasons (1993 and 1994). The wounding was done to leave a mark in the xylem used later to determine whether earlywood or latewood was being produced at the time of wounding. Provenances were significantly different for the date of transition in 1994, with 22 days between the earliest and the latest. For most families, latewood transition followed height growth cessation in 1993, but preceded it in 1994. The date of latewood transition had a strong positive correlation (family mean basis across provenances) with the date of height growth cessation and a moderate negative correlation with specific gravity. Juvenile wood specific gravity had a weak (nonsignificant) negative correlation with annual height increment and a stronger negative correlation, significant in 1993, with diameter increment. Correlations within provenances were weak or close to zero. This study provided evidence for an association (especially at the provenance level) between a later cessation of height growth, a later transition to latewood, and lower specific gravity in 5- and 6-year-old trees.}, number={8}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={Jayawickrama, KJS and McKeand, SE and Jett, JB and Wheeler, EA}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={1245–1253} }
 @article{bridgwater_mckeand_1997, title={Early family evaluation for growth of loblolly pine}, volume={4}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={Bridgwater, F. E. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1997}, pages={51–57} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_grissom_o'malley_allen_1997, title={Early growth response of diverse families of loblolly pine to nutrient amendments on a poor site}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Grissom, J. E. and O'Malley, D. M. and Allen, H. L.}, year={1997}, pages={267–274} }
 @book{mckeand_weir_hatcher_li_sprague_zanker_1997, title={Establishment of 2.5-generation seed orchards}, number={97-1}, institution={North Carolina State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Weir, B. and Hatcher, A. and Li, B. and Sprague, J. and Zanker, P.}, year={1997}, pages={11} }
 @article{mckeand_1997, title={Forestry in Japan}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={Sylvanet}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1997}, pages={1–3} }
 @inproceedings{li_mckeand_hatcher_weir_1997, title={Genetic gains of second generation selections from the NCSU-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S. E. and Hatcher, A. V. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1997}, pages={234–238} }
 @article{li_mckeand_weir_1997, title={Genetically improved seedlings can benefit small forest landowners}, volume={55}, number={5}, journal={Forest Landowner}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1997}, pages={20–23} }
 @article{mckeand_eriksson_roberds_1997, title={Genotype by environment interaction for index traits that combine growth and wood density in loblolly pine}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0040-5752"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001220050509}, number={8}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={McKeand, SE and Eriksson, G and Roberds, JH}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={1015–1022} }
 @article{mckeand_crook_allen_1997, title={Genotypic stability effects on predicted family responses to silvicultural treatments in loblolly pine}, volume={21}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Crook, R. P. and Allen, H. L.}, year={1997}, pages={84–89} }
 @article{mckeand_1997, title={Improving forest resources in the 21st century through tree breeding}, volume={185}, journal={Forest Tree Breeding}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1997}, pages={9–17} }
 @article{jayawickrama_mckeand_jett_1997, title={Rootstock effects on scion growth and reproduction in 8-year-old grafted loblolly pine}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-27-11-1781}, number={11}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, author={Jayawickrama, K. J. S. and McKeand, Steven and Jett, J. B.}, year={1997}, pages={1781–1787} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_li_1997, title={Stability of fusiform rust resistance in loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Li, B.}, year={1997}, pages={261–266} }
 @article{mckeand_svensson_1997, title={Sustainable management of genetic resources}, volume={95}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. and Svensson, J.}, year={1997}, pages={4–9} }
 @inproceedings{jett_williford_mckeand_powell_1997, title={Timing of nitrogen applications in a loblolly pine seed orchard}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Jett, J. B. and Williford, M. and McKeand, S. E. and Powell, M.}, year={1997}, pages={187–191} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_li_1997, title={Two generations of genetic gains with loblolly pine in the southeastern United States}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Meeting of the Canadian Tree Improvement Association, Part 2 Symposium}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Li, B.}, editor={Beaulieu, J. and Simpson, J. D.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={16–20} }
 @inproceedings{belonger_mckeand_jett_1997, title={Wood density assessment of diverse families of loblolly pine using x-ray densitometry}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Belonger, P. J. and McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1997}, pages={133–142} }
 @book{mckeand_1996, title={Breeding strategies}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @book{li_mckeand_hatcher_sprauge_weir_1996, title={Breeding value predictions and genetic gains from second generation loblolly pine open-pollinated progeny tests}, journal={Special Technical Report}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S. E. and Hatcher, A. V. and Sprauge, J. R. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1996}, pages={78p.} }
 @book{jett_mckeand_1996, title={Establishment and management of pine clonal seed orchards}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={Jett, J. B. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{belonger_mckeand_jett_1996, title={Genetic and environmental effects on biomass production and wood density in loblolly pine}, booktitle={Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry: Proceedings of the QFRI-IUFRO Conference}, author={Belonger, P. J. and McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, editor={M. J. Dieters, A. C. Matheson and D. G. Nikles, C. E. Harwood and Walker, S. M.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={307–310} }
 @book{mckeand_1996, title={Genetic basis for tree improvement}, journal={1996 International Short Course in Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement}, institution={Department of Forestry,  N.C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{li_mckeand_weir_1996, title={Genetic parameter estimates and selection efficiency for the loblolly pine breeding the south-eastern U.S}, booktitle={Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry: Proceedings of the QFRI-IUFRO Conference}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, editor={M. J. Dieters, A. C. Matheson and D. G. Nikles, C. E. Harwood and Walker, S. M.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={164–168} }
 @book{mckeand_1996, title={Geographic variation in loblolly pine}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{o'malley_grattapaglia_chaparro_wilcox_amerson_liu_whetten_mckeand_kuhlman_mccord_et al._1996, title={Molecular markers,  forest genetics, and tree breeding}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4899-0280-1_7}, booktitle={Genomes of Plants and Animals: 21 Stadler Genetics Symposium}, publisher={Plenum Press,  NY}, author={O'Malley, D. M. and Grattapaglia, D. and Chaparro, J. X. and Wilcox, P. L. and Amerson, H. V. and Liu, B-H and Whetten, R. and McKeand, Steven and Kuhlman, E. G. and McCord, S. and et al.}, editor={Gustafson, J. P. and Flavell, R. B.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={87–102} }
 @book{hatcher_mckeand_1996, title={Progeny test measurement,  analysis, and selection}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={Hatcher, A. V. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @book{mckeand_jett_1996, title={Progeny testing procedures}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1996} }
 @book{mckeand_jett_1996, title={Seed handling and growing containerized seedlings}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1996} }
 @book{mckeand_1996, title={Selection and gain}, journal={Tree Improvement Manual}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @book{mckeand_1996, title={Selection indexes for forest trees}, journal={1996 International Short Course in Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1996} }
 @article{mckeand_bridgwater_mckinley_jett_arnold_1995, title={1994 seed collection from natural stands of Fraser fir and plans for breeding and genetics research at NCSU}, volume={22}, journal={Limbs & Needles}, author={McKeand, S. and Bridgwater, F. and McKinley, C. and Jett, J. B. and Arnold, R.}, year={1995}, pages={4–7} }
 @inproceedings{crane_o'malley_mckeand_sederoff_1995, title={Detection of QTLs for economically important traits in loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 23rd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Crane, B. S. and O'Malley, D. M. and McKeand, S. E. and Sederoff, R. R.}, year={1995}, pages={119} }
 @inproceedings{mckinley_mckeand_1995, title={Genetic improvement of Christmas trees: progress and possibilities}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 23rd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKinley, C. R. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1995}, pages={48–54} }
 @inproceedings{jayawickrama_mckeand_jett_1995, title={Phenological variation in height and diameter growth in provenances and families of loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 23rd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Jayawickrama, K. J. S. and McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1995}, pages={33–39} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_bridgwater_1995, title={Variance component and genetic gain estimates from 6-year-old diallel tests of loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 23rd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1995}, pages={197–203} }
 @article{struve_mckeand_1994, title={Importance of red oak mother tree to nursery productivity}, volume={12}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Struve, D. K. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1994}, pages={23–26} }
 @article{o'malley_mckeand_1994, title={Marker assisted selection for breeding value in forest trees}, volume={1}, journal={Forest Genetics}, author={O'Malley, D. M. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1994}, pages={231–242} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_bridgwater_1994, title={Provenance variation in the utility of early selection in loblolly pine}, booktitle={1994 Joint Conf. Western Mensurationists Association and Western Forest Genetics Association}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1994}, pages={81} }
 @article{struve_mckeand_1993, title={A means of accelerating red oak genetic tests}, volume={50}, DOI={10.1051/forest:19930747}, journal={Annales des Sciences Forestieres}, author={Struve, D. K. and McKeand, Steven}, year={1993}, pages={410–415} }
 @inproceedings{grattapaglia_chaparro_wilcox_mccord_crane_amerson_werner_liu_o'malley_whetten_et al._1993, title={Application of genetic markers to tree breeding}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 22nd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Grattapaglia, D. and Chaparro, J. and Wilcox, P. and McCord, S. and Crane, B. and Amerson, H. and Werner, D. and Liu, B. H. and O'Malley, D. and Whetten, R. and et al.}, year={1993}, pages={452–463} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_jett_1993, title={Growth and stem sinuosity of diverse provenances of three-year-old loblolly pine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 22nd Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1993}, pages={208–213} }
 @article{mckeand_bridgwater_1993, title={Provenance and family variation for juvenile growth characteristics of Pinus taeda L. and the impact on early selection for growth}, volume={191}, journal={Studia Forestalia Suecica}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1993}, pages={5–10} }
 @inproceedings{grattapaglia_chaparro_wilcox_mccord_werner_amerson_mckeand_bridgwater_whetten_o'malley_et al._1992, title={Mapping in woody plants with RAPD markers: application to breeding in forestry and horticulture}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on the Applications of RAPD Technology to Plant Breeding}, publisher={Joint Plant Breeding Symposium Series,  Crop Science Society of America, American Society for Horticultural Science, and American Genetics Association}, author={Grattapaglia, D. and Chaparro, J. and Wilcox, P. and McCord, S. and Werner, D. and Amerson, H. and McKeand, S. and Bridgwater, F. and Whetten, R. and O'Malley, D. and et al.}, year={1992}, pages={37–40} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_bridgwater_1992, title={Third-generation breeding strategy for the North Carolina State University - Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, volume={Tomo 1}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IUFRO Conf. S2.02-08,  Breeding Tropical Trees, Resolving tropical forest resource concerns through tree improvement, gene conservation and domestication of new species}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1992}, pages={234–240} }
 @article{li_allen_mckeand_1991, title={Nitrogen and family effects on biomass allocation of loblolly pine seedlings}, volume={37}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, author={Li, B. and Allen, H. L. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1991}, pages={271–283} }
 @article{li_mckeand_allen_1991, title={SEEDLING SHOOT GROWTH OF LOBLOLLY-PINE FAMILIES UNDER 2 NITROGEN LEVELS AS RELATED TO 12-YEAR HEIGHT}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x91-118}, abstractNote={Seedling shoot elongation and biomass were examined for 23 open-pollinated loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) families grown in a greenhouse under two nitrogen regimes. Significant genetic variation was detected among families for the number of growth cycles, total seedling height, cyclic-growth elongation, the number of stem units, and biomass of stem free growth, cyclic growth, total stem, needles, and total shoot. Heritability estimates were generally high for shoot characteristics except for mean stem-unit length. Shoot biomass measures were weakly or negatively correlated with 12-year-height performance. Elongation of cyclic growth, number of growth cycles, and number of stem units showed stronger correlations with field performance than did seedling height. Juvenile–mature correlations were higher for the low nitrogen treatment, suggesting that 12-year height of loblolly pine families can be more accurately predicted when the seedlings are grown under greenhouse conditions that mimic field nitrogen levels.}, number={6}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={LI, BL and MCKEAND, SE and ALLEN, HL}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={842–847} }
 @article{jett_mckeand_1991, title={The genetic improvement of Fraser fir Christmas trees in North Carolina - an update}, volume={18}, journal={Limbs & Needles}, author={Jett, J. B. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1991}, pages={26} }
 @book{jett_mckeand_huxster_summerville_1990, title={Fraser fir Christmas tree workshop manual}, institution={N.C. State University}, author={Jett, J. B. and McKeand, S. E. and Huxster, W. T. and Summerville, K. O.}, year={1990}, pages={102} }
 @article{struve_mckeand_1990, title={GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN WHITE-PINE ROOTED CUTTINGS COMPARED WITH SEEDLINGS THROUGH 8 YEARS OF AGE}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x90-053}, abstractNote={Container-grown rooted stem cuttings from 13 eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) clones were paired with open-pollinated bare-root seedlings to compare growth through age 8 years of the two stock types. Before planting, measures of root system quality (number of roots per cutting, root distribution, and weighted root score) were recorded for each ramet to relate growth to initial root system quality. Rooted cuttings had higher survival than seedlings through year 8, 78 vs. 68%, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant. Rooted cuttings were significantly shorter than seedlings after age 4 years, with differences between stock types increasing in magnitude through year 8. Measures of root system quality of rooted cuttings were not significantly correlated with survival or growth at any age.}, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={STRUVE, DK and MCKEAND, SE}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={365–368} }
 @article{mckeand_li_hatcher_weir_1990, title={Stability parameter estimates for stem volume for loblolly pine families growing in different regions in the southeastern United States}, volume={36}, number={1}, journal={Forest Science}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Li, B. and Hatcher, A. V. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1990}, pages={10} }
 @inproceedings{li_mckeand_allen_1989, title={Early selection of loblolly pine families based on seedling shoot elongation characters}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 20th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Li, B. and McKeand, S. E. and Allen, H. L.}, year={1989}, pages={228–234} }
 @article{mckeand_weir_hatcher_1989, title={Performance of diverse provenances of loblolly pine throughout the southeastern United States}, volume={13}, number={1}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J. and Hatcher, A. V.}, year={1989}, pages={46} }
 @article{struve_jett_mckeand_cannon_1989, title={SUBSOILING IN A LOBLOLLY-PINE SEED ORCHARD - EFFECTS ON SEED QUALITY}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x89-077}, abstractNote={An 8-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seed orchard was subsoiled by making one (single-rip treatment) or three (multiple-rip treatment) parallel rips on opposite sides of the trees. A nonsubsoil (control) treatment was also included. Seeds were extracted and sized into small, medium, and large. Subsoiling treatments had no effect on number or percentage of small, medium, and large seeds. The multiple-rip treatment produced significantly more seeds per cone than the control treatment, but no more than the single-rip treatment. Seed size did not affect seed germination, but strong clonal effects in seed quality and vigor occurred. There was no effect of any of the subsoiling treatments on seed germination. Any subsoiling treatments used to enhance tree vigor or to alleviate soil compaction in a seed orchard should have minimal influence on seed quality.}, number={4}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={STRUVE, DK and JETT, JB and MCKEAND, SE and CANNON, GP}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={505–508} }
 @article{mckeand_sprague_jett_1988, title={Management of loblolly pine clone banks for scion production}, volume={12}, number={4}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Sprague, J. R. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1988}, pages={231} }
 @article{mckeand_1988, title={Optimum age for family selection for growth in genetic tests of loblolly pine}, volume={34}, number={2}, journal={Forest Science}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1988}, pages={400} }
 @book{frampton_mckeand_1987, title={Characteristics of the root and shoot systems of young loblolly pine propagules}, journal={Supplement to the 1987 Annual Progress Report}, author={Frampton, L. J. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={47} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Genetic basis for tree improvement}, volume={12}, journal={Genetics Short Course}, institution={U. S. Forest Service Southern Region}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={8} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Mating and breeding strategies}, volume={25}, journal={Genetics Short Course}, institution={U. S. Forest Service Southern Region}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={22} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Mating designs and breeding strategies}, volume={18}, journal={Tree Improvement Short Course}, institution={N. C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={12} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Progeny test field design,  layout and establishment}, volume={175}, journal={Tree Improvement Short Course}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={153} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Progeny test measurement and selection}, volume={189}, journal={Tree Improvement Short Course}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={180} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Second generation and plantation selection breeding}, volume={29}, journal={Tree Improvement Short Course}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={19} }
 @book{mckeand_1987, title={Selection and gain theory}, volume={32}, journal={Genetics Short Course}, institution={U.S. Forest Service Southern Region}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1987}, pages={26} }
 @book{mckeand_weir_1987, title={Selection and gain theory}, volume={11}, journal={Tree Improvement Short Course}, institution={State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1987}, pages={8} }
 @article{mckeand_jett_sprague_todhunter_1987, title={Summer wax grafting of loblolly pine}, volume={11}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B. and Sprague, J. R. and Todhunter, M. N.}, year={1987}, pages={96–99} }
 @article{wisniewski_frampton_mckeand_1986, title={Early shoot and root quality effects on nursery and field development of tissue-cultured loblolly pine}, volume={21}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wisniewski, L. A. and Frampton, L. J., Jr. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1986}, pages={1185–1186} }
 @article{mckeand_bridgwater_1986, title={When to establish advanced generation seed orchards}, volume={35}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1986}, pages={245–247} }
 @article{mckeand_1985, title={Expression of mature characteristics by tissue culture plantlets derived from embryos of loblolly pine}, volume={110}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1985}, pages={619–623} }
 @inbook{amerson_mckeand_e._r._weir_1985, title={Loblolly pine tissue culture: laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies}, ISBN={030641919X}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4899-0378-5_19}, booktitle={Tissue culture in forestry and agriculture}, publisher={NY: Plenum Press}, author={Amerson, H. V. and McKeand, Frampton L. J. and E., Mott S. and R., L. and Weir, R. J.}, editor={R. R. Henke, K. W. Hughes and M. J. Constantin, A. HollaenderEditors}, year={1985}, pages={271–287} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_foster_bridgwater_1984, title={Breeding systems for pedigree-controlled production populations of loblolly pine}, number={309}, booktitle={Advanced Generation Breeding of Forest Trees. Proceedings of a Workshop on Advanced Generation Breeding and Current Status and Research Needs}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Foster, G. S. and Bridgwater, F. E.}, year={1984}, pages={53–61} }
 @inproceedings{bridgwater_mckeand_1984, title={Experimental design and how it relates to test objectives and sites}, booktitle={Progeny Testing: proceedings of Servicewide Genetics Workshop}, publisher={USDA Forest Service}, author={Bridgwater, F. E. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1984}, pages={103–117} }
 @article{struve_talbert_mckeand_1984, title={GROWTH OF ROOTED CUTTINGS AND SEEDLINGS IN A 40-YEAR-OLD PLANTATION OF EASTERN WHITE-PINE}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/x84-082}, abstractNote={To compare long-term performance of rooted cuttings with seedlings in white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), two 37-year-old (40 years from propagation) experimental plantations of rooted cuttings and seedlings were measured for height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and wood specific gravity. In general, rooted cutting origin trees performed as well as or better than seedling origin trees for survival, height, and diameter at breast height. The number of roots per cutting at planting was significantly and positively correlated with DBH at years 9 and 40. Seedling origin trees had significantly higher (P = 0.05) wood specific gravity at one of the two test plantations.}, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={STRUVE, DK and TALBERT, JT and MCKEAND, SE}, year={1984}, pages={462–464} }
 @article{mckeand_allen_1984, title={NUTRITIONAL AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF TISSUE-CULTURE PLANTLETS OF LOBLOLLY-PINE}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb06367.x}, abstractNote={Tissue culture plantlets of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were compared to seedlings to quantify growth and developmental differences. The two plant types were grown in containers in a greenhouse and sampled periodically for twenty weeks. Dry weights and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of the shoots and roots were determined every two weeks. During the twenty weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings grew to a greater size than the plantlets, but the relative rates of growth were approximately equal. Plantlets had significantly lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus per g of shoot dry weight. Seedlings were much more efficient at nutrient uptake per g of dry weight of root. Plantlets had thick, unbranched roots, which were inefficient at nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Nutrient uptake based on an index of root surface area was equal in the plantlets and seedlings. The main differences between plantlets and seedlings apparently were related to root system morphology rather than physiological processes. The uptake of nutrients showed the greatest difference between the plant types.}, number={3}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={MCKEAND, SE and ALLEN, HL}, year={1984}, pages={523–528} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_j._1984, title={Performance of tissue culture plantlets of loblolly pine in vivo}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Symposium of Recent Advances in Forest Biotechnology : June 10-13, 1984 : Grand Traverse Resort Village, Traverse City, Michigan}, publisher={Lansing, MI: Michigan Biotechnology Institute}, author={McKeand, S. E. and J., Frampton L., Jr}, editor={J. W. Hanover, D. Karnosky and Keathley, D.Editors}, year={1984}, pages={82–91} }
 @article{mckeand_weir_1984, title={Tissue culture and forest productivity}, volume={82}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1984}, pages={212–218} }
 @book{mckeand_1983, title={Annual Progress Report, 1983}, institution={Special Project on Tree Tissue Culture,  Southern Forest Research Center, School of Forest Resources, N. C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1983} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_weir_1983, title={Economic benefits of an aggressive breeding program}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Weir, R. J.}, year={1983}, pages={99–105} }
 @inproceedings{wisniewski_mckeand_brooks_1983, title={Growth of tissue culture plantlets of loblolly pine in a nursery and greenhouse}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Wisniewski, L. A. and McKeand, S. E. and Brooks, R.}, year={1983}, pages={186–193} }
 @book{mckeand_jett_1983, title={Seedling production greenhouse and nursery}, journal={Short Course on Accelerated Breeding}, institution={N.C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Jett, J. B.}, year={1983} }
 @book{mckeand_1982, title={Annual Progress Report, 1982}, institution={Special Project on Tree Tissue Culture,  Southern Forest Research Center, School of Forest Resources, N. C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1982} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_wisniewski_1982, title={Root morphology of loblolly pine tissue culture plantlets}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 7th North American Forest Biology Workshop}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Wisniewski, L. A.}, year={1982}, pages={214–219} }
 @inproceedings{weir_talbert_mckeand_1982, title={Trends in loblolly pine tree improvement in the southern United States}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on the Loblolly Pine Ecosystem (East Region)}, author={Weir, R. J. and Talbert, J. T. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1982}, pages={102–114} }
 @book{mckeand_1981, title={Annual Progress Report,  1981}, institution={Special Project on Tree Tissue Culture,  Southern Forest Research Center, School of Forest Resources, N. C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1981} }
 @book{mckeand_1981, title={Loblolly pine tissue culture: current and future uses in southern forestry}, number={ 64}, institution={N. C. State University,  School of Forest Resources}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1981}, pages={50} }
 @inproceedings{foster_bridgwater_mckeand_1981, title={Mass vegetative propagation of loblolly pine--a re-evaluation of direction}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 16th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Foster, G. S. and Bridgwater, F. E. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1981}, pages={311–319} }
 @book{bridgwater_mckeand_1981, title={Quantitative inheritance,  heritability, genetic gain and combining ability}, volume={49}, journal={Tree Improvement Short Course}, institution={Raleigh,  NC: N. C. State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program}, author={Bridgwater, F. E. and McKeand, S. E.}, year={1981}, pages={33} }
 @inproceedings{amerson_mckeand_mott_1981, title={Tissue culture and greenhouse practices for the production of loblolly pine plantlets}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 16th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference}, author={Amerson, H. V. and McKeand, S. E. and Mott, R. L.}, year={1981}, pages={168–175} }
 @book{mckeand_1980, title={Annual Progress Report,  1980}, institution={Special Project on Tree Tissue Culture,  Southern Forest Research Center, School of Forest Resources, N. C. State University}, author={McKeand, S. E.}, year={1980} }
 @article{mckeand_beineke_1980, title={Sublining for half-sib breeding populations of forest trees}, volume={29}, journal={Silvae Genetica}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Beineke, W. F.}, year={1980}, pages={14–17} }
 @book{todhunter_mckeand_beineke_1979, title={A volume equation for seedling and sapling black walnut}, number={179}, institution={Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station}, author={Todhunter, M. N. and McKeand, S. E. and Beineke, W. F.}, year={1979} }
 @inproceedings{mckeand_beineke_todhunter_1979, title={Selection age for black walnut progeny tests}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First North Central Tree Improvement Conference}, author={McKeand, S. E. and Beineke, W. F. and Todhunter, M. N.}, year={1979}, pages={68–73} }