@article{siderelis_smith_2013, title={Ecological Settings and State Economies as Factor Inputs in the Provision of Outdoor Recreation}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1432-1009"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-013-0083-z}, abstractNote={State parks play a substantial role in the provision of outdoor recreation opportunities within the United States. Park operators must make crucial decisions in how they allocate capital expenditures, labor, and parkland to maintain recreation opportunities. Their decisions are influenced, in part, by the ecological characteristics of their state's park system as well as the vitality of their state's economy. In this research, we incorporate the characteristics of states' ecosystems and their local economies into a formal production analysis of the states' park systems from the years 1986 to 2011. Our analysis revealed all three factors of production were positive and inelastic. Expenditures on labor had the largest effect on both park utilization and operational expenditures. Our analysis also found a large degree of variability in the effects of ecological characteristics on both utilization and operating expenditures. Parkland utilization and operational expenditures were more elastic in areas such as Oceania and Mediterranean California relative to other ecological regions. These findings lead us to conclude that state park operators will experience variable levels of difficulty in both accommodating increasing demands for recreation from state parks and maintaining the existing quality of outdoor recreation provided within their system.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={699–711} }
 @article{attarian_siderelis_2013, title={Injuries in Commercial Whitewater Rafting on the New and Gauley Rivers of West Virginia}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1545-1534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wem.2013.04.003}, abstractNote={To describe the rates, patterns, and likelihood of injuries in commercial whitewater rafting on the New and Gauley rivers, West Virginia.Standardized injury report forms developed by the West Virginia Whitewater Commission were reviewed for years 2005-2010 to provide a statistical account of injuries reported by licensed commercial rafting outfitters operating on the New and Gauley rivers.Overall, musculoskeletal injuries (sprains/strains, 21.1%; dislocations, 13.8%; fractures, 12.2%) comprised the majority (47.4%) of incidents followed by injuries to soft tissue (lacerations, 29.0%; abrasions, 13.3%; contusions, 2.3%). Almost one half (44.3%) of injuries were to the head, neck, and shoulders followed by the lower extremities (foot/ankle/leg/knee/hip, 33.9%) and upper extremities (hand/wrist/arm, 14.3%). Data analyzed using the Somers' D statistic revealed the likelihood of an injury occurring inside the raft is P = .55, and P = .39 when passengers are ejected from the raft into the river. The most likely injuries to occur to passengers are a laceration (P = .51) or a sprain (P = .20). The main probabilities for the risks of injuries were found to be to the head (P = .24), shoulder (P = .16), and face (P = .13) of the passenger.By knowing what injuries are common, their likelihood of occurrence, and the settings in which they happen, commercial outfitters can initiate practices to reduce injury rates.}, number={4}, journal={WILDERNESS & ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Attarian, Aram and Siderelis, Christos}, year={2013}, pages={309–314} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_leung_smith_2012, title={A nationwide production analysis of state park attendance in the United States}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862815761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.005}, abstractNote={This study examined the production of U.S. states' park visits from 1984 to 2010 by state. In specifying the production equation in terms of the influences of the states' parklands, labor, and capital investments on the annual attendances, we found that state governments will experience an ongoing need for more labor to maintain their parklands if attendance is to increase in the future. Results also indicated that more capital expenditures are not likely to increase park utilization rates. Post-estimation procedures involved the application of the response residuals to identify the capacity utilization rates of the states' park systems over the past 27 years. Past utilization rates revealed operators met or exceeded capacity utilization expectations from 1984 through 1990. However, beginning in 1991, the annual mean utilization rate for the nation's supply of states' parks signaled a trend toward excess capacity. Our forecast revealed the mean utilizations over the next three years will vary between 90% and 95%. Post-estimation procedures also examined the relationship between state park management orientations (towards either public-lands preservation or recreational development) and projected annual capacity utilization rates. Results indicate that the quantity of added facilities to broaden their appeal to the public (i.e., a recreation orientation) was not important in explaining utilization capacities. However, an orientation toward public-lands preservation related significantly to greater utilization rates. In our view, the public will continue to accept current cost structures for continued operations of the states' parks on the compelling need for access to outdoor recreation to contribute to the visitor well-being.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{smith_moore_anderson_siderelis_2012, title={Community Resilience in Southern Appalachia: A Theoretical Framework and Three Case Studies}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1572-9915"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10745-012-9470-y}, abstractNote={A fundamental assumption in nearly all research on social adaptation to environmental change is that there is a concomitant and inverse relationship between human communities’ dependence upon particular natural resources affected by environmental change and those communities or societies’ resilience to disturbances. However, recent theoretical and empirical developments suggest resilience is a dynamic social process determined, in part, by the ability of communities to act collectively and solve common problems. The interactional approach to community is utilized to develop a framework whereby various patterns of social interaction define the process of social resilience. Data come from multiple mixed methods case studies of forest dependent communities within Southern Appalachia. The findings reveal varied processes of social resilience can occur in communities with similar levels of resource dependence; a community’s composition of internal social ties and their cross-scale linkages to external agencies and organizations define these processes.}, number={3}, journal={HUMAN ECOLOGY}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Moore, Roger L. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Siderelis, Christos}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={341–353} }
 @article{smith_siderelis_moore_anderson_2012, title={The effects of place meanings and social capital on desired forest management outcomes: A stated preference experiment}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.009}, abstractNote={Planners and managers responsible for public-trust resources are often faced with making difficult value-laden decisions requiring trade offs between alternative, and often competing, outcomes. To make more informed decisions within volatile socio-political climates, resource managers and planners need an understanding of the benefits local community members would like the resource to produce, and an understanding of the social and psychological factors that influence those preferences. In this research, we focused on two increasingly important factors – social capital and place-based social–psychological attachments – that influence public preferences for management outcomes. We conducted a stated preference field experiment on residents living in three forest related communities within Southern Appalachia in the Southeastern United States. The experiment elucidated responses to hypothetical management plans designed to produce distinctly different outcomes. The results reveal ecologically focused management plans were the most preferred, much more so than plans designed to produce aesthetic, recreational, or economic outcomes. The data also reveal both individuals’ stocks of social capital as well as their place-based social–psychological attachments influence evaluation of competing management outcomes. Our methodological approach and empirical findings advance both the analytical approaches used to study multiple use public resources and existing knowledge regarding how social and psychological factors influence individuals’ decision-making processes.}, number={2}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L. and Anderson, Dorothy Fl}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={207–218} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_lee_2011, title={A Mixed Logit Model of Visitors' National Park Choices}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0894-1920"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941921003731009}, abstractNote={The purposes of this study were twofold. The first estimated a mixed logit model of South Korean National Park choices to determine how park size and miles of trail affected the choice patterns of visitors to the 18 parks in the system. The second applied the resulting choice model to simulate how the distribution of visits would change in response to two hypothetical but possible scenarios. One scenario involved the hypothetical changes in the miles of park trails and the other related to an increase in future visits to the 18 national parks. Motivating this study, in part, was the anticipated increase in national park visitation due to 2002 legislation converting the Republic of South Korea's six-day work week to five days and thereby reducing time constraints for vast numbers of potential visitors. The article illustrates the value of mixed logit modeling to understanding how management changes may affect visitation.}, number={8}, journal={SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L. and Lee, Ju-Hee}, year={2011}, pages={799–813} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_serenari_2010, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2008-2009}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Serenari, C.}, year={2010} }
 @article{smith_siderelis_moore_2010, title={The Effects of Place Attachment, Hypothetical Site Modifications and Use Levels on Recreation Behavior}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2010.11950221}, abstractNote={Abstract This study integrates place attachment dimensions into a travel cost model utilizing stated preferences for various hypothetical scenarios involving site development and changes to current use levels at a Bureau of Land Management Special Recreation Management Area. We examine changes in intended behavior contingent on hypothetical scenarios and varying levels of place identity and dependence. Results suggest trip behavior to the area will either remain the same or decline in frequency given each of the hypothetical scenarios. The analysis also revealed visitors' level of place identity was significantly related to intended trip behavior while place dependence was not. These findings reveal travel cost modeling approach can incorporate both stated preferences and psychometric scaling to provide useful information for resource managers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2010}, pages={621–640} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_hoffbeck_2009, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2007-08}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Hoffbeck, D.}, year={2009} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_hoffbeck_2008, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2006-07}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Hoffbeck, D.}, year={2008} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_chelf_2007, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2005-06}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Chelf, S.}, year={2007} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_2006, title={Examining the effects of hypothetical modifications in permitting procedures and river conditions on whitewater boating behavior}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2006.11950092}, abstractNote={In this study we combine a travel cost modeling approach with the surveyed stated preferences of whitewater boaters at the Chattooga River to examine the possible effects of six hypothetical modifications in river use permitting process or changes in river conditions on intended future trip behavior of respondents. To varying degrees, all of the hypothetical modifications in river use permitting (procedures and pricing) and changes in river conditions would lead self-guided (kayaking) visitors to significantly reduce the number of river trips they planned to take in the future, while four of the six resulted in significant reductions for guided (rafting) visitors. Results suggest that the travel cost modeling approach, supplemented with users' trip responses to hypothetical scenarios, can be an appropriate way to predict the effects of possible management alternatives. While the estimation method requires a somewhat complicated cross-sectional statistical process, the software is readily available and the information provided can be quite helpful for policy makers and managers. Our consumer surplus estimates are consistent with previous boating studies at $745 per guided rafting trip per party ($149 per person) and $444 per self-guided kayaking trip per party ($113 per person)}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2006}, pages={558–574} }
 @article{siderelis_attarian_2004, title={Trip response modeling of rock climbers' reactions to proposed regulations}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2004.11950011}, abstractNote={Study results contribute to the recreation benefits literature for the sport of rock climbing. Also, reported is an application of a hybrid or trip response modeling approach. Respondent reactions (intended behavior) to regulatory changes in management plans at Crowder's Mountain State Park, North Carolina, are assessed. The proposed regulations address (a) the quality of rock climbing conditions, (b) variations in climbing areas to accommodate the different skill levels, (c) limiting the number and size of groups, (d) rationing of rock climbing at certain areas, involving either area modifications, restrictions or closures, and (e) requiring users to attend education programs and perform park service projects. Intended changes in annual climbing participation, attributable to the proposed regulations, are displayed along with losses in recreation benefits. Our point estimate of consumer surplus is $125 per trip, which compares favorably with other reported estimates. Finally, an on-site climbing choice model is estimated and the resulting distributions of demanded state park trips among the seven climbing areas resulting from four regulatory change are evaluated.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Siderelis, C and Attarian, A}, year={2004}, pages={73–88} }
 @article{phaneuf_siderelis_2003, title={An application of the Kuhn-Tucker model to the demand for water trail trips in North Carolina}, volume={18}, ISBN={0738-1360}, DOI={10.1086/mre.18.1.42629380}, abstractNote={The Kuhn-Tucker demand model is an attractive, recent addition to the methods available for analyzing seasonal, multiple-site recreation demand data. We provide a new application of the approach to the demand for sea paddling trips in eastern North Carolina and calculate welfare measures for changes in site characteristics. In addition, we present a non-technical, intuitive overview of the model and a stepwise derivation of the estimation and welfare calculation algorithms.}, number={1}, journal={Marine Resource Economics}, author={Phaneuf, D. J. and Siderelis, C.}, year={2003}, pages={1} }
 @article{siderelis_2001, title={Incidental trips and aquarium benefits}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0149-0400"]}, DOI={10.1080/014904001316896873}, abstractNote={This recreation demand study empirically tests the complementary nature of destination travel and single-day trips. Day-trips to North Carolina aquariums are treated as incidental to the primary destination trips to the North Carolina coast. Visitors would not have taken day-trips if the primary purposes of the vacation trips had not been taken first. Applying the individual travel cost method, a demand function is estimated with Poisson regression. The consumer surplus is $21.73 per aquarium trip.}, number={3}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Siderelis, C}, year={2001}, pages={193–199} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_lee_2000, title={Incorporating users' perceptions of site quality in a recreation travel cost model}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2000.11949924}, abstractNote={The travel cost method is used to analyze the recreation demand for North Carolina trails. Incorporated in the demand model are users' perceptions of trail quality and their stated number of annual trips. Trail demand is specified with panel data that consists of two separate observations per respondent. Users' behaviors are analyzed by combining both data on the observed trip counts and stated trips. Stated trips are the number of trips a user would have taken to the last trail used had the site quality been ideal. Since both users and non users of trails during the past 12 months were asked their stated trips if quality improved, the non-participation effect was incorporated into the estimates of trail demand. Study findings showed users' ratings of trail quality can be successfully incorporated into a demand model to evaluate a hypothetical improvement in trail conditions. The estimated $15 increase in consumer surplus per trip is of practical importance to policy analyses aimed at improving social and environmental conditions averse to trail users.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Siderelis, C and Moore, R and Lee, JH}, year={2000}, pages={406–414} }
 @article{siderelis_gustke_2000, title={Influence of on-site choices on recreation demand}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0149-0400"]}, DOI={10.1080/014904000272894}, abstractNote={The role of on-site trips in recreation demand modeling is examined by means of the travel cost method. An understanding of on-site choices of site attractions and costs incurred by visitors is important if analysts are to estimate the popularity of the various attractions and, ultimately, to derive site benefits. We investigate two primary questions. First, can on-site trips to attractions be adequately modeled? Next, how important is onsite travel in valuing site benefits? Visitor survey data for the North Carolina Zoological Park were used to determine that economic site benefits are underestimated by 24% if expected on-site travel costs from recreation demand analysis are excluded.}, number={2}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Siderelis, C and Gustke, L}, year={2000}, pages={123–132} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_1998, title={Recreation demand and the influence of site preference variables}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1998.11949834}, abstractNote={Introduction Recent advances in recreation modeling are motivated by the need to examine how changes in site quality affect outdoor participation (Bockstael, Hanemann, & Kling, 1987). In contrast, leisure researchers with their conceptions of how participants make choices about activities and site trips require insight into participant choice behaviors when specifying site demand (Ditton, Loomis, & Choi, 1992; Williams, 1984). Our research is motivated by the fact that published discrete-count models of recreation demand fail to adequately identify and integrate individual preferences, like the importance of site characteristics, that shape trip choices. Using recent theoretical advances in the specification of discretecount models, we speculate that the inclusion of data regarding the perceived importance of site attributes to participants should improve a choice model's predictive power (Adamowicz, 1994). Clark and Downing (1984), for example, believe that explanatory variables like the importance of site attributes to a participant might influence the marginal choice of a recreation site in a particular geographical area. We begin with a recent review of recreation demand theory, which leads us to specify a discrete-count model for lake boating trips. We then report on the benefits gained from specifying a nested logit model to explain lake choices. We end with a discussion on the implications of the discrete-count method in estimating outdoor recreation demand. Related Research Recent articles advance competing theories of recreation demand that allow analysts to link independent discrete site choices to the aggregate demand for seasonal trip-counts (Hausman, Leonard, & McFadden, 1995; Feather, Hellerstein, & Tomasi, 1995; and Parsons & Kealy, 1995). The main purpose of the advances is to explain users' recreation behaviors when faced with environmental threats to site quality. The demand theories, although different in their hypotheses about individual decision processes, support discrete-count empirical applications. Specifically, each theory differs with respect to a trip-price index that links the allocations of trips among substitute sites (discrete choices) to the seasonal aggregate demand for the seasonal counts of trips. It must be emphasized that the estimation of a discretecount demand model cannot be completed in a single statistical process. Rather, discrete choice and the trip-count models are two different types of travel cost models described in previous JLR literature reviews (e.g., Fletcher, Adamowicz, & Tomasi, 1990). Trip-counts refer to the quantity of seasonal trips by individuals, with the analysis of trip-counts following a count-data or Poisson distribution. Feather et al. (1995) follow a household production function where recreation opportunities are produced and consumed by a household, constrained by such scarce resources as the amounts of leisure time, money, and effort. Unknown to the analyst, and therefore to be estimated, are the proportions of scarce resources that are necessary to produce a recreation trip and a participant's expectation of site quality. Feather and colleagues suggest multiplying a participant's probability of visiting regional recreation sites by the travel costs and the measures of site quality to compute an expected cost, expected time, and expected quality per trip. Substituting the computed values into a participant's budget and time constraints results in a single, expected full-income constraint. Maximizing the recreation utility function for site trips, subject to the expected full-income constraint, yields the ordinary recreation demand function for seasonal trips. Hausman et al. (1995) propose a budgeting model to support their trip demand theory. They view the participant first as budgeting a number of seasonal trips and second as allocating trips across substitute sites. The solution to the household budgeting problem is a Gorman generalized polar form that includes the prices faced by participants in travelling to and from recreation sites. …}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Siderelis, C and Moore, RL}, year={1998}, pages={301–318} }
 @article{siderelis_perrygo_1996, title={Recreation benefits of neighboring sites: An application to riparian rights}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1996.11949758}, abstractNote={Travel cost methods cannot be utilized in deriving welfare benefits to households who reside adjacent to recreation sites, for they have direct access to site benefits at virtually zero cost. Hedonic theory is applied to a housing market that abuts Hyco Lake, NC. The linear feet of shoreline is the unique attribute that localizes the lakeshore housing market from others. Regressing the annual rental prices of lakeshore homes on lot and housing attributes, the shoreline coefficient is positive and significant. Since we are valuing the localized benefits of a lake, we interpret the shoreline coefficient as the marginal benefit of riparian rights per household and use this value in computing recreation benefits.KEYWORDS: Recreation resources, recreation economics, recreation modeling, hedonicsIntroductionDetermining the willingness-to-pay by households for recreation sites is important in guiding public policy and in designing land use policies (Freeman, 1979). However, there is no market through which public recreation sites can be valued by analysts. Lacking a price with which to value site benefits, the use of indirect techniques are required to estimate the recreation demands and compute welfare benefits (Mendelsohn, 1987). For example, travel cost methods involve computing a price of a site's services when both travel distance and the opportunity cost of travel time per trip are measur able. But what about the localized benefits from a recreation site where the travel costs of entry are virtually zero for adjoining property owners? If the benefits are observable, hedonic property value techniques appear to be well-adapted for studying the welfare benefits to households (Brookshire, Thayer, Schulze, & d'Arge, 1982; Brown & Pollakowski, 1977; Mendelsohn, 1985). We estimate the benefits of riparian rights for households whose properties abut a privately owned apron of land around Hyco Lake in north central North Carolina. Lakeshore property owners are given riparian rights to the lake with the permitted construction of boat-houses, ramps, and piers, and other indirect benefits such as the clearing of trees and shrubs for direct scenic views, and weather moderating effects. The riparian rights are viewed as localized recreation benefits by lake developers, a concept supported by Clark and Downing (1985) who found that households placed a high value on water-oriented amenities and riparian rights, whether at lakes, streams, or marine locations. Although not the focus of this paper, property owners can also incur localized externalities (e.g., noise, ground litter) due to the kinds of activities and ensuing conflicts that occur when other visitors cannot be excluded from public area use.In past lake studies, Knetsch (1964) compared property values to the presence or absence of a lake or reservoir. David (1968) compared shoreline property values to lake quality characteristics, and Burby (1971) studied factors affecting residential locations in reservoir recreation areas. Information on riparian benefits from this study can be used by power company officials as an input into their deliberations on a proposed change in current policy at a distant lake to allow for the transfer of riparian rights to lakeshore property owners.Hedonic TheoryThe expanded uses of hedonics began in 1961 with the first of many papers to examine the transportation-saving aspects associated with alternative residential locations (Mohring, 1961), and later the behavior of prices for durable consumer goods and quality changes over time (Rosen, 1974). More recently hedonic theory has been applied to the study of environmental degradation of recreation resources and residential property (Wilman, 1984). Studies completed on the potential changes to the quality of recreation sites included water (Bouwes & Schneider, 1979), hunting (Livengood, 1983), and fishing (Clark & Kahn, 1989). Examinations of the positive capitalized effects of various recreation amenities on property values have included parks (Weicker & Zerbst, 1973), greenways (Correll, Lillydahl & Singell, 1978), schools and park-schools (Hendon, 1973), water parks (Darling, 1973), and open space (Curtis, 1993). …}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Siderelis, C and Perrygo, G}, year={1996}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{siderelis_brothers_rea_1995, title={A boating choice model for the valuation of lake access}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1995.11949748}, abstractNote={Most policies that bear on the management of lakes for public boating have regional use implications, with the lake attributes and individual preferences for boating activities determining the quantity of trips (Bockstael, McConnell & Strand, 1991). Managing authorities work to control boating access to lakes and to comply with a variety of internal and federal regulations compelling them to provide water-based recreation to individuals living in areas surrounding the lakes. For example, managing authorities produce operating plans on a periodic basis for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as evidence of their compliance with the region's boating needs. Plans incorporate present and future boating use patterns and address the impact of changes in public and private lake access for existing lake conditions and long-range lake developments. Attempts, then, to value the benefits to boaters from lake management policies should have a regional scope and be based on management's understanding of the underlying preferences of boaters and the availability of alternative boating sites (Peterson, Stynes, Rosenthal & Dwyer, 1985). Yet, most studies of lake boating are site specific relying on data from on-site surveys of users.Conceptual and empirical issues associated with the development of methodologies that are applicable to water-based recreation demand and benefits are discussed by Smith (1989); Fletcher, Adamowicz and Tomasi (1990); Bockstael, McConnell and Strand (1991); and in the proceedings on recreation choice behavior (Stankey and McCool, 1985). An assumption common to the analysis of recreation demand and corresponding welfare benefits is that, when making choices, an individual is maximizing the utility (value) derived from pursuing a particular choice.(1) Unfortunately, with indirect approaches for measuring the demand for lake boating, we can never comprehend all the factors underlying choice decisions and describe comprehensively the sequence of decisions (Smith, 1989). Rather, we are organizing what we hypothesize to be the determinants and constraints of individual decisions to participate in lake boating (Smith).This article reports results from the applications of a discrete choice method to alternative choice processes that individuals go through and the factors that are considered when making boating decisions in the context of multiple lakes. The discrete choice or random utility model for studying outdoor recreation demand is described by Bockstael, McConnell, and Strand (1991). Using a random household-based sample of registered boat owners living in the region surrounding the Catawba River Basin in North Carolina, we test our assumptions about the sequences of boating choice decisions that are made by individuals. We begin with a boating activity and destination lake choice problem, and conclude with a more complex choice problem that includes boating activities, an intervening choice of boat launching facilities, and finally destination lakes.Estimations from discrete choice equations produce probabilistic outcomes for boating demands that are useful to managers in determining the amount of boating trips to each lake in a region and in calculating estimates of welfare benefits per boating occasion to each lake. Our welfare estimates are conditioned on a boater wanting to gain access to a lake and if, hypothetically, that boater were to be denied access to the lake per boating choice occasion (Bockstael, McConnell & Strand, 1991). Given the denial of access to a closed substitute lake, the measure of compensating variation, which is calculated from discrete choice models, is interpreted as the welfare estimate of lake access or the amount of compensation per choice occasion an individual in our sample would need if one of the lakes were not made available for a period of time.Modeling Boating ChoiceConsider a simple choice problem of lake boating and three lakes (d). …}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Siderelis, C. and Brothers, G. and Rea, P.}, year={1995}, pages={264} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_1995, title={OUTDOOR RECREATION NET BENEFITS OF RAIL-TRAILS}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1995.11949754}, abstractNote={Net economic values were estimated with the individual travel cost method for user samples from three rail-trails in geographically diverse regions of the U.S. Estimates of rail-trail demands were ...}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={SIDERELIS, C and MOORE, R}, year={1995}, pages={344–359} }
 @book{moore_siderelis, title={Use and economic Importance of the Chattooga River}, institution={American Rivers, Inc. and National Park Service Park Planning and Special Studies and Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Programs}, author={Moore, R. L. and Siderelis, C.} }
 @book{moore_siderelis, title={Use and economic importance of the West Branch of the Farmington River}, institution={Washington, D.C.: American Rivers, Inc. and National Park Service Park Planning and Special Studies and Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Programs}, author={Moore, R. L. and Siderelis, C.} }
 @inproceedings{moore_siderelis, title={Use, users and benefits of the West Branch of the Farmington River (General technical report, NE-341)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2005 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium}, publisher={Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeast Forest Experiment Station}, author={Moore, R. L. and Siderelis, C.}, editor={Peden, J. G. and Schuster, R. M.Editors}, pages={48–56} }