@misc{pratt-phillips_2024, title={Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani14050727}, abstractNote={Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.}, number={5}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{gluck_pratt-phillips_2024, title={Influence of iron supplementation on insulin and glucose dynamics in horses}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae234.747}, abstractNote={Abstract Iron is an essential micromineral involved in various physiological functions such as oxygen transport. The National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirements of Horses has iron requirements set at 400 mg iron daily for a 500 kg horse at maintenance; however, a survey found that Thoroughbreds consumed well over the daily requirement at 3,900 mg of iron from hay and grain alone. Additionally, a previous study has found a correlation between hyperinsulinemia and increased ferritin, an indicator of iron body stores. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of iron supplementation on body iron stores as well as insulin and glucose dynamics. It was hypothesized that iron supplementation would influence body iron stores and insulin and glucose responses. Mixed-breed geldings [n = 12; 558.9 ± 74.4 kg body weight (BW)] were housed individually for the study. Horses were fed 2% of their BW in grass hay and an iron-free vitamin mineral supplement, consuming an average of 600 mg of iron daily for the first 28 d (Hay Phase). Horses were then assigned to continue on the hay diet (CTRL; n = 4) or an iron-supplemented diet (IRON; n = 8), in which an oral iron supplement was given daily in the form of ferrous sulfate, with IRON horses consuming an average of 4,000 mg of iron daily for 28 d (Supplement Phase). Oral sugar tests (OSTs) were performed at the beginning of the study as well as the end of each phase, using a 0.45 mL/kg of BW Karo Light Syrup dose to determine insulin response, with jugular venous samples taken prior to the dose and 60 min after. All statistical analysis was performed in GraphPadPrism Version 10.2.0 (GraphPad Software, Boston, MA), using analysis of variance for repeated measures and correlation analysis. All OSTs throughout the study had a significant time effect (P < 0.05) for both insulin and glucose. There was a time X treatment trend (P = 0.1) for insulin during the Supplement Phase and when using multiple comparisons, insulin response was significantly greater (P < 0.0007) at 0 versus 60 min in IRON horses. Although there was no correlation found between 60-min insulin and ferritin concentrations in both IRON and CTRL horses, mean ± SD insulin and ferritin in the IRON group were 23.6 ± 10 uU/mL and 570 ± 195.8 ng/mL, respectively, while in the CTRL group these were 12.7 ± 2.9 uU/mL and 453 ± 31.1 ng/mL, respectively. In conclusion, iron supplementation with an inorganic form at 10 times the daily requirement appears to result in increased insulin responses as well as body iron stores. Further research needs to determine if feeds naturally enriched in iron impact glucose metabolism.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gluck, Cassandra R. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E.}, year={2024}, month={Sep}, pages={658–658} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_liburt_2024, title={The role of an equine nutritionist in equine health, performance and wellbeing: Ideas stemming from an equine science society symposium workshop}, volume={135}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105047}, abstractNote={In the United States, there is little clarity on the qualifications and availability of equine nutritionists. Currently, no regulatory body exists for formal credentialing outside of veterinary medicine. Most equine nutritionists are not veterinarians but do have advanced scientific degrees (Master of Science and/or Doctor of Philosophy) in the field of Animal Science. However, not all reporting to be equine nutritionists have formal education in the field of equine nutrition. To discuss this, a workshop was held at the 2023 Equine Science Society (ESS) meeting. The purpose of this discussion was to share ideas among equine nutrition professionals about how best to provide support for the inclusion of the specialty as part of a horse's health team, alongside the veterinarian, farrier and other equine health specialists. In human, small animal and livestock practices, the importance of nutrition as part of an overall health, production (livestock) and well-being plan has been documented. However, surveys of veterinarians, the top source of information for horse owners, reveal a lack of confidence in the area of nutrition after graduating from veterinary school and a lack of available continuing education opportunities to learn more. Further, it appears that many horse owners may unknowingly be obtaining nutrition information from unverified sources (such as the internet). The discussion included formal and informal education of equine nutritionists, as well as avenues to open lines of communication with the veterinary community to provide nutrition resources for horse owners, managers and veterinarians.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S. E. and Liburt, N. R.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gluck_fellner_mcleod_stuska_pratt-phillips_2023, title={An in-Vitro Model of the Equine Fecal Microbiome to Assess How Horse Population Affects Fermentation Following a Starch Challenge}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad068.048}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.048}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The use of an in-vitro model of the equine microbiome is beneficial to assess how fermentation patterns differ based on a horse populations’ habitual diet. The purpose of this study was to determine the in-vitro fermentation patterns of the microbial community within different horse populations before and following a starch challenge. Fecal samples were taken from three different populations of horses: horses from the Shackleford Banks, a North Carolina feral horse population living on native grasses; horses from the NCSU Equine Educational Unit that are predominantly kept on cool season mixed pastures, though may be supplemented with hay and concentrates when warranted; and privately owned horses that were fed mixed diets consisting of grass hay, concentrates and some pasture. Horses were monitored and fecal samples were collected immediately following a void and were stored on dry ice and frozen until analysis. Fecal samples from individual horses were pooled to form a representative sample for each population and mixed with an anaerobic medium to prepare an inoculum. The inoculum was placed into bottles containing either a treatment substrate of alfalfa (A) or of alfalfa and starch (AS). Bottles were capped, purged with CO2 and placed in a water bath at 39°C to incubate for 0, 2, 4 or 24 hours. Culture samples were processed to measure methane and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; acetate, propionate, butyrate and other isoacids) using gas chromatography. Results were analyzed using the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS to compare the effects of horse population, time and treatment. Methane was significantly greater after 24 hours within all populations with AS, as the inoculum compared with A alone (P = 0.03). Propionate was greater for AS (molar percentage, mean ± standard deviation; 2.21 ± 4.97%) versus the A treatment (11.95 ± 4.97%, P = 0.02). Acetate concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) greater within the A treatment in the Shackleford and NCSU horses (60.31 ± 10.3% and 62.18 ± 11.47%, respectively) compared with the AS treatment (59.09 ± 11.21% and 59.77 ± 8.85%, respectively). Privately owned horses showed similar values of acetate concentration when comparing the treatment of A (63.42 ± 10.13%) versus AS (63.55 ± 10.77%). Butyrate concentrations were greater in the Shackleford Banks and NCSU horses (13.16 ± 1.92% and 2.64 ± 4.22%, respectively) compared with the privately owned horses (10.96 ± 2%). Isoacids were greater in the Shackleford Banks horses (10.19 ± 4.15%) than the NCSU horses (9.87 ± 3.98%) and the privately owned horses (9.52 ± 3.53%; P< 0.0001). It appears that fermentation of starch differs between these horse populations, likely due to their habitual diet.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gluck, Cassandra R. and Fellner, Vivek and McLeod, Sarah and Stuska, Sue and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{munjizun_gluck_walston_high_hunter_pratt-phillips_2023, title={Effect of weight carriage on work effort in horses}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1755-2559"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220066}, DOI={10.1163/17552559-20220066}, abstractNote={Abstract
Excessive adiposity in horses is associated with equine metabolic syndrome and laminitis, and additional weight due to fat accumulation may cause further stress on the horse. This study aimed to determine the effect of additional weight carriage on work effort in horses, as estimated by changes in heart rate (HR) and body temperature (Temp). Eight mature mixed-breed horses were paired based on body size in a randomised crossover study. Each day tested a pair of horses with one horse carrying additional weight (15% of body weight; to represent approximately 3 body condition scores) and the other horse serving as a control, with treatments reversed the following week. Heart rate was determined before adding the weight, after a 2 h period of stall rest (prior to the exercise bout), and at the end of a 34 min exercise challenge of walking and trotting on an automated exerciser. Temp was recorded prior to exercise and after the horses were removed from the exerciser. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of exercise and weight carriage on HR and Temp, and paired t-tests were used to compare differences in HR and Temp pre- and post-exercise. HR increased with exercise () and was higher following exercise in horses carrying additional weight (). Exercise increased Temp () and the difference in Temp was greater in the weight-carrying group (). This study documents the effect of weight carriage that could be imposed with body fat, in addition to the known health detriments of adiposity.}, number={5}, journal={COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Munjizun, A. and Gluck, C. and Walston, L. and High, K. and Hunter, R. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={511–516} }
 @misc{pratt-phillips_munjizun_2023, title={Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani13040666}, abstractNote={There is ample research describing the increased risk of health concerns associated with equine obesity, including insulin dysregulation and laminitis. For athletes, the negative effect of weight carriage is well documented in racing thoroughbreds (i.e., handicapping with weight) and rider weight has been shown to impact the workload of ridden horses and to some degree their gait and movement. In many groups of competitive and athletic horses and ponies, obesity is still relatively common. Therefore, these animals not only are at risk of metabolic disease, but also must perform at a higher workload due to the weight of their adipose tissue. Excess body weight has been documented to affect gait quality, cause heat stress and is expected to hasten the incidence of arthritis development. Meanwhile, many equine event judges appear to favor the look of adiposity in competitive animals. This potentially rewards horses and ponies that are at higher risk of disease and reinforces the owner’s decisions to keep their animals fat. This is a welfare concern for these animals and is of grave concern for the equine industry.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon and Munjizun, Ahmad}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gluck_williams_pratt-phillips_2023, title={Performance analysis of show jumping rounds at a national pony competition}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1755-2559"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220064}, DOI={10.1163/17552559-20220064}, abstractNote={Abstract
Performance analysis is utilised by coaches and athletes to identify areas to work on in training and to identify strengths in athlete performance in various sports. However, performance analysis is not commonly used within equestrian sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate minors and their ponies competing in show jumping at a national pony competition to see if course variables affected performance. All jumping rounds were watched online. Type of faults (e.g. rails, refusals, time faults, fall of horse and or rider), type of fence (e.g. vertical, oxer), approach angle, section of the course where fault(s) occurred and round time were recorded. Spearman’s Correlation assessed if round time was correlated to total faults and a series of Kruskal-Wallis analyses determined if significant differences in faults occurred between sections of the course, where these existed, post hoc tests established where differences occurred between rounds. There was no significant difference in total faults across the 4 rounds of competition and no meaningful correlation between round time and total faults (r = 0.34; ). There were no differences between fence type and faults although more faults occurred at verticals (51.7%, n = 46 faults at verticals versus 48.3%, n = 43 at oxers; ). Faults were more likely to occur during the final quarter of the course (32.6%, n = 29) when compared to the first quarter (23.6%, n = 21; ). These results showed that faults were more likely to occur in the final quarter of a round. The information gained from this performance analysis could be beneficial to inform training or riding strategies, especially when preparing for a competition.}, number={5}, journal={COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Gluck, C. and Williams, J. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={399–405} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_munjizun_janicki_2023, title={Visual Assessment of Adiposity in Elite Hunter Ponies}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104199}, abstractNote={Obesity is a critical problem in the equine industry, with ponies being at particularly high risk of developing obesity-related conditions such as metabolic syndrome and laminitis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the level of adiposity in an elite level of competitive show ponies, and to determine if adiposity was related to performance based on their model score (judged on conformation and appearance). Two researchers visually evaluated the body condition score (BCS) and cresty neck score (CNS) of 377 ponies at a national hunter competition. Thirty five percent of the ponies in the competition were considered obese, with BCS scores of 7 or higher. Mean BCS of the ponies was 6.7 ± 0.6 with a range of 5.25 - 8.25 and mean CNS was 2.8 ± 0.6, with a range of 1.75 - 4.5. Medium ponies had higher BCS (P<0.0001) and higher CNS (P=0.015) than the large ponies. There was a tendency for a relationship between body condition score and the model score in all ponies (r = 0.08; P = 0.059), and this was stronger within the large ponies (r =0.20; P <0.01). These findings show that elite competition ponies are dangerously overweight and that adiposity may influence performance in a judged event. This is of grave concern to the horse industry and needs to be addressed.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S. and Munjizun, A. and Janicki, K.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_williams_harris_2023, title={What is Equine Science?}, volume={124}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104302}, abstractNote={Calming supplements are common in the equine industry. This study tested the hypothesis that Phytozen EQ, a blend of citrus botanical oils, magnesium, and yeast would reduce startle response as well as reduce behavioral and physiological signs of stress in young (1.5–6 years of age) horses (n = 14) when tied in isolation and when trailered in isolation. During the 59-day trial, horses were assigned to either the control (CON; n = 7) or treatment (PZEN; n = 7) group that received 56 g of Phytozen EQ daily. Horses underwent a 10-minute isolation test on d 30 and a 15 minute individual trailering test on day 52 or 55. For both tests, blood samples were obtained pre, immediately after, and 1-hour post for analysis of plasma cortisol concentrations, which were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. On day 59, horses underwent a startle test, for which time to travel 3 m and total distance traveled were recorded. These data were analyzed using a T-test. During trailering, PZEN horses tended to have lower overall geometric mean (lower, upper 95% confidence interval) cortisol concentrations than CON (81 [67, 98] vs. 61 [48, 78] ng/mL; P = .071). For the startle test, PZEN horses tended to have longer geometric mean times to travel 3 m than CON horses (1.35 [0.39, 4.70] vs. 0.26 [0.07, 0.91 seconds, P = 0.064). Other data points were not different between treatments (P > .1). It is possible that this dietary supplement could have beneficial calming effects on horses undergoing trailering or in novel situations.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon and Williams, Carrie and Harris, Patricia}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{spears_siciliano_pratt-phillips_lloyd_goertzen_krafka_hyda_rounds_2020, title={Chromium propionate improves insulin sensitivity in horses following oral concentrate consumption}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa278.160}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Forty-eight Quarter Horse geldings (3–8 yr of age) were used to determine the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), in the form of Cr propionate (Cr Prop), on insulin sensitivity. Horses were blocked by age, body condition score, and glucose response to concentrate feeding on d 0, and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop. Horses were fed daily a concentrate mix at a rate of 0.2 kg/100 kg BW and grass hay at 1.75 to 2.0 kg/100 kg BW. After an overnight fast, jugular blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, and 4 h after concentrate feeding on d 0 and 28 for determination of glucose and insulin. Plasma glucose on d 28 was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment x time. Horses fed 4 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose concentrations than those in the other treatments at 0 h. At 2 h post feeding glucose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in control horses than in those given 4 mg Cr. Horses fed 2 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose at 4 h post feeding compared to controls. Plasma glucose did not differ among horses receiving 2 or 4 mg Cr/d at 2 or 4 h. Insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 2 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 or 8 mg Cr at 0 h. At 4 h post feeding insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in control horses than in those fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Results of this study indicate that 2 or 4 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop increased insulin sensitivity in adult horses following oral carbohydrate consumption.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Spears, Jerry W. and Siciliano, Paul and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon and Lloyd, Karen and Goertzen, Ellen and Krafka, Kristi and Hyda, Jill and Rounds, Whitney}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={88–88} }
 @article{moore_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2019, title={Effects of Diet Versus Exercise on Morphometric Measurements, Blood Hormone Concentrations, and Oral Sugar Test Response in Obese Horses}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.214}, abstractNote={Weight loss plans in horses typically use dietary restriction, but exercise may have additional benefits. This study aimed to compare the effects of a diet or exercise protocol resulting in comparable caloric restriction in obese horses. Ten obese horses were paired according to sex, age, and breed or breed type. One horse from each pair was randomly assigned to either diet (DIET)-intake restricted to approximately 85% of digestible energy requirements or exercise (EX)-exercised to expend approximately 15% of digestible energy requirements, resulting in 85% of requirements available, for 4 weeks. Body weight (BW), heart girth (HG), girth-to-height ratio (G:H), neck circumference (NC), neck circumference-to-height ratio (NC:H), belly girth (BG), body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), serum insulin, plasma leptin, and plasma ghrelin concentrations were measured weekly. An oral sugar test was conducted on days 0 and 28 to measure insulin to glucose ratio (Ins:glc) and 60-minute insulin sensitivity index (ISI60). Results were analyzed using repeated measures. A P ≤ .05 was considered significant, and .05 <P ≤ .10 was considered a tendency. Both groups showed similar decreases over time in BW, HG, G:H, BG, BCS, and CNS, but the EX group showed significantly greater losses in NC (and NC:H). The EX group showed significant improvements in (log) Ins:glc, as well as a tendency for improvements in (log) ISI60 and plasma leptin concentrations, while the DIET group showed no change. Horses showed no changes in (log) plasma ghrelin with weight loss.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Moore, Jennifer L. and Siciliano, Paul D. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={38–45} }
 @article{moore_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2019, title={Effects of exercise on voluntary intake, morphometric measurements, and oral sugar test response in horses on ad libitum forage}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1755-2559"]}, DOI={10.3920/CEP190014}, abstractNote={In a previous study, exercise resulted in weight loss and improvements in insulin and glucose metabolism, but horses on free-choice forage may increase feed intake in response to exercise, potentially negating the benefits. This study aimed to determine if light exercise increases intake in mature horses, and if horses on ad libitum forage achieve the benefits previously observed. Eight mature, stock-type geldings (594.3±50.5 kg; 12.0±1.7 yr) were adapted to a diet of ad libitum grass hay. Baseline dry matter intake (DMI) was measured for 7 d. Horses then remained idle (CON, n=4) or entered an exercise program (EX, n=4) for 3 weeks. Voluntary DMI was quantified daily. Body weight (BW), heart girth (HG), girth to height ratio (G:H), neck circumference (NC), neck circumference to height ratio (NC:H), rump fat thickness (RF), percent body fat (BF), serum insulin, plasma ghrelin, and plasma leptin were quantified weekly. An oral sugar test was conducted on day 0 and 21, and insulin to glucose ratio (Ins:glc) and 60-min insulin sensitivity index (ISI60) were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures. Insulin, ghrelin, Ins:glc, and ISI60 were not normally distributed, so they were log-transformed for analysis. P≤0.05 was considered significant. The EX group showed no difference in DMI or (log) ghrelin compared to the CON group. The CON group showed increases in BW, RF, and BF, while the EX group showed decreases in HG, G:H, NC, NC:H, (log) insulin, and leptin. EX showed lower (log) Ins:glc than CON after treatment. Overall, light exercise did not alter DMI in mature horses on ad libitum forage, but resulted in improvements in morphometric measurements, (log) Ins:glc, and plasma leptin concentrations, and avoided gains in BW and rump fat.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Moore, J. L. and Siciliano, P. D. and Pratt-Phillips, S. E.}, year={2019}, pages={209–218} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_olsen_geor_zirkle_moore_harkins_davis_2018, title={Effect of reduced protein intake on endurance performance and water turnover during low intensity long duration exercise in Alaskan sled dogs}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1755-2559"]}, DOI={10.3920/cep170024}, abstractNote={Increased nutritional demands for endurance exercise of dogs are typically met through increased amounts of their current food. As a result, protein intake is also increased, and excessive nitrogen may affect the dog’s water balance. Sixteen unconditioned Alaskan sled dogs underwent a 6-week exercise training protocol, wherein 8 dogs were fed increasing amounts of their normal kibble to maintain body weight, while the other 8 were fed the same amount of kibble, with increasing calorie needs met by equal amounts of sugar and oil. The diets resulted in similar calorie intakes (181.3±20.0 and 205.7±36.3 kcal/kg0.75, for the control and low protein dogs respectively) but control dogs had higher protein intakes (32.2±0.0 and 19.4±2.4% of metabolic energy intake). After 6 weeks of training the dogs completed a 5 day exercise test in which they travelled 24 km per day, where total energy expenditure was determined using doubly-labelled water technique. Dogs expended an average of 1,491±264 kcal/day (145±25 kcal/kg0.75/day), with no difference between the dietary treatments and no negative performance indicators. Following the exercise test the dogs underwent a 24 hour dehydration test (water withheld) followed by an 8 hour rehydration test (with ad libitum water intake recorded) where total body water was determined using deuterium oxide. Blood and urinary samples were also collected. Following exercise conditioning, control dogs had higher serum urea nitrogen than low protein dogs, and this as well as albumin decreased further during the 5 day exercise test. Low-protein dogs had lower overall total body water and higher fractional excretion of Na+, suggesting some renal adaptation. These findings suggest that reduced protein intake did not negatively affect athletic performance, though some facets of body chemistry were altered.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S. E. and Olsen, R. and Geor, R. and Zirkle, A. and Moore, A. and Harkins, C. and Davis, M.}, year={2018}, pages={19–26} }
 @article{moore_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2019, title={Voluntary Energy Intake and Expenditure in Obese and Lean Horses Consuming ad libitum Forage}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.020}, abstractNote={Some horses are more prone to obesity than others. This study aimed to compare energy intake and expenditure between obese and lean horses. Ten mature, stock-type geldings (aged 11.8 ± 4.0 years; 577 ± 52 kg) maintained on the same pasture were classified as obese (n = 6, body condition score [BCS] ≥ 7) or lean (n = 4, BCS = 4–5) and adapted to free-choice grass hay over 25 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) was measured for 11 days, with body weight (BW) and blood samples (analyzed for serum leptin) collected on Days 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, and 11. Behavior was observed for 24 hours. Apparent dry matter digestibility and gross energy digestibility were measured using 48-hour total fecal collection. Digestible energy intake was calculated. Activity (distance traveled, average heart rate [HR], and maximum HR) was quantified using HR monitors with GPS tracking. Average HR was used to estimate energy expenditure. Serum leptin, DMI, and BW were analyzed as repeated measures. Other variables were analyzed using unpaired t-tests. P < .05 was considered significant. Serum leptin, intake, digestibility, and activity were not affected by group. Dry matter intake was correlated with average HR (r = 0.70; P = .03). Obese horses spent more time active (interacting with other horses, moving around; P = .003) and less time eating (P = .03). Overall, the results of this study identified some differences in behavior but did not identify any differences in energy intake or expenditure between obese and lean horses.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Moore, Jennifer L. and Siciliano, Paul D. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={13–20} }
 @misc{stewart_pratt-phillips_gonzalez_2017, title={Alterations in Intestinal Permeability: The Role of the "Leaky Gut" in Health and Disease}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.009}, abstractNote={All species, including horses, suffer from alterations that increase intestinal permeability. These alterations, also known as "leaky gut," may lead to severe disease as the normal intestinal barrier becomes compromised and can no longer protect against harmful luminal contents including microbial toxins and pathogens. Leaky gut results from a variety of conditions including physical stressors, decreased blood flow to the intestine, inflammatory disease, and pathogenic infections, among others. Several testing methods exist to diagnose these alterations in both a clinical and research setting. To date, most research has focused on regulation of the host immune response due to the wide variety of factors that can potentially influence the intestinal barrier. This article serves to review the normal intestinal barrier, measurement of barrier permeability, pathogenesis and main causes of altered permeability, and highlight potential alternative therapies of leaky gut in horses while relating what has been studied in other species. Conditions resulting in barrier dysfunction and leaky gut can be a major cause of decreased performance and also death in horses. A better understanding of the intestinal barrier in disease and ways to optimize the function of this barrier is vital to the long-term health and maintenance of these animals.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Stewart, Amy Stieler and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon and Gonzalez, Liara M.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={10–22} }
 @article{hendrix_moore_gillaspie_hollifield_pratt-phillips_2017, title={Daily caloric expenditure as estimated by heart rate in lean and obese horses}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.021}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.021}, abstractNote={The functional results after a Girdlestone's excision arthroplasty of the hip are unpredictable with high patient dissatisfaction and complication rates. We report such a case of symptomatic patient, which was managed successfully with a megaprosthesis of the hip with constrained acetabular liner. The use of megaprosthesis for a failed and symptomatic Girdlestone's excision arthroplasty of the hip has not been reported before.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hendrix, T.R., IV and Moore, J. and Gillaspie, B. and Hollifield, M.K. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={44–45} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_wilhelm_2017, title={Expectations of veterinary school costs and salary, in a group of pre-veterinary equine science students}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.200}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.200}, abstractNote={The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp model (EHC) of equine endocrinopathic laminitis induces rapid loss of lamellar tissue integrity, disrupts keratinocyte functions, and induces inflammation similar to natural disease. Continuous digital hypothermia (CDH) blocks tissue damage in this experimental model, allowing identification of specific genes or molecular pathways contributing to disease initiation or early progression. Archived lamellar tissues (8 horses, 48 h EHC treatment, including CDH-treated front limbs) were used to measure relative expression levels of genes encoding keratin 17 (KRT17), a stress-induced intermediate filament protein, and genes upregulated downstream of keratin 17 and/or interleukin 17A (IL-17A), as mediators of inflammation. Compared to front or hind limbs at ambient temperature, CDH resulted in significantly lower expression of KRT17, CCL2, CxCL8, PTGS2 (encoding COX2), IL6, TNFα, S100A8 and MMP1. By immunofluorescence, COX2 was robustly expressed in lamellar keratinocytes from ambient limbs, but not in CDH-treated limbs. Genes not significantly reduced by CDH were IL17A, DEFB4B, S100A9 and MMP9. Overall, 8 of 12 genes were expressed at lower levels in the CDH-treated limb. These 8 genes are expressed by wounded or stress-activated keratinocytes in human disease or mouse models, highlighting the role of keratinocytes in equine laminitis.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Wilhelm, K.S.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={119–120} }
 @article{hollifield_moore_hendrix_gillaspie_pratt-phillips_2017, title={Relationship between daily distance traveled, voluntary intake, and body condition score in horses kept in individual pens}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.027}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.027}, abstractNote={In general, is said that functional traits have a positive genetic correlation with conformation in horses but, this hypothesis has never been investigated in the Brazilian Campolina breed. We aimed to estimate genetic parameters (heritabilities and genetic correlations) for these traits based on genealogical records from 107,951 animals, in which 43,159 were phenotyped. A total of 16 morphological traits (MT); one gaits score (GtS) and two traits related to conformation harmony (CH), were simultaneously analysed under a Bayesian multi-trait model framework. Genetic trends were estimated over the years of birth for animals born between 1951 and 2016. MT were all genetically positively associated (from 0.05 to 0.98). CH traits presented positive and negative genetic correlations, but all favourable to the selection goals. GtS was negatively associated with all MT, except for Chest Width (0.08). CH and GtS presented lower positive genetic correlation (0.10 and 0.01, for the ratio between Height at Withers and Height at Back, and ratio of Back-Loins Length over Body Length, respectively). Observed results indicated the existence of sufficient additive genetic variance (heritability estimates ranged from 0.07 to 0.43) for the studied traits, benefiting the implementation of a breeding program, if the desired is to select animals for morphology or gaits. All genetic trends were favorable despite of the phenotypic selection in the Campolina breed. These trends presented low regression coefficients, but the increase on average predicted breeding values for the investigated period was 137.9%.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hollifield, M.K. and Moore, J. and Hendrix, T., IV and Gillaspie, B. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={47} }
 @article{gill_lloyd_bowman_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2017, title={Relationships Among Digestible Energy Intake, Body Weight, and Body Condition in Mature Idle Horses}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.017}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships among digestible energy (DE) intake, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) in lean/moderate condition horses. The feed intake of 35 Quarter Horses (age 5.3 ± 1.2 years; BW 462 ± 39 kg; BCS 4.5 ± 0.5) was recorded daily over three, 42-day feeding trials. Horses were offered 1.75–2.00 kg DM/100 kg BW in Orchard grass hay and 0.2 kg/100 kg BW in whole oats. Body weight and BCS were recorded biweekly. Daily DE intake was calculated according to Pagan and recorded as the amount fed minus any refusal. The daily kilogram intake was multiplied by the DE (Mcal/kg) content of the feed to equal the total calories per day. The mean within-horse ΔBW and ΔBCS from 0 to 42 days of each trial were evaluated using paired t tests. Trial 1 horses consumed 24.5 Mcal/d and BW increased (P < .001) by 24 ± 3 kg; however, there was no significant change in BCS (0.0 ± 0.5). Trial 2 horses consumed 22.8 Mcal/d and BW increased (P = .009) by 8 ± 3 kg and BCS tended to increase (P = .06) by 0.5 ± 0.5. Trial 3 horses consumed 25.7 Mcal/d and BW and BCS increased (P < .001) by 22 ± 2 kg and 1.0 ± 0.5, respectively. According to trial, horses required approximately 19, 34, and 18 Mcal/kg of weight gain, respectively. Additional factors affecting weight gain are related to the individual.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Gill, Jennifer Christine and Lloyd, Karen Elizabeth and Bowman, Morghan and Siciliano, Paul David and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon Elizabeth}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={32–36} }
 @article{moore_pratt-phillips_siciliano_2017, title={Relationships between level of adiposity, voluntary intake, and digestibility in horses}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.096}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.096}, abstractNote={Previous studies have shown that a single base-pair mutation, a change from cytosine (C) to adenine (A), in the DMRT3 gene affects both the ability to show ambling and lateral gaits in a wide range of horse breeds, as well as racing performance and trotting technique in Standardbred and Nordic trotters. The variant allele is present in gaited breeds but is absent, or found at a very low frequency, in breeds used for Western-European style riding and flat racing, like the Swedish Warmblood and Thoroughbreds as well as in draught horses. This indicates that the variant allele might have a negative effect on certain riding performance traits in horses. Therefore, one aim of this study was to investigate whether the DMRT3 variant affects canter in Standardbred trotters, and to test if heterozygous horses (CA) were better suited for Western-European style riding than homozygous horses (AA). Riding traits were studied in 115 Standardbred horses, and a similar study was also performed with data from 55 Nordic trotters. The results showed that CA Standardbreds had significantly better balance in canter, both collected and extended canter, than AA horses. The CA horses also got significantly higher scores for transitions in collected canter. For the rhythm we found no significant differences between the genotypes. In the Nordic trotters we were unable to establish any significant difference for canter ability.Another aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the variant allele on riding abilities and gaits in the Icelandic horse (n=446). Practically all horse breeds considered to be three-gaited have a CC genotype, in contrast Icelandic CC horses can show tölt. We therefore tested whether the variant influenced how difficult it was to initiate tölt training for these horses. It was also investigated whether the variant affects which gaits Icelandic horses choose, both at liberty and during initial training. Icelandic CC horses were significantly more difficult to train to tölt compared to CA and AA horses. The AA Icelandic horses showed the lateral gaits tölt and pace significantly more frequent, both at liberty and during initial training, than CA or CC horses. The majority of the Icelandic CC and CA horses chose trot at liberty and during initial training.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Moore, J.L. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Siciliano, P.D.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={76–77} }
 @article{bump_pratt-phillips_2017, title={Results of the 2016 Equine Science Society member survey}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.211}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.211}, abstractNote={The present research was designed to examine heritability estimates of egg length, egg breadth and egg shape index under the influence of age variance for Bovan Nera Black laying chicken sat 25, 51, 72 weeks and overall mean ages of the bird. For this purpose thirty birds were selected from the flock of layers in the Babcock University Teaching and Research Farm. A total of thirty (30) eggs were collected daily from the birds continuously for five (5) days of egg production, at each age 25, 51 and 72 weeks. The total number of eggs collected at each age was 150 and 450 for the total of three age periods. Data were collected on egg production traits for egg length, egg breadth and egg shape index. The mean values of the egg quality traits revealed an apparent increase for egg length 4.05–4.65 cm and egg breadth 2.47–2.66 cm with a corresponding overall mean data 4.38 cm for egg length and 2.56 cm for egg breadth; however, egg shape index recorded decrease from 61.87 to 57.19 with a corresponding overall mean of 58.92. General linear model procedure of statistical analytical system was used to obtain the variance components for the estimation of heritability. High heritability estimates were obtained when the age variance was included in the computation for overall mean and at 25 weeks for the studied traits, and at 72 weeks for egg breadth and egg shape index when the age variance was excluded while low estimates were registered at 51 for all traits, and at 72 for egg length and with the corresponding overall mean for all traits when the age variance was excluded from the computation. The heritability estimates from different egg quality traits were low to high. Since some of the traits recorded low heritability values, these traits can be improved by mass selection thereby culminating into egg production with optimal quality.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bump, K.D. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={124} }
 @article{gill_pratt-phillips_siciliano_2017, title={The effect of time- and space-restricted grazing on body weight, body condition score, resting insulin concentration, and activity in grazing horses}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.122}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.122}, abstractNote={Non-invasive and non-destructive analysis based on Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors are used for the development of quality control systems in numerous in situ/on-line applications in different fields. However, few studies have been published investigating and trying to understand how light propagates through agri-food tissues. In this paper, diffuse reflectance spectra of Iberian pig skin were simulated for different source–detector distances in the wavelength range from 1150 nm to 1850 nm. The average photon visit depth and the fraction of absorbed energy indicated that most of the light was absorbed by the dermis layer. Nevertheless, larger source–detector distances enabled to acquire information from deeper in the skin tissue and to maximize the sensitivity of the captured signal to the subcutaneous adipose tissue. These simulation results were experimentally validated using spatially resolved reflectance spectroscopy, and a good agreement was obtained between the simulations and measurements.A stochastic approach such as Monte Carlo method is used for investigating and characterizing non-destructive and non-invasive diffuse reflectance NIR spectroscopy measurements of Iberian pigs in the 1150–1850 nm wavelength range. Different source detector distances have been evaluated in order to optimize the optical configuration of NIRS instruments and maximize the spectral information detected from the subcutaneous adipose tissue. This study helps to understand how the light is propagated in pig tissues, which is relevant to design new spectrometers that can be used as non-destructive in situ/in vivo quality control system or support-decision making system.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gill, J.C. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Siciliano, P.D.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={87–88} }
 @article{gillaspie_moore_hollifiled_hendrix_pratt-phillips_2017, title={Time budgets of lean and obese horses kept in individual partially covered pens}, volume={52}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.020}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2017.03.020}, abstractNote={Over half a million Holsteins are being genotyped annually in the United States. The computational cost of including all genotypes in single-step genomic (ssG)BLUP is high, although it is feasible to conduct large-scale genomic prediction using an efficient algorithm such as APY (algorithm for proven and young). An effective method to further reduce the computing cost could be the use of indirect genomic predictions (IGP) for genotyped animals when they have neither progeny nor phenotypes. These young genotyped animals have no effect on the other genotyped animals and could have their genomic prediction done indirectly. The main objective of this study was to calculate IGP for various groups of genotyped animals and investigate the reduction in computing time as well as bias and accuracy of the IGP. We compared IGP with genomic (G)EBV for 18 linear type traits in US Holsteins, including 2.3 million (M) genotyped animals. The full data set consisted of 10.9M records for 18 linear type traits up to 2018 calving, 13.6M animals in the pedigree, and 2.3M animals genotyped for 79K SNP. For IGP, ssGBLUP included all genotyped animals except those with neither progeny nor phenotypes by year from 2014 to 2018 (i.e., the target animals). The SNP marker effects were computed based on GEBV for genotyped animals that had progeny, or phenotypes, or both. Further, IGP were calculated for target genotyped animals in each year group. For all genotyped animal groups from 2014 to 2018, the coefficients of determination (R2) of a linear regression of GEBV on IGP were 0.960 for males and 0.954 for females for 18 traits on average. To reduce computing costs, the SNP marker effects were calculated based on GEBV from randomly selected genotyped animals from 15K to 60K. By randomly selecting a small number of genotyped animals, the computing time was dramatically reduced. As more genotyped animals were randomly selected to calculate SNP effects, R2 was higher (more accurate) and the regression coefficient was lower (more inflated IGP). In a practical genomic evaluation in US Holsteins, to get sufficient contributions from GEBV, 25K to 35K is a rational number of genotyped animals that can be randomly selected to compute SNP effects and obtain accurate and unbiased IGP. Considering the computing time and both unbiasedness and accuracy of IGP, genomic evaluation can be conducted separately in GEBV for genotyped animals with phenotypes or progeny and in IGP for young genotyped animals. This can be a practical solution when conducting a large-scale genomic evaluation and would enable more frequent evaluation at lower cost, especially when many genotyped animals have neither phenotypes nor progeny.}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gillaspie, B.L. and Moore, J. and Hollifiled, M.K. and Hendrix, T.R. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={44} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_2016, title={Feeding Practices and Nutrient Intakes Among Elite Show Jumpers}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.097}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to quantify feed and macronutrient intake, as well as generate information regarding nutritional concerns, in 34 elite-show jumper horses. All feed was weighed and used to determine digestible energy (DE), crude protein (CP), Ca, and P amounts offered to the horses daily. Questions to the horse's representative generated information regarding nutrition-related concerns, such as colic or gastric ulcers. Total feed intake averaged 14.9 ± 2.8 kg and was fed at 2.8 ± 0.5% of body weight (BW) on an as-fed basis. The DE offered met 119 ± 4.8% of the National Research Council (NRC) (2007) requirements for a horse at heavy work or 94.2 ± 17% of recommendations for very heavy work. Crude protein offered was also between these two classifications of workload. When expressed on a per kilogram BW basis, DE in the offered diet was 62.5 ± 11.4 kcal/kg BW and CP was 2.0 ± 0.5 g/kg BW. Ca in the diets offered more than two times the NRC requirements, while the diets only contained on average 87% of the NRC P requirements. Nutrition-related concerns were low, in part due to the widespread preventative use of ulcer medications and joint supplements (or injections). Colic concern was also low in this group of horses, despite frequent travel and sudden changes to new feeds. This study highlights a need for horse representatives to be mindful of feed selection when traveling to different venues where different feeds are available.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={39–43} }
 @article{gill_pratt-phillips_mansmann_siciliano_2016, title={Weight Loss Management in Client-Owned Horses}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2015.12.014}, abstractNote={The present study was designed to determine whether a reduction in body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) could be achieved through 10% to 20% energy restriction in privately owned and managed horses, similar to previously published research in a controlled research setting. Twenty-four, overweight, client-owned/managed horses were identified for use in the study. At the initial (September 2012) and final evaluations (May 2013), health records, diet evaluation, estimated BW, fasting glucose and insulin (INS) concentrations, BCS, cresty neck score (CNS), and morphometric measurements were obtained from 24 client-owned horses and four control horses. At the conclusion of the trial period (26 ± 4 weeks), changes in BW, BCS, CNS, morphometric measurement, and INS were analyzed using paired t tests. Correlations between changes in BW (%initial) and ΔBCS were evaluated. Overall decreases (P < .01) were observed in BW (31.48 kg; 95% CI: 24.07–38.89 kg), BCS (1.4/9; 95% CI: 1.01–1.80), CNS (0.96; 95% CI: 0.64–1.30), and INS (9.132 μU/mL; 95% CI: 5.741–12.520). Changes in BW (%initial) and ΔBCS were moderately correlated (r = 0.53). Horses with more compliant owners had a greater mean decrease in BW and BCS (P < .01) than those of noncompliant owners. Likewise, horses with no pasture access had a greater mean decrease in BW and BCS (P < .01) than continuously grazing horses. The results suggest that 10% to 20% restriction of energy intake can be implemented in client-owned horses, resulting in a decrease in BW, BCS, and INS, if the owner reduces feed and pasture intake.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Gill, Jennifer Christine and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon Elizabeth and Mansmann, Richard and Siciliano, Paul David}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={80–89} }
 @article{goertzen_lloyd_spears_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2015, title={48 Effect of dietary chromium propionate on plasma C-peptide concentrations of Quarter Horse geldings}, volume={35}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.058}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.058}, abstractNote={Describing the effects of a carbohydrate-rich diet (CRD) on Haflingers with R309 H glycogensynthase 1 (GYS1) mutation. Haflinger mares heterozygous positive (polysaccharide storage myopathy [PSSM] type 1, n = 7) and negative (control, n = 7) for GYS1 mutation received 6 weeks of CRD and hay only (hay), with a wash out period of two. Each diet was followed by oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), submaximal treadmill exercise test (STET), and biopsies of semitendinosus (STm) and gluteus medius (GMm) muscles. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by oGTT. Plasma creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and lactate were measured before and after STET. Semitendinosus and GMm biopsies were evaluated for distribution of fiber types (1, 2A, and 2X), chronic myopathic changes, and complex Periodic Acid Schiff (cPAS) positive amylase resistant inclusions. One Haflinger of control group had cPAS inclusions indicating PSSM type 2; therefore, it was excluded. In PSSM1 horses, cPAS were found in every STm sample, and in 10 of 14 GMm samples, furthermore, STm samples showed a greater total myopathy score and significantly more type 2A and fewer type 2X fibers compared with controls. There were no significant differences between groups regarding enzyme levels and for oGTT. Diet had no effect on muscle enzyme levels after STET and on cPAS inclusions in PSSM1 group. Glycogensynthase 1 mutation in Haflingers was not accompanied by clinical signs, even after STET. Carbohydrate-rich diet for 6 weeks did not induce clinical signs or increase cPAS inclusions. As PSSM type 2 is a possibility in Haflingers, STm muscle biopsy and cPAS evaluation should be performed if GYS1 gene test is negative.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Goertzen, E.W. and Lloyd, K.E. and Spears, J.W. and Siciliano, P.M. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={404} }
 @article{gill_lloyd_hastings_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2015, title={52 Digestible energy intakes of thirty-five horses over a 42-d period}, volume={35}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.062}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.062}, abstractNote={As a unique species of equine, the donkey has certain specific variations from the horse. This review highlights the origins of the donkey and how this impacts on its behavior, physiology, and propensity to disease. The donkey is less of a flight animal and has been used by humans for pack and draught work, in areas where their ability to survive poorer diets, and transboundary disease while masking overt signs of pain and distress has made them indispensable to human livelihoods. When living as a companion animal, however, the donkey easily accumulates adipose tissue, and this may create a metabolically compromised individual prone to diseases of excess such as laminitis and hyperlipemia. They show anatomic variations from the horse especially in the hoof, upper airway, and their conformation. Variations in physiology lead to differences in the metabolism and distribution of many drugs. With over 44 million donkeys worldwide, it is important that veterinarians have the ability to understand and treat this equid effectively.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gill, J.C. and Lloyd, K.E. and Hastings, M.A. and Siciliano, P.D. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={406} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_2015, title={62 Feeding practices and nutrient intakes among elite show jumpers}, volume={35}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.072}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.072}, abstractNote={Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder mainly caused by defects in the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2). Most of CYP21A2 mutations result from intergenic recombinations between CYP21A2 and closely linked CYP21A1P pseudogene. Rare mutations not generated by gene conversion account for 5–10% of 21-hydroxylase deficiency alleles. Intronic variants represent only a little part of these but their effect on the protein is generally deleterious. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literary review regarding all intronic CYP21A2 pathological variants reported to date. In addition, we describe three novel causing disease variants in our patients affected by the classic form of CAH: IVS4-1G > A, IVS5-8 T > A, IVS8-2A > G. In silico analysis revealed that all these substitutions affect the splicing process leading to a non-functional protein. Based on these results, we are able to classify them as pathological variants according to the patient's phenotype.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S.E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={410} }
 @article{goertzen_lloyd_spears_siciliano_pratt-phillips_2015, title={76 Validation of a human double-antibody radioimmunoassay kit for measuring equine C-peptide}, volume={35}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.086}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2015.03.086}, abstractNote={Detecting user context with high accuracy using smartphone sensors is a difficult task. A key challenge is dealing with the impact of different smartphone positions on sensor values. Users carry their smartphones in different positions such as holding in their hand or keeping inside their pants or jacket pocket, and each of these smartphone positions affects various sensor values in different ways. This paper addresses the issue of poor accuracy in detecting user context due to varying smartphone positions. It describes the design and prototype development of a smartphone position discovery service that accurately detects a smartphone position, and then demonstrates that the accuracy of an existing context aware application is significantly enhanced when run in conjunction with this proposed smartphone position discovery service.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Goertzen, E.W. and Lloyd, K.E. and Spears, J.W. and Siciliano, P.M. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={416} }
 @article{miller_ehrlicher_drake_peelor_biela_pratt-phillips_davis_hamilton_2015, title={Assessment of protein synthesis in highly aerobic canine species at the onset and during exercise training}, volume={118}, ISSN={["1522-1601"]}, DOI={10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2014}, abstractNote={Canis lupus familiaris, the domesticated dog, is capable of extreme endurance performance. The ability to perform sustained aerobic exercise is dependent on a well-developed mitochondrial reticulum. In this study we examined the cumulative muscle protein and DNA synthesis in groups of athletic dogs at the onset of an exercise training program and following a strenuous exercise training program. We hypothesized that both at the onset and during an exercise training program there would be greater mitochondrial protein synthesis rates compared with sedentary control with no difference in mixed or cytoplasmic protein synthesis rates. Protein synthetic rates of three protein fractions and DNA synthesis were determined over 1 wk using2H2O in competitive Alaskan Huskies and Labrador Retrievers trained for explosive device detection. Both groups of dogs had very high rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the sedentary state [Alaskan Huskies: Mixed = 2.28 ± 0.12, cytoplasmic (Cyto) = 2.91 ± 0.10, and mitochondrial (Mito) = 2.62 ± 0.07; Labrador Retrievers: Mixed = 3.88 ± 0.37, Cyto = 3.85 ± 0.06, and Mito = 2.92 ± 0.20%/day]. Mitochondrial (Mito) protein synthesis rates did not increase at the onset of an exercise training program. Exercise-trained dogs maintained Mito protein synthesis during exercise training when mixed (Mixed) and cytosolic (Cyto) fractions decreased, and this coincided with a decrease in p-RpS6 but also a decrease in p-ACC signaling. Contrary to our hypothesis, canines did not have large increases in mitochondrial protein synthesis at the onset or during an exercise training program. However, dogs have a high rate of protein synthesis compared with humans that perhaps does not necessitate an extra increase in protein synthesis at the onset of aerobic exercise training.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Miller, Benjamin F. and Ehrlicher, Sarah E. and Drake, Joshua C. and Peelor, Frederick F., III and Biela, Laurie M. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon and Davis, Michael and Hamilton, Karyn L.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={811–817} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_geor_mccutcheon_2015, title={Comparison among the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and oral glucose tolerance test for assessment of insulin sensitivity in healthy Standardbreds}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.76.1.84}, abstractNote={Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare, in horses, estimates of insulin sensitivity obtained from minimal model analysis (MMA) of a frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) with estimates from the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) and to evaluate the validity of surrogate estimates of insulin sensitivity derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
ANIMALS 18 mature Standardbreds (mean ± SD body weight, 428.9 ± 35.9 kg; mean ± SD body condition score, 4.4 ± 1.0 [on a scale of 1 to 9]).
PROCEDURES All horses underwent at least 2 of the 3 procedures (EHC [n = 15], insulin-modified FSIGTT [18], and OGTT [18]) within a 10-day time frame to evaluate insulin sensitivity.
RESULTS Insulin sensitivity variables derived from the EHC and FSIGTT were strongly correlated (r = 0.88). When standardized to the same units of measure, these measures were still strongly correlated (r = 0.86) but were not equivalent. Area under the curve, peak insulin concentration, insulin concentration at 120 minutes, and 2 calculated indices from glucose and insulin data from the OGTT were significantly correlated with the EHC- and FSIGTT-derived estimates of insulin sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy Standardbreds with moderate body condition score, insulin sensitivities from the EHC and FSIGTT were strongly correlated but not equivalent. Estimates derived from an OGTT also may be useful to estimate insulin sensitivity.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Geor, Ray J. and McCutcheon, L. Jill}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={84–91} }
 @article{chitwood_phillips_whisnant_tyndall_lashley_deperno_2014, title={Serum Leptin as an Indicator of Fat Levels in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Southeastern USA}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2013-08-223}, abstractNote={Abstract Leptin is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake, appetite, and metabolism. In some mammals, leptin has been shown to circulate at levels proportional to body fat, which could make it useful for nonlethal evaluation of body condition. Leptin's usefulness for estimating fat levels (i.e., body condition) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is unknown. We quantified serum leptin concentrations in a sample of free-ranging, female deer collected in July 2008 and March 2009 from coastal North Carolina, USA. We compared leptin concentrations with kidney fat index, femur marrow fat index, and kidney fat mass. Additionally, we assessed differences in leptin concentrations between the two seasons, lactating and nonlactating females, and gestating and nongestating females. Leptin concentrations were similar between seasons but were lower in lactating and gestating females. We did not detect significant relationships between leptin and the body fat metrics, indicating that leptin may have limited value for estimating fat reserves in white-tailed deer.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Phillips, Shannon P. and Whisnant, Scott and Tyndall, James and Lashley, Marcus A. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={887–890} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_kutzner-mulligan_marvin_brown_sykes_federico_2014, title={The Effect of Feeding Two or Three Meals Per Day of Either Low or High Nonstructural Carbohydrate Concentrates on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Horses}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.004}, abstractNote={Eight mature idle gelding horses (mean body weight [BW], 558 ± 45 kg) were used in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square design study. Horses received either two or three meals per day (MPD) for 7 days, of either a high (H; 43%; 215 g/100 kg BW) or low (L; 18%; 90 g/100 kg BW) nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrate feed to achieve four treatment groups: low NSC in two MPD (L2), low NSC in three MPD (L3), high NSC in two MPD (H2), and high NSC in three MPD (H3). On day 7 of the treatments, blood was collected before (baseline) and for 5 hours after feeding the morning meal (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 minutes after feeding). Baseline insulin concentrations tended (P = .093) to be higher for horses fed high NSC than low NSC, and horses fed two MPD tended (P = .092) to have higher baseline insulin concentrations than horses fed three MPD. In addition, baseline glucose-to-insulin ratio (GIR) was higher in horses fed high NSC compared with low NSC (P < .001). Horses fed high NSC had higher area under the curve of insulin and higher peak insulin after feeding than those fed low NSC. These findings suggest that NSC content of a concentrate feed has an impact on baseline insulin and GIRs and on postprandial insulin concentrations. Meanwhile, the number (and therefore size) of MPD had fewer impacts on glucose metabolism.}, number={11-12}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon and Kutzner-Mulligan, Jenna and Marvin, Rebecca and Brown, Heather and Sykes, Chris and Federico, Jennifer}, year={2014}, pages={1251–1256} }
 @article{skurupey_warren_johnson_pratt-phillips_2013, title={Effect of citrulline-malate supplementation on plasma amino acids and glycemic and insulinemic responses in horses}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.057}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.057}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Skurupey, L.A. and Warren, L.K. and Johnson, S.E. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={343–344} }
 @article{wycoff_glunk_sykes_rodpitak_pratt-phillips_siciliano_2013, title={Effect of day-time vs. night-time grazing on hindgut fermentation parameters in fall pasture-fed horses}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.047}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.047}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wycoff, C.L. and Glunk, E.C. and Sykes, C.C. and Rodpitak, S. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Siciliano, P.D.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={338–339} }
 @article{gill_pratt-phillips_mansmann_siciliano_2013, title={Estimated digestible energy intakes in moderate and overweight horses}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.050}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.050}, abstractNote={s / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33 (2013) 321-399 340 The LFHC diet consisted of grass hay (1.0% BW/d) and high NSC (42%) concentrate (1.2% BW/d). The NSC was starch plus WSC. Forage and concentrate meals were fed twice daily. Fecal pH measurements were recorded weekly. Every 14 d, SATs were performed to assess individual permeability. Sugars were administered via nasogastric tube at time 0 and total urine was collected over a 24 h period. Sugar excretion was quantified via gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Data were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA with repeated measures. Percent excretion was greater in the LFHC horses for sucrose, mannitol, and sucralose, with no detected difference in lactulose excretion (P < 0.05). Fecal pH values were higher for the HFLC diets than the LFHC diets at 6.95 and 6.53 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The SATs may be an effective tool in measuring gastrointestinal permeability in the horse and provides evidence that high concentrate low forage diets increase gastrointestinal permeability and decrease hindgut pH. Estimated digestible energy intakes in moderate and overweight horses J.C. Gill , S.E. Pratt-Phillips , R.A. Mansmann , and P. Siciliano 1 Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, 2 Equine Podiatry and Rehabilitation Practice, Chapel Hill, NC, 27517 Obesity in horses is an increasingly common problem, with significant health risks to the animal. Factors contributing to obesity include owner overfeeding, lush unrestricted pasture intake, and variation in basal metabolic rate between horses. As part of a larger weight-loss study, this preliminary study examined the differences in estimated digestible energy (DE) intakes in overweight horses compared to horses with moderate body condition scores (BCS). Twenty-four client-owned overweight horses, (BCS 7; mean SD 529 69 kg BW, 3 – 18 yr of age, mixed light breeds) were identified. Ten horses having moderate BCS (BCS < 6; 528 44kg BW, 6 – 23 yr of age, mixed light breeds) that were housed at facilities with the overweight horses were also identified. Horse evaluations included; girth circumference, body length, estimated body weight, height, girth to height ratio (G:H), BCS and cresty neck score (CNS). A dietary evaluation was conducted to obtain; feed types and weights, chemical composition analysis of hay and pasture, health history and exercise level. For NRC DE requirement estimation, overweight horses were categorized as “minimum maintenance”, “average maintenance” or “light work”, while moderate horses were categorized as “average maintenance”, “elevated maintenance” or “light work”. DE contents of feeds were calculated using chemical composition obtained through analysis or were obtained from feed companies. Free choice pasture intakes were estimated based on 2% BW DMI, and for horses that had restricted grazing, limited pasture quality, or other feeds, estimated intakes were adjusted. Mean BCS in the overweight and moderate groups was 7.7 0.6 and 5.3 0.6, respectively (P<0.0001). Of the 24 horses in the overweight group, 9 were obese (BCS 8), with regional adiposity, dimpling of fat along the body and CNS 3. Mean G:H in the overweight group was 1.27 0.04, and 1.20 0.03 in the moderate group (P<0.0001). Overweight horses consumed an average 141.9 28.5% of their estimated DE requirements. However, this was not different from the moderate horses, who consumed an average of 145.4 28.8% of their estimated DE requirements. DE intakes when expressed as kcal/kg BW were not different, with mean DE intakes of 45.3 8.1 kcal/kg BW for overweight horses and 50.3 9.8 kcal/kg BW for moderate horses. DMI as % BW was not different between the two groups (2.0 0.3 for the overweight horses and 2.2 0.4 for the moderate horses). However, overweight horses had a greater proportion of their intake from pasture (P<0.01), and using 2% BW DMI may have underestimated intakes in these horses. Meanwhile, moderate horses had a greater proportion of their diet coming from hay (P<0.01) and concentrates (P<0.01), where intakes were more easily quantified. Discrepancies between estimated energy intakes and NRC requirements need further evaluation. Feed composition and animal factors affecting forage digestibility by horses T.L. Hansen, and L.M. Lawrence Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546 The concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) are often used to assess forage quality in animal diets. Relative feed value (RFV) uses NDF and ADF to predict digestible dry matter in cattle; however, a comprehensive evaluation of the effect these forage characteristics have on dry matter digestibility (DMD) in horses has not been performed. A literature review on Google Scholar was conducted between January 1, 2013 to January 23, 2013 for the terms digestibility, horses, and forages to locate in vivo digestibility studies in horses and ponies that were fed greater than 50% forage diets and included: NDF, ADF, and crude protein (CP) concentrations of feeds; DMD, NDF digestibility (NDFD), ADF digestibility (ADFD), and CP digestibility (CPD), DM intake (% BW), and animal factors such as age, gender, and breed. Additionally, the proceedings from the previous Equine Nutrition and Physiology/Equine Science Symposiums were searched for the same criteria. The search resulted in 15 articles and abstracts that included all of the necessary information and 24 additional studies containing partial information. Data from these studies were compiled and used for linear regression on DMD, NDFD, ADFD, and CPD by feed and animal characteristics. DMD was significantly related to the NDF, ADF, CP, difference between NDF and ADF (NDF-ADF), and percent ADF in NDF (P< 0.0001); however, multiple regression of DMD by NDF and CP content of the forage}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gill, J.C. and Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Mansmann, R.A. and Siciliano, P.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={340} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_wycoff_sykes_kutzner-mulligan_siciliano_2013, title={Glucose and insulin concentrations in restricted pasture-fed horses}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.073}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.073}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Wycoff, C. and Sykes, C. and Kutzner-Mulligan, J. and Siciliano, P.D.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={351} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_phillips_robertson_huckaby_tredwell_churakova_laxton_2013, title={The creation of an equine science game}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.160}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.160}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Phillips, C. and Robertson, A. and Huckaby, B. and Tredwell, D. and Churakova, L. and Laxton, M.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={392–393} }
 @article{kutzner-mulligan_eisemann_siciliano_smith_hewitt_sharlette_pratt-phillips_2013, title={The effect of different feed delivery methods on time to consume feed and the resulting changes in postprandial metabolite concentrations in horses}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2012-5727}, abstractNote={Management techniques that reduce the insulin response to feeding in horses have application in preventing insulin resistance (IR) and potential associations (e.g., laminitis). Eight mature idle horses of BCS between 5 and 6.5 and with no previous indication of IR were fed a meal of concentrate under 4 feed delivery treatments in a repeated Latin Square design. Treatments were all based on a bucket of equal dimensions. The treatments included a control (CON) and 3 treatments hypothesized to increase time to consume feed (TCF): mobile obstacles above the feed (BALL), stationary obstacles below the feed (WAFF), and feed with water added (WTR). Jugular venous blood samples were taken at feed delivery, every 10 min for the first hour, and then every 30 min until 300 min after feed delivery. The TCF was different across treatment and was greater (P < 0.05) for BALL and WAFF when compared with CON and WTR. Glucose and insulin concentrations increased after feeding (P < 0.05) and tended to differ among treatments (P < 0.10). Peak insulin and glucose concentrations were affected by treatment as were the time to peak insulin and the area under the curve of insulin (P < 0.05). Therefore, feed delivery methods that include obstacles effectively increase TCF and attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A second experiment was designed to determine if the TCF changes associated with BALL and WAFF in Exp. 1 remain effective over a 4-d period. Four horses with no recent or regular history of consuming concentrates were fed concentrate meals for 4 consecutive d using the same treatments described in Exp. 1 and a Latin square design. Horses were subject to a 4-d adaptation period and were randomly assigned to 4-d treatment periods using the 4 previously described treatments. During adaptation, TCF decreased over time (P = 0.02). After adaptation, WAFF had greater TCF when compared with CON and WTR (P < 0.05) whereas WTR had the lowest TCF overall. Using obstacles to increase TCF on a daily basis may be an effective method to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations, thereby decreasing the risk of IR development in horses.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kutzner-Mulligan, J. and Eisemann, J. and Siciliano, P. and Smith, J. and Hewitt, K. and Sharlette, J. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={3772–3779} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_medlin_2013, title={Value of faculty-provided materials in an introductory equine science course}, volume={33}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.161}, DOI={10.1016/J.JEVS.2013.03.161}, abstractNote={Online prerequisite review (OPR) tutorials were designed and implemented to reinforce foundational scientific material in order to protect in-class time, foster self-directed learning, and ensure all students have similar baseline knowledge.Twenty-one tutorials covering undergraduate prerequisite material were developed by faculty and organized into six core modules, comprising basic biology, chemistry, and physiology topics. A quiz on this material was given on the first day of each course. This score was correlated with the final exam score at course completion. Additional student and faculty feedback was collected through surveys.2372 quiz-exam pairings were collected over three consecutive fall semesters. A one point increase in the quiz score was associated with a 3.6 point (95% confidence interval 3.1–4.0) higher exam score, as well as a greater probability of passing the exam (P<0.0001). Furthermore, simple linear regression revealed a positive correlation between quiz and exam scores (P<0.0001). Three full years of student survey data revealed an overwhelmingly positive perception of the OPR tutorials, and surveyed faculty reported better use of class time and improved student competency and participation.Implementation of OPR tutorials may give faculty more efficient use of class time, and their associated quizzes serve as an early indicator for students at-risk of not passing who are candidates for early interventions. Furthermore, the OPR tutorial design gives it great transferability to biomedical post-graduate programs.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S.E. and Medlin, E.G.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={393} }
 @article{glunk_pratt-phillips_siciliano_2013, title={Effect of Restricted Pasture Access on Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rate, Dietary Energy Intake, and Fecal pH in Horses}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0737-0806"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2012.07.014}, abstractNote={Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Glunk, Emily C. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Siciliano, Paul D.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={421–426} }
 @book{pratt-phillips_2012, title={Introduction to equine science}, publisher={Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company}, author={Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2012} }
 @article{dowler_siciliano_pratt-phillips_poore_2012, title={Determination of Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rates in Different Seasons and Their Application in Grazing Management}, volume={32}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.006}, abstractNote={Eight mature horses weighing 576 ± 32 kg (mean ± SD) were used to compare differences in pasture dry matter (DM) intake rate in October (period 1), February (period 2), and May (period 3). Horses were randomly assigned to a pair of adjacent 5 m × 5 m grazing cells containing nontoxic, endophyte-infected tall fescue. Horses had access to each cell for 4 hours. Pasture DM intake rate was estimated over the entire 8-hour period by measuring the pre- and postgrazing herbage mass within each cell and was expressed as kg DM/100 kg body weight (BW)/hr. Mean 8-hour DM intake rate in period 1 (0.17 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) was greater (P < .001) than for period 2 (0.09 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) and period 3 (0.11 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr), but it was not different (P = .274) between periods 2 and 3. A second experiment using the same eight horses was conducted immediately after the first experiment, within each season, to determine whether the DM intake rates derived from the first experiment could be used along with estimates of maintenance digestible energy (DE) requirements and pasture DE concentrations to predict the amount of grazing time required for a horse to consume only its maintenance DE requirement and maintain zero BW change over a 6-week period. Grazing time necessary to maintain zero BW change was accurately predicted for period 1 only.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dowler, Lauren E. and Siciliano, Paul D. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Poore, Matthew}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={85–92} }
 @article{sharlette_hewitt_mcleod_fellner_siciliano_pearson_pratt-phillips_2011, title={Effect of pasture consumption on blood insulin, glucose and volatile fatty acid concentrations in horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.126}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.126}, number={5-6}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sharlette, J. and Hewitt, K. and McLeod, S.J. and Fellner, V. and Siciliano, P. and Pearson, A. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={298–299} }
 @article{kelley_gibbons_smith_vernon_pratt-phillip_mortensen_2011, title={Exercise affects both ovarian follicular dynamics and hormone concentrations in mares}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.014}, abstractNote={The objectives were to evaluate the effects of exercise on ovarian folliculogenesis and related hormones in mares. Mares (n = 11) were randomly assigned into a control (non-exercised) or treatment (exercised) group. Treatment mares (n = 5) were moderately exercised for 30 min, 6 d/wk. All mares underwent daily transrectal ultrasonographic examinations and ovarian follicles > 6 mm were measured. Blood samples were collected during the first (Cycle 1) and last (Cycle 4) cycle, and serum concentrations of cortisol, LH, and FSH were determined. Mean cortisol concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) in exercised mares, 6.29 ± 0.22 compared with 5.62 ± 0.16 ng/dL (mean ± SEM), 30 min post exercise. There were no significant differences between groups in mean FSH concentrations; however, exercised mares had lower (17.3 ± 6.4 vs 41.1 ± 5.5 ng/mL; P < 0.05) peak LH concentrations. Furthermore, exercised mares experienced a longer (24.7 ± 0.8 vs 22.2 ± 0.8 d; P < 0.05) mean interovulatory interval for all cycles combined, fewer (P < 0.05) follicles 6 to 20 mm in diameter, and an increased (P < 0.05) number of follicles >20 mm following deviation. The dominant and largest subordinate follicle in exercised mares had a greater (P < 0.05) mean diameter on the day of deviation, suggesting delayed deviation. Exercised mares also tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased number of cycles with at least two dominant follicles compared to control (62 vs 36%, respectively), indicating a decreased ability of the largest follicle to assert dominance. Under the conditions of this study, moderately exercising mares induced higher cortisol concentrations, lowered peak LH concentrations, and altered ovarian follicular dynamics.}, number={4}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Kelley, D. E. and Gibbons, J. R. and Smith, R. and Vernon, K. L. and Pratt-Phillip, S. E. and Mortensen, C. J.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={615–622} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_stuska_beveridge_yoder_2011, title={Nutritional Quality of Forages Consumed by Feral Horses: The Horses of Shackleford Banks}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0737-0806"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.012}, abstractNote={This preliminary study describes the nutritional profiles of the horses of Shackleford Banks, NC. Nutrient composition of plants was analyzed during the four seasons over 2 years. Microhistological examination of the feces was used to determine the contribution of the various plant types to the horse’s diet. Together, this information provided an estimate of the nutrient profile for these horses. There were significant differences in nutrient content between the main plant types analyzed, as well as differences between the seasons for several nutrients (such as crude protein [CP] and acid detergent fiber [ADF]). Grasses were the primary plant type found in the feces of the horses, although forbs were also found, particularly in the winter and spring. It is likely that plant availability and palatability affect selection because plant nutrient content did not have a significant relationship with consumption. The yearly diet had an average of 6.6% ± 1.4% CP, 0.5% ± 0.1% calcium, 0.1% ± 0.03% phosphorus, 8.3 ± 2.25 ppm copper, 23.2 ± 4.70 ppm zinc, and 1.9 ± 0.07 Mcal/kg digestive energy (DE). Thus, even at an intake of 3% of body weight, these horses are likely deficient in phosphorus, zinc, and copper several times throughout the year. Future studies should include expanded plant sampling, habitat information, additional fecal samples, and body condition scores of the horses.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Stuska, Sue and Beveridge, Heather L. and Yoder, Mike}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={640–644} }
 @article{kutzner-mulligan_hewitt_sharlette_smith_pratt-phillips_2011, title={The effect of different feed delivery methods on rate of feed consumption and serum insulin concentration in horses}, volume={31}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.128}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.128}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to investigate the responses to exercise in athletic horses fed different protein levels. Twenty-four Brazilian Sport Horses (body weight [BW] between 432 and 560 kg and body condition score [BCS] 5.0–5.5) undergoing eventing training were used. The experiment was a randomized design with four treatments (diets) and two exercise tests. Diets were composed of 7.5%, 9.0%, 11.0%, and 13.0% crude protein. The exercise tests consisted of a warm-up and galloping from 6.0 m/s with speed increases every 1 minute until 10 m/s. Venous blood samples were collected at preprandial time, before, during, and after the exercise tests, and at the recovery time. Blood samples were analyzed for hematocrit, lactate, glucose, total plasma protein, serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, uric acid, creatinine, serum Cl−, and venous blood gas. The results were analyzed using a split-plot design, and regression analyses were performed. There were no differences in BW and BCS. The protein levels did not affect the variables VL2, VL4, V150, and V200. Serum urea and uric acid concentrations were affected by protein diet levels. After the exercise tests, the blood pH, acid–base, and electrolyte balance of the horses were not affected by the protein of the diets. The protein diet levels did not affect the horses' performance variables. At the same time, high protein concentrations in the diet can alter the acid–base balance in athletic horses and should be used with caution.}, number={5-6}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kutzner-Mulligan, J. and Hewitt, K. and Sharlette, J. and Smith, J. and Pratt-Phillips, S.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={300} }
 @article{pratt-phillips_owens_dowler_cloninger_2010, title={Assessment of Resting Insulin and Leptin Concentrations and Their Association With Managerial and Innate Factors in Horses}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2010.01.060}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine how insulin and leptin concentrations varied in a large population of privately owned horses. Further, the study was designed to examine the relationships between insulin and leptin with innate (sex, age, breed) and managerial (diet, exercise) factors in these horses. Resting blood samples (for determination of glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations), body condition scores, feed information, and health history were collected from 366 privately owned horses. In this group of horses, 48% were considered overweight (Body Condition Score ≥6) and 8% were considered hyperinsulinemic (insulin concentrations >30 μU/mL). Confirming the findings of studies within research herds, both insulin and leptin concentrations were found to be correlated with body condition score (P < .001). It was also found that geldings had higher insulin concentrations than mares (P < .05). Ponies were found to have higher insulin and leptin concentrations as well as higher body condition scores, than several other breeds examined. While not a specific measure of insulin sensitivity, resting insulin concentrations have been associated with quantitative measurements of insulin sensitivity and may be useful in large-scale studies for estimating insulin and glucose dynamics. Because of the association between insulin resistance and obesity with diseases such as laminitis, the findings of the present study may help owners identify horses that may be at risk for the development of such conditions.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Owens, Kelly M. and Dowler, Lauren E. and Cloninger, Madison T.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={127–133} }
 @article{stewart-hunt_pratt-phillips_mccutcheon_geor_2010, title={Dietary energy source and physical conditioning affect insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in horses}, volume={42}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00255.x}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing study: Starch rich (S) feeds reduce insulin sensitivity in untrained horses when compared to high fat (F) feeds, but insulin sensitivity is not affected when S or F are fed during exercise training. The effects of S vs. F on training‐associated alterations in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism are unknown.Objectives: To determine the effects of dietary energy source on training‐associated changes in insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein and hexokinase (HK) and glycogen synthase (GS) activities in horses.Methods: After a baseline period on an all forage diet (Phase 1), horses were adapted to high starch (S) or high fat (F) diets (n = 7/group) for 6 weeks (Phase 2) and then completed 7 weeks of exercise training (Phase 3) on the same diets. To measure insulin sensitivity (SI), minimal model analysis of a frequently‐sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed at the end of each phase. Middle gluteal muscle biopsies to measure GLUT‐4 protein content, muscle glycogen and HK and GS activities were taken before and after euglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic clamps administered after each phase. Data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA.Results: In S, SI was 36% lower (P<0.05) after Phase 2 when compared to Phase 1 but was unchanged in F. After Phase 3, SI was increased (P<0.01) in S and F compared to Phase 2 and did not differ (P>0.05) between diets. Middle gluteal muscle GLUT‐4 protein and post clamp HK activity were increased (P<0.05) in S after Phase 3, with higher (P<0.01) GLUT4 in S than in F. GS activities were unchanged in both diets.Conclusions: Adaptation to S resulted in decreased SI mitigated by moderate physical conditioning. Increased GLUT‐4 protein content and HK activity in S may have contributed to higher SI after training.}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Stewart-Hunt, L. and Pratt-Phillips, S. and McCutcheon, L. J. and Geor, R. J.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={355–360} }
 @article{bing_pratt-phillips_gillen_farin_2011, title={Undergraduate performance in a domestic animal laboratory taught via distance education}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3114}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine if laboratory modules of an undergraduate animal anatomy course offered in distance education (DistEd) format were as effective as face-to-face (F2F) format in helping students learn. Students (n = 159) completed an anatomy pretest as well as a presurvey to assess prior DistEd experience. Alternating each week, laboratory topics were presented either as F2F or as virtual DistEd laboratories. Two laboratory examinations were administered and included material from both laboratory formats (DistEd and F2F). Questions from the pretest were also included and used to generate the posttest scores. At the end of the semester, students completed a postsurvey to determine if DistEd was a viable alternative to F2F. Student grades on each examination were compared using an ANOVA model that included main effects of presentation method (DistEd, F2F), semester (fall, spring), and their interaction. Learning was evaluated based on the performances of students on pre- and posttests using unpaired t-tests. There was an increase (P < 0.0001) in anatomy post- vs. pretest scores for both semesters, indicative of student learning, although there was no effect of presentation method (F2F or DistEd). On exam 1, students achieved greater scores in fall 2008 (P < 0.0001) on material presented via DistEd compared with that presented as F2F. However, in spring 2009 students scored better on material presented as F2F. There was no effect of presentation method on exam 2 scores for either semester. Based on the postsurvey, 79.3% of students in fall 2008 and 52% of students from spring 2009 agreed that DistEd laboratories were a viable alternative to F2F laboratories. The results of this study support the conclusion that anatomy material can be taught effectively by distance education methods.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Bing, J. and Pratt-Phillips, S. and Gillen, L. -A. and Farin, C. E.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={297–301} }
 @article{siciliano_pratt-phillips_dowler_2009, title={Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Daily Within-Horse Variation of Plasma Alpha-Tocopherol Concentration}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.011}, abstractNote={The current study was conducted to evaluate daily within-horse variation of plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration (TOC) (Experiment 1 [EXPT1]) and to determine the effect of a single meal on plasma TOC (Experiment 2 [EXPT2]). In EXPT1, venous jugular blood samples were collected from four pregnant (6–7 months of gestation), light horse mares (8.8 ± 2.9 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 5–11 years of age) between 7:30 AM and 8:30 AM, followed by eight hourly samples, and analyzed for plasma TOC. All horses were fed 5 kg dry matter (DM) grass hay 18 hours before sample collection and received no additional feed during the sampling period. Mean within-horse coefficient of variation for TOC was 3.5% ± 0.01%. In EXPT2, seven mature light horses, four mares and three geldings (4.9 ± 4.4 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 2–14 years of age), were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (fasted [FST; n = 7] or fed [FD; n = 7]), followed by reversal of treatments 24 hours later. At 7:30 AM, FD horses were fed 2.1 kg DM grain-mix concentrate (187 IU vitamin E/kg DM) plus 3.3 kg DM mixed-grass hay, whereas FST horses received no feed. Neither group received any feed for 18 hours before 7:30 AM. Venous jugular blood samples were collected at 10:30 AM from all horses and analyzed for plasma TOC. The mean (±SD) within-horse paired-treatment difference was not significant (0.05 ± 0.12 μg/mL). The results suggest that variation in within-horse plasma TOC is relatively small over an 8-hour period in fasting horses and is unaffected 3 hours after a hay grain meal.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Siciliano, Paul D. and Pratt-Phillips, Shannon E. and Dowler, Lauren E.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={842–847} }
 @article{owens∗_pratt-phillips_kollar_gray_zimmerman_2009, title={The Effect of Changes in Body Condition on Insulin Sensitivity in Horses}, volume={29}, ISSN={0737-0806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.064}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.064}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Equine Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Owens∗, K. and Pratt-Phillips, S. and Kollar, C. and Gray, R. and Zimmerman, J.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={358–359} }
 @article{pratt_siciliano_walston_2009, title={Variation of Insulin Sensitivity Estimates in Horses}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0737-0806"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.194}, abstractNote={In the horse, resting insulin concentration (INS), the glucose-to-insulin ratio (G:I), and the reciprocal of the square root of insulin (RISQI = 1/√INS) are commonly used to estimate insulin sensitivity, whereas the modified insulin-to-glucose ratio (MIRG = [800 – 0.30 × (INS -50)2]/(GLU – 30) is used to estimate pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness. Because no estimates of their within-horse variability and repeatability have been reported, the objective of this study was to evaluate the within-horse variation of these estimates. Resting blood samples were obtained from six healthy equids (three geldings, two mares; mean ± SD body weight, 525.0 ± 43.36 kg; mean age, 9.8 ± 8.2 years; and one pony gelding: 293 kg; 12 years) on three consecutive days in week 1 and again in week 2. Samples were collected at 12:00 noon, approximately 6 hours postprandially. Serum insulin and plasma glucose (GLU) concentrations were analyzed and used to calculate G:I, RISQI, and MIRG, as well as the insulin to glucose ratio (I:G). The coefficient of variation was used to determine within-horse variation, and repeatability was determined using the repeatability coefficient (RC; measurements from a single horse should differ less than the RC for 95% of the pairs). The mean coefficients of variation (CVs) for resting GLU, INS, G:I, I:G, MIRG, and RISQI were 5.5%, 33.7%, 36.0%, 31.6%, 22.3%, and 18.6%, respectively. All variables had values that differed more than the RC in at least one horse. These data suggest that care should be taken when interpreting insulin sensitivity estimates from a single blood sample.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Pratt, S. E. and Siciliano, P. D. and Walston, L.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={507–512} }
 @inproceedings{seventh crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine}, pages={1–105} }