@article{sikora_maciejewska_drulis-kawa_hudson_semaniak_wisniewska-wrona_arabski_2024, title={Chitosan-based matrixes for recombinant protein purification from LPS}, volume={203}, ISSN={["1873-295X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.bej.2023.109212}, abstractNote={In this study, the chitosan-based matrixes (granules and sponge) were synthesized and characterized as potential materials for protein purification from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content. Two phage-borne enzymes with medical potential (endolysin 15 kDa and depolymerase 200 kDa) were used as model proteins for purification efficiency measurement. The endolysin purification by the chitosan-based matrix in granule form enables high protein recovery (99%) but with a low level of LPS removal (4%). In contrast, the sponge form exhibited higher efficacy in LPS elimination (64%) and it was accompanied by the loss of ~28% of the endolysin content. The LPS removal from depolymerase samples was similar for both matrixes forms at the levels of 72% and 78% with a superior capacity over commercially available endotoxin removal resin (62%). The active depolymerase recovery was around 89% and 76% for granules and sponges, respectively. No proteolytic effect and a slight decrease in enzyme activity were observed. In conclusion, the purification efficiency of chitosan-based matrixes from LPS was dependent on the morphology of the matrixes but not on the size of the protein. Our study proved that chitosan-based matrixes are attractive options for recombinant protein pre-clean purposes.}, journal={BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author={Sikora, Monika and Maciejewska, Barbara and Drulis-Kawa, Zuzanna and Hudson, Samuel M. and Semaniak, Jacek and Wisniewska-Wrona, Maria and Arabski, Micha l}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{hudson_2023, title={THE OUTLOOK FOR CHITOSAN IN TEXTILES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SINCE THE START OF THE 2020'S}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1896-5644"]}, DOI={10.15259/PCACD.28.001}, journal={PROGRESS ON CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION OF CHITIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES}, author={Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2023}, pages={7–13} }
 @misc{hamedi_moradi_hudson_tonelli_king_2022, title={Chitosan based bioadhesives for biomedical applications: A review}, volume={282}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119100}, abstractNote={Due to the promising properties of chitosan for biomedical engineering applications like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, it is one of the most interesting biopolymers in this field. Therefore, Chitosan and its derivatives have attracted great attention in vast variety of biomedical applications. In the current paper, different types of chitosan-based bioadhesives including passive and active and their different types of external stimuli response structure such as thermo, pH and Light responsive systems are discussed. Different bioadhesives mechanisms with chitosan as an adhesive agent or main polymer component and some examples were also presented. Chitosan based bioadhesives and their potential biomedical applications in drug delivery systems, suture less surgery, wound dressing and hemostatic are also discussed. The results confirmed wound healing, hemostatic and bioadhesion capabilities of the chitosan bioadhesives and its great potential for biomedical applications.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Hamedi, Hamid and Moradi, Sara and Hudson, Samuel M. and Tonelli, Alan E. and King, Martin W.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{nada_ali_soliman_shen_abou-zeid_hudson_2020, title={Multi-layer dressing made of laminated electrospun nanowebs and cellulose-based adhesive for comprehensive wound care}, volume={162}, ISSN={["1879-0003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.184}, abstractNote={In this work, multi-layer wound dressing was made of laminated layers of electrospun fibers supported by adhesive sheet. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate (EHA) onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was conducted to obtain an adhesive sheet with 1.52 (N/cm2) loop tack, 1.7 (N/cm) peel strength and 25 s shear strength. Diclofenac sodium, anti-inflammatory drug, was loaded to the adhesive sheet with encapsulation efficiency 73%. The contact layer to wound was made of synthesized anti-bleeding agents, chitosan iodoacetamide (CI) loaded into electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. It was fabricated from fiber diameter 300 nm by electrospinning of 5% wt/v of CI (D.S. 18.7%) mixed with 10% wt/v PVA, at 20 kV and 17 cm airgap. The second, pain-relief layer was fabricated by encapsulating up to 50% wt/wt of capsaicin into gelatin nanofibers (197 nm) crosslinked by glyoxal. The third, antimicrobial layer was fabricated from PVA electrospun fibers loaded with 2% wt/wt gentamicin. Biocompatibility test showed insignificant adverse effects of the fabricated layers on fibroblast cells. Animal test on rat showed accelerated wound healing from 21 to 7 days for the multi-layer dressing. Histopathological findings corroborated the intactness of the epidermis layer of the treated samples.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES}, author={Nada, Ahmed A. and Ali, Eman A. and Soliman, Ahmed A. F. and Shen, Jialong and Abou-Zeid, Nabil Y. and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={629–644} }
 @article{shen_nada_abou-zeid_hudson_2020, title={Synthesis of chitosan iodoacetamides via carbodiimide coupling reaction: Effect of degree of substitution on the hemostatic properties}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115522}, abstractNote={Uncontrolled hemorrhage continues to be the leading cause of death from traumatic injuries both in the battlefield and in the civilian life. Chitosan is among the very few materials that have made the short list of military recommended field-deployable hemostatic dressings. However, the detailed mechanism of its action is still not fully understood. Moreover, in the cases when patients developed coagulopathy, the efficacy of the dressings rely solely on those mechanisms that work outside of the regular blood coagulation cascade. In addition to the well-known erythrocyte agglutination, we proposed to use the reactive N-iodoacetyl group on a new chitosan derivative to accelerate hemostasis. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of chitosan iodoacetamide (CI) with considerations of the stoichiometry among the reagents, the choice of solvent, the pH of the reaction medium, and the reaction time. The reaction was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, iodine content analysis, and SEM-EDS. Water contact angle measurements and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) method were used to evaluate the hemostatic potential of the newly synthesized CI as a function of their degree of substitution (DS). The range of DS was 5.9% to 27.8% for CI. The mid-range of DS gave the best results for the ESR. CIs exhibit favorable cytocompatibilities up to DS 18.7 compared to the generic unmodified chitosan. In general, the biocompatibility of chitosan iodoacetamide slightly declined with increasing the iodide content up to DS 21.5 owing to its affinity to SH groups of cells.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Shen, Jialong and Nada, Ahmed Ali and Abou-Zeid, Nabil Yousrie and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{abdelgawad_hudson_2019, title={Chitosan nanoparticles: Polyphosphates cross-linking and protein delivery properties}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1879-0003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.062}, abstractNote={Nanoparticles from chitosan, in general, can be prepared through ionotropic gelation, physical crosslinking, with anionic polyphosphates. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) is widely used for such purpose especially in drug delivery applications. TPP is a small ion with a triple negative charge throughout the physiologically acceptable pH range. However, the stability of size and surface charge of the particles still challenging. In the current work, the utilization of Hexametaphosphate (HMP) instead of Tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent is being investigated. HMP is hexavalent molecule in the neutral and slightly basic medium which offers more binding sites readily available for interaction with chitosan. It is thought that increasing the availability of the binding sites in the HMP molecule would result in stronger ionic complexation with chitosan cationic charges. Consequently, such stronger binding improves particles' stability and lead to average size reduction. A comparative study between chitosan/TPP and chitosan/HMP nanoparticles under different complexation conditions was conducted to investigate the effect of HMP on nanoparticles formation. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was applied as a protein model drug to explore the drug loading efficiency, 96.3%, is higher than its TPP, 91.87%, counterparts. However, TPP cross-linked particles showed superior stability upon storage.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES}, author={Abdelgawad, Abdelrahman M. and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={133–142} }
 @article{crofton_baldwin_alsyouf_dopp_faaborg_myklak_arenas_khater_hudson_oberg_et al._2019, title={Evaluation of a Chitosan Hemostat in a Porcine Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy Model: A Pilot Study}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1557-900X"]}, DOI={10.1089/end.2018.0801}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The ideal hemostatic agent for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy would provide complete hemostasis and sealing of the collecting system at a low cost. Chitosan is an established topical hemostatic agent, but standard sterilization techniques affect its functional and biological properties thereby preventing parenteral uses. This study sought to characterize the safety and efficacy of an implanted chitosan hemostat sterilized with either a standard technique, electron beam irradiation, or a novel technique, non-thermal nitrogen plasma, in a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model.


METHODS
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomies were performed on 6 farm pigs and hemostasis achieved using only a chitosan hemostatic agent (Clo-Sur P.A.D.) that was e-beam (n=3) or plasma sterilized (n=3). Number of pads needed to achieve hemostasis, estimated blood loss, operative time, mass of kidney resection, and warm ischemia time were measured. Animals were monitored for 14 weeks and at harvest retrograde ureteropyelography and histologic analysis were performed.


RESULTS
Complete hemostasis and collection system sealing was achieved in both groups. There was a trend toward less pads required for hemostasis (p = 0.056) and reduced blood loss (p = 0.096) with plasma-sterilized pads although this did not achieve statistical significance. No complications were observed over 14 weeks and gross examination showed the implanted chitosan was encapsulated in a fibrous capsule. Histologic analysis revealed a healed nephrectomy site with residual CS and associated chronic inflammation, reactive fibrosis and foreign body giant cell formation. Importantly, the adjacent renal parenchyma was intact and viable with no residual inflammation or cytologic damage.


CONCLUSION
Chitosan pads alone provided safe and effective hemostasis in a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model. Plasma sterilization may enhance hemostatic efficacy and resorption compared to e-beam.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY}, author={Crofton, Andrew and Baldwin, Duane and Alsyouf, Muhannad and Dopp, Matthew and Faaborg, Daniel and Myklak, Kristine and Arenas, Javier and Khater, Nazih and Hudson, Samuel and Oberg, Kerby C. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={887–894} }
 @article{nada_abdellatif_soliman_shen_hudson_abou-zeid_2019, title={Fabrication and bioevaluation of a medicated electrospun mat based on azido-cellulose acetate via click chemistry}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-019-02739-9}, number={18}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Nada, Ahmed A. and Abdellatif, Faten Hassan Hassan and Soliman, Ahmed A. F. and Shen, Jialong and Hudson, Samuel M. and Abou-Zeid, Nabil Y.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={9721–9736} }
 @article{hamedi_moradi_tonelli_hudson_2019, title={Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Alginate Polyelectrolyte Complexes Loaded with Antibacterial Thyme Oil Nanoemulsions}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, DOI={10.3390/app9183933}, abstractNote={Biomedical industries are attempting to utilize natural materials, as they are bio-compatible, non-toxic, and show bioactive properties, like antimicrobial activity. In this study, natural polyelectrolyte complexed chitosan/alginate films (PECs) were prepared via a casting/solvent evaporation technique, and their characteristics and drug release properties were investigated. PEC films made with two different overall polymer contents, 0.4 and 1 w/v%, were loaded with thyme oil nanoemulsion as drug carrier. The structure of the films was studied by FTIR and optical and scanning electron microscopy. Prepared PEC films had good mechanical and water vapor permeability properties. Release of the thyme oil from the pH-sensitive PEC films (TM-PEC) was detected and followed by UV spectroscopy. The results indicated that the drug release rate of TM-PEC films was the fastest when the chitosan content was 1 %w/v, and various mathematical models were analyzed for investigating the drug release mechanism. Antibacterial tests were performed by counting the number of surviving gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro test indicated the limitation Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) growth in the presence of TM-PEC films. The MTT test showed more cell viability of the TM-PEC film in comparison with that of the PEC film without TM. Based on the measured physical and antibacterial properties, the chitosan–alginate PEC films loaded with antibacterial essential oils can be considered for biomedical applications, such as wound dressings or controlled release systems.}, number={18}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Hamedi, Hamid and Moradi, Sara and Tonelli, Alan E. and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2019}, month={Sep} }
 @article{yoon_avci_najafi_nasri_hudson_kotek_2017, title={Development of High-Tenacity, High-Modulus Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Filaments via a Next Generation Wet-Melt-Spinning Process}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1548-2634"]}, DOI={10.1002/pen.24406}, abstractNote={In this study, PET (intrinsic viscosity of 1.05 dl/g) was melt processed with a horizontal isothermal bath (HIB) treatment. Tensile properties of PET fiber samples were highly increased by using the HIB. The process-structure-property relationship of control (no HIB) and HIB fiber samples were characterized by tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry, birefringence measurement, scanning electron microscopy and hot-air shrinkage measurements. It was found that HIB fiber samples, which had been subjected to post-drawing process, had a high degree of molecular chain orientation, that is, a high birefringence, high crystallinity and a fibrillar structure. The best tensile property acquired from a HIB-drawn PET fiber sample was 10.24 g/d in tenacity, 114.17 g/d in modulus, and 13.49% in elongation at break. Applying the HIB in the melt spinning process was simple and required only small process space; hence, it is cost effective. In addition, acquiring HIB fiber samples was successful at a final take-up speed of 2,500 m/min. Hence, this HIB-assisted melt spinning technology has a high potential to be used in industries for technical textiles applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers}, number={2}, journal={POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE}, author={Yoon, Joshua H. and Avci, Huseyin and Najafi, Mesbah and Nasri, Lassad and Hudson, Samuel M. and Kotek, Richard}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={224–230} }
 @article{abdelgawad_el-naggar_hudson_rojas_2017, title={Fabrication and characterization of bactericidal thiol-chitosan and chitosan iodoacetamide nanofibres}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1879-0003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.061}, abstractNote={Two chitosan derivatives, namely, thiol-chitosan (TCs) and chitosan iodoacetamide (CsIA) were newly synthesized by reacting Cs with thiglycolic acid (TGA) and iodoacetic acid (IA) respectively. After being crosslinked with glutraldehyde (GA), the two derivatives were submitted to FT-IR and H1 NMR analysis for identification and characterization of their chemical features. As TCs and CsIA are water soluble, their electrospun nanofibres mats from aqueous solutions could be crosslinked and achieved using polyvinyl alcohol/Chitosan blend (PVA/Cs) polymers. Morphological structures of the obtained nanofibres and their webs were studied via those of TCs and CsIA free systems. The data also indicate that the crosslinked PVA/Cs/CsIA is more thermally stable than the crosslinked PVA/Cs/TCs and crosslinked PVA/Cs respectively. It was proved that the electrospun fibers containing TCs or CsIA display a superior antibacterial activity against negative bacteria E. Coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 400μg/ml. These effects are rather in confirmation with bacterial kinetics essays which were also carried out in current work. Of particular interest is that the antimicrobial properties of fibers containing small concentration of either TCs or CsIA are much superior than those obtained with neat Cs electrospun nanofibres used as reference. By and large the results advocate the fibers webs containing TCs or CsIA as excellent candidates for wound dressing applications.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES}, author={Abdelgawad, Abdelrahman M. and El-Naggar, Mehrez E. and Hudson, Samuel M. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={96–105} }
 @article{crofton_chrisler_hudson_inceoglu_petersen_kirsch_2016, title={Effect of Plasma Sterilization on the Hemostatic Efficacy of a Chitosan Hemostatic Agent in a Rat Model}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1865-8652"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12325-016-0289-6}, abstractNote={{"Label"=>"INTRODUCTION", "NlmCategory"=>"BACKGROUND"} The United States military has had success with chitosan (CS)-based hemostatic agents to control trauma-induced hemorrhages. Despite the positive reviews, additional physical forms of CS may enhance its hemostatic efficacy. Additionally, standard sterilization techniques may negatively affect the hemostatic efficacy of CS. We studied the effects of a CS-based hemostatic pad, the Clo-Sur P.A.D.™ (Scion Cardio-Vascular, Inc.), on severe femoral vessel bleeding in a rat model. The effects of different sterilization techniques on the bioadhesivity, surface atomic concentrations, and hemostatic efficacy of the P.A.D. were also evaluated. {"Label"=>"METHODS", "NlmCategory"=>"METHODS"} Hemostatic efficacy, bioadhesivity, and surface atomic concentrations of the P.A.D. were evaluated in its unsterilized form, after sterilization with standard e-beam treatment, and after sterilization with one of three types of non-thermal nitrogen plasma: nitrogen gas, air, or nitrous oxide plasma. After standardized puncture of the femoral artery or transection of the femoral vessels, rats were treated with either a CS P.A.D. or gauze pad. {"Label"=>"RESULTS", "NlmCategory"=>"RESULTS"} The Clo-Sur P.A.D., regardless of sterilization technique, stopped arterial and mixed arterial/venous bleeding in all cases in <90 s with the time to hemostasis (TTH) significantly less for all P.A.D. treatment groups (P < 0.001; n = 4-5/group) compared to gauze-treated controls (n = 3). E-beam sterilized P.A.D.s consistently showed non-significant trends toward increased TTH and worse hemostasis scores compared to unsterilized and plasma sterilized P.A.D.s. Treating e-beam sterilized P.A.D.s with N2 plasma reverted the hemostatic efficacy to levels equivalent to native, unsterilized PADs. {"Label"=>"CONCLUSION", "NlmCategory"=>"CONCLUSIONS"} A CS-based hemostatic pad successfully controlled severe bleeding in a rat model with combined e-beam and plasma sterilized P.A.D.s showing the most promising results. Further studies are warranted.}, number={2}, journal={ADVANCES IN THERAPY}, author={Crofton, Andrew and Chrisler, John and Hudson, Samuel and Inceoglu, Serkan and Petersen, Floyd and Kirsch, Wolff}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={268–281} }
 @article{crofton_hudson_howard_pender_abdelgawad_wolski_kirsch_2016, title={Formulation and characterization of a plasma sterilized, pharmaceutical grade chitosan powder}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.003}, abstractNote={Chitosan has great potential as a pharmaceutical excipient. In this study, chitosan flake was micronized using cryo-ball and cryo-jet milling and subsequently sterilized with nitrogen plasma. Micronized chitosan was characterized by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conductometric titration, viscometry, loss on drying, FTIR, and limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assays. Cryo-jet milling produced mean particle size of 16.05μm, 44% smaller than cryo-ball milling. Cryomilled chitosan demonstrated increased hygroscopicity, but reduced molecular weight and degree of deacetylation (DD). SEM imaging showed highly irregular shapes. FTIR showed changes consistent with reduced DD and an unexplained shift at 1100cm(-1). Plasma treated chitosan was sterile with <2.5EU/g after low-pressure plasma and <1.3EU/g after atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. Plasma treatment decreased the reduced viscosity of chitosan flake and powder, with a greater effect on powder. In conclusion, pharmaceutical grade, sterile chitosan powder was produced with cryo-jet milling and plasma sterilization.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Crofton, Andrew R. and Hudson, Samuel M. and Howard, Kristy and Pender, Tyler and Abdelgawad, Abdelrahman and Wolski, Daniel and Kirsch, Wolff M.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={420–426} }
 @article{abdelgawad_hudson_rojas_2014, title={Antimicrobial wound dressing nanofiber mats from multicomponent (chitosan/silver-NPs/polyvinyl alcohol) systems}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.043}, abstractNote={Novel hybrid nanomaterials have been developed for antimicrobial applications. Here we introduce a green route to produce antibacterial nanofiber mats loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs, 25 nm diameter) enveloped in chitosan after reduction with glucose. The nanofiber mats were obtained from colloidal dispersions of chitosan-based Ag-NPs blended with polyvinyl alcohol. Nanofibers (150 nm average diameter and narrow size distribution) were obtained by electrospinning and cross-linked with glutaraldhyde. The effect of crosslinking on the release of silver was studied by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity was studied by the viable cell-counting; mats loaded with silver and control samples (chitosan/PVA) with different degrees of cross-linking were compared for their effectiveness in reducing or halting the growth of aerobic bacteria. The results showed superior properties and synergistic antibacterial effects by combining chitosan with Ag-NPs.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Abdelgawad, Abdelrahman M. and Hudson, Samuel M. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={166–178} }
 @article{nawalakhe_hudson_seyam_waly_abou-zeid_ibrahim_2012, title={Development of electrospun iminochitosan for improved wound healing application}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Nawalakhe, R. G. and Hudson, S. M. and Seyam, A. F. M. and Waly, A. I. and Abou-Zeid, N. Y. and Ibrahim, H. M.}, year={2012}, pages={47–55} }
 @article{kim_yang_hudson_2011, title={Comparison of the Structure-Property Relationships for PTT and PET Fibers Spun at Various Take-up Speeds}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1229-9197"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-011-0771-3}, number={6}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Kim, Joon Ho and Yang, Sung Sig and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={771–777} }
 @article{kang_yoon_lee_kim_lee_park_hudson_2010, title={Chitosan-Coated Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibers For Wound Dressings}, volume={92B}, ISSN={["1552-4981"]}, DOI={10.1002/jbm.b.31554}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS}, author={Kang, Yun Ok and Yoon, In-Soo and Lee, So Young and Kim, Dae-Duk and Lee, Seung Jin and Park, Won Ho and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={568–576} }
 @article{nam_park_ihm_hudson_2010, title={Effect of the degree of deacetylation on the thermal decomposition of chitin and chitosan nanofibers}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.030}, abstractNote={Chitin and chitosan nanofibers with different degrees of deacetylation (DD) were fabricated by electrospinning using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as the spinning solvent and by subsequent deacetylation using a 40% aqueous NaOH solution at 100 °C for 0–150 min. The thermal decomposition behavior of the chitin and chitosan nanofibers was examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the chitin/chitosan nanofibers was decreased with increasing the DD and the peak temperature for thermal decomposition on the TGA curves was shifted to a lower temperature. The activation energies for the thermal degradation of the chitin/chitosan nanofibers were calculated from the TGA curves. The two exotherms corresponding to the decomposition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamime and d-glucosamine units in the chitin/chitosan molecular chains were observed on the DSC thermograms. This suggests that the residual N-acetyl groups had a blocky distribution in the molecular chain, possibly due to heterogeneous deacetylation.}, number={1}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Nam, Young Sik and Park, Won Ho and Ihm, Daewoo and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={291–295} }
 @article{gil_park_tien_trimmer_hudson_kaplan_2010, title={Mechanically Robust, Rapidly Actuating, and Biologically Functionalized Macroporous Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Silk Hybrid Hydrogels}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la102509a}, abstractNote={A route toward mechanically robust, rapidly actuating, and biologically functionalized polymeric actuators using macroporous soft materials is described. The materials were prepared by combining silk protein and a synthetic polymer (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIAPPm)) to form interpenetrating network materials and macroporous structures by freeze-drying, with hundreds of micrometer diameter pores and exploiting the features of both polymers related to dynamic materials and structures. The chemically cross-linked PNIPAAm networks provided stimuli-responsive features, while the silk interpenetrating network formed by inducing protein β-sheet crystallinity in situ for physical cross-links provided material robustness, improved expansion force, and enzymatic degradability. The macroporous hybrid hydrogels showed enhanced thermal-responsive properties in comparison to pure PNIPAAm hydrogels, nonporous silk/PNIPAAm hybrid hydrogels, and previously reported macroporous PNIPAAm hydrogels. These new systems reach near equilibrium sizes in shrunken/swollen states in less than 1 min, with the structural features providing improved actuation rates and stable oscillatory properties due to the macroporous transport and the mechanically robust silk network. Confocal images of the hydrated hydrogels around the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) revealed macropores that could be used to track changes in the real time morphology upon thermal stimulus. The material system transformed from a macroporous to a nonporous structure upon enzymatic degradation. To extend the utility of the system, an affinity platform for a switchable or tunable system was developed by immobilizing biotin and avidin on the macropore surfaces.}, number={19}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Gil, Eun Seok and Park, Sang-Hyug and Tien, Lee W. and Trimmer, Barry and Hudson, Samuel M. and Kaplan, David L.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={15614–15624} }
 @article{moghe_hufenus_hudson_gupta_2009, title={Effect of the addition of a fugitive salt on electrospinnability of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.063}, abstractNote={Described in this paper is a novel study focused on producing bead-free ultrafine fibers, with narrow fiber diameter distribution, from Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) via electrospinning. High quality product is achieved with the use of a new solvent system that involves an acid–base reaction to produce weak salt complexes, which serve to increase the conductivity of the polymer solution. Additionally, the salt formed dissociates easily and evaporates along with the solvent during the spinning process because its respective acid–base components are volatile at room temperature. This results into the formation of pure PCL nanofibers of ultrafine dimensions. Glacial acetic acid was used as the solvent for the polymer and the organic base pyridine was used to initiate the formation of salt complexes in the solution. Pyridine was added at six different levels to vary the conductivity and examine the latter's effect on fiber morphology. Along with the pyridine content, the polymer concentration was also varied to determine how the two interacted in influencing the size of the fiber and the quality of the structure obtained. It was found that bead-free fibers of sizes lying well within the nano range (140–340 nm) could be produced using the conducting solvent system. Two interesting effects were noted. For a given polymer concentration, the mean fiber diameter increased with increase in pyridine amount. And, lower the polymer concentration, higher was the amount of pyridine required to produce bead-free nanofibers. The combination of these effects along with the fact that the reproducibility of the results was high provided a means of producing fibers with predictable sizes.}, number={14}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Moghe, A. K. and Hufenus, R. and Hudson, S. M. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={3311–3318} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_eid_sherif_hudson_2008, title={Chitosan: A new route for increasing the efficiency of stannate/phosphate flame retardants on cotton}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000701570773}, abstractNote={Abstract Sodium stannate/phosphate is an ideal eco-friendly flame retardant agent for cotton fabric. Development of this technique is an essential way to overcome some of its disadvantages such as the harsh feeling as a result of using high concentration of sodium stannate. Chitosan is added in the phosphorylation bath as a nitrogen source and to facilitate the phosphorylation process. Incorporation of 1% chitosan could decrease the sodium stannate concentration to the one-third of the amount that is used in the conventional method. Increasing the stannate concentration in the finishing bath from 10 to 30% could enhance the flame retardancy of the cotton fabric. Thermogravimetric analysis of the treated cotton fabric shows an increase in the residual percent of the fabric and decrease in both thermal degradation onset point (TDOP) and maximum degradation rate point as a function of stannate concentration. Increasing diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) from 2 to 10% in the finishing bath shows an increase in the residue at 500°C to 39.24%. Phosphorus and nitrogen percentages show an increase in their values till reaches to 1.39 and 1.72, respectively. The effect of curing temperature and time, chitosan concentration, and the sequence of treatment are studied in detail.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Eid, Roshdi and Sherif, Fawzy and Hudson, Samuel}, year={2008}, pages={157–164} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_abdel-halim_hudson_hebeish_2007, title={Acylation of iminochitosan: Its effect on blending with cellulose acetate}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.24136}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Abdel-Halim, Essam and Hudson, Samuel M. and Hebeish, Ali}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={727–734} }
 @article{baek_song_kang_rhee_lee_lee_hudson_hwang_2007, title={Adsorption kinetics of boron by anion exchange resin in packed column bed}, volume={13}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry}, author={Baek, K. W. and Song, S. H. and Kang, S. H. and Rhee, Y. W. and Lee, C. S. and Lee, B. J. and Hudson, S. and Hwang, T. S.}, year={2007}, pages={452–456} }
 @article{gil_hudson_2007, title={Effect of silk fibroin interpenetrating networks on swelling/deswelling kinetics and rheological properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm060543m}, abstractNote={Novel protein/synthetic polymer hybrid interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) with Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) have been prepared by using methanol to postinduce SF crystallization. Those IPNs having the beta sheet crystalline structure of SF show improved storage and loss moduli. The IPN hydrogels show the same volume phase transition temperature and NaCl concentration as pure PNIPAAm hydrogels. The PNIPAAm/SF IPNs keep the swelling kinetics of PNIPAAm, while showing increased deswelling kinetics. The IPNs with SF beta sheet structure should decrease the formation of the skin layer observed in conventional PNIPAAm hydrogels. Therefore, the proposed IPN hydrogels composed of protein/polymer provide fast deswelling rates as well as improved mechanical properties over pure PNIPAAm hydrogels. The effect of SF beta sheet networks on the IPNs copolymerized with acrylic acid (AAc) (P(NIPAAm-co-AAc)/SF IPNs) is compared with that on the PNIPAAm/SF IPNs, and the parameters controlling the deswelling kinetics of the IPNs are investigated. Three parameters, (1) the skin layer formation, (2) the restriction of SF beta sheet networks, and (3) the aggregation force of NIPAAm chains, are cooperatively involved in the deswelling process of IPN hydrogels according to the SF content and the presence of the AAc moiety.}, number={1}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Gil, Eun Seok and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={258–264} }
 @article{bogdanovich_bradford_mungalov_fang_zhang_baughman_hudson_2007, title={Fabrication and mechanical characterization of carbon nanotube yarns, 3-D braids, and their composites}, volume={43}, number={1}, journal={SAMPE Journal}, author={Bogdanovich, A. and Bradford, P. and Mungalov, D. and Fang, S. L. and Zhang, M. and Baughman, R. H. and Hudson, S.}, year={2007}, pages={6–19} }
 @article{jung_huh_meng_yuan_hyun_bae_hudson_kang_2007, title={Preparation and antibacterial activity of PET/chitosan nanofibrous mats using an electrospinning technique}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.25594}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Jung, Kyung-Hye and Huh, Man-Woo and Meng, Wan and Yuan, Jiang and Hyun, Seok Hee and Bae, Jung-Sook and Hudson, Samuel M. and Kang, Inn-Kyu}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={2816–2823} }
 @article{gil_frankowski_hudson_spontak_2007, title={Silk fibroin membranes from solvent-crystallized silk fibroin/gelatin blends: Effects of blend and solvent composition}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0928-4931"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.017}, abstractNote={Protein membranes have been prepared by mixing gelatin (G) with Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) and using aqueous methanol (MeOH) to induce SF crystallization. Amorphous blends of these polymers appear quasi-homogeneous, as discerned from visual observation, electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Upon subsequent exposure to aqueous MeOH, SF undergoes a conformational change from random-coil to β-sheet. This transformation occurs in pure SF, as well as in each of the G/SF blends, as discerned from FTIR spectroscopy and thermal calorimetry. The influence of MeOH-induced SF crystallization on structure and property development has been measured as functions of blend and solvent composition. By preserving a support scaffold above the G helix-to-coil transition temperature, the formation of crystalline SF networks in G/SF blends can be used to stabilize G-based hydrogels or generate SF membranes for biomaterial, pharmaceutical and gas-separation purposes. The present study not only examines the properties of G/SF blends before and after SF crystallization, but also establishes the foundation for future research into thermally-responsive G/SF bioconjugates.}, number={3}, journal={MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-BIOMIMETIC AND SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS}, author={Gil, Eun S. and Frankowski, David J. and Hudson, Samuel M. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={426–431} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_hudson_hebeish_2007, title={Spinnability of chitosan butyrate/cellulose acetate for obtaining a blend fiber}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.26278}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Hudson, Samuel M. and Hebeish, A. A.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={2801–2805} }
 @article{song_yeom_shim_hudson_hwang_2007, title={Synthesis of Biocompatible CS-g-CMS ion exchangers and their adsorption Behavior for heavy metal ions}, volume={13}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry}, author={Song, S. H. and Yeom, B. Y. and Shim, W. S. and Hudson, S. M. and Hwang, T. S.}, year={2007}, pages={1009–1016} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_hudson_2006, title={Chitosan: Aspects of fiber spinnability}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.23201}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El-Tahlawy, K and Hudson, SM}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={1162–1168} }
 @article{shin_son_il yoo_hudson_mccord_matthews_whang_2006, title={Functional finishing of nonwoven fabrics. I. Accessibility of surface modified PET spunbond by atmospheric pressure He/O-2 plasma treatment}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.23825}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Shin, Y and Son, K and Il Yoo, D and Hudson, S and McCord, M and Matthews, S and Whang, YJ}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={4306–4310} }
 @article{gil_frankowski_bowman_gozen_hudson_spontak_2006, title={Mixed protein mends composed of gelatin and bombyx mori silk fibroin: Effects of so solvent-induced crystallization and composition}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm050622i}, abstractNote={Novel protein blends have been prepared by mixing gelatin (G) with Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) and using aqueous methanol (MeOH) to post-induce SF crystallization. When co-cast from solution, amorphous blends of these polymers appear homogeneous, as discerned from visual observation, microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Upon subsequent exposure to aqueous MeOH, SF undergoes a conformational change from random coil to beta sheet. This transformation occurs in pure SF, as well as in each of the G/SF blends, according to X-ray diffractometry and thermal calorimetry. The influence of MeOH-induced SF crystallization on structure and property development has been ascertained in terms of preparation history and blend composition. Thermal gravimetric analysis reveals that the presence of beta sheets in SF and G/SF blends improves thermal stability, while extensional rheometry confirms that SF crystallization enhances the tensile properties of the blends. By preserving a support scaffold above the G helix-to-coil transition temperature, the formation of crystalline SF networks in G/SF blends can be used to stabilize G-based hydrogels for biomaterial and pharmaceutical purposes. The present study not only examines the properties of G/SF blends before and after SF crystallization, but also establishes the foundation for future research into thermally responsive G/SF bioconjugates.}, number={3}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Gil, ES and Frankowski, DJ and Bowman, MK and Gozen, AO and Hudson, SM and Spontak, RJ}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={728–735} }
 @article{jenkins_el-tahlawy_el-shafei_freeman_hudson_2006, title={Use of gamma-cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer in merging fabric formation and coloration processes}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1472-3581"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33751023859&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2006.00051.x}, abstractNote={A candidate polymeric size was synthesised by the polymerisation of γ‐cyclodextrin with epichlorohydrin under alkaline conditions. The motivation for the synthesis was to produce a polymer that could not only function as a warp size for fabric formation, but also serve as a host for dye molecules that could subsequently be released after the weaving process, ultimately promoting the merging of fabric formation and coloration processes. The γ‐cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer has been found to promote the dissolution of textile dyes, such as CI Disperse Blue 3, CI Disperse Yellow 82 and CI Disperse Red 91 to yield pad baths capable of evenly coating polyester fabric. Upon padding and subsequent drying, the dye–γ‐cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer pad baths have been used for dyeing the fabric upon thermofixation. Furthermore, cross‐sections of fibre dyed in the same manner indicate dye penetration into the fibre.}, number={6}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jenkins, David W. and El-Tahlawy, Khaled and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Freeman, Harold S. and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2006}, pages={345–349} }
 @article{gil_spontak_hudson_2005, title={Effect of beta-sheet crystals on the thermal and rheological behavior of protein-based hydrogels derived from gelatin and silk fibroin}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1616-5187"]}, DOI={10.1002/mabi.200500076}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE}, author={Gil, ES and Spontak, RJ and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={702–709} }
 @misc{whang_kirsch_zhu_yang_hudson_2005, title={Hemostatic agents derived from chitin and chitosan}, volume={C45}, ISSN={["1532-1797"]}, DOI={10.1080/15321790500304122}, abstractNote={A recent review detailing the role of new hemostatic agents for battlefield hemorrhage control describes the interest in and necessary specifications for such materials. As a consequence, the Defense Department authorized the development and use of three deployable and FDA approved hemostatic agents: Zeolite “Quikclot” and chitosanic “Hemcon” and the American Red Cross Fibrin Dressing. Although chitosan has a number of advantages over the other hemostatic agents, it is the least understood of the three agents noted above. The use of chitosan and chitin in different physical forms as a hemostatic agent is described. The chemical properties of chitosan related to hemostatis possibly include: molecular weight, extent of ionization, counter ion, degree of deacetylation, and degree of crystallinity. Also, its ability to bind with tissues are a function of these parameters. Chitosan can be used in medical and surgical procedures by its direct application to a bleeding surface using the various physical forms such as powder, solution, coating, film, hydrogel, and filament composite.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-POLYMER REVIEWS}, author={Whang, HS and Kirsch, W and Zhu, YH and Yang, CZ and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, pages={309–323} }
 @article{ha_tonelli_hudson_2005, title={Structural studies of Bombyx mori silk fibroin during regeneration from solutions and wet fiber spinning}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm050010y}, abstractNote={Regenerated silk fibroin materials show properties dependent on the methods used to process them. The molecular structures of B. mori silk fibroin both in solution and in solid states were studied and compared using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Some portion of fibroin protein molecules dissolved in formic acid already have a beta-sheet structure, whereas those dissolved in TFA have some helical conformation. Moreover, fibroin molecules were spontaneously assembled into an ordered structure as the acidic solvents were removed from the fibroin-acidic solvent systems. This may be responsible for the improved physical properties of regenerated fibroin materials from acidic solvents. Regenerated fibroin materials have shown poor mechanical properties and brittleness compared to their original form. These problems were technically solved by improving the fiber forming process according to a method reported here. The regenerated fibroin fibers showed much better mechanical properties compared to the native silk fiber and their physical and chemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, solid state (13)C NMR spectroscopy, SinTech tensile testing, and SEM.}, number={3}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Ha, SW and Tonelli, AE and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, pages={1722–1731} }
 @article{ha_gracz_tonelli_hudson_2005, title={Structural study of irregular amino acid sequences in the heavy chain of Bombyx mori silk fibroin}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm050294m}, abstractNote={Recently, genetic studies have revealed the entire amino acid sequence of Bombyx mori silk fibroin. It is known from X-ray diffraction studies that the beta-sheet crystalline structure (silk II) of fibroin is composed of hexaamino acid sequences of GAGAGS. However, in the heavy chain of B. mori silk fibroin, there are also present 11 irregular sequences, with about 31 amino acid residues (irregular GT approximately GT sequences). The structure and role of these irregular sequences have remained unknown. One of the most frequently appearing irregular sequences was synthesized and its 3-D solution structure was studied by high-resolution 2-D NMR techniques. The 3-D structure determined for this peptide shows that it makes a loop structure (distorted omega shape), which implies that the preceding backbone direction is changed by 180 degrees, i.e., reversed, by this sequence. This may facilitate the beta-sheet formation between the crystal-forming building blocks, GAGAGS/GY approximately GY sequences, in the fibroin heavy chain.}, number={5}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Ha, SW and Gracz, HS and Tonelli, AE and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, pages={2563–2569} }
 @article{gil_frankowski_spontak_hudson_2005, title={Swelling behavior and morphological evolution of mixed gelatin/silk fibroin hydrogels}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm050396c}, abstractNote={Mixed protein-based hydrogels have been prepared by blending gelatin (G) with amorphous Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) and promoting beta-crystallization of SF via subsequent exposure to methanol or methanol/water solutions. The introduction of beta crystals in SF serves to stabilize the hydrogel network and extend the solidlike behavior of these thermally responsive materials to elevated temperatures beyond the helix-->coil (h-->c) transition of G. In this work, we investigate the swelling and protein release kinetics of G/SF hydrogels varying in composition at temperatures below and above the G h-->c transition. At 20 degrees C, G and G-rich mixed hydrogels display evidence of moderate swelling with negligible mass loss in aqueous solution, resulting in porous polymer matrixes upon solvent removal according to electron microscopy. When the solution temperature is increased beyond the G h-->c transition to body temperature (37 degrees C), these gels exhibit much higher swelling with considerable mass loss due to dissolution and release of G. The extent to which these properties respond to temperature decreases systematically with increasing SF content. The unique temperature- and composition-dependent properties of G/SF hydrogels dictate the efficacy of these novel materials as stimuli-responsive delivery vehicles.}, number={6}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Gil, ES and Frankowski, DJ and Spontak, RJ and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, pages={3079–3087} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_el-bendary_elhendawy_hudson_2005, title={The antimicrobial activity of cotton fabrics treated with different crosslinking agents and chitosan}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.02.019}, abstractNote={Cotton fabrics were treated with two different crosslinking agents [butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and Arcofix NEC (low formaldehyde content)] in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics a durable press finishing and antimicrobial properties by chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. Both type and concentration of finishing agent in the presence of chitosan as well as the treatment conditions significantly affected the performance properties and antimicrobial activity of treated cotton fabrics. The treated cotton fabrics showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi tested. Treatment of cotton fabrics with BTCA in the presence of chitosan strengthened the antimicrobial activity more than the fabrics treated with Arcofix NEC. The maximum antimicrobial activity was obtained when the cotton fabrics were treated with 0.5–0.75% chitosan of molecular weight 1.5–5 kDa, and cured at 160 °C for 2–3 min. Application of different metal ions to cotton fabrics treated with finishing agent and chitosan showed a negligible effect on the antimicrobial activity. Partial replacement of Arcofix NEC with BTCA enhanced antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics in comparison with that of Arcofix NEC alone. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the exposure of bacteria and yeast to chitosan treated fabrics resulted in deformation and shrinkage of cell membranes. The site of chitosan action is probably the microbial membrane and subsequent death of the cell.}, number={4}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={El-Tahlawy, KF and El-Bendary, MA and Elhendawy, AG and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={421–430} }
 @article{lim_hudson_2004, title={Application of a fiber-reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as an antimicrobial textile finish}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.02.005}, abstractNote={A fiber-reactive chitosan derivative, O-acrylamidomethyl-N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl] chitosan chloride (NMA-HTCC), was applied to cotton fabrics by a cold pad-batch method in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to evaluate its use as a durable antimicrobial textile finish. The antimicrobial activities of the NMA-HTCC treated cotton fabrics were evaluated quantitatively against Staphylococcus aureus. The cotton treated with NMA-HTCC at a concentration of 1% on weight of fabric showed 100% of bacterial reduction. The activity was maintained over 99% even after being exposed to 50 consecutive home laundering condition. The effect of an anionic surfactant on the antimicrobial activity of the NMA-HTCC treated fabric was discussed.}, number={2}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Lim, SH and Hudson, SM}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={227–234} }
 @article{lim_hudson_2004, title={Application of a fibre-reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as a zero-salt dyeing auxiliary}, volume={120}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00215.x}, abstractNote={Cotton fabric has been treated with a fibre‐reactive chitosan derivative containing quaternary ammonium groups, O‐acrylamidomethyl‐N‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (NMA‐HTCC). Cotton treated with NMA‐HTCC has been dyed with direct and reactive dyes without the addition of salt. The colour yield was higher than that on untreated cotton, despite the addition of a large amount salt in the latter case. After dyeing, cotton treated with NMA‐HTCC gave better wash fastness than the untreated cotton. The light fastness was however inferior to that on untreated cotton. The antimicrobial activity of cotton treated with NMA‐HTCC against Staphylococcus aureus was considerably lower after dyeing, probably due to the antimicrobial effect of the cationic group on NMA‐HTCC being blocked by its combination with the anionic dye.}, number={3}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Lim, S. H. and Hudson, S. M.}, year={2004}, pages={108–113} }
 @inbook{ravi kumar_hudson_2004, title={Chitosan}, ISBN={9780824755621}, DOI={10.1201/b18990-59}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of biomaterials and biomedical engineering}, publisher={New York: Marcel Dekker}, author={Ravi Kumar, M.N.V. and Hudson, S.M.}, editor={G. E. Wnek and Bowlin, G. L.Editors}, year={2004} }
 @article{park_jeong_yoo_hudson_2004, title={Effect of chitosan on morphology and conformation of electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.045}, abstractNote={The electrospinning of silk fibroin(SF)/chitosan(CS) blends with different composition ratios was performed with formic acid as a spinning solvent. The SF/CS blends containing up to the CS content of 30% could be electrospun into the continuous fibrous structure, although pure CS was not able to be electrospun into the fibrous structure. As-spun SF/CS blend nanofibers showed smaller diameter and narrower diameter distribution than pure SF nanofibers, and the diameter gradually decreased from 450 to 130 nm with the addition of CS in blends. However, at the blend compositions with above 40 wt% chitosan, the continuous SF nanofibers containing CS beads were produced. We also investigated the influence of the methanol treatment on the secondary structure of as-spun SF or SF/CS blend nanofibers by means of ATR-IR and solid-state CP-MAS 13C-NMR. Comparing with the pure SF nanofibers, the conformational change of the as-spun SF/CS blend nanofibers into β-sheet was faster because the CS with rigid backbone synergistically might promote the conformational transition of SF by an intermolecular interaction.}, number={21}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Park, WH and Jeong, L and Yoo, DI and Hudson, S}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={7151–7157} }
 @article{mccord_rodden_hudson_2004, title={Extrusion and analysis of nylon-montmorillonite nanocomposite filaments}, volume={36}, journal={Journal of Advanced Materials}, author={McCord, M. and Rodden, S. N. and Hudson, S. M.}, year={2004} }
 @article{mccord_matthews_hudson_2004, title={Extrusion and analysis of nylon/montmorillonite nanocomposite filaments}, volume={36}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Advanced Materials}, author={McCord, M. G. and Matthews, S. R. and Hudson, S. M.}, year={2004}, pages={44–56} }
 @misc{gil_hudson_2004, title={Stimuli-reponsive polymers and their bioconjugates}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1873-1619"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.08.003}, abstractNote={Stimuli responsive polymers can provide a variety of applications for the biomedical fields. The interest in these polymers has exponentially increased due to their promising potential. Among them, temperature and pH responsive mechanisms have been considerably investigated because they are relatively convenient and effective stimuli in many applications. In this review, our main purposes are focused on temperature and pH responsive polymer systems and additionally the other stimuli-based responsive polymers will be assessed. Dozens of reviews have been recently reported to introduce the field of stimuli responsive polymers. However, most of these reviews have been focused on one specific application such as drug delivery or one specific physical form such as hydrogels. In our point of view, the whole range of applications and physical forms of stimuli responsive polymers will be elucidated, which is more helpful to design new approaches because the basic concepts and mechanisms are systematically connected. This means that any new advanced concepts and mechanisms can be utilized in a variety of other applications as well as other physical forms. Also, we will describe the classification of stimuli responsive polymers by their mechanism of response to stimuli. Moreover, this review focuses on recent approaches of molecular designs which are extremely necessary to develop more desirable and functional stimuli responsive polymers.}, number={12}, journal={PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Gil, ES and Hudson, SM}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1173–1222} }
 @article{lim_hudson_2004, title={Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a water-soluble chitosan derivative with a fiber-reactive group}, volume={339}, ISSN={["1873-426X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.024}, abstractNote={A novel fiber-reactive chitosan derivative was synthesized in two steps from a chitosan of low molecular weight and low degree of acetylation. First, a water-soluble chitosan derivative, N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (HTCC), was prepared by introducing quaternary ammonium salt groups on the amino groups of chitosan. This derivative was further modified by introducing functional (acrylamidomethyl) groups, which can form covalent bonds with cellulose under alkaline conditions, on the primary alcohol groups (C-6) of the chitosan backbone. The fiber-reactive chitosan derivative, O-acrylamidomethyl-HTCC (NMA-HTCC), showed complete bacterial reduction within 20 min at the concentration of 10ppm, when contacted with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (1.5-2.5 x 10(5) colony forming units per milliliter [CFU/mL]).}, number={2}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH}, author={Lim, SH and Hudson, SM}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={313–319} }
 @article{ha_park_hudson_2003, title={Dissolution of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate-methanol system and aspects of wet spinning of fibroin solution}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm0255948}, abstractNote={There are still several problems associated with the spinning of dialyzed silk fibroin solutions. In this work some of these problems have been examined. The calcium nitrate tetrahydrate-methanol system was used to dissolve the silk fibroin. A compositional phase diagram was constructed at various concentrations of the solvent system. Regenerated fibroin powders from undialyzed fibroin solution in several coagulants showed different conformations. Regenerated powders from several coagulants except methanol and ethanol were resoluble in water. Atomic absorption analysis revealed that the calcium cations strongly interact with fibroin molecules in dialyzed fibroin solution, which may interfere with the regeneration of a strong fiber. Kinetic studies to determine the diffusion coefficient of methanol into dialyzed and concentrated fibroin solution were reported. The properties of both original and regenerated fibroin such as solubility in water and thermal behaviors using DSC were compared. Regenerated fibroin fiber was spun by the wet spinning method. An X-ray diffractogram showed that the regeneration process decreased the crystallinity of regenerated fibroin fiber. SEM images of the surface and cross section of the regenerated fibroin fibers were discussed.}, number={3}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Ha, SW and Park, YH and Hudson, SM}, year={2003}, pages={488–496} }
 @misc{lim_hudson_2003, title={Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals}, volume={C43}, ISSN={["1532-1797"]}, DOI={10.1081/MC-120020161}, abstractNote={There is a greater demand for antimicrobial finishes on textile goods because consumers have become aware of the potential advantages of these materials. A number of other chemicals are also used i...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-POLYMER REVIEWS}, author={Lim, SH and Hudson, SM}, year={2003}, pages={223–269} }
 @article{el tahlawy_hudson_2003, title={Synthesis of a well-defined chitosan graft poly(methoxy polyethyleneglycol methacrylate) by atom transfer radical polymerization}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.12001}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El Tahlawy, K and Hudson, SM}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={901–912} }
 @article{jenkins_hudson_2002, title={Heterogeneous graft copolymerization of chitosan powder with methyl acrylate using trichloroacetyl-manganese carbonyl co-initiation}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma011336b}, abstractNote={A highly deacetylated chitosan powder was successfully trichloroacetylated under heterogeneous conditions. The trichloroacetylated chitosan powder was subsequently graft copolymerized heterogeneously with methyl acrylate using a Mn2(CO)10 co-initiator photoactivated with 436 nm light at room temperature. Reaction products were extracted with acetone in an attempt to separate homopolymer from the grafted powder. Portions of the grafted material (presumably surface grafted chitosan) were also removed from the bulk of the grafted powder. After monitoring the weights of reaction product and total polymer extracted from the reaction product (polymeric extract), gel permeation chromatography was used to resolve the polymeric extract into two separate species, assumed to be the grafted chitosan and homopolymer. With this general technique, graft and homopolymer yields for a series of grafting reactions were obtained. Graft yields greater than 600% (based on a percent weight increase of trunk polymer) were obtain...}, number={9}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Jenkins, DW and Hudson, SM}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={3413–3419} }
 @article{hattori_cuculo_hudson_2002, title={New solvents for cellulose: Hydrazine/thiocyanate salt system}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.10135}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Hattori, K and Cuculo, JA and Hudson, SM}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={601–611} }
 @article{london-brown_hudson_tonelli_vigo_edwards_gupta_2001, title={A hybrid bioabsorbable wound dressing}, volume={792}, journal={ACS Symposium Series}, author={London-Brown, A. and Hudson, S. M. and Tonelli, A. and Vigo, T. and Edwards, R. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2001} }
 @inbook{jenkins_hudson_czekaj_2001, title={Chitin and chitosan}, ISBN={9780471288244}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology}, publisher={Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience}, author={Jenkins, D. and Hudson, S. M. and Czekaj, C.}, year={2001} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_hudson_2001, title={Graft copolymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto chitosan}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.1896}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El-Tahlawy, K and Hudson, SM}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={683–702} }
 @article{jenkins_hudson_2001, title={Heterogeneous chloroacetylation of chitosan powder in the presence of sodium bicarbonate}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.10067}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={23}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Jenkins, DW and Hudson, SM}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={4174–4181} }
 @misc{jenkins_hudson_2001, title={Review of vinyl graft copolymerization featuring recent advances toward controlled radical-based reactions and illustrated with chitin/chitosan trunk polymers}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1520-6890"]}, DOI={10.1021/cr000257f}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReview of Vinyl Graft Copolymerization Featuring Recent Advances toward Controlled Radical-Based Reactions and Illustrated with Chitin/Chitosan Trunk PolymersDavid W. Jenkins and Samuel M. HudsonView Author Information Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Box 8301, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8301 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 11, 3245–3274Publication Date (Web):September 7, 2001Publication History Received20 July 2000Published online7 September 2001Published inissue 1 November 2001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr000257fCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3409Altmetric-Citations259LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (343 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Monomers,Polymers,Radical polymerization,Vinyl Get e-Alerts}, number={11}, journal={CHEMICAL REVIEWS}, author={Jenkins, DW and Hudson, SM}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={3245–3273} }
 @article{um_kweon_park_hudson_2001, title={Structural characteristics and properties of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared from formic acid}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0141-8130"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0141-8130(01)00159-3}, abstractNote={Structural characteristics and thermal and solution properties of the regenerated silk fibroin (SF) prepared from formic acid (FU) were compared with those of SF from water (AU). According to the turbidity and shear viscosity measurement, SF formic acid solution was stable and transparent, no molecular aggregations occurred. The sample FU exhibited the beta-sheet structure, while AU random coil conformation using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of methanol treatment on samples were also examined. According to the measurement of crystallinity (XRD) and crystallinity index (FTIR), the concept of long/short-range ordered structure formation was proposed. Long-range ordered crystallites are predominantly formed for methanol treated SF film while SF film cast from formic acid favors the formation of short-range ordered structure. The relaxation temperatures of SF films measured by dynamic thermomechanical analysis supported the above mechanism due to the sensitivity of relaxation temperature on the short-range order.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES}, author={Um, IC and Kweon, HY and Park, YH and Hudson, S}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={91–97} }
 @inbook{mccord_george_hudson_2001, title={Surface characteristics of mineral filled polypropylene filaments}, ISBN={9780824700027}, booktitle={Surface characteristics of fibers and textiles}, publisher={New York: M. Dekker}, author={McCord, M.G. and George, B.R. and Hudson, S.M.}, editor={C. M. Pastore and Kiekens, P.Editors}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{lim_hattori_hudson_peter_2000, title={Preparation of a fiber-reactive chitosan derivative with enhanced antimicrobial activity}, volume={ IV}, ISBN={9783980649452}, booktitle={Advances in chitin science. Volume IV}, publisher={Potsdam: Universita?t Potsdam}, author={Lim, S. and Hattori, K. and Hudson, S.M. and Peter, M.}, editor={M. G. Peter, A. Domard and Muzzarelli, R. A.A.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={454} }
 @inbook{george_hudson_mccord_2000, title={Surface features of mineral filled polypropylene filaments}, ISBN={9780824700027}, booktitle={Surface characteristics of fibers and textiles}, publisher={New York: M. Dekker}, author={George, B. and Hudson, S.M. and McCord, M.}, editor={C. M. Pastore and Kiekens, P.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={139–160} }
 @inproceedings{jenkins_hudson_peter_2000, title={The graft copolymerization of chitosan with methyl acrylate using an organohalide-manganese carbonyl coinitiator system}, volume={IV}, ISBN={9783980649452}, booktitle={Advances in chitin science. Volume IV}, publisher={Potsdam: Universita?t Potsdam}, author={Jenkins, D.W. and Hudson, S.M. and Peter, M.}, editor={M. G. Peter, A. Domard and Muzzarelli, R. A.A.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={399} }
 @inbook{mccord_spence_hudson_1999, title={A Chitosan composite material for bone replacement}, volume={2}, ISBN={9780780356740}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1999.803884}, abstractNote={A mineral-filled chitosan composite was characterized and evaluated for suitability as a bone graft substitute. Chitosan was selected as a matrix material due to its biodegradability and inherent wound healing properties. The mineral component of bone, hydroxyapatite, was chosen as a filler. Compositions were varied by changing the amount of polymer contained in the matrix as well as the percentage of filler contained in the composite. The evaluation of mechanical properties included three-point bend, double shear, and tensile testing. Samples were tested first in a dry condition, as well as after immersion in Ringer's solution. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on all the dry samples. It was observed that the mechanical properties of the composites in the dry condition improved as percentage of polymer in the matrix increased and as filler content decreased. Upon exposure to a physiological fluid the mechanical properties of the wet composites improved as filler content increased.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First Joint BMES/EMBS Conference: Serving humanity, advancing technology: Oct. 13-16 99, Atlanta, GA USA}, publisher={Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE}, author={McCord, Marian and Spence, M. and Hudson, S.}, editor={al., S. M. Blanchard...etEditor}, year={1999}, pages={729} }
 @article{knaul_hudson_creber_1999, title={Crosslinking of chitosan fibers with dialdehydes: Proposal of a new reaction mechanism}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19990601)37:11<1079::AID-POLB4>3.0.CO;2-O}, abstractNote={A highly deacetylated chitosan from shrimp with a degree of deacetylation of 95.28 ± 3.03% was prepared and spun into a monofilament fiber using a solution of 4% (w/v) chitosan in 4% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid. Samples of the spun fibers were immersed in aqueous solutions containing glutaraldehyde and glyoxal, and subsequently washed and dried. When the concentration of crosslinking agent was varied at room temperature over a constant time of 1 h, dry mechanical properties improved up to a point after which increasing concentrations resulted in degradation. Immersion time was also varied between 1 and 60 min at 25.8°C, and temperature was varied between 25.8 and 70.0°C, at fixed concentrations of both glyoxal and glutaraldehyde. It was demonstrated that mechanical improvements might be rendered at higher temperatures over lesser times. However, it was also shown that at higher temperatures, fiber mechanical properties would begin to diminish. Chitosan films were subjected to similar treatments in aqueous crosslinking solutions. Fourier transform infrared data (FTIR) on the films suggest that some interaction is occurring between the glutaraldehyde or glyoxal and the amine group on the chitosan backbone. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1079–1094, 1999}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Knaul, JZ and Hudson, SM and Creber, KAM}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={1079–1094} }
 @article{knaul_hudson_creber_1999, title={Improved mechanical properties of chitosan fibers}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990624)72:13<1721::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-V}, abstractNote={A highly deacetylated chitosan from shrimp with a degree of deacetylation of 95 ± 3% was prepared and spun into a monofilament fiber using a solution of 5% by weight chitosan in 5% by volume aqueous acetic acid. Samples of the spun fibers were immersed in separate solutions containing phosphate ions and phthalate ions, and subsequently washed and dried. The various solutions ranged in pH from 4.12 to 7.75. The highest dry mechanical properties resulted from solutions containing phthalate ions between 4.5–5.5 pH, and from solutions containing phosphate ions at pH 5.4. Immersion time was varied between 1 and 60 min at 25.8°C, and temperature was varied between 25.8 and 70.0°C, in the phosphate ion solutions at a pH of 5.8. Dry mechanical properties were highest at 25.8°C and after 1 h of treatment. Chitosan films were subjected to similar treatments in phosphate and phthalate ion solutions. Fourier transform infrared data (FTIR) on the films suggest that some interaction is occurring between the phosphate ions and the amine group on the chitosan backbone. An additional experiment was performed whereby the same chitosan was used to prepare a dope of 4% by weight chitosan in 4% by volume aqueous acetic acid with 30% by volume methanol. This solution was spun into fibers, but was subjected to a “final draw” by increasing the speed of the winder. With increasing the final draw, denier and elongation-at-break decreased, while the other mechanical properties showed a marked increase. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1721–1732, 1999}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Knaul, JZ and Hudson, SM and Creber, KAM}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={1721–1732} }
 @inbook{michielsen_1999, title={Specific refractive index increments of polymers in dilute solution}, ISBN={9780471166283}, booktitle={Polymer handbook (4th ed.)}, publisher={New York: Wiley}, author={Michielsen, S.}, editor={J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut and Grulke, E.A.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @article{salmon_hudson_1997, title={Crystal Morphology, Biosynthesis, and Physical Assembly of Cellulose, Chitin, and Chitosan}, volume={37}, ISSN={1558-3724}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15321799708018366}, DOI={10.1080/15321799708018366}, abstractNote={Abstract Cellulose and its chemical analogs chitin and chitosan are abundant and technologically important fibrous polysaccharides. Cellulose and chitin are, respectively, the first [1] and second [2] most abundant natural polysaccharides. Chitosan, though less prevalent in nature, is a useful and easily accessible derivative of chitin. All three polymers are biodegradable, renewable resources with versatile chemical and physical properties. As such, they are the subject of active scientific and commercial scrutiny.}, number={2}, journal={Polymer Reviews}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Salmon, Sonja and Hudson, Samuel}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={199–276} }
 @article{bae_hudson_1997, title={The cooperative binding behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate to crosslinked chitosan films}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199712)35:17<3755::AID-POLA15>3.0.CO;2-C}, abstractNote={The binding behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to cationic chitosan, in the form of a swollen crosslinked film is described. Chitosan films were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin. Binding isotherms were determined potentiometrically. The binding isotherms of the crosslinked chitosan was compared to the binding isotherms of chitosan in free solution. As expected, a more highly cooperative binding phenomena is observed, than for cationic chitosan in free solution. The collapse of the gel occurs at a binding fraction greater than 0.6. The collapsed cationic chitosan/SDS complex is described. The presence of hydrophobic regions within the chitosan-SDS complex was demonstrated with the oleophilic dyes C.I. Disperse Yellow 23 and C.I. Solvent Green 3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3755–3765, 1997}, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Bae, HS and Hudson, SM}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={3755–3765} }
 @article{mathur_tonelli_rathke_thomas_1997, title={The dissolution and characterization of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in calcium nitrate-methanol solution and the regeneration of films}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(199707)42:1<61::AID-BIP6>3.0.CO;2-#}, number={1}, journal={Biopolymers}, author={Mathur, A. B. and Tonelli, A. and Rathke and Thomas, Hudson S.}, year={1997}, pages={61–74} }
 @inbook{cuculo_aminuddin_hudson_wilson_salamone_1996, title={Cellulose (direct dissolution)}, volume={2}, ISBN={9780849324703}, booktitle={Polymeric materials encyclopedia}, publisher={Boca Raton: CRC Press}, author={Cuculo, J. and Aminuddin, N. and Hudson, S. M. and Wilson, A. and Salamone, J.}, year={1996}, pages={1029–1035} }
 @inbook{hudson_kaplan_mcgrath_1996, title={The spinning of silk-like protein fibers}, ISBN={3764338482}, booktitle={Protein-based materials}, publisher={Boston: Birkhauser}, author={Hudson, S. and Kaplan, D. and McGrath, K.}, editor={D. Kaplan and McGrath, K.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={313–338} }
 @article{salmon_hudson_1995, title={SHEAR-PRECIPITATED CHITOSAN POWDERS, FIBRIDS, AND FIBRID PAPERS - OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330703}, DOI={10.1002/polb.1995.090330703}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={SALMON, S and HUDSON, SM}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={1007–1014} }
 @misc{wei_hudson_1995, title={THE INTERACTION BETWEEN POLYELECTROLYTES AND SURFACTANTS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE}, volume={C35}, ISSN={["0736-6574"]}, DOI={10.1080/15321799508014588}, abstractNote={Abstract In the experimental colloid science literature, considerable information on the subject of polymer-surfactant interactions has accumulated over many years. However, few physicochemical studies were done on the inter-action between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and surfactants in the early work. This may be due t o the strong interaction which starts a t a very low surfactant concentration and which is often accompanied by precipita-tion, making it difficult t o measure the low surfactant concentration in the region of interest.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-REVIEWS IN MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS}, author={WEI, YC and HUDSON, SM}, year={1995}, pages={15–45} }
 @misc{rathke_hudson_1994, title={REVIEW OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN AS FIBER AND FILM FORMERS}, volume={C34}, ISSN={["0736-6574"]}, DOI={10.1080/15321799408014163}, abstractNote={Abstract Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides found in nature. It is often considered a cellulose derivative although it does not occur in organisms producing cellulose. Cellulose consists of β-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose units. In contrast, chitin has the same backbone but the 2-hydroxy has been replaced by an acetamide group, resulting in mainly β-(1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D- glucopyranose structural units (GLcNAc). Chitosan is the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, though this N-deacetylation is almost never complete. A sharp nomenclature border has not been defined between chitin and chitosan based on the degree of N-acetylation [1, 2]. Structural examples of cellulose, chitin, and chitosan can be found in Fig. 1. The structural and chemical features will be elaborated on in a later section.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-REVIEWS IN MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS}, author={RATHKE, TD and HUDSON, SM}, year={1994}, pages={375–437} }
 @article{wei_hudson_1993, title={BINDING OF SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE TO A POLYELECTROLYTE BASED ON CHITOSAN}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0024-9297"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma00068a013}, abstractNote={The binding behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to cationic chitosan in free solution is described. Binding isotherm were determined potentiometrically. The results are rationalized by a cooperative binding model for a heterogeneous polyelectrolyte with ionic sequences and nonionic sequences. A theoretical expression for the binding isotherm of a random copolymer is obtained by using Lifson's sequence-generating function (SGF) method. The same binding constant K for chitosan with various degrees of N-acetylation (da) was estimated for the presented model calculation}, number={16}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={WEI, YC and HUDSON, SM}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={4151–4154} }
 @article{rathke_hudson_1993, title={DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF N-DEACETYLATION IN CHITIN AND CHITOSAN AS WELL AS THEIR MONOMER SUGAR RATIOS BY NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.1993.080310320}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={RATHKE, TD and HUDSON, SM}, year={1993}, month={Mar}, pages={749–753} }
 @article{mammone_hudson_1993, title={MICROMECHANICS OF BONE STRENGTH AND FRACTURE}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0021-9290"]}, DOI={10.1016/0021-9290(93)90007-2}, abstractNote={The mechanical properties of bone were modeled in the context of a filled polymeric composite containing a collagenous matrix and a hydroxyapatite filler. The longitudinal and transverse moduli of cortical bone as a composite with perfect alignment of filler particles were calculated to be 34.5 and 5.3 GPa, respectively. When considering that particle orientation is arranged within a distribution about the long axis, moduli close to the experimentally measured values are achieved. The calculated tensile strength of 1.7 GPa is higher than the experimental values, which may be attributable to intrinsic sample flaws and biological heterogeneity. The mode of tensile failure in this model is particle-matrix debonding, which may explain fatigue or stress fractures. Overall, the filled composite model of bone helps explain the roles of mineralization fraction, particle shape and orientation, and other attributes of the constituent phases in understanding the tensile properties. The fundamentals of bone behavior in compression are less well understood. It is proposed that incorporation of an inorganic phase in bone was teleologically necessary for vertebrates to achieve adequate levels of compressive strength.}, number={4-5}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS}, author={MAMMONE, JF and HUDSON, SM}, year={1993}, pages={439–446} }
 @article{parandoosh_hudson_1993, title={THE ACETYLATION AND ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF STARCH FILMS}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.1993.070480504}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={PARANDOOSH, S and HUDSON, SM}, year={1993}, month={May}, pages={787–791} }
 @article{wei_hudson_mayer_kaplan_1992, title={THE CROSS-LINKING OF CHITOSAN FIBERS}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.1992.080301013}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={WEI, YC and HUDSON, SM and MAYER, JM and KAPLAN, DL}, year={1992}, month={Sep}, pages={2187–2193} }
 @article{carlough_hudson_smith_spadgenske_1991, title={DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS OF DIRECT DYES IN CHITOSAN}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.1991.070421122}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={CARLOUGH, M and HUDSON, S and SMITH, B and SPADGENSKE, D}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={3035–3038} }
 @article{cho_hudson_cuculo_1989, title={THE COAGULATION OF CELLULOSE FROM ANISOTROPIC SOLUTIONS IN THE NH3/NH4SCN SOLVENT SYSTEM}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.1989.090270809}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={CHO, JJ and HUDSON, SH and CUCULO, JA}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={1699–1719} }
 @misc{cuculo_hudson_1983, title={Preparation of cellulose films or fibers from cellulose solutions}, volume={4,367,191}, number={1983 Jan. 4}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Hudson, S. M.}, year={1983} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_wadsworth_1983, title={THE SOLUBILITY OF CELLULOSE IN LIQUID-AMMONIA AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE SOLUTION - THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE ON DISSOLUTION AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1983.170210302}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={HUDSON, SM and CUCULO, JA and WADSWORTH, LC}, year={1983}, pages={651–670} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_1982, title={THE SOLUBILITY OF CELLULOSE IN LIQUID-AMMONIA AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE SOLUTIONS - THERMOREVERSIBLE GELATION AND A PRELIMINARY-REPORT ON FIBER FORMATION}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1982.170200223}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={HUDSON, SM and CUCULO, JA}, year={1982}, pages={499–511} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_1980, title={THE SOLUBILITY OF CELLULOSE IN LIQUID AMMONIA-SALT SOLUTIONS}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1980.170181214}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={HUDSON, SM and CUCULO, JA}, year={1980}, pages={3469–3481} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_1980, title={The solubility of unmodified cellulose: A critique of the literature}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/00222358008080915}, abstractNote={Abstract Petrochemical, shortages have stirred renewed interest in cellulose because it is the single replaceable raw material, and exists in great abundance. This literature survey reviews the cellulose solvent systems that do not in general rely on stable cellulose derivatives that can be isolated. This review is arranged in a manner suggested by Turbak [1] that classifies all cellulose solvents by the nature of their interaction with cellulose. An alternate classification, presented in Section VI, mainly for the benefit of the pragmatist, reappraises the various solvents in terms of aqueous or nonaqueous systems. When available, the minimum information on the properties of regenerated and coagulated cellulose is provided to further assist in assessing the overall potential of the many different systems capable of dissolving cellulose.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Macromolecular Science. Reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry}, author={Hudson, S. M. and Cuculo, J. A.}, year={1980}, pages={1–83} }
 @article{wadsworth_cuculo_hudson_1979, title={REACTION OF WOOD PULP WITH ALPHA,BETA-AMIC ACIDS .2. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POSSIBLE SPINNABLE DERIVATIVES}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757904900803}, abstractNote={ In this study, liquid anhydrous ammonia has been used as a pre-swelling treatment for wood pulp and as a solvent for the reactants. With the single-step reactions, slightly more crosslinking resulted when the reactant was applied from liquid ammonia than from aqueous media. The multiple bake reactions, however, resulted in higher total degree of substitution (DS) values on the order of 1.0 and greater, but also in disproportionately more crosslinking. Degradation was minimal by the use of aqueous ammonium succinamate from single pad bake reactions, resulting in an average DP of 331. This is compared to the multiple pad-bake reactions with aqueous ammonium succinamate and with suc cinic anhydride in liquid ammonia media, which resulted in very low DP values ranging from 155 to 200. Discoloration of the derivatives accompanied the increases in DS and reductions in DP. }, number={8}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={WADSWORTH, LC and CUCULO, JA and HUDSON, SM}, year={1979}, pages={445–455} }