@article{baldwin_fox_klondike_hovis_shear_joca_hester_cubbage_2022, title={Geospatial Analysis and Land Suitability for "FloodWise" Practices: Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation in Eastern, Rural North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2073-445X"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/9/1504}, DOI={10.3390/land11091504}, abstractNote={As the global climate continues to change, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent. Subsequently, flooding and standing water disrupt and negatively impact many communities. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) is an innovative and sustainable approach to flood mitigation. Geospatial research and applications have developed rapidly to identify and map broad regions in the world, as well as specific locations for NBS. We conducted a geospatial analysis in ArcGIS Pro to identify areas where NBS, referred to as “FloodWise” practices in this study, could be sited in the North Carolina Coastal Plain to strategically reduce flooding and provide water quality and habitat improvement. The study provides a spatially explicit application of integrated remote sensing, scientific and professional knowledge, and extant databases to screen diverse variables and identify potential specific NBS opportunities and sites. The practices modeled in this study are wetland restoration, afforestation, agroforestry, “water farming” (which uses a combination of dry dams and berms), and stream restoration. Maps of specific areas and tracts in the county for the NBS practices in Robeson County, North Carolina were developed based on the land ownership size, biophysical characteristics, current land uses, and water management opportunities. Land suitability locations revealed in these maps can be used in future resilience planning initiatives to reduce floodwaters on North Carolina’s rural landscapes. The geospatial analysis methodologies employed in this study can be followed to model NBS locations for flood reduction and water storage opportunities in other counties in Eastern North Carolina or other regions with similar topographies and land-type characteristics.}, number={9}, journal={LAND}, author={Baldwin, Madalyn and Fox, Andrew and Klondike, Travis and Hovis, Meredith and Shear, Theodore and Joca, Lauren and Hester, Megan and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hovis_hollinger_cubbage_shear_doll_kurki-fox_line_fox_baldwin_klondike_et al._2021, title={Natural Infrastructure Practices as Potential Flood Storage and Reduction for Farms and Rural Communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/16/9309}, DOI={10.3390/su13169309}, abstractNote={Increased global temperatures resulting from anthropogenically induced climate changes have increased the frequency and severity of adverse weather events, including extreme rainfall events, floods, and droughts. In recent years, nature-based solutions (NBS) have been proposed to retain storm runoff temporarily and mitigate flood damages. These practices may help rural farm and forest lands to store runoff and reduce flooding on farms and downstream communities and could be incorporated into a conservation program to provide payments for these efforts, which would supplement traditional farm incomes. Despite their potential, there have been very few methodical assessments and detailed summaries of NBS to date. We identified and summarized potential flood reduction practices for the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. These include agricultural practices of (1) cover cropping/no-till farming; (2) hardpan breakup; (3) pine or (4) hardwood afforestation, and (5) agroforestry; establishing the wetland and stream practices of (6) grass and sedge wetlands and earthen retention structures, (7) forest wetland banks, and (8) stream channel restoration; and establishing new structural solutions of (9) dry dams and berms (water farming) and (10) tile drainage and water retention. These practices offer different water holding and storage capacities and costs. A mixture of practices at the farm and landscape level can be implemented for floodwater retention and attenuation and damage reduction, as well as for providing additional farm and forest ecosystem services.}, number={16}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Hovis, Meredith and Hollinger, Joseph Chris and Cubbage, Frederick and Shear, Theodore and Doll, Barbara and Kurki-Fox, J. Jack and Line, Daniel and Fox, Andrew and Baldwin, Madalyn and Klondike, Travis and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{shalizi_goldfarb_burney_shear_2019, title={Effects of Five Growing Media and Two Fertilizer Levels on Polybag-Raised Camden Whitegum (Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage) Seedling Morphology and Drought Hardiness}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070543}, DOI={10.3390/f10070543}, abstractNote={In developing countries, tree seedlings are often produced in polybags filled with mixtures of locally available materials. Seedling growth and quality can be affected by the type and amount of these substrates used in the mixture. Differences in seedling growth and quality can also be significantly affected when fertilization is employed during the nursery growing period. In this study, we assessed the effects of five different growing media and two fertilization regimes on nursery growth, seedling morphology and early post-planting response to drought of Eucalyptus benthamii (Maiden & Cambage) seedlings. First, we evaluated the effects of each media by fertilizer treatment combination on morphological attributes during a nursery growing period. Seedlings raised in fertilized media without rice hulls yielded higher growth, root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, Dickson quality index (DQI) scores, and number of first order lateral roots (FOLRs). Root to shoot ratio (R:S ratio) was, however, greater in non-fertilized media that contained rice hulls. We then conducted a simulated outplanting and drought hardiness experiment, in which seedlings were planted in 13.2 L containers and irrigated for one month, followed by the imposition of drought stress. Seedlings in fertilized media composed of sand, topsoil and compost showed greater growth than those in rice hull-containing media, during the irrigation phase. With the discontinuation of irrigation and prevention of precipitation reaching the seedlings, seedlings grown in non-fertilized media containing rice hulls survived longer than those in other media. There were no large differences in survival among other media or between fertilized and other non-fertilized seedlings. Seedling total size and shoot height at the time of planting played a major role in survival. Smaller seedlings with smaller shoot sizes and greater R:S ratios survived longer. This study demonstrates that growing media and fertilization can be manipulated to affect seedling morphology in the nursery and, ultimately, seedling performance and survival under water stressed conditions.}, number={7}, journal={FORESTS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Shalizi, Mohammad Nasir and Goldfarb, Barry and Burney, Owen Thomas and Shear, Theodore Henry}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @article{unks_shear_krings_braham_2014, title={Environmental Controls of Reproduction and Early Growth of Lindera melissifolia (Lauraceae)}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1938-4386"]}, DOI={10.2179/14-034}, abstractNote={Lindera melissifolia is a federally endangered endemic shrub of the southeastern United States. Numerous populations are gender-biased. The goal of this study was to determine environmental conditions most appropriate for establishment and growth of seedlings and adult females. Seedlings were grown under varied moisture and light to compare growth rates and morphological ratios. Seedlings were clipped to simulate two levels of disturbance, and their shoot sprouting ability was assessed. Densities of adult flowering stems, co-occurring species, and solar transmittance were analyzed within two North Carolina populations. The lowest levels of light resulted in decreased growth, but light and moisture did not interact to affect seedling growth rate significantly. Morphological ratios and growth responses followed patterns expected for plants exhibiting plasticity in response to varied light levels, but not to moisture. Clipping immature plants below root collars decreased survivorship to 31%. Growth rates of new shoots when clipped below and above the root collar were 40% and 58% percent lower, respectively (p < 0.001). Percent cover of Lindera melissifolia explained 52% of the variation in the number of male flowering stems per plot and 14% of the variation in female stems per plot. No relation of stem density to percent transmittance was found. Indicator species analysis revealed association of males with facultative wetland species and a weak association of females with wetland obligates, but overall difference in vegetation composition between plots with or without females present was slight (MRPP: A = 0.02, p = 0.016). We concluded hydrology should be a primary concern for future studies.}, number={4}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Unks, Ryan R. and Shear, Theodore H. and Krings, Alexander and Braham, Richard R.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={266–277} }
 @article{laing_shear_blazich_2013, title={How management strategies have affected Atlantic White-cedar forest recovery after massive wind damage in the Great Dismal Swamp (vol 262, pg 1337, 2011)}, volume={304}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.022}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Laing, Joelle M. and Shear, Theodore H. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={505–505} }
 @article{johnson_shear_james_2013, title={Novel ways to assess forested wetland restoration in North Carolina using ecohydrological patterns from reference sites}, volume={7}, ISSN={1936-0584}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1390}, DOI={10.1002/eco.1390}, abstractNote={Restoring jurisdictional wetland hydrology does not ensure that the hydrologic conditions of any specific natural forested wetland community are recreated. This is especially problematic for a state like North Carolina, which has roughly two dozen different forested wetland communities. Because forested wetland communities align themselves across edaphic and hydrologic gradients, we suggest exploiting these relationships to guide restoration design and set performance standards. However, methods to compare hydrology between multiple reference sites and restored wetlands are lacking. To address this, we studied three different forested wetlands across 13 reference sites to determine which measures of water table levels, based on correlation with plant community composition, would be useful to distinguish these three communities. We then used the best measures of water table levels to assess two restoration sites and compare them with the reference sites. Our results showed that monthly median water table levels encompassing the start of the growing season had the strongest correlation with plant community composition, whereas roughly five other measures also had strong correlations. On the basis of the best measures, both of the restoration sites had water table levels that generally fell within the natural range of the reference sites. Because there was variation in water table levels across each restoration site, the different measures where useful to identify which areas were least similar to the reference sites and might need further monitoring in the future. On the basis of our results, we recommend using community-specific measures of hydrology to guide and assess forested wetland restoration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={2}, journal={Ecohydrology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, Yari Ben and Shear, Theodore Henry and James, April Lynda}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={692–702} }
 @article{laing_shear_blazich_2011, title={How management strategies have affected Atlantic White-cedar forest recovery after massive wind damage in the Great Dismal Swamp}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.026}, abstractNote={Abstract In September 2003 Hurricane Isabel swept through eastern North Carolina and Virginia, destroying most of what formerly ranked among the most extensive remaining stands of Atlantic White-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides L., cedar). As Atlantic White-cedar communities are dependent on irregular, large-scale disturbances, the hurricane event can be viewed as an opportunity for perpetuating cedar populations in the Great Dismal Swamp. The success of cedar regeneration in the Dismal Swamp has been influenced by the management strategies employed by Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (active management) and by the adjacent Dismal Swamp State Park (passive management). We investigated the regeneration success of Atlantic White-cedar 5 years following Hurricane Isabel by sampling five stands at the Dismal Swamp State Park withstanding varying impact from the storm and previous windthrow events. We compared our findings to regeneration surveys completed at the adjacent Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. Atlantic White-cedar seedling densities were up to 100 times higher in the actively managed Wildlife Refuge compared to the passively managed State Park. We also determined the seedbank of viable cedar seeds and we described the vegetation at the State Park. The stands at the State Park are now dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with a dense shrubby understory. Since viable cedar seeds were still present in the seedbank (>800,000 ha−1), future seedling establishment is possible at the State Park. However, active management is essential for achieving sufficient seedling densities and survival for regenerating a mature cedar stand.}, number={8}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Laing, Joelle M. and Shear, Theodore H. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={1337–1344} }
 @article{johnson_shear_james_2011, title={Identifying ecohydrological patterns in natural forested wetlands useful to restoration design}, volume={5}, ISSN={1936-0584}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.227}, DOI={10.1002/eco.227}, abstractNote={Wetland restoration projects across the United States commonly lack the species and hydrology of the targeted community being restored. A better understanding of natural wetlands would help restoration project designers achieve community composition and hydrologic regimes that more closely resemble natural conditions. We investigated two different methods to identify patterns in hydrologic regime useful to restoration design. The first method was based on success criteria commonly used by North Carolina wetland mitigation projects. The second method was based on The Nature Conservancy's Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration. To test these two methods, we collected hydrologic and compositional data across the natural variation of nonriverine wet hardwood forest stands, a rare wetland community type commonly restored in North Carolina. Our results show that hydrologic parameters from the first method, based on current success criteria used in North Carolina, are not related to community composition. Hydrologic parameters from the second method, e.g. the maximum water table level over a 3-day span, explained much of the variation in nonriverine wet hardwood forest community composition. Our results found that clear relationships do exist between hydrologic regime and community composition. Hydrologic parameters that are related to community composition need to be used as success criteria in future restoration designs. This will ensure that projects establish the appropriate hydrologic regime necessary to foster the desired wetland community type. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={3}, journal={Ecohydrology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, Yari Ben and Shear, Theodore Henry and James, April Lynda}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={368–379} }
 @inbook{vidra_shear_2009, title={The human/nature dilemma in ecological restoration}, ISBN={0521877113}, booktitle={Global restoration ecology}, publisher={Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press}, author={Vidra, R. L. and Shear, T. H.}, year={2009} }
 @article{judge_neal_shear_2008, title={Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Management for Restoration of Native Plant Communities}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-747X"]}, DOI={10.1614/ipsm-07-011.1}, abstractNote={Japanese stiltgrass is a nonnative invasive grass occupying a range of habitats in the eastern United States. Conventional management recommendations include hand-removal, mowing, or a nonselective herbicide application in autumn prior to flowering. However, no study has directly compared the ecological impacts of long-term management strategies on Japanese stiltgrass populations or recruitment and establishment of native flora. An experiment was initiated in 2002 and continued for three growing seasons in mixed pine-hardwood forests in central North Carolina. Conventional treatments included hand-removal, mowing, or an application of glyphosate (1.1 kg ai/ha) once in autumn, and selective removal by hand or fenoxaprop-P (0.19 kg ai/ha) season-long as needed. All treatments were compared to nontreated plots. Percent vegetation cover by species was recorded twice annually. Data were aggregated into five classes; Japanese stiltgrass, other exotic plants, native forbs, native monocots, and native woody plants. The soil seed bank of all species was estimated annually by extracting soil cores and documenting seedling emergence. All Japanese stiltgrass management treatments significantly reduced Japanese stiltgrass cover and seed bank over time compared to no management. However, recruitment and reestablishment of native plants and overall species richness were greater with selective Japanese stiltgrass management treatments including both hand-removal and fenoxaprop-P. Relative cover of other exotic plants decreased 2% to 49% after 3 yr with all Japanese stiltgrass management treatments except season-long hand-removal, which increased relative cover of other exotic plants 51%.Nomenclature: Japanese stiltgrass, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus MCGVM.}, number={2}, journal={INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Judge, Caren A. and Neal, Joseph C. and Shear, Theodore H.}, year={2008}, pages={111–119} }
 @article{vidra_shear_2008, title={Thinking locally for urban forest restoration: A simple method links exotic species invasion to local landscape structure}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1061-2971"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00387.x}, abstractNote={Restoring urban forests often involves eradicating exotic species and diligently guarding against future invasions. Understanding how landscape structure contributes to the distribution of exotic species may inform these management efforts. To date, the distribution of exotic species in forested patches has been correlated with the type of development surrounding the patch, with those surrounded by agricultural or urban development often more highly invaded. Yet, previous studies have categorized land use types and have not examined more local-scale changes in land use. These local changes may be particularly important in urban areas where forested patches are immediately surrounded by diverse land use types. Our study examined how two key aspects of landscape structure, patch size and adjacent land use, may influence patterns of exotic species invasion of riparian buffers within Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, United States. We found that large patch size alone, in our case, wide riparian buffers, does not protect against exotic species invasion. Patches surrounded by higher canopy-cover landscapes (e.g., forests and older residential developments with mature canopy) were more likely to be invaded than those surrounded by less canopy cover (e.g., shopping malls and other commercial development). We attribute these results, in part, to increased pressure from exotic propagules from adjacent forests. When restoring urban forests, attention should be paid to local land use to better plan for successful, long-term eradication of exotic species.}, number={2}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Vidra, Rebecca L. and Shear, Theodore H.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={217–220} }
 @article{munishi_shear_wentworth_temu_2007, title={Compositional gradients of plant communities in submontane rainforests of eastern Tanzania}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Tropical Forest Science}, author={Munishi, P. K. T. and Shear, T. H. and Wentworth, T. and Temu, R.}, year={2007}, pages={35–45} }
 @article{vidra_shear_stucky_2007, title={Effects of vegetation removal on native understory recovery in an exotic-rich urban forest}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1940-0616"]}, DOI={10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[410:EOVRON]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Urban forests represent patches of biodiversity within otherwise degraded landscapes, yet these forests are threatened by invasion by exotic plant species. We investigated the response of a forest understory to removal of four common exotic species: Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Ligustrum sinense, Laur., and Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus in a forest within the city of Raleigh, NC, USA. In the summer of 2001, we initiated a removal experiment with three treatments. In the “repeated removal” treatment, all understory vegetation was initially removed by clipping and new exotic seedlings were repeatedly removed every 2 weeks throughout the study period. The “initial removal” treatment involved a one-time understory vegetation removal with no further weeding. Control plots had no intervention throughout the study period. We conducted vegetation surveys of the plots prior to treatment initiation and in April and August of 2002 and 2003. With a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination, we were able to discern differences in species composition between the repeated removal treatment and the other two treatments. However, using repeated measures ANOVA, we found no significant differences in native species richness, cover, and abundance among treatments during most sampling periods. We also used a seedbank study to determine that while some early successional species were present, no native shrubs and few native trees emerged from the seedbank. These results suggest that (1) repeated removal is required to decrease the importance of exotic species, especially if the site is in close proximity to a source of exotic propagules; and (2) subsequent to exotic removal, native species may not recover sufficiently without supplemental plantings. Therefore, restoration plans for urban forests should incorporate both long-term monitoring and native plant re-introduction to achieve a diverse native community.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY}, author={Vidra, Rebecca L. and Shear, Theodore H. and Stucky, Jon M.}, year={2007}, pages={410–419} }
 @article{vidra_shear_wentworth_2006, title={Testing the paradigms of exotic species invasion in urban riparian forests}, volume={26}, ISSN={["2162-4399"]}, DOI={10.3375/0885-8608(2006)26[339:TTPOES]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Exotic species research has generated several paradigms about the effects of invasion on native ecosystems and the site characteristics that promote invasibility. We are interested in translating these theoretical paradigms into management recommendations. Using vegetation surveys of urban riparian forests in central North Carolina, we tested the competition and resource availability paradigms. We assessed the association between exotic and native species and identified potential resources that promote invasion. Exotic and native species richness was negatively correlated (r = −0.66, p = 0.0009), conforming to the predictions of the competition paradigm. In particular, native woody species were negatively associated with several exotic growth forms. Two of the most common exotic species, Hedera helix (English ivy) and Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stilt grass), did not co-occur with several native woody plants, suggesting that they may preclude the establishment and regeneration of native woody...}, number={4}, journal={NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL}, author={Vidra, Rebecca L. and Shear, Theodore H. and Wentworth, Thomas R.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={339–350} }
 @article{halperin_shear_2005, title={An Assessment of Rainforest Distribution and Threats in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania}, volume={20}, ISSN={1010-6049 1752-0762}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040508542336}, DOI={10.1080/10106040508542336}, abstractNote={Abstract Biodiversity hotspots across the globe have gained increasing attention in recent years. To accurately assess natural resource values and threats, timely information which characterizes the distribution and extent of natural land cover is needed. Many hotspots are in developing countries that have neither the resources nor the capability to carry out these tasks. This study seeks to address these issues in the West Usambara Mountains, within the Eastern Arc Mountain chain, of Tanzania. These mountains are one of the top biodiversity hotspots in the world. By incorporating remote sensing and Geographic Information System technology, this study develops spatial databases used to map current resource conditions and threats to existing biodiversity. Accuracy for landcover mapped with satellite imagery is 94%. Less than 10% of forest remains in large patches which are highly fragmented. The majority of this forest cover is found at high elevations, which correspond to relatively low potential biodiversity. Only 6% of forests are found at high biodiversity, lower elevation zones. More than half of the forest patch edges at these elevations are adjacent to conflicting landcover, such as small‐scale agriculture. This information can assist land managers and conservation professionals in the prioritization of protection efforts, conservation management, watershed stabilization, and forest restoration planning.}, number={1}, journal={Geocarto International}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Halperin, J. and Shear, T.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={51–61} }
 @article{munishi_shear_2005, title={Rainfall interception and partitioning in afromontane rain forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania: Implications for water conservation}, volume={17}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Tropical Forest Science}, author={Munishi, P. K. T. and Shear, T. H.}, year={2005}, pages={355–365} }
 @article{roise_gainey_shear_2004, title={An approach to optimal wetland mitigation using mathematical programming and geographic information system based wetland function estimation}, volume={12}, ISBN={0923-4861}, DOI={10.1007/s11273-004-2437-z}, number={5}, journal={Wetlands Ecology and Management}, author={Roise, Joseph and Gainey, K. W. and Shear, Theodore}, year={2004}, pages={321} }
 @article{munishi_shear_2004, title={Carbon storage in afromontane rain forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania: Their net contribution to atmospheric carbon}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Tropical Forest Science}, author={Munishi, P. K. T. and Shear, T. H.}, year={2004}, pages={78–93} }
 @article{roise_shear_bianco_2004, title={Sensitivity analysis of transportation corridor location in wetland areas: A multiobjective programming and GIS approach}, volume={12}, ISBN={0923-4861}, ISSN={0923-4861 1572-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-005-3949-x}, DOI={10.1007/s11273-005-3949-x}, number={5}, journal={Wetlands Ecology and Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Roise, J. P. and Shear, T. H. and Bianco, J. V.}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={519–529} }
 @article{wightman_shear_goldfarb_haggar_2001, title={Nursery and field establishment techniques to improve seedling growth of three Costa Rican hardwoods}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1012020023446}, number={1-2}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Wightman, KE and Shear, T and Goldfarb, B and Haggar, J}, year={2001}, pages={75–96} }
 @article{rapp_shear_robison_2001, title={Soil, groundwater, and floristics of a southeastern United States blackwater swamp 8 years after clearcutting with helicopter and skidder extraction of the timber}, volume={149}, ISSN={["0378-1127"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00558-2}, abstractNote={We compared the impacts of helicopter and rubber-tired skidder extraction of timber after harvesting on the structure and function of a blackwater forested wetland. This study was initiated in 1991, in a cypress-tupelo forest adjacent to the South Fork Edisto River in South Carolina, USA. Our objective, eight growing seasons after harvest, was to focus on the properties that showed effects of the harvest after three years: soil chemistry, organic matter decomposition, groundwater chemistry, and plant community composition. Concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorous, and magnesium were lower in some of the harvest treatments than in the unharvested control. Cellulose decomposition at 5 and 10 cm below the soil surface was significantly greater in the harvested treatments than the unharvested, though there were no differences in soil temperature. There were no differences among treatments in the concentrations of NO3−, NH4+, and PO4 in groundwater sampled from depths of 0.2 and 1 m. Sedimentation was significantly greater in the harvested treatments than the unharvested treatment, and had apparently filled the ruts caused by the skidder. Ordination of the canopy vegetation plots using their importance values showed no separation of vegetation communities by treatment. In contrast, ordination of the midstory and understory vegetation plots cover showed a separation of communities between the harvested and unharvested treatments. There was no apparent environmental advantage to using helicopters rather than skidders to extract timber from this forest.}, number={1-3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Rapp, J and Shear, T and Robison, D}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={241–252} }
 @article{bledsoe_shear_2000, title={Vegetation along hydrologic and edaphic gradients in a North Carolina coastal plain creek bottom and implications for restoration}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1943-6246"]}, DOI={10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0126:vahaeg]2.0.co;2}, number={1}, journal={WETLANDS}, author={Bledsoe, BP and Shear, TH}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={126–147} }
 @book{shear_summerville_1999, title={Atlantic white-cedar: Ecology and management symposium. Proceedings of a meeting held a Newport News, Virginia, USA, 6-7 August 1997}, number={-27}, journal={Atlantic white-cedar : ecology and management symposium}, publisher={Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Shear, T. and Summerville, K.O.}, year={1999}, pages={82} }
 @inproceedings{rapp_shear_robison_1999, title={Soil, groundwater and floristics in a Southeastern blackwater forest eight years after clearcut with helicopter and skidder logging}, volume={10}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Southern Silviculture Research Conference}, publisher={Shreveport, LA: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-30}, author={Rapp, J. and Shear, T. and Robison, D.}, year={1999}, pages={302–306} }
 @article{shear_lent_fraver_1996, title={Comparison of restored and mature bottomland hardwood forests of southwestern Kentucky}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1061-2971"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00113.x}, abstractNote={We evaluated 50-year-old bottomland forests in southwestern Kentucky restored from agriculture by planting and natural regeneration in terms of their development toward mature forests. We described and compared the structure and composition of the plant communities of three stands of each type (planted, naturally regenerated, and mature). Increment cores were analyzed to reconstruct developmental trends. Future trends were predicted from analyses of the midstory and understory composition. Both planting and natural regeneration adequately replaced the structural attributes of the historical bottomland forest. The existing structural differences are expected to diminish over time. Neither regeneration method replaced the wildlife value of the mature bottomland forests due to insufficient establishment and subsequent ingrowth of heavy mast species (particularly oaks and hickories). There was evidence that the understory species compositions of the restored forest types were similar to that of the mature stand type. All forests, including the mature stands, appeared to be succeeding from hydric to mesic species compositions as a result of human-altered hydrology and natural floodplain processes. We speculate that the historical bottomland species composition will probably not persist on any of the study sites in the long term.}, number={2}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Shear, TH and Lent, TJ and Fraver, S}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={111–123} }