@article{hasan_kasera_beck_hall_2024, title={Potential of<i> Synechococcus</i><i> elongatus</i> UTEX 2973 as a feedstock for sugar production during mixed aquaculture and swine wastewater bioremediation}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2405-8440"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24646}, abstractNote={The demand for protein is increasing with an expanding world population and is influencing the rapid growth of fish and animal agriculture. These sectors are becoming a significant source of water pollution and need to develop environmentally sustainable techniques that are cost-effective, ideally with potential for downstream value-added production. This study investigated the potential of one of the fastest-growing cyanobacterial species, Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973, for bioremediation of mixed wastewater (combination of sturgeon and swine wastewater). Three different mixing ratios (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 sturgeon:swine) were compared to find a suitable combination for the growth of S. elongatus as well as carbohydrate accumulation in biomass. The final biomass production was found to be 0.65 ± 0.03 g Dry cell Weight (DW)/L for 75%-25 %, 0.90 ± 0.004 g DW/L for 50%-50 %, and 0.71 ± 0.04 g DW/L for 25%-75 % sturgeon-swine wastewater combination. Cyanobacteria cultivated in 50%-50 % sturgeon-swine wastewater also accumulated 70 % total carbohydrate of DW, whereas 75%-25 % sturgeon-swine and 25%-75 % sturgeon-swine accumulated 53 % and 45 %, respectively. Subsequently, the S. elongatus cells were grown in a separate batch of 50%-50 % sturgeon-swine wastewater and compared with cells grown in BG11 synthetic growth media. Cultivation in BG11 resulted in higher biomass production but lower carbohydrate accumulation than 50%-50 % mixed wastewater. Final biomass production was 0.85 ± 0.08 g DW/L for BG11 and 0.65 ± 0.04 g DW/L for 50%-50 % sturgeon-swine wastewater. Total carbohydrate accumulated was 75 % and 64 % of DW for 50%-50 % sturgeon-swine mixed wastewater and BG11 growth media, respectively, where glycogen was the main carbohydrate component (90 %). The nutrient removal efficiencies of S. elongatus were 67.15 % for orthophosphate, 93.39 % for nitrate-nitrite, and 97.98 % for ammonia. This study suggested that S. elongatus is a promising candidate for enabling simultaneous bioremediation of mixed wastewater and the production of value-added biochemicals.}, number={3}, journal={HELIYON}, author={Hasan, Rifat and Kasera, Nitesh and Beck, Ashley E. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{campbell_hall_salvi_2023, title={Antimicrobial Effects of Plasma-Activated Simulated Seawater (PASW) on Total Coliform and Escherichia coli in Live Oysters during Static Depuration}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2410-3888"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080396}, DOI={10.3390/fishes8080396}, abstractNote={Recently, our in vitro study on the effects of plasma-activated simulated seawater (PASW) demonstrated its potential as a novel, alternative disinfectant in oyster depuration. In this current study, PASW’s physicochemical and antimicrobial properties were identified and its effects on oyster quality were observed. Simulated seawater (SS) activated by plasma for 10 min (PASW10) increased in temperature, oxidation reduction potential, and electrical conductivity with a decrease in those parameters after 1:1 dilution with SS (PASW10 (1:1)). The pH decreased immediately after plasma activation and subsequently increased after dilution. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were higher in PASW10 (1:1) compared to PASW10 (3:1). No free available chlorine was detected in undiluted PASW10. Processing using SS and PASW10 (1:1) depuration and refrigeration of E. coli-bioaccumulated oysters was observed. Significantly higher reductions in total coliform and E. coli were noted for PASW10 (1:1) treated oyster samples after 24 h compared to refrigerated samples. No significant differences in values for condition index or biting force of oyster meats were observed for the processed samples after 24 h. Overall, the novel and environment-friendly PASW could be used as an alternative antimicrobial disinfectant in oyster depuration systems because it does not negatively affect an oyster’s viability or quality.}, number={8}, journal={FISHES}, author={Campbell, Vashti M. and Hall, Steven and Salvi, Deepti}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{yanac_verastegui_sotelo-mendez_hall_2023, title={Protein requirement in juveniles of the marine fish Chita Anisotremus scapularis (Tschudi, 1846) (Perciformes: Haemulidae)}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1609-9117"]}, DOI={10.15381/rivep.v34i3.25476}, abstractNote={El presente estudio fue realizado para determinar el requerimiento de proteína del alimento en juveniles de Chita, Anisotremus scapularis. Se utilizaron 72 peces con un peso de 19.95 ± 4.09 g y 10.31 ± 0.63 cm de longitud, los cuales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en grupos de seis unidades por tanque. Las dietas experimentales contenían niveles de proteína de 45, 50, 55 y 58%, las que fueron suministradas a tres unidades experimentales por dieta. Los peces fueron alimentados tres veces por día hasta la saciedad por un periodo de 56 días. Los resultados mostraron que el peso final, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia fueron significativamente (p<0.05) afectados por los niveles de proteína en la dieta. Sin embargo, el incremento de longitud y la tasa especifica de crecimiento no presentaron diferencias significativas (p>0.05) entre tratamientos. El requerimiento de proteína determinado en base a la ganancia de peso mediante la regresión polinomial de segundo grado fue de 56.78% para el óptimo crecimiento de juveniles de chita.}, number={3}, journal={REVISTA DE INVESTIGACIONES VETERINARIAS DEL PERU}, author={Yanac, Ciro and Verastegui, Anibal and Sotelo-Mendez, Alejandrina and Hall, Steven}, year={2023} }
 @article{campbell_chouljenko_hall_2022, title={Depuration of live oysters to reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: A review of ecology and processing parameters}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1541-4337"]}, DOI={10.1111/1541-4337.12969}, abstractNote={Consumption of raw oysters, whether wild-caught or aquacultured, may increase health risks for humans. Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are two potentially pathogenic bacteria that can be concentrated in oysters during filter feeding. As Vibrio abundance increases in coastal waters worldwide, ingesting raw oysters contaminated with V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus can possibly result in human illness and death in susceptible individuals. Depuration is a postharvest processing method that maintains oyster viability while they filter clean salt water that either continuously flows through a holding tank or is recirculated and replenished periodically. This process can reduce endogenous bacteria, including coliforms, thus providing a safer, live oyster product for human consumption; however, depuration of Vibrios has presented challenges. When considering the difficulty of removing endogenous Vibrios in oysters, a more standardized framework of effective depuration parameters is needed. Understanding Vibrio ecology and its relation to certain depuration parameters could help optimize the process for the reduction of Vibrio. In the past, researchers have manipulated key depuration parameters like depuration processing time, water salinity, water temperature, and water flow rate and explored the use of processing additives to enhance disinfection in oysters. In summation, depuration processing from 4 to 6 days, low temperature, high salinity, and flowing water effectively reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in live oysters. This review aims to emphasize trends among the results of these past works and provide suggestions for future oyster depuration studies.}, journal={COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY}, author={Campbell, Vashti M. and Chouljenko, Alexander and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{kasera_augoustides_kolar_hall_vicente_2022, title={Effect of Surface Modification by Oxygen-Enriched Chemicals on the Surface Properties of Pine Bark Biochars}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2227-9717"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102136}, DOI={10.3390/pr10102136}, abstractNote={Sustainable waste utilization techniques are needed to combat the environmental and economic challenges faced worldwide due to the rising population. Biochars, due to their unique surface properties, offer opportunities to modify their surface to prepare application-specific materials. The aim of this research is to study the effects of biochar surface modification by oxidizing chemicals on biochar properties. Pine bark biochar was modified with sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ammonium persulfate. The resulting biochars’ pH, pH at the point of zero charges, and concentration of acidic and basic sites were determined using laboratory experimentation. Instrumental techniques, such as infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were also obtained for all biochar samples. X-ray photoelectron spectra showed that oxygen content increased to 44.5%, 42.2%, 33.8%, 30.5%, and 14.6% from 13.4% for sulfuric acid, ozone, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium persulfate, respectively. The pH at the point of zero charges was negatively correlated with the difference in concentration of acidic and basic sites in biochar samples, as well as the summation of peak components representing C=O double bonds and carboxylic groups. The results suggest that designer biochars can be prepared by understanding the interaction of oxygenated chemicals with biochar surfaces.}, number={10}, journal={PROCESSES}, author={Kasera, Nitesh and Augoustides, Victoria and Kolar, Praveen and Hall, Steven G. and Vicente, Billie}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{consolvo_stark_castellanos_castro-bolinaga_hall_massey_2022, title={Effects of Shell Hash on Friction Angles of Surficial Seafloor Sediments near Oysters}, volume={148}, ISSN={["1943-5460"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000716}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000716}, abstractNote={Oysters are hypothesized to affect the shear strength of nearby surficial seafloor sediment as fragments of oyster shells (shell hash) are typically more angular relative to sand particles alone, among other differences. Resistance to shearing is well characterized by the friction angle, which is estimated in this study from vacuum triaxial laboratory and portable free-fall penetrometer field tests. Friction angles of sediment with shell hash were higher relative to those of sediment without shell hash (via hydrochloric acid treatment) on average by about 19% (36.0°–30.2°, respectively). Triaxial confining pressures ranged between 2.1 and 49.0 kPa to simulate subtidal and intertidal aquatic conditions. Regularity (average of particle roundness and sphericity) values of sediment samples with shell hash were found to be less than those of samples without by about 6% (0.66 and 0.70, respectively), which indicates the particle shapes of the former are, overall, more angular and less spherical. Further study and methodology improvements are needed to decrease the approximate 9° friction angle discrepancy estimated from fieldand laboratory-based tests. Knowing oysters have the potential to increase sediment shearing resistance helps establish a pathway of how shellfish colonies may contribute to mitigating surficial erosion around coastal infrastructure. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000716. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING}, author={Consolvo, Samuel T. and Stark, Nina and Castellanos, Bernardo and Castro-Bolinaga, Celso F. and Hall, Steven and Massey, Grace}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{kasera_kolar_hall_2022, title={Nitrogen-doped biochars as adsorbents for mitigation of heavy metals and organics from water: a review}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2524-7867"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00145-2}, DOI={10.1007/s42773-022-00145-2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mitigation of toxic contaminants from wastewater is crucial to the safety and sustainability of the aquatic ecosystem and human health. There is a pressing need to find economical and efficient technologies for municipal, agricultural, aquacultural, and industrial wastewater treatment. Nitrogen-doped biochar, which is synthesized from waste biomass, is shown to exhibit good adsorptive performance towards harmful aqueous contaminants, including heavy metals and organic chemicals. Incorporating nitrogen into the biochar matrix changes the overall electronic structure of biochar, which favors the interaction of N-doped biochar with contaminants. In this review, we start the discussion with the preparation techniques and raw materials used for the production of N-doped biochar, along with its structural attributes. Next, the adsorption of heavy metals and organic pollutants on N-doped biochars is systematically discussed. The adsorption mechanisms of contaminant removal by N-doped biochar are also clearly explained. Further, mathematical analyses of adsorption, crucial to the quantification of adsorption, process design, and understanding of the mechanics of the process, are reviewed. Furthermore, the influence of environmental parameters on the adsorption process and the reusability of N-doped biochars are critically evaluated. Finally, future research trends for the design and development of application-specific preparation of N-doped biochars for wastewater treatment are suggested. Graphical abstract}, number={1}, journal={BIOCHAR}, author={Kasera, Nitesh and Kolar, Praveen and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{paul_kolar_hall_2021, title={A review of the impact of environmental factors on the fate and transport of coronaviruses in aqueous environments}, volume={4}, ISBN={2059-7037}, DOI={10.1038/s41545-020-00096-w}, abstractNote={Abstract The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) that has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives worldwide. This virus spreads predominantly by human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets. However, the presence of this virus in the fecal and anal swabs of infected patients has triggered the need for research into its waterborne transmission. The various environmental factors that impact the persistence of coronavirus in different water matrices include temperature, UV exposure, organic matter, disinfectants as well as adversarial microorganisms. This review summarizes the most recent research data on the effect of various factors on coronavirus in aqueous environments. The available data suggest that: (i) increasing temperature decreases the overall persistence of the virus; (ii) the presence of organic matter can increase the survivability of coronavirus; (iii) chlorine is the most effective and economic disinfectant; (iv) membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment plants are hosts of competitive microorganisms that can inactivate coronaviruses; (v) ultraviolet irradiation is another effective option for virus inactivation. However, the inactivation disinfection kinetics of coronaviruses are yet to be fully understood. Thus, further research is needed to understand its fate and transport with respect to the water cycle so that effective strategies can be adopted to curb its effects. These strategies may vary based on geographic, climatic, technical, and social conditions around the globe. This paper explores possible approaches and especially the conditions that local communities and authorities should consider to find optimal solutions that can limit the spread of this virus.}, number={1}, journal={NPJ CLEAN WATER}, author={Paul, Diplina and Kolar, Praveen and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2021} }
 @article{paul_hall_2021, title={Biochar and Zeolite as Alternative Biofilter Media for Denitrification of Aquaculture Effluents}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2073-4441"]}, DOI={10.3390/w13192703}, abstractNote={Denitrification processes are crucial in aquaculture as they convert the undesirable nitrate to safer forms of nitrogen. Conventionally, plastic media are used for the biofiltration of wastewater. However, alternative media may be as effective/better than plastic and enhance the sustainability of the system. This study evaluated biochar and zeolite as alternatives for the denitrification of aquaculture effluents. Triplicates of laboratory-scale bioreactors were fabricated to compare the denitrification efficiencies of biochar and zeolite to that of plastic. The bioreactors were fed synthetic aquaculture wastewater having nitrate loading rates of 50, 125, and 150 mg/L. Zeolite exhibited highest values of surface roughness in terms of arithmetic mean height (0.89 µm), maximum height (6.52 µm), and root-mean-square height (1.17 µm), as corroborated by surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that under pseudo-steady-state conditions, zeolite displayed the highest nitrate removal efficiency (maximum 95.02 ± 0.01%), which was followed by biochar and plastic (maximum 92.91 ± 0.01% and 92.57 ± 0.02%, respectively) due to its extraordinary surface roughness that provided better adhesion to the bacteria. However, by the end of the study, all the media exhibited comparable rates. Thus, both zeolite and biochar are sustainable alternatives of biomedia for nitrate removal. However, time and labor constraints must be accounted for to scale-up such bioreactors.}, number={19}, journal={WATER}, author={Paul, Diplina and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{kasera_hall_kolar_2021, title={Characterization data of N-doped biochars using different external nitrogen precursors}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2352-3409"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85101092311&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.dib.2021.106870}, abstractNote={The development of waste-derived functional materials for environmental and energy applications is a sustainable approach to fight global warming, and address energy and materials challenges. In this regard, many scientists are interested in the supercapacitor, adsorbent, and catalyst applications of nitrogen-doped biochars. In this article, we report the data that was collected as a part of our research on the effects of different external nitrogenous sources on the properties of biochar [1]. The data on infrared spectra of the modified samples at various temperatures is valuable to study the changes in functional groups on biochar as a function of temperature as well as nitrogen precursors. Raw data from Time-of-flight Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, surface profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are also provided. We expect that the data will benefit researchers around the world working in the field of nitrogen modifications of biochar.}, journal={DATA IN BRIEF}, author={Kasera, Nitesh and Hall, Steven and Kolar, Praveen}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kasera_hall_kolar_2021, title={Effect of surface modification by nitrogen-containing chemicals on morphology and surface characteristics of N-doped pine bark biochars}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2213-3437"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105161}, DOI={10.1016/j.jece.2021.105161}, abstractNote={In this study, pine bark-derived biochar was modified with melamine, urea, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate to synthesize nitrogen-doped biochars. The effect of chemical modification on the extent of N-doping and surface properties were investigated. The elemental analysis suggested that melamine modified biochar samples had 4.75% nitrogen, higher than nitrogen in other modified biochars. The surface morphology and surface profile were studied with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectra showed that N-doped samples' surface nitrogen content increased to 8.3%, 3.9%, 2.3%, and 2.9% for melamine, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and urea, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results also revealed that among the nitrogen fractions in the N-doped biochars, melamine modified biochar has the highest percentage of pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen (35.2% and 36.8%, respectively) compared to others. Urea modified biochar had the highest percentage of graphitic nitrogen (26.6%). Our results suggest that application-specific nitrogen-enriched biochar can be prepared by understanding how different nitrogen precursors interact with carbon surfaces.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kasera, Nitesh and Hall, Steven and Kolar, Praveen}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{campbell_hall_obenour_2020, title={Application of packed bed reactor theory and Bayesian inference to upweller culture of juvenile oysters}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1873-5614"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102098}, abstractNote={The use of upweller culture units in bivalve nurseries is widely practiced as a technique that enhances the ability to rear large quantities in a semi-controlled environment. However, guidance has varied for optimal flow rates, and thus there is a need to develop a more mechanistic assessment. The application of packed bed reactor theory, including axial diffusion models, would improve optimization of these culture methods. The following paper presents a series of controlled experiments to determine the hydrodynamic properties of a packed bed of oysters. The data gained from these experiments was used to develop mechanistic models calibrated through Bayesian inference. Specifically, the Ergun equation and the axial diffusion model were used to predict the experimental data. The Ergun equation was able to predict the hydrodynamic equivalent diameter distribution of oyster shells (μ = 3.18 mm, σ = 0.74 mm). This oyster shell diameter and void ratio distribution gained through the Ergun equation were used in the relationship of axial diffusion and superficial velocity. The mean axial diffusion coefficient in the oyster bed was estimated 1.65 × 104 m2/s at 0.01 m/s and 7.26 × 104 m2/s at 0.08 m/s. The use of Bayesian inference allows for greater understanding of the credibility of individual parameter distributions (i.e., rates and physical attributes) within these mechanistic formulations. This work establishes a baseline methodology to systematically evaluate and optimize bivalve upweller culture systems.}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Campbell, Matthew D. and Hall, Steven G. and Obenour, Daniel R.}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{geddie_hall_2020, title={Development of a suitability assessment model for the cultivation o intertidal macroalgae in the United States}, volume={699}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85072030101&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134327}, abstractNote={The focus of this novel study was to determine the comparative suitability of intertidal macroalgae production along the coast of the contiguous United States and determine the optimal locations to consider commercial cultivation using geographic information systems (GIS) software. Intertidal macroalgae cultivation represents an immense opportunity in the United States. The market demand for macroalgae has been growing and is expected to continue with the discovery of new uses. Currently, the coastal waters of the United States are extremely underutilized, particularly for macroalgae production. This study considered economic and environmental factors at a national scale, finally assessing the viability in a representative body of water with in-situ water sampling. The results of this study suggest that intertidal macroalgae cultivation is most ideally suited for the southeastern United States, primarily due to lower costs of production and more hospitable coastlines. Based on a limited water quality samples, it is feasible for macroalgae cultivation. However, due to the informational deficits, as acknowledged in this study, more work is required to refine and enhance the assessment model. This paper identifies these gaps and lists recommendations to overcome these knowledge gaps.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Geddie, Alexander W. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{bai_wang_hall_wang_ye_li_li_zhou_qiu_guo_et al._2020, title={Interactive global change factors mitigate soil aggregation and carbon change in a semi-arid grassland}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1365-2486"]}, DOI={10.1111/gcb.15220}, abstractNote={The ongoing global change is multi‐faceted, but the interactive effects of multiple drivers on the persistence of soil carbon (C) are poorly understood. We examined the effects of warming, reactive nitrogen (N) inputs (12 g N m−2 year−1) and altered precipitation (+ or − 30% ambient) on soil aggregates and mineral‐associated C in a 4 year manipulation experiment with a semi‐arid grassland on China's Loess Plateau. Our results showed that in the absence of N inputs, precipitation additions significantly enhanced soil aggregation and promoted the coupling between aggregation and both soil fungal biomass and exchangeable Mg2+. However, N inputs negated the promotional effects of increased precipitation, mainly through suppressing fungal growth and altering soil pH and clay‐Mg2+‐OC bridging. Warming increased C content in the mineral‐associated fraction, likely by increasing inputs of root‐derived C, and reducing turnover of existing mineral‐associated C due to suppression of fungal growth and soil respiration. Together, our results provide new insights into the potential mechanisms through which multiple global change factors control soil C persistence in arid and semi‐arid grasslands. These findings suggest that the interactive effects among global change factors should be incorporated to predict the soil C dynamics under future global change scenarios.}, number={9}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY}, author={Bai, Tongshuo and Wang, Peng and Hall, Steven J. and Wang, Fuwei and Ye, Chenglong and Li, Zhen and Li, Shijie and Zhou, Luyao and Qiu, Yunpeng and Guo, Jiuxin and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={5320–5332} }
 @article{geddie_hall_2019, title={An introduction to copper and zinc pollution in macroalgae: for use in remediation and nutritional applications}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1573-5176"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85050529157&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10811-018-1580-5}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY}, author={Geddie, Alexander W. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={691–708} }
 @article{ye_hall_hu_2019, title={Controls on mineral-associated organic matter formation in a degraded Oxisol}, volume={338}, ISSN={["1872-6259"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.12.011}, abstractNote={Oxisols are the dominant soil type in humid tropical and subtropical regions and are subjected to both drying–rewetting (DRW) cycles and fluctuating oxygen (O2) availability driven by warm temperatures and abundant rainfall in surface layers. Drying-rewetting cycles and O2 fluctuations may critically affect the microbial transformation of plant litter and subsequent stabilization as mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), but experimental data are still limited. We examined the impacts of DRW cycles, and variable O2 regimes with constant moisture, on carbon (C) and iron (Fe) dynamics in a degraded Oxisol (under long-term fallow) with added plant residues. In laboratory incubations (>3 months), both DRW cycling and fluctuating O2 availability induced a flush of respiration and a temporary increase in microbial biomass C (MBC) following soil rewetting or O2 exposure, although MBC was consistently suppressed in these treatments relative to the control (60% water holding capacity under constantly aerobic condition). Consequently, DRW cycles significantly increased but O2 fluctuations significantly decreased cumulative C mineralization relative to the control. Concentrations of short-range-ordered Fe oxides peaked immediately after litter addition and decreased five-fold during the remainder of the experiment. Mineral-associated C (defined as the chemically dispersed <53 μm soil fraction) increased 42–64% relative to initial values but was significantly lower under DRW cycling and fluctuating O2 relative to the control. Correspondingly, these treatments had greater fine particulate organic C (53–250 μm), despite increased CO2 production under DRW cycling. Our data indicate the potential for rapid and significant accrual of MAOC in a degraded Oxisol, but environmental factors such as DRW cycling and fluctuating O2 can inhibit the conversion of plant litter to MAOC—possibly by suppressing microbial biomass formation and/or microbial transformations of organic matter.}, journal={GEODERMA}, author={Ye, Chenglong and Hall, Steven J. and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={383–392} }
 @misc{campbell_hall_2019, title={Hydrodynamic effects on oyster aquaculture systems: a review}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1753-5131"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85050378575&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/raq.12271}, abstractNote={Abstract Hydrodynamics (i.e. interactions of fluid motion with solid bodies) affect oyster aquaculture within every phase of farming. Although it has many direct and indirect implications to the success of any particular aquaculture endeavour, hydrodynamics is the least understood of environmental factors affecting oyster growth. As the industry continues to mature, it is imperative that the influence of hydrodynamics on oyster aquaculture is thoroughly understood. Hydrodynamics also interacts with other environmental factors, such as salinity, temperature, turbidity, food supply and oxygen, which affect the health and growth of oysters through mixing and transport. Proper siting and management of aquaculture requires a comprehensive understanding of the hydrodynamics involved and its impact on the culture of oysters. Unfortunately, literature is inconsistent on oyster feeding and growth response to the influence of hydrodynamics. Feeding and growth limiting velocities are reported that range from 1 to above 22 cm s −1 . This is in contrast with thriving oyster reefs in a natural setting that exist and thrive above 15 cm s −1 . Upweller systems have reported bulk velocities that range from 0.5 to 7.1 cm s −1 . In practice, higher current velocities are desirable because they increase delivery of food to the oysters, improve water quality, and enhance dispersal of biodeposits. This paper summarizes the findings of those studies in regard to hydrodynamics and provides suggestions for future work.}, number={3}, journal={REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE}, author={Campbell, Matthew D. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={896–906} }
 @article{kolar_classen_hall_2019, title={Physicochemical data of p-cresol, butyric acid, and ammonia}, volume={26}, ISSN={2352-3409}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104356}, DOI={10.1016/j.dib.2019.104356}, abstractNote={There is a renewed interest in treating odorous contaminants such as butyric acid, p-cresol, and ammonia that are emitted from animal farming operations. However, developing newer treatment technologies require quantitative information regarding the properties of the target pollutants. Therefore, in this communication, baseline data related to physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of butyric acid, p-cresol, and ammonia were predicted using computational chemistry. Density functional theory was employed via B3LYP functional coupled with polarized 6-31G (d) basis set without any solvent effects using Gaussian 16W and GaussView6. The predicted baseline properties collected here are expected to be useful to scientists and engineers working in environmental mitigation technologies in developing treatment processes and make the animal agricultural industry environmental friendly and sustainable.}, journal={Data in Brief}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kolar, Praveen and Classen, John and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={104356} }
 @article{geddie_hall_2019, title={The effect of salinity and alkalinity on growth and the accumulation of copper and zinc in the Chlorophyta Ulva fasciata}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1090-2414"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85060724969&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.088}, abstractNote={Copper and zinc accumulation in macroalgae is a complex issue. While these metals exist as micronutrients and can serve to add nutritional value to the macroalgae when consumed by both plants and animals, elevated levels of the metals can reduce growth or even kill the algae. Many water parameters can influence the toxicity of the metals, though past studies have rarely isolated individual water parameters. This study aimed to independently determine the effects that salinity and alkalinity have on the growth and accumulation of these two metals on the macroalgae Ulva fasciata, distinguishing the effects of salinity and alkalinity as whole parameters from the collective effects of the water different constituents. The effect of salinity was determined using sodium chloride additions rather than seawater dilution, as performed in past studies, while alkalinity was tested using sodium bicarbonate additions to artificial seawater. The results of the study reinforce previous findings that copper is very toxic to macroalgae, even at low concentrations (50 µg L−1) though the effects of zinc remain inconclusive at 50 µg L−1, since the experiment was conducted over only a two-week trial period. The research suggests that salinity and alkalinity have no significant effect on the toxicity of copper to the growth of the macroalgae, but alkalinity significantly reduced copper and increased zinc accumulation in U. fasciata. The results of this study warrant further research in the field to investigate which other components of seawater and macroalgae reduce metal toxicity in the macroalgae. Additionally, these findings suggest the need for further refinement of toxicity models when adapted to macroalgae.}, journal={ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY}, author={Geddie, Alexander W. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={203–209} }
 @article{humphries_josephs_la peyre_hall_beech_2019, title={Vulnerability of resource users in Louisiana's oyster fishery to environmental hazards}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1708-3087"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85073540039&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5751/ES-11101-240337}, abstractNote={Knowledge of vulnerability provides the foundation for developing actions that minimize impacts on people while maximizing the sustainability of ecosystem goods and services. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to determine how resource-dependent people are vulnerable to environmental hazards. This idea is particularly true in coastal Louisiana, USA, where the current era of rapid land loss has the potential to undermine oyster fisheries. However, little is known about how such environmental change might differentially affect resource users and stakeholders. We examined social components of vulnerability to environmental hazards using indicators of susceptibility and adaptive capacity within the oyster fishery of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. Specifically, we used structured interviews to compare three resource-user roles: oyster fishers, oyster fishers/lease owners, and oyster lease owners only. Results indicated that oyster fishers/lease owners were highly dependent and thus susceptible to changes in the fishery because of high levels of occupational identity. These same people, however, were the most adaptable to change, which was reflected in their willingness to learn about new practices and evolve over time. Higher susceptibility in this group was offset by an increased ability to adapt, cope, and respond to changes in the environment. In contrast to these findings, oyster fishers that did not own any portion of a lease or business in which they operated were bad at coping with change and frequently held negative or fatalistic views on financial planning. These attributes made them the most vulnerable to environmental hazards. Overall, the most vulnerable participants in the Terrebonne Parish oyster fishery were those with low to moderate levels of personal and financial buffers and trust, coupled with high occupational identity and a low motivation to change. Local policy actions that target these attributes are likely to be the best entry points to reducing the vulnerability of stakeholders to hazards.}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY}, author={Humphries, Austin T. and Josephs, Lauren I. and La Peyre, Megan K. and Hall, Steven and Beech, Rachel Dowty}, year={2019}, month={Sep} }
 @article{van rijn_hall_2018, title={A life of service}, volume={82}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUAENG.2018.06.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2018.06.007}, abstractNote={We studied the effect of rearing densities of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei in three densities with three replicate treatments [T1: 0.4 million post-larvae (PL) ha−1, T2: 0.5 million PL ha−1, T3: 0.6 million PL ha−1] and water cutback approach on rearing environment, water use efficiency, water footprint and production performance. Conditional water exchange was carried out based on water quality parameters. Water quality suitability index was very good (7.5–9.0) up to 13th, 10th and 5th week of culture in T1, T2 and T3, respectively; which was attributed to rearing density, smaller-sized shrimp and low early feed input. Optimum rearing density of 50 PL m-2 (T2) led to total water use of 3.25 × 104 m3. It was seeming as a way to improve shrimp productivity (10.58 t ha−1 120 d−1), consumptive water use index (1.72 m3 kg-1 biomass), total water footprint (1229 m3 t−1 biomass) and net consumptive water productivity (USD 1.28 m-3). L. vannamei culture with low to moderate water exchange as in T2, helped uphold water quality suitable for the shrimp growth, improved water use efficiency (0.58 kg biomass m-3 water), minimized sediment load (45.3 m3 t-1 biomass), effluent outputs (0.63 × 104 m3), pumping cost (USD 30.1 t−1 biomass produced), and ratio of output value to the cost of cultivation (1.97). The findings and advancement in knowledge would offer the basis to augment shrimp rearing efforts and the water management approaches will help in preventing the production of waste and effluent while increasing water use efficiency and production performance.}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={van Rijn, Jaap and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={86} }
 @inproceedings{hall_campbell_geddie_thomas_paul_wilcox_smith_eddy_frinsko_wilder_et al._2018, title={Engineering challenges in marine aquaculture}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85054180103&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.13031/aim.201800934}, abstractNote={<b><i><sc>Abstract.</sc></i></b> Engineered aquacultural systems are increasing around the world, and now exceed wild caught fisheries as the primary source of seafood (FAO). Much aquaculture is done in freshwater systems including ponds and recirculating aquaculture systems. However, both near shore and offshore marine systems are on the increase, with some 356,000 km of coast worldwide (CIA World Factbook). The water area within 200 miles of a country (exclusive economic zone) is about 71 million square kilometres, which exceeds the 49 million square kilometres of agricultural land worldwide, implying a great potential for productivity. There are, however, a number of challenges with these systems, and engineers can and must contribute to enhancing productivity while simultaneously improving sustainability. Among these challenges are: 1) salinity; 2) wave energy; 3) coastal storms; 4) distance; 5) waste management; 6) nutrient efficiency; 7) impacts on natural fisheries; and 8) competition with other human uses. Both reality and perception are very important for expansion of coastal aquaculture. There are huge areas but finding ways to minimize impacts on both natural and human systems, technical, economic and aesthetic are critical to aquacultural success. Our team is working on addressing these issues which will be needed as fish consumption increases and population continues to rise toward 10 billion.}, booktitle={ASABE 2018 Annual International Meeting}, author={Hall, S.G. and Campbell, M. and Geddie, A. and Thomas, M. and Paul, D. and Wilcox, D. and Smith, R. and Eddy, N. and Frinsko, M. and Wilder, S. and et al.}, year={2018} }
 @article{saidu_hall_malone_2018, title={Transient temperature effects on biofilters in recirculating systems ammonia removal rates}, volume={25}, ISSN={["2214-7144"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048384049&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.006}, abstractNote={Acclimation of biological filters and ammonia oxidation at transient temperature regimes was the focus of the research. A batch system of automated temperature controlled tanks was used to determine effects of temperature on biofilter response to total ammonia nitrogen utilization. Each tank contained internal biofilters loaded with synthetic chemical feedstock. The biofilters were exposed to temperature regimes of 13 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C steady state temperatures in the first experiment, and cyclical (diurnal) temperatures of 20 ± 3 °C and 30 ± 3 °C in the second experiment. A direct linear regression line method was used, with tau (τ) value from the slope of the linear regression line used to determine the biofilter substrate utilization response to varying temperature regimes. Biofilter response was determined as the capability to utilize total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Tau (τ) values for ammonia oxidation were 40.73 day−1, 58.81 day−1 and 159.70 day−1 at 13 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C respectively. Total ammonia nitrogen substrate utilization rates as indicated in a decay plot differed significantly (P < 0.05) between temperature regimes 20 and 30 °C. However substrate utilization between 13 and 20 °C were not different (P > 0.05). Ammonia oxidation tau values were 118.20 day−1 and 223.50 day−1 at (20 ± 3 °C) and (30 ± 3 °C) diurnal temperatures respectively. These were significantly different (P < 0.05). The data in this study can be applied to future seeded or acclimating biofilters operating within these temperature ranges.}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING}, author={Saidu, M. and Hall, S. and Malone, R.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{rybovich_la peyre_hall_la peyre_2016, title={Increased Temperatures Combined with Lowered Salinities Differentially Impact Oyster Size Class Growth and Mortality}, volume={35}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84971010752&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2983/035.035.0112}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Changes in the timing and interaction of seasonal high temperatures and low salinities as predicted by climate change models could dramatically alter oyster population dynamics. Little is known explicitly about how low salinity and high temperature combinations affect spat (<25mm), seed (25–75mm), andmarket (>75mm) oyster growth and mortality. Using field and laboratory studies, this project quantified the combined effects of extremely low salinities (<5) and high temperatures (>30°C) on growth and survival of spat, seed, andmarket-sized oysters. In 2012 and 2013, hatchery-produced oysters were placed in open and closed cages at three sites in Breton Sound, LA, along a salinity gradient that typically ranged from 5 to 20. Growth and mortality were recorded monthly. Regardless of size class, oysters at the lowest salinity site (annualmean = 4.8) experienced significantly highermortality and lower growth than oysters located in higher salinity sites (annual means = 11.1 and 13.0, respectively); furthermore, all oysters in open cages at the two higher salinity sites experienced higher mortality than in closed cages, likely due to predation. To explicitly examine oyster responses to extreme low salinity and high temperature combinations, a series of laboratory studies were conducted. Oysters were placed in 18 tanks in a fully crossed temperature (25°C, 32°C) by salinity (1, 5, and 15) study with three replicates, and repeated at least twice for each oyster size class. Regardless of temperature, seed and market oysters held in low salinity tanks (salinity 1) experienced 100% mortality within 7 days. In contrast, at salinity 5, temperature significantly affected mortality; oysters in all size classes experienced greater than 50%mortality at 32°C and less than 40%mortality at 25°C. At the highest salinity tested (15), only market-sized oysters held at 32°C experienced significant mortality (>60%). These studies demonstrate that high water temperatures (>30°C) and low salinities (<5) negatively impact oyster growth and survival differentially and that high temperatures alone may negatively impact market-sized oysters. It is critical to understand the potential impacts of climate and anthropogenic changes on oyster resources to better adapt and manage for long-term sustainability.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Shellfish Research}, author={Rybovich, M. and La Peyre, M.K. and Hall, S.G. and La Peyre, J.F.}, year={2016}, pages={101–113} }
 @inproceedings{hall_thomas_steyer_2015, title={Coastal bioengineered reefs as a sustainable technique for coastal land building and habitat restoration}, volume={1}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951270903&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015}, author={Hall, S.G. and Thomas, M. and Steyer, J.}, year={2015}, pages={34–41} }
 @inproceedings{smith_beasley_davis_thiessen_bordelon_hall_2015, title={Development of an efficient irrigation and leaching control system}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951928885&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015}, author={Smith, D. and Beasley, J. and Davis, S. and Thiessen, M. and Bordelon, D. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2015}, pages={2820–2826} }
 @inproceedings{smith_hall_2015, title={Guidance algorithms for multiple cooperative autonomous aquatic vehicles}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84952024820&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015}, author={Smith, D.D. and Hall, S.}, year={2015}, pages={3142–3148} }
 @inproceedings{malveaux_price_hall_2015, title={Statistical comparison of the green seeker NDVI scanner to NIR camera system could the NIR camera replace the green seeker for some applications}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951827589&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015}, author={Malveaux, C. and Price, R. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2015}, pages={4740–4753} }
 @inproceedings{hall_malveaux_2015, title={Use of semi-autonomous multicopters to assess coastal bioengineered reefs and habitat}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84951990128&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015}, author={Hall, S.G. and Malveaux, C.}, year={2015}, pages={2997–3002} }
 @article{dassey_hall_theegala_2014, title={An analysis of energy consumption for algal biodiesel production: Comparing the literature with current estimates}, volume={4}, ISSN={2211-9264}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ALGAL.2013.12.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.006}, abstractNote={Algae have significant potential compared to other biomass feedstocks to supplement current transportation fossil fuel usage. To determine the acceptability of algal biodiesel as a replacement for petroleum, a life cycle analysis (LCA) with parameters of aerial productivity, culturing, CO2 mitigation, water use, nutrient loading, biomass harvesting, lipid extraction, and energy conversion was explored on algae production in Louisiana. High and low energy estimates found in several published LCAs were compared to current realistic estimates and analyses completed by the authors. Considering a system with an aerial biomass productivity of 15 g/m2/day and cell lipid concentration of 20%, the energy inputs exceeded the outputs from biodiesel production by 53% under the most ideal conditions. However, slight increases in biomass productivities and lipid contents are anticipated to tilt the overall energy balance more favorably. Considering the current conservative estimates (for biomass productivity and lipid content), incorporation of value added processes such as wastewater treatment and biogas production from residual biomass, could improve the sustainability of the system, allowing it to potentially achieve a 13.2% energy surplus.}, number={1}, journal={Algal Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dassey, Adam J. and Hall, Steven G. and Theegala, Chandra S.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={89–95} }
 @inproceedings{byrum_hall_erdman_sullivan_harrell_knott_bertrand_2014, title={Culturing coastal plants and animals for sustainable housing}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911491300&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014}, author={Byrum, M. and Hall, S. and Erdman, J. and Sullivan, J. and Harrell, L. and Knott, C. and Bertrand, S.}, year={2014}, pages={4144–4151} }
 @inproceedings{smith_cross_rivet_hall_2014, title={Design of a semi-autonomous boat for measurements of coastal sedimentation and erosion}, volume={367}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84944688120&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5194/piahs-367-447-2015}, abstractNote={Measurement of sediment deposition and erosion in coastal areas is a challenge due to soft shifting sediments, but is critical to assessing loss or restoration of coastal sediments and wetlands. The aim of this project was to design and construct a semi-autonomous boat with water depth measuring capabilities. It was intended to map the depth of coastal wetlands to determine erosion rates and assess coastal restoration effects. Depth-measuring equipment was incorporated into an autonomous pontoon boat powered by solar panels. The propulsion system consisted of two paddlewheels and two-way motors to allow movement and positioning for measurements. Modifications included a lightweight, hard coating on the pontoons and powder-coating the frame to extend their usable life. A microcontroller controlled the boat and captured depth data from sensors and location data with a GPS system. The depth measuring system consisted of a pulley and counter system that completed each measurement in less than 45 seconds. This allowed the boat to take approximately 400 measurements per day. Net accuracy was approximately 3 cm in the tested configuration. The boat can continually measure the depth of specified areas in the wetlands; with this data, the change in depth can be monitored to see the effects of restoration projects.}, booktitle={IAHS-AISH Proceedings and Reports}, author={Smith, D. and Cross, L. and Rivet, J. and Hall, S.}, year={2014}, pages={447–454} }
 @inproceedings{malveaux_hall_husser_2014, title={Design, development and testing of an engineered alligator culture facility}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911498754&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014}, author={Malveaux, C. and Hall, S. and Husser, R.}, year={2014}, pages={4114–4118} }
 @inproceedings{taylor_tykol_silvia_smith_cotlar_hall_2014, title={Development of an autonomous boat for sustainable aquatic plant biomass collection}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911399273&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014}, author={Taylor, A. and Tykol, A. and Silvia, C. and Smith, D.D. and Cotlar, S. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2014}, pages={2747–2751} }
 @article{amirani_barbosa_hall_2014, title={Novel accelerometer-based sensor design for distribution pattern characterization in dry application}, volume={30}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922346557&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.13031/aea.30.10303}, abstractNote={<abstract><title><italic>Abstract.</italic></title> Calibration of spreading equipment for agricultural materials is critically important but is limited by time and costs. Lack of personnel and environmental constraints, as well as equipment features present challenges in both the calibration process and application results. In this article, a novel set of sensing plates based on accelerometer technology were introduced to enhance or replace the traditional collector-based dry-calibration process. The practicality of the sensors was compared with the standard technique for measurement of spreading patterns for urea, rice, and grass seeds. Comparison between the outputs of a set of identical accelerometer plates showed a correlation with deposition using the traditional calibration process. Moreover, the introduced sensor was highly flexible and could be adjusted in various ways in order to better match application demands. For urea and rice seeds, the proposed sensor was also tested at 10° and 20° angles with respect to the horizon and the results indicated almost twofold improvement in resolution from 595 to 955 mV/g with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.92 and 0.98 at 10° and 20° angles, respectively. Arrays of similar sensors could extend this work, and this novel accelerometer based technique may be practical for improved automation of calibration techniques, saving time and money while improving safety and effectiveness for solid material application.}, number={6}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Amirani, M. and Barbosa, R.N. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2014}, pages={973–985} }
 @inproceedings{hall_constant_philippe_starring_beyer_patel_castillo_malone_2014, title={Optimizing biofiltration in a synergistic vertical aquaponics system to improve urban sustainability}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911464205&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014}, author={Hall, S. and Constant, D. and Philippe, D. and Starring, H. and Beyer, D. and Patel, A. and Castillo, T. and Malone, R.}, year={2014}, pages={4524–4529} }
 @inproceedings{farlow_hall_hayes_romaire_2014, title={Toxicity of Silver, Zinc Oxide, and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles to Red River Crayfish Procambarus clarkii in Mesocosm Studies}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911482701&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014}, author={Farlow, J. and Hall, S.G. and Hayes, D. and Romaire, R.}, year={2014}, pages={4537–4542} }
 @inproceedings{malveaux_hall_price_2014, title={Using drones in agriculture: Unmanned aerial systems for agricultural remote sensing applications}, volume={6}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911465752&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2014, ASABE 2014}, author={Malveaux, C. and Hall, S. and Price, R.R.}, year={2014}, pages={4075–4079} }
 @inbook{anderson_baker_graham_haby_hall_swann_walton_wilson_2013, title={Effects of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture in the Southeast USA}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85025151905&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5822/978-1-61091-509-0_9}, booktitle={Climate of the Southeast United States: Variability, Change, Impacts, and Vulnerability}, author={Anderson, J.A. and Baker, S.M. and Graham, G.L. and Haby, M.G. and Hall, S.G. and Swann, L. and Walton, W.C. and Wilson, C.A.}, year={2013}, pages={190–209} }
 @article{price_hall_2012, title={Design, development, and testing of an autonomous boat to reduce predatory birds on aquaculture ponds}, volume={5}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862545998&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Biological Engineering Transactions}, author={Price, R.R. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2012}, pages={61–70} }
 @article{saidu_hall_kolar_schramm_davis_2012, title={Efficient temperature control in recirculating aquaculture tanks}, volume={28}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84859710421&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Saidu, M.M. and Hall, S.G. and Kolar, P. and Schramm, R. and Davis, T.}, year={2012}, pages={161–167} }
 @inproceedings{hall_smith_thompson_2011, title={Autonomous aquatic vehicle fleet development: Sensors, communications and software}, volume={3}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-81255142496&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2011, ASABE 2011}, author={Hall, S.G. and Smith, D.D. and Thompson, B.}, year={2011}, pages={1950–1960} }
 @inproceedings{hall_risinger_lutz_farlow_2011, title={Ecological engineering of artificial oyster reefs to enhance carbon sequestration via the algae-oyster complex}, volume={3}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-81255168689&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2011, ASABE 2011}, author={Hall, S.G. and Risinger, J. and Lutz, A. and Farlow, J.}, year={2011}, pages={2336–2344} }
 @inproceedings{barbée_miles_umejuru_hall_2010, title={Acute toxicity (LC<inf>50</inf>) of South Louisiana crude oil, mineral oil and peanut oil to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863469766&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Freshwater Crayfish}, author={Barbée, G.C. and Miles, M.S. and Umejuru, O. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2010}, pages={227–233} }
 @article{mailander_benjamin_price_hall_2010, title={Sugar cane yield monitoring system}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78650331504&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={6}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Mailander, M. and Benjamin, C. and Price, R. and Hall, S.}, year={2010}, pages={965–969} }
 @inproceedings{hall_smith_davis_2009, title={Design of a communications system between multiple autonomous vehicles}, volume={9}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77649150293&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2009, ASABE 2009}, author={Hall, S.G. and Smith, D.D. and Davis, T.}, year={2009}, pages={5826–5834} }
 @inproceedings{hall_dehon_ortego_beine_campbell_turley_2009, title={Use of bioengineered artificial reefs for ecological restoration in estuarine environments}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-76449091263&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2009, ASABE 2009}, author={Hall, S.G. and Dehon, D. and Ortego, T. and Beine, R. and Campbell, M. and Turley, M.}, year={2009}, pages={2445–2454} }
 @article{moriasi_fouss_hall_kornecki_2008, title={Application of DRAINMOD-K<inf>s</inf>-STMAX to predict deep chiseling effects on a drained southern alluvial soil}, volume={24}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42649134771&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Moriasi, D.N. and Fouss, J.L. and Hall, S.G. and Kornecki, T.S.}, year={2008}, pages={193–202} }
 @article{pawiroredjo_lamoureux_hall_tiersch_2008, title={Degree-days as a tool to determine the heating requirement for channel catfish spawning in earthen ponds}, volume={70}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-48249150729&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1577/A07-003.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Temperature and time are critical in determining when channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus will be physiologically ready to spawn (conditioned). Natural and hormone-induced spawning can occur when the fish are held at, above, or below specific temperatures for a largely undetermined minimum period of time. This period of conditioning can also be described as the heating requirement for spawning. We used degree-days as a standard unit to describe and quantify the heating requirement for channel catfish spawning, and we developed specific terminology and standard parameters to support the use of the degree-day concept for channel catfish spawning. The heating requirements for spawning were quantified by (1) retrospectively calculating degree-day values using previously collected data (2000–2003) from heated and ambient-temperature ponds before and during the natural spawning season and (2) calculating degree-days using data from fish conditioned for the 2004 natural spawning season at different ther...}, number={3}, journal={North American Journal of Aquaculture}, author={Pawiroredjo, P. and Lamoureux, J. and Hall, S.G. and Tiersch, T.R.}, year={2008}, pages={328–337} }
 @inproceedings{saidu_hall_2007, title={Controlled-temperature effects on biofilteration of recirculation systems for oyster studies}, volume={15 BOOK}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35648967173&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={2007 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Technical Papers}, author={Saidu, M. and Hall, S.}, year={2007} }
 @article{martin_supan_theriot_hall_2007, title={Development and testing of a heat–cool methodology to automate oyster shucking}, volume={37}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.12.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.12.006}, abstractNote={A heat/cool methodology was developed to facilitate oyster shucking. Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica from several locations were used. Two methods were designed to shuck oysters, which incorporated various heat–cool regimes. The first was a combination of low-pressure steam and cryogenic CO2, the second a combination of steam and cooling, either from cryogenic N2 or ice water. The oysters were instrumented with T-type thermocouples connected to a datalogger to monitor and record process temperatures. Methods also were developed to quantify meat detachment, shelf-life and textural changes. The methods developed allowed for the measurement and optimization of the shucking process. Advantages of the steam–ice water combination include availability of facilities and low cost. Additionally, under selected regimes, meat quality was similar to that of raw oysters, while some reduction in microbial activity was recorded. Results indicated quantifiable methods, which yielded oyster meat detachments in excess of 85%.}, number={1}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Martin, Daniel E. and Supan, John and Theriot, Jeremy and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={53–60} }
 @article{martin_supan_nadimpalli_hall_2007, title={Effectiveness of a heat/cool technique for shucking oysters}, volume={37}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.12.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.12.008}, abstractNote={A method was developed to use heat/cool processes to effectively shuck oysters. The optimal method devised required only low-pressure steam and chilled water, thus providing a low cost and readily available solution to processors. A series of treatments were devised, and instrumentation installed to monitor process temperatures. Steam injection was used for heating, a vacuum pump was used to increase heating and chilling rates and an ice water solution was used for chilling. Sixty-seven different treatment combinations of both time–temperature and oyster location were tested on a total of 697 oysters. Release rates of up to 85% were observed. Coupling release rates with acceptable meat quality suggests optimal time–temperature combinations for the oysters studied (primarily from Louisiana and Mississippi coasts of the Gulf of Mexico) of 30 s pre-heat; 30 s steam injection at 30 psi; 30 s hold and 240 s ice water chill for these oysters. Variations among treatments suggest that this method of evaluation would be needed for different localities and oyster types, but still suggests that this methodology may potentially provide effective and inexpensive methods for automating oyster shucking.}, number={1}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Martin, Daniel E. and Supan, John and Nadimpalli, Uma and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={61–66} }
 @article{wheaton_hall_2007, title={Preface}, volume={37}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.02.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.02.003}, number={1}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wheaton, Fred and Hall, Steven}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{wheaton_hall_2007, title={Research needs for automated oyster shucking}, volume={37}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.02.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.02.002}, abstractNote={Oyster shucking has been the focus of research and development for over 100 years, but to date there is no low cost automated oyster shucking machine commercially available. Automating oyster shucking is a difficult task due to the construction of the oyster shell and meat, the wide variation in oyster shell shape, and the effects of environmental parameters on oyster growth and shell shape. This paper describes areas where additional research is needed that will advance the science of oyster shucking. Oyster physical and thermal properties, various methods of applying energy to shuck oysters, automated oyster orientation, and oyster meat grading are discussed. Research needs are described and ideas are provided to stimulate further research on automation of oyster shucking and oyster orientation.}, number={1}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wheaton, Fred and Hall, Steven}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={67–72} }
 @article{nadimpalli_price_hall_bomma_2006, title={A Comparison of Image Processing Techniques for Bird Recognition}, volume={22}, ISSN={8756-7938}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp0500922}, DOI={10.1021/bp0500922}, abstractNote={Bird predation is one of the major concerns for fish culture in open ponds. A novel method for dispersing birds is the use of autonomous vehicles. Image recognition software can improve their efficiency. Several image processing techniques for recognition of birds have been tested. A series of morphological operations were implemented. We divided images into 3 types, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3, based on the level of difficulty of recognizing birds. Type 1 images were clear; Type 2 images were medium clear, and Type 3 images were unclear. Local thresholding has been implemented using HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value), GRAY, and RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) color models on all three sections of images and results were tabulated. Template matching using normal correlation and artificial neural networks (ANN) are the other methods that have been developed in this study in addition to image morphology. Template matching produced satisfactory results irrespective of the difficulty level of images, but artificial neural networks produced accuracies of 100, 60, and 50% on Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 images, respectively. Correct classification rate can be increased by further training. Future research will focus on testing the recognition algorithms in natural or aquacultural settings on autonomous boats. Applications of such techniques to industrial, agricultural, or related areas are additional future possibilities.}, number={1}, journal={Biotechnology Progress}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nadimpalli, U.D. and Price, R.R. and Hall, S.G. and Bomma, P.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={9–13} }
 @article{hall_schellinger_carney_2006, title={Enhancing Sugarcane Field Residue Biodegradation By Grinding and Use of Compost Tea}, volume={14}, ISSN={1065-657X 2326-2397}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702260}, DOI={10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702260}, abstractNote={An evaluation of biological processes for improving in-situ degradation of the sugarcane harvesting field residue (trash mat) was performed at the W. A. Callegari Environmental Center near Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A combination of mechanical (shredding) and biological (compost tea) mechanisms was explored for enhancing degradation of this material in the field. Biological inoculums (compost teas) were generated during different phases of compost production and evaluated to determine if biologically active or finished composts produced more suitable biological inoculums to enhance degradation of trash mat. Microbiological enumeration was performed on compost teas and carbon dioxide evolution was used to assess microbiological activity associated with trash mat degradation. Mechanical chopping does significantly increase the rate of trash mat degradation. Specific results suggest that extracting compost teas during phases of composting which most closely match thermal conditions of the extraction method and trash mat in the field may prove effective for improving degradation of field residuals, but further studies are needed to quantify this hypothesis. This technology has relevance in agricultural production where excess field residual removal is required.}, number={1}, journal={Compost Science & Utilization}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Hall, Steven G. and Schellinger, David A. and Carney, William A.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{martin_hall_2006, title={Oyster shucking technologies: Past and present}, volume={41}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645123788&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01052.x}, abstractNote={A review of oyster shucking technologies from the nineteenth century to the present day is presented, comparing advantages and disadvantages of various mechanical, thermal, pressure and other technologies.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Food Science and Technology}, author={Martin, D.E. and Hall, S.G.}, year={2006}, pages={223–232} }
 @article{lamoureux_tiersch_hall_2006, title={Pond heat and temperature regulation (PHATR): Modeling temperature and energy balances in earthen outdoor aquaculture ponds}, volume={34}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.002}, abstractNote={A pond heat and temperature regulation (PHATR) model was designed to: (1) predict the temperature for earthen outdoor aquaculture ponds and (2) determine the size of energy transfer mechanisms affecting energy gains or losses for these ponds. The model solves a first order, no-linear differential equation using a 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical method and various input data (weather data, pond characteristics and flow rate data). Output data (predicted pond temperature) was compared to measured pond temperature collected from the warmwater ponds at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Aquaculture Research Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The model over-predicted the temperature for unheated ponds by 0.7 °C and for heated ponds by 2.6 °C. Fluctuations in flowrates of warm water used to heat the pond are believed to be responsible for the greater error in predicting heated pond temperatures. On average, the two most important energy vectors for unheated ponds were longwave pond radiation (39%) and longwave sky radiation (31%). At certain times, solar radiation accounted for as much as 49% of all energy transferred to unheated ponds. For heated ponds, on average, important energy transfer mechanisms were longwave pond radiation (25%), longwave sky radiation (19%), warm geothermal-well water (19%) and discharged water (15%). At certain times, solar radiation accounted for as much as 50% and warm well water 60% of all energy transferred to heated ponds.}, number={2}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lamoureux, Jonathan and Tiersch, Terrence R. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={103–116} }
 @article{lamoureux_tiersch_hall_2006, title={Sensitivity analysis of the pond heating and temperature regulation (PHATR) model}, volume={34}, ISSN={0144-8609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.06.003}, abstractNote={The PHATR model was designed to determine: (1) the temperature and (2) the size of the energy transfer mechanisms for research-sized (400 m3) outdoor aquaculture ponds in Louisiana. Because various environmental parameters affect the model's output, a sensitivity analysis was used to identify which factors had a greater affect on the pond temperature. Four environmental parameters (air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and flow rate of water used to control the pond temperature) were varied one at a time. The temperature for 1 m3 ponds was modeled for 48 h. The output (pond temperature) for each trial model run was compared to the output of a standard model run. The model's sensitivity to air temperature varied linearly (r = 0.999) from 0.10 to 0.35 °C/°C. The model's sensitivity to solar radiation ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 °C/W. The model's sensitivity to wind speed (dependent on wind speed) ranged from −0.003 to −1.64 °C/(m/s). The model's sensitivity to the flow of warm water (dependent on the flow of warm water) ranged from 158,074 to 620,845 °C/(m3/s)/m3. The model's sensitivity to the flow of cool water (dependent on the flow of cool water) ranged from 46,375 to 844,873 °C/(m3/s)/m3. For all cases, time was found to have an effect on the model's sensitivity. Ultimately, this data is useful for the design and management of outdoor earthen aquaculture ponds in the Southeastern United States or similar areas.}, number={2}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lamoureux, Jonathan and Tiersch, Terrence R. and Hall, Steven G.}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={117–130} }
 @inproceedings{hall_price_mudgundi_mandhani_2005, title={Use of autonomous vehicles for improving sustainability via water quality and biological pest management}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349135547&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={2005 ASAE Annual International Meeting}, author={Hall, S.G. and Price, R.R. and Mudgundi, A. and Mandhani, N.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{hall_saidu_2005, title={Use of temperature control to improve sustainability via study of biological effects in aquatic species}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349156420&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={2005 ASAE Annual International Meeting}, author={Hall, S.G. and Saidu, M.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{dinesh_hall_2004, title={Conceptual design of brake-by-wire system}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-30044437209&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={ASAE Annual International Meeting 2004}, author={Dinesh, P. and Hall, S.}, year={2004}, pages={4435–4445} }
 @inproceedings{hall_price_mandhani_2004, title={Use of autonomous vehicles for drinking water monitoring and management in an urban environment}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-30044436880&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={ASAE Annual International Meeting 2004}, author={Hall, S. and Price, R.R. and Mandhani, N.}, year={2004}, pages={7855–7862} }
 @article{hall_price_2003, title={Autonomous robotic vehicles}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037959753&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={5}, journal={Resource: Engineering and Technology for Sustainable World}, author={Hall, S.G. and Price, R.R.}, year={2003}, pages={11–12} }
 @article{hall_finney_lang_tiersch_2002, title={Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036828502&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0144-8609(02)00036-5}, abstractNote={A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within ∼0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from ∼10 °C (ambient) by ∼2 °C per day, and maintained at ∼27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (∼36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.}, number={4}, journal={Aquacultural Engineering}, author={Hall, S.G. and Finney, J. and Lang, R.P. and Tiersch, T.R.}, year={2002}, pages={277–289} }
 @article{hall_lima_2001, title={Problem-solving approaches and philosophies in biological engineering: Challenges from technical, social, and ethical arenas}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035655302&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Hall, S.G. and Lima, M.}, year={2001}, pages={1037–1041} }
 @inproceedings{hall_aneshansley_1997, title={Methodology for testing controllability of biological composting systems}, volume={3}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031385280&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Hall, Steven G. and Aneshansley, Daniel J.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{hall_aneshansley_walker_1997, title={Modeling controllability in a biological composting system}, volume={1}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031341693&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Hall, Steven G. and Aneshansley, Daniel J. and Walker, Larry P.}, year={1997} }
 @article{jenkins_kennedy_turn_williams_hall_teague_chang_raabe_1993, title={Wind Tunnel Modeling of Atmospheric Emissions from Agricultural Burning: Influence of Operating Configuration on Flame Structure and Particle Emission Factor for a Spreading-Type Fire}, volume={27}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027338220&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es00046a002}, abstractNote={Agricultural burning is a significant source of atmospheric pollutants thoughout the world and has lately been subject to increased regulation in North America and Europe. A combustion wind tunnel having multiple operating configurations was developed to simulate field burning conditions and to provide direct measurement of emission factors. Sensitivity to operating configuration was determined for total suspended particulate matter (TSP) emissions and flame structure. TSP emission factorvaried from 0.505 to 0.727% of fuel mass as a result of controlled changes to the inlet flow velocity and turbulence characteristics and to ventilation through the fuel bed. Flame structure was examined through measurements of local temperatures, gas concentrations, and soot volume, the latter obtained by laser-light extinction}, number={9}, journal={Environmental Science and Technology}, author={Jenkins, B.M. and Kennedy, I.M. and Turn, S.Q. and Williams, R.B. and Hall, S.G. and Teague, S.V. and Chang, D.P.Y. and Raabe, O.G.}, year={1993}, pages={1763–1775} }