@article{sunderlin_atmadja_chervier_komalasari_resosudarmo_sills_2024, title={Can REDD plus succeed? Occurrence and influence of various combinations of interventions in subnational initiatives}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102777}, abstractNote={The institutional predecessor of REDD+ is the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) that combines restrictions on forest access and conversion (negative interventions) with non-conditional direct benefits (positive interventions) to compensate local stakeholders for income losses from those restrictions. The idea of REDD+ was to improve on the ICDP model with a different kind of positive intervention: conditional direct benefits, often known as payments for environmental services or PES. How has this idea played out in reality? In a sample of 17 (out of 377) active REDD+ initiatives across the global South, we identified the combinations of interventions actually deployed and elicited household assessments of how those interventions affected their land use decisions with respect to forests. We found that 71 % of the households in our sample had participated in some number of forest interventions ranging from one to ten. About a quarter of those households were offered conditional direct benefits, most often in combination with non-conditional direct benefits. Nearly half of the households had received only non-conditional direct benefits. Many of those households were also subject to restrictions of various kinds. Thus, rather than abandoning the well-established ICDP approach in favor of the conditional incentives that conceptually define REDD+, most initiative proponents opted to deploy multiple interventions. Their approach is validated by our finding that the likelihood a household reports that the interventions caused them to adopt land use changes that could be classified as reducing carbon emissions is positively and significantly related to the number of interventions that they experienced, but not affected by whether any of those interventions are conditional. We also find that restrictions play an important role: 37 % of the households were subject to at least one negative intervention, and those households were significantly more likely to report that the interventions had induced land use changes that could be classified as reducing carbon emissions.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, author={Sunderlin, William D. and Atmadja, Stibniati S. and Chervier, Colas and Komalasari, Mella and Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{rana_sills_2024, title={Inviting oversight: Effects of forest certification on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={173}, ISSN={["1873-5991"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106418}, abstractNote={In the American tropics, logging is almost always highly selective, leaving most of the forest standing and available for future harvest under sustainable forest management. However, forest that has been logged is often more accessible to deforestation agents such as farmers. Thus, areas legally designated for sustainable forest management in reality may be more susceptible to illegal deforestation. Third-party certification of sustainable forest management is one strategy for protecting such forest. In this paper, we estimate the effect of certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) on deforestation, drawing on data from the years 2001 to 2019. We observe strong selection effects resulting in systematic differences between certified forest areas and other forest areas designated for sustainable forest management, and we find that after controlling for those selection effects, inviting oversight by FSC reduces the probability of deforestation. Our study design compares forests “treated” with FSC certification to “control” forests designated for sustainable forest management but not (yet) certified in the two Brazilian states of Pará and Rondônia. Adopting pixel-based analyses, we first create a matched sample of treated and control pixels and then estimate GLMM models, with two-way fixed effects (TWFE) models as a robustness check. We find that where forest managers have obtained certification and thus invited oversight by FSC auditors, rates of forest loss are lower (although the results are not fully robust across regions). The estimated effects vary across regions, likely due to varying socioeconomic and policy contexts and competing land uses. We conclude that especially in settings of low governance capacity and high deforestation pressure, certification can contribute to long-term forest conservation by reducing deforestation rates.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Rana, Pushpendra and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{naime_angelsen_rodriguez-ward_sills_2024, title={Participation, anticipation effects and impact perceptions of two collective incentive-based conservation interventions in Ucayali, Peru}, volume={217}, ISSN={["1873-6106"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108052}, abstractNote={This study contributes to the relatively scarce literature evaluating household-level outcomes of collective agreements. We examine participation in and anticipation effects of two collective, incentive-based initiatives in Ucayali, Peru. The first initiative is a local REDD+ project, the second is Peru's National Forest Conservation Program (NFCP). Both initiatives were evaluated at an early stage of implementation, thus any effects are characterized as anticipation effects. We first examine the determinants of participation in the initiatives and find that household participation is negatively associated with agricultural income and positively associated with market access and previous experiences with external initiatives. Next, we use quasi-experimental methods and self-reflexive evaluations to examine impacts on land use and livelihoods. The results show no evidence of anticipation effects on income or land use. Self-reflexive evaluations indicate, however, that a total of 82% of the NFCP participating households perceive a positive effect on wellbeing, while only 39% of participants in REDD+ perceive a positive effect. The differences in perceptions of the two initiatives is attributed to design and implementation factors, including delayed payments, lack of transparency, and limited local input. The study demonstrates the value of self-reflexive evaluations for identifying intangible effects on wellbeing of conservation initiatives.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}, author={Naime, Julia and Angelsen, Arild and Rodriguez-Ward, Dawn and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{west_wunder_sills_boerner_rifai_neidermeier_frey_kontoleon_2023, title={Action needed to make carbon offsets from forest conservation work for climate change mitigation}, volume={381}, ISSN={["1095-9203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade3535}, DOI={10.1126/science.ade3535}, abstractNote={Carbon offsets from voluntary avoided-deforestation projects are generated on the basis of performance in relation to ex ante deforestation baselines. We examined the effects of 26 such project sites in six countries on three continents using synthetic control methods for causal inference. We found that most projects have not significantly reduced deforestation. For projects that did, reductions were substantially lower than claimed. This reflects differences between the project ex ante baselines and ex post counterfactuals according to observed deforestation in control areas. Methodologies used to construct deforestation baselines for carbon offset interventions need urgent revisions to correctly attribute reduced deforestation to the projects, thus maintaining both incentives for forest conservation and the integrity of global carbon accounting.}, number={6660}, journal={SCIENCE}, author={West, Thales A. P. and Wunder, Sven and Sills, Erin O. and Boerner, Jan and Rifai, Sami W. and Neidermeier, Alexandra N. and Frey, Gabriel P. and Kontoleon, Andreas}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={873-+} }
 @article{casola_peterson_pacifici_sills_moorman_2023, title={Conservation motivations and willingness to pay for wildlife management areas among recreational user groups}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1873-5754"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106801}, abstractNote={Conservation agencies routinely evaluate the costs and benefits of land management and land acquisition options for wildlife management areas (WMAs). Non-market values, for example visitors’ consumer surplus, are often absent from these comparisons. Better estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) for WMAs will allow managers to quantify consumer surpluses for different user groups, identify opportunities to generate additional conservation funding, and improve communication with users. We used the contingent valuation method to estimate the WTP for conservation of WMAs by different user groups. We used interval censored regression to estimate WTP for each user group and modeled how WTP varied with visitation frequency, demographics, and type of use. Dual users, those who participated in both licensed (hunting, angling, or trapping) and non-licensed (all other) activities, had greater WTP ($200.07, 95% CI [$161.18, $238.95]) than users who exclusively participated in either a single non-licensed ($74.74, 95% CI [$50.45, $99.02]) or a single licensed activity ($68.21, 95% CI [$48.41, $88.00]). Willingness-to-pay increased with the number of visits to WMAs per year, college education, and income. The most popular donation motivations were that respondents cared about WMA conservation (72%), wanted WMAs to be around for future generations (70%) and personally benefited from the conservation of WMAs (64%). Similar to a scope test, this study demonstrated greater WTP by users who participate in more diverse recreation types on WMAs. Additionally, our findings show that WMA users, particularly users who engage in multiple activities including at least one that does not require a license, enjoy large consumer surpluses and thus could be drawn on for additional financial support for WMA conservation.}, journal={LAND USE POLICY}, author={Casola, William R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Pacifici, Krishna and Sills, Erin O. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{balmford_brancalion_coomes_filewod_groom_guizar-coutino_jones_keshav_kontoleon_madhavapeddy_et al._2023, title={Credit credibility threatens forests}, volume={380}, ISSN={["1095-9203"]}, DOI={10.1126/science.adh3426}, number={6644}, journal={SCIENCE}, author={Balmford, Andrew and Brancalion, Pedro H. S. and Coomes, David and Filewod, Ben and Groom, Ben and Guizar-Coutino, Alejandro and Jones, Julia P. G. and Keshav, Srinivasan and Kontoleon, Andreas and Madhavapeddy, Anil and et al.}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={466–467} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_bruck_frey_sills_2023, title={Forest-Based Employment in the Southern United States amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Causal Inference Analysis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxad042}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxad042}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Bruck, Sonia and Frey, Gregory and Sills, Erin}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{das_klug_krishnapriya_plutshack_saparapa_scott_sills_kara_pattanayak_jeuland_2023, title={Frameworks, methods and evidence connecting modern domestic energy services and gender empowerment}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2058-7546"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41560-023-01234-7}, journal={NATURE ENERGY}, author={Das, Ipsita and Klug, Thomas and Krishnapriya, P. P. and Plutshack, Victoria and Saparapa, Rajah and Scott, Stephanie and Sills, Erin and Kara, Njeri and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Jeuland, Marc}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{bruck_parajuli_chizmar_sills_2023, title={Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic policies on timber markets in the Southern United States}, url={https://doi.org/10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.25}, DOI={10.62320/jfbr.v2i1.25}, abstractNote={The global pandemic, due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), disrupted global commodity markets and individual consumption patterns. Various COVID-19-related policies were put in place by state and local governments to limit the virus outbreak, which disrupted the production and supply chains of manufacturing industries. The forest sector was not an exception. Using the Time Regression Discontinuity (T-RD) approach, we quantified the effect of various COVID-19 policies on standing timber prices in the Southern United States. We found an overall significant decrease in prices across all timber products (7%-30%) soon after COVID-19 lockdowns were implemented in early 2020. Findings from the fixed effects (FE) estimators suggest mandatory lockdowns for all individuals in certain areas of the jurisdiction had a decreasing price effect on pine pulpwood but an increasing effect on hardwood sawtimber. We expect that the findings from this study may help to set expectations for future market shocks if policies are implemented that impact the timber supply chain and consumer behavioral changes.}, journal={Journal of Forest Business Research}, author={Bruck, Sonia R. and Parajuli, Rajan and Chizmar, Stephanie and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{sills_kramer_2023, title={Tiger protection brings carbon benefits}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2397-334X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02062-4}, DOI={10.1038/s41559-023-02062-4}, journal={NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Kramer, Randall A.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{casola_peterson_sills_pacifici_moorman_2022, title={Economic contributions of wildlife management areas in North Carolina}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102747}, abstractNote={Wildlife management areas (WMAs) provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Among these services, hunting and fishing often make the most obvious contribution to local and state economies through the expenditures of the hunters and anglers. However, the total economic contributions of WMAs also include other forms of recreation that are generally less visible, unlicensed, and less well understood. Quantifying the size of the economic contribution from all recreationists can inform decisions about investment in and management of public lands. To this end, we estimated the direct, indirect, and induced economic contributions of recreation on protected land managed by the state of North Carolina (NC) primarily for hunting, fishing, and wildlife conservation (hereafter WMAs). We collected data on visitation and conducted in-person intercept surveys at 9 WMAs to estimate the number of visits and expenditures per visit for people engaged in activities that required licenses (e.g., hunting) and activities that did not (e.g., hiking and bird watching). We estimated annual visitation on the 9 study WMAs, accounting for differences in location, hunting season, day of the week, and weather. We then predicted annual visitation at all 94 WMAs in NC using a predictive regression model. Most visitors did not engage in any licensed activities, and those visitors spent more per trip on average ($119.83) and had greater variability in expenses than visitors engaged in licensed activities ($84.19). We used the estimates of total annual visits, expenditures per visit, and the distribution of those expenditures across sectors to calculate the economic contribution of recreation on each of the 9 study WMAs and on the entire WMA system in NC. Recreation was responsible for approximately 2200 jobs, $84 million USD in annual labor income, and $140 million USD in value added annually in NC. The majority of this contribution was due to visits made by users not engage in licensed uses of WMAs, as those users were more numerous, spent more per trip, and were more likely to visit WMAs in peri-urban areas with more economic linkages than rural areas.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Casola, William R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Sills, Erin O. and Pacifici, Krishna and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{atmadja_duchelle_de sy_selviana_komalasari_sills_angelsen_2022, title={How do REDD plus projects contribute to the goals of the Paris Agreement?}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1748-9326"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5669}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/ac5669}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Atmadja, Stibniati S. and Duchelle, Amy E. and De Sy, Veronique and Selviana, Vivi and Komalasari, Mella and Sills, Erin O. and Angelsen, Arild}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{shyamsundar_cohen_boucher_kroeger_erbaugh_waterfield_clarke_cook-patton_garcia_juma_et al._2022, title={Scaling smallholder tree cover restoration across the tropics}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102591}, abstractNote={Restoring tree cover in tropical countries has the potential to benefit millions of smallholders through improvements in income and environmental services. However, despite their dominant landholding shares in many countries, smallholders’ role in restoration has not been addressed in prior global or pan-tropical restoration studies. We fill this lacuna by using global spatial data on trees and people, national indicators of enabling conditions, and micro-level expert information. We find that by 2050, low-cost restoration is feasible within 280, 200, and 60 million hectares of tropical croplands, pasturelands, and degraded forestlands, respectively. Such restoration could affect 210 million people in croplands, 59 million people in pasturelands and 22 million people in degraded forestlands. This predominance of low-cost restoration opportunity in populated agricultural lands has not been revealed by prior analyses of tree cover restoration potential. In countries with low-cost tropical restoration potential, smallholdings comprise a significant proportion of agricultural lands in Asia (∼76 %) and Africa (∼60 %) but not the Americas (∼3%). Thus, while the Americas account for approximately half of 21st century tropical deforestation, smallholder-based reforestation may play a larger role in efforts to reverse recent forest loss in Asia and Africa than in the Americas. Furthermore, our analyses show that countries with low-cost restoration potential largely lack policy commitments or smallholder supportive institutional and market conditions. Discussions among practitioners and researchers suggest that four principles – partnering with farmers and prioritizing their preferences, reducing uncertainty, strengthening markets, and mobilizing innovative financing – can help scale smallholder-driven restoration in the face of these challenges.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, author={Shyamsundar, Priya and Cohen, Francois and Boucher, Timothy M. and Kroeger, Timm and Erbaugh, James T. and Waterfield, Gina and Clarke, Caitlin and Cook-Patton, Susan C. and Garcia, Edenise and Juma, Kevin and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{peroff_morais_sills_2022, title={The Role of Agritourism Microentrepreneurship and Collective Action in Shaping Stewardship of Farmlands}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138116}, DOI={10.3390/su14138116}, abstractNote={Agritourism has been promoted primarily as a way to mitigate economic challenges faced by small-scale family farmers, but it may also foster land stewardship and promote agricultural literacy. There has been very little research on these relationships. We employed a primarily qualitative approach to assess how farmers’ involvement in agritourism microentrepreneurship shapes their stewardship of small-scale farmlands in southeastern North Carolina. Furthermore, we examined how farmers’ involvement in social structures, summarized in measures of collective action, supported or hindered this relationship. We find that reasons for participation in agritourism differed greatly between conventional farmers and alternative farmers. While both groups expressed a desire to reduce agricultural illiteracy among the public through agritourism, conventional farmers were motivated primarily by sociocultural reasons (e.g., community and youth development) while alternative farmers wanted to educate visitors about land stewardship and environmentally sustainable food production. Involvement in agritourism microentrepreneurship did not directly influence land stewardship by either group of farmers. Alternative farmers expressed that collective action was important in helping them promote land stewardship, but they felt restricted by sociocultural and geographic barriers preventing them from developing trust within their community. Conversely, conventional farmers reported deeper cultural roots in the community. Thus, participation in agritourism does not have a generalizable impact on farmers’ land stewardship; instead, agritourism becomes a stage through which farmers try to demonstrate their pre-existing land ethics.}, number={13}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Peroff, Deidre M. and Morais, Duarte B. and Sills, Erin}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{jagger_cheek_miller_ryan_shyamsundar_sills_2022, title={The Role of Forests and Trees in Poverty Dynamics}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102750}, abstractNote={Understanding the contribution of forests to poverty alleviation and human well-being has never been more important. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are erasing gains in poverty reduction achieved over the past several decades. At the same time, climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme weather events and natural disasters, especially in poor rural communities. In this paper, we review approaches to measuring poverty and well-being finding that standard approaches to measuring poverty and poverty dynamics typically do not adequately consider environmental goods and services, leading to an incompelete understanding of poverty dynamics among policy makers and practitioners. We identify four archetypal poverty trajectories and discuss how subsistence and cash income, assets, and non-material benefits from forests and tree-based systems influence each of them. We draw on the broad literature on forests and livelihoods, acknowledging that the majority of the literature on the topic of forests and poverty relies on static, micro-level, and highly contextualized analyses. Our review suggest that forests and tree-based systems provide a pathway out of poverty only under very specific conditions, when high value goods are accessible and marketed, or when ecosystem services can be monetized for the benefit of people living in or near forests. However, the role that forests play in supporting and maintaining current consumption, diversifying incomes, and meeting basic needs may be extremely important, particularly for those experiencing transient poverty. We discuss negative externalities associated with living proximate to forests, including the special case of geographic poverty traps, which can occur in remote forested areas. To build a strong evidence base for policy makers we recommend that research on forest-poverty dynamics address longer time-frames (up to decades), larger and/or nested spatial scales, and are contextualized within the landscape, region, or national setting where it is conducted. Advancing our understanding of forest-poverty dynamics is critical, particularly in low and middle-income countries where large numbers of people live in or near forests or in landscapes with forest-agriculture mosaics. Policy makers should strive to understand the potential role for forest-based livelihood strategies among their suite of social protection and poverty reduction policies and programs, particularly for addressing transient poverty.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Jagger, Pamela and Cheek, Jennifer Zavaleta and Miller, Daniel and Ryan, Casey and Shyamsundar, Priya and Sills, Erin}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{chizmar_parajuli_frey_bardon_sills_2021, title={Allocation versus completion: Explaining the distribution of the Forest Development Program fund in North Carolina}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102594}, abstractNote={The Forest Development Program (FDP) is a nationally renowned state-administered cost-share assistance program for forest landowners in North Carolina, primarily funded through taxation on primary forest products across the state. While the demand for FDP cost-share funds often exceeds available resources, over one-fourth of annual allocations on average go unused, due primarily to application cancellations and the divergence of actual costs and treated acres from the amounts approved originally. This study evaluates various factors related to the utilization of allocated funds based on actual cost-share fund usage data in the last six years. Results suggest that FDP applications associated with the piedmont region, shearing and chemical site preparation, hand-planting activities, and larger applied acres are more likely to be completed as defined in the initial application. The methods and findings of this study provide useful insights to administrators of other similar public incentive programs. The need for similar analyses evaluating the utilization of public funds will likely grow as state and federal governments increasingly rely on incentive programs to meet ambitious goals in conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Parajuli, Rajan and Frey, Gregory E. and Bardon, Robert E. and Sills, Erin}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{smart_vukomanovic_sills_sanchez_2021, title={Cultural ecosystem services caught in a 'coastal squeeze' between sea level rise and urban expansion}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102209}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102209}, abstractNote={Sea level rise and urbanization exert complex synergistic pressures on the provision of ecosystem services (ES) in coastal regions. Anticipating when and where both biophysical and cultural ES will be affected by these two types of coastal environmental change is critical for sustainable land-use planning and management. Biophysical (provisioning and regulating) services can be mapped using secondary data. We demonstrate an approach to mapping cultural ES by engaging stakeholders in iterative participatory mapping of personally and communally valuable cultural ES. We identify hotspots where highly valued cultural ES and high values for biophysical ES co-occur and generate spatially-explicit projections of sea level rise and urban expansion through 2060 to quantify impacts of the ‘coastal squeeze’ on ES. We study Johns Island, South Carolina, USA as an example of a vulnerable community in a low-lying region experiencing both rising water levels and a rapid influx of new residents and development. Our projections of environmental change through 2060 indicate that on Johns Island, cultural ES face disproportionately greater risk of decline than biophysical ES, with almost three quarters of the island’s cultural ES affected. We find that hotspots for cultural ES, such as community heritage sites and scenic vistas of oak-lined roads and marshes, rarely co-occur (only 3% area) with biophysical ES such as high values of carbon sequestration and agricultural production. This confirms the importance of engaging with local stakeholders to map cultural ES and puts them on a more level playing field with biophysical ES in decision-making contexts. Projected declines and limited overlap between biophysical and cultural ES highlight the need for tighter coordination between conservation and community planning, and for including locally valued cultural ES in assessments of threats posed by the ‘coastal squeeze’ of sea level rise and urban expansion.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smart, Lindsey S. and Vukomanovic, Jelena and Sills, Erin O. and Sanchez, Georgina}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{wu_mullan_biggs_caviglia-harris_harris_sills_2021, title={Do forests provide watershed services for farmers in the humid tropics? Evidence from the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={183}, ISSN={["1873-6106"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106965}, abstractNote={Forests are a key component of hydrological cycles, and thus deforestation is likely to affect the availability and quality of water for downstream agricultural production. However, in humid tropical regions where water is relatively abundant and the terrain is relatively flat, it is unclear whether these changes in ecosystem services matter to local farmers. We test whether the extent of forest in upstream drainage areas affects downstream farm production in an agricultural colonization zone in the Brazilian Amazon. We first estimate panel models of the output of milk, which is the primary farm product in our study region. We then test for effects on pasture stocking and cow productivity as possible pathways for the effect of upstream forests on milk output. Estimation results suggest that upstream forest increases the productivity of properties with small drainage areas. The effects are strongest when water is either scarce (dry season of drought years) or excessive (rainy season of flood years). The contribution of Amazonian forests to the resilience of the local farm economy is likely to become more important as rainfall becomes more variable due to regional and global climate change.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}, author={Wu, Yu and Mullan, Katrina and Biggs, Trent and Caviglia-Harris, Jill and Harris, Daniel W. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{solis_cronkleton_sills_rodriguez-ward_duchelle_2021, title={Evaluating the Impact of REDD+ Interventions on Household Forest Revenue in Peru}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2624-893X"]}, DOI={10.3389/ffgc.2021.624724}, abstractNote={REDD+ was conceived as a system of incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. While this could include many different types of interventions to reduce deforestation and degradation, a consensus has emerged that they should safeguard and “do no harm” to the forest-based livelihoods of local people. Many REDD+ projects have been designed to incentivize forest conservation and support local livelihoods by promoting sustainable use of the forest, hence increasing the revenues earned by local households from forest products. We examine two such projects in the Peruvian Amazon, using panel survey data from over 400 households gathered in 2011 and 2014. In the 3 years between surveys, we observed a severe decline in forest revenue. However, by using a BACI study design and matching, we show that this decrease was not caused by the REDD+ interventions. Thus, REDD+ “did no harm” to local people, at least in terms of forest revenues in the early phases of these two projects in the Peruvian Amazon.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE}, author={Solis, David and Cronkleton, Peter and Sills, Erin O. and Rodriguez-Ward, Dawn and Duchelle, Amy E.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{jeuland_fetter_li_pattanayak_usmani_bluffstone_chavez_girardeau_hassen_jagger_et al._2021, title={Is energy the golden thread? A systematic review of the impacts of modern and traditional energy use in low- and middle-income countries}, volume={135}, ISSN={["1879-0690"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rser.2020.110406}, abstractNote={Energy has been called the “golden thread” that connects economic growth, social equity and environmental sustainability, but important knowledge gaps exist on the impacts of low- and middle-income country energy interventions and transitions. This study offers perhaps the broadest characterization to date of the patterns and consistency in quantitative and peer-reviewed social science literature considering such impacts. Starting from approximately 80,000 papers identified using a search procedure organized along energy services, technology, and impact dimensions, and structured to achieve breadth and replicability, articles were first screened to yield a relevant subset of 3,000 quantitative papers. Relevance is defined as providing one or more types of impacts on intra-household, household, firm, public service, national economy, or environmental outcomes. A set of heat maps highlights areas of concentration in the literature, namely work that emphasizes the negative health and pollution effects of traditional cooking and fossil fuel use. The extent and consistency of evidence for different types of impacts (in terms of direction and statistical significance) is also discussed, which reveals considerable heterogeneity and highlights important knowledge gaps that remain despite rapidly expanding energy scholarship. The patterns of evidence are also surprisingly consistent across methods. The article concludes by articulating several research challenges that should motivate current and future generations of energy and development scholars.}, journal={RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS}, author={Jeuland, Marc and Fetter, T. Robert and Li, Yating and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Usmani, Faraz and Bluffstone, Randall A. and Chavez, Carlos and Girardeau, Hannah and Hassen, Sied and Jagger, Pamela and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{casola_peterson_wu_sills_pease_pacifici_2021, title={Measuring the value of public hunting land using a hedonic approach}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1533-158X"]}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2021.1953196}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Acquisition of public land is critical for wildlife conservation and can impact local tax bases and property values. Those impacts reflect the capitalized value of benefits (e.g., recreational opportunities) and costs (e.g., nuisance wildlife) of living near protected areas. We employed the hedonic price framework to determine how proximity and adjacency to public hunting land in North Carolina were capitalized into housing prices. We modeled sale price as the composite value of structural, neighborhood, and environmental characteristics. Proximity to public hunting land had positive effects on sale price in some locations, whereas adjacency had negative effects in some locations. These relationships were dependent on the sociocultural context of the public hunting land, including proximity to other forms of public land. This research may help facilitate negotiations among stakeholders impacted by protected areas, including land dedicated to wildlife-based recreation.}, journal={HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE}, author={Casola, William R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Wu, Yu and Sills, Erin O. and Pease, Brent S. and Pacifici, Krishna}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{razafindratsima_kamoto_sills_mutta_song_kabwe_castle_kristjanson_ryan_brockhaus_et al._2021, title={Reviewing the evidence on the roles of forests and tree-based systems in poverty dynamics}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102576}, abstractNote={The alleviation of global poverty is a major objective of the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (notably SDG1 “to end poverty in all its forms everywhere”). Many rural people experiencing poverty often rely on forests and tree-based systems, such as agroforestry, suggesting the existence of links between such systems and poverty outcomes. This paper reviews the evidence of such links across multiple dimensions of poverty and well-being, based on an expert panel convened by the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and an extensive literature search. We consider whether, how, where, when, and for whom forests and trees in the wider landscape influence poverty dynamics. We organize the evidence according to four pathways through which forests and trees influence household poverty dynamics: 1) helping households move out of poverty; 2) maintaining well-being levels through subsistence, food security, health, and cultural and spiritual values; 3) preventing declines by mitigating risks and stabilizing consumption; 4) decreasing well-being by generating negative externalities that could trap or move households into poverty. We found that local context matters considerably, with the roles of forests and trees strongly varying across geographical, social, economic, and political settings. Another key finding is that evidence of forests and trees providing livelihood diversification and benefits that help households move out of poverty remains limited, based primarily on a small number of case studies. Evidence on the impact of gender gaps in relation to forest landscapes and poverty pathways is also lacking. However, our findings do suggest that ecosystem services provided by forests and trees play critical roles in maintaining well-being and food security and have the potential to contribute more to helping households move out of poverty and mitigating risks amplified by climate change. This review also highlights cautionary findings related to negative forest externalities that can maintain or move households into poverty. Together, these findings call for policy efforts to support the conservation and sustainable management of forest landscapes and agroforestry systems that are more targeted towards meeting the diverse needs of the rural poor. Our results also point to a need for greater effort to address gender disparities, which have been largely overlooked yet provide a critical opportunity to not only enhance gender equality but also advance sustainable poverty reduction goals.}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Razafindratsima, Onja H. and Kamoto, Judith F. M. and Sills, Erin O. and Mutta, Doris N. and Song, Conghe and Kabwe, Gillian and Castle, Sarah E. and Kristjanson, Patricia M. and Ryan, Casey M. and Brockhaus, Maria and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mullan_caviglia-harris_sills_2021, title={Sustainability of agricultural production following deforestation in the tropics: Evidence on the value of newly-deforested, long-deforested and forested land in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1873-5754"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105660}, abstractNote={Tropical deforestation has typically been characterized as a process with persistent environmental costs (in the form of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss) and short-lived economic benefits (in the form of one-off timber harvests and agricultural fertility boosts). However, this characterization is largely based on agronomic study of tropical soils, and does not fully capture the long-term agricultural potential of cleared land. Landowners can make investments to improve fertility and raise productivity, extending the time horizons over which agriculture is profitable. Whether they choose to make these investments depends on available technologies, the relative prices of inputs and outputs, and the cost of the alternative strategy of clearing additional forest. There is little evidence on how agricultural productivity in the tropics changes over time for individual farmers, because regional development processes confound changes in land productivity when aggregate data are used. Understanding the trajectory of returns to land after tropical deforestation matters because the effectiveness of policies to limit deforestation, promote reforestation, and encourage agricultural intensification all depend on the values of forested and deforested land to farmers and the time horizons over which those values are maintained. This paper estimates the contributions of forested, newly-deforested, and long-deforested land to total property values reported by smallholders in established agrarian settlements in the western Brazilian Amazon. We find—during a decade in which the Brazilian government significantly strengthened its enforcement of forest laws—that deforested land retained its value, the value of forested land increased relative to cleared land, and the value of newly cleared land declined.}, journal={LAND USE POLICY}, author={Mullan, Katrina and Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{peroff_morais_wallace_sills_2021, title={TOURISM MICROENTREPRENEURSHIP AND LAND STEWARDSHIP IN A TZ'UTUJIL MAYAN COFFEE COMMUNITY}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-4421"]}, DOI={10.3727/154427221X16098837280055}, abstractNote={This study examines how livelihood diversification through tourism microentrepreneurship may shape land stewardship among Mayan coffee farmers in Guatemala. Through a primarily qualitative approach assessing ecoliteracy and motivations towards environmental behaviors, data were collected
 among participants self-identifying as small-scale shade-grown coffee farmers involved in tourism microentrepreneurship in the community of San Juan la Laguna in Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. We found that, when facilitated through cooperatives, tourism microentrepreneurship and coffee farming
 jointly contributed to land stewardship and provided an opportunity for indigenous farmers to foster traditional relationships with the land.}, number={4}, journal={TOURISM REVIEW INTERNATIONAL}, author={Peroff, Deidre M. and Morais, Duarte B. and Wallace, Tim and Sills, Erin}, year={2021}, pages={293–310} }
 @article{james_lundberg_sills_2021, title={The Implications of Learning on Bidding Behavior in a Repeated First Price Conservation Auction with Targeting}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1944-0138"]}, DOI={10.1561/102.00000101}, abstractNote={The Implications of Learning on Bidding Behavior in a Repeated First Price Conservation Auction with Targeting}, number={1-2}, journal={STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT}, author={James, Natasha and Lundberg, Liv and Sills, Erin}, year={2021}, pages={69–101} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_biggs_ferreira_harris_mullan_sills_2021, title={The color of water: The contributions of green and blue water to agricultural productivity in the Western Brazilian Amazon}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1873-5991"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105607}, abstractNote={Deforestation and global climate change are predicted to affect precipitation and agricultural productivity in the Amazon. Anecdotal evidence suggests that farmers are already being affected by changes in the timing and amount of precipitation, but there is little quantitative evidence on the mechanism by which precipitation affects production. This paper uses an innovative application of remote sensing and meteorological data to separate rainfall into green water (soil moisture that contributes to plant water use) and blue water (surface water), to estimate the impact of these water sources on the production and production efficiency of dairy in a mature colonization zone of the Brazilian Amazon. This approach allows us to draw inferences about different pathways through the precipitation-production causal chain and to link changes in precipitation with impacts on farm profits and welfare. We find that production and production efficiency are affected by green and blue water and that reductions in rainfall will have negative impacts that may disproportionally impact the poor. Our methods and results are informative to economists interested in this relatively new application of remote sensing data, to geographers interested in identifying the role of green and blue water in agricultural production, and more generally to researchers interested in the impacts of rainfall and water availability on small-scale producers in the Brazilian Amazon.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Caviglia-Harris, Jill and Biggs, Trent and Ferreira, Elvino and Harris, Daniel W. and Mullan, Katrina and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chizmar_castillo_pizarro_vasquez_bernal_rivera_sills_abt_parajuli_cubbage_2020, title={A Discounted Cash Flow and Capital Budgeting Analysis of Silvopastoral Systems in the Amazonas Region of Peru}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100353}, DOI={10.3390/land9100353}, abstractNote={Silvopasture is a type of agroforestry that could deliver ecosystem services and support local livelihoods by integrating trees into pasture-based livestock systems. This study modeled the financial returns from silvopastures, planted forests, and conventional cattle-pasture systems in Amazonas, Peru using capital budgeting techniques. Forests had a lower land expectation value (USD 845 per hectare) than conventional cattle systems (USD 1275 per hectare) at a 4% discount rate. “Typical” model silvopastures, based on prior landowner surveys in the Amazonas region, were most competitive at low discount rates. The four actual silvopastoral systems we visited and examined had higher returns (4%: USD 1588 to USD 9524 per hectare) than either alternative pure crop or tree system, more than likely through strategies for generating value-added such as on-site retail stands. Silvopasture also offers animal health and environmental benefits, and could receive governmental or market payments to encourage these practices.}, journal={Land}, author={Chizmar, Stephanie and Castillo, Miguel and Pizarro, Dante and Vasquez, Hector and Bernal, Wilmer and Rivera, Raul and Sills, Erin and Abt, Robert and Parajuli, Rajan and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{pattanayak_sills_2020, title={A ‘middle way’ for Indonesian fires}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00634-x}, DOI={10.1038/s41893-020-00634-x}, journal={Nature Sustainability}, author={Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sills, Erin}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{cubbage_sills_2020, place={Cambridge, United Kingdom}, title={Forest Certification and Forest Use: A Comprehensive Analysis}, ISBN={9781108684439}, DOI={10.1017/9781108684439.003}, abstractNote={Forest certification, developed in 1993, is one means to resolve wicked forestry problems. This non-state market-driven process was highly anticipated to succeed in improving forest management, sustainability and governance, where regulation had fallen short. Forest certification has had substantial accomplishments and this chapter compares and analyses the two competing global forest certification schemes, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification.}, booktitle={The Wicked Problem of Forest Policy: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainability in Forest Landscapes}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Cubbage, F.W. and Sills, E.O.}, editor={Nikolakis, W. and Innes, JEditors}, year={2020}, pages={59–107} }
 @article{sales_santiago_biggs_mullan_sills_monteverde_2020, title={Impacts of Protected Area Deforestation on Dry‐Season Regional Climate in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={125}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033048}, DOI={10.1029/2020JD033048}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={16}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Sales, Fernando De and Santiago, Thais and Biggs, Trent Wade and Mullan, Katrina and Sills, Erin O. and Monteverde, Corrie}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{sills_pfaff_andrade_kirkpatrick_dickson_2020, title={Investing in local capacity to respond to a federal environmental mandate: Forest & economic impacts of the Green Municipality Program in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={129}, ISSN={["0305-750X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104891}, abstractNote={Over the past decade, the Brazilian federal government has offered a negative collective incentive to reduce deforestation by ‘blacklisting’ the municipalities in the Amazon with the highest deforestation rates. As for any unfunded mandate, the responses to blacklisting depend on both local incentives and local capacities. We evaluate a state program − Programa Municípios Verdes (PMV) or the Green Municipality Program – to increase the capacity of municipal governments in the state of Pará to respond to this federal incentive. The PMV is voluntary, as municipal governments choose whether to participate. To control for differences due to self-selection into the program, we employ quasi-experimental methods: two-way, fixed-effects regressions in matched samples of municipalities; and the synthetic control method that compares outcomes in a participating municipality to outcomes in a weighted blend of control municipalities. Neither approach suggests that the PMV reduced deforestation beyond the effect of the blacklist. We hypothesize that municipalities joined the PMV to ameliorate the costs of complying with blacklist requirements, including the costs of exiting the blacklist. We show that the PMV increased total value added – with substantial heterogeneity - in participating blacklisted municipalities, and that these gains likely are not due to agricultural intensification. They may result from reductions in compliance risk and cost that make economic investments in a municipality more appealing. In the long run, this could make forest conservation more socially and politically sustainable.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Sills, Erin and Pfaff, Alexander and Andrade, Luiza and Kirkpatrick, Justin and Dickson, Rebecca}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{sharma_karky_nepal_pattanayak_sills_shyamsundar_2020, title={Making incremental progress: impacts of a REDD+ pilot initiative in Nepal}, volume={15}, url={https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba924}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/aba924}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Environmental Research Letters}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Sharma, Bishnu P and Karky, Bhaskar S and Nepal, Mani and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K and Sills, Erin O and Shyamsundar, Priya}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={105004} }
 @article{west_börner_sills_kontoleon_2020, title={Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={117}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004334117}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2004334117}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={39}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={West, Thales A. P. and Börner, Jan and Sills, Erin O. and Kontoleon, Andreas}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={24188–24194} }
 @article{frey_durmus_sills_isik_comer_2020, title={Potential Alternative Tree Species as Substrates for Forest Farming of Log-grown Shiitake Mushrooms in the Southeastern United States}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04721-20}, abstractNote={Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom-producing fungus. “Natural log-grown” shiitake mushrooms are favored by consumers and are often produced by small farmers and hobbyists in the United States. The tree species most often recommended as a substrate for shiitake is white oak (Quercus alba), which has many other economic uses. We tested two strains of shiitake in log substrates of three common, low-value tree species in the southeastern United States to identify potential alternatives to white oak. We found that sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) was a good substitute for white oak, both in terms of mushroom production and financial returns. Red maple (Acer rubrum) had less potential, with lower production and marginal financial returns, and ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima) was not a suitable alternative substrate. Of the two shiitake strains tested, a commercially available strain performed better than a naturalized strain that was isolated from an uninoculated log. Further research is needed to identify other potential alternative substrates and production techniques in the southeastern United States and other regions.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Frey, Gregory E. and Durmus, Tank and Sills, Erin O. and Isik, Fikret and Comer, Marcus M.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={741-+} }
 @article{wunder_duchelle_sassi_sills_simonet_sunderlin_2020, title={REDD+ in Theory and Practice: How Lessons From Local Projects Can Inform Jurisdictional Approaches}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2624-893X"]}, DOI={10.3389/ffgc.2020.00011}, abstractNote={Local projects for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) were frequently designed as pilot actions to inform future upscaled initiatives. Drawing lessons from these project experiences may thus help improve the design of jurisdictional programs, which is the focus of REDD+ implementation in the Paris Agreement. Here we first scrutinize how REDD+ was historically conceptualized, the most prominent model being that of a multitier payments for environmental services (PES) scheme of “passing on” carbon mitigation responsibilities and credits across scales, from international buyers to forestland owners. Then we analyze two REDD+ project databases, ID-RECCO and GCS-REDD, using principal component and regression analysis. Among 226 conservation-oriented REDD+ projects, only 88 had planned conditional incentives to landowners—the key feature of PES. Intentions to apply PES rose after 2007, and correlate strongly with efforts to seek certification, including as a benefit-sharing strategy, and with carbon sales. Zooming closer into a portfolio of 23 local REDD+ projects that were actually implemented on the ground, we found project implementers reported conditional incentives as potentially being both the most promising and effective intervention. Likewise, treated households identified conditional incentives as comparatively effective in changing their land-use plans, while also providing above-average welfare returns. Still, these conditional incentives remained underutilized in implementation, with only one-third of the treatment intensity compared to non-conditional incentives. Project implementers cited insecure land tenure and uncertain REDD+ financial flows as key impediments to using conditional incentives. The original vision of a multitier PES model for REDD+ thus ran into both supply and demand side problems, jointly explaining the discrepancy between REDD+ theory and practice. Since jurisdictional approaches to REDD+ so far also receive only hesitant and slow climate financing flows, coming mostly in non-conditional form, and operate under forest-frontier governance with similar tenure restrictions, jurisdictions would seem well-advised to plan for conditional landowner incentives only in scenarios where the preconditions for PES are met. Implementers of jurisidictional approaches may also want to avoid conceptualizing their new model too narrowly and prescriptively, as was arguably the case with the conceptualization of REDD+ as a multitier PES scheme.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE}, author={Wunder, Sven and Duchelle, Amy E. and Sassi, Claudio and Sills, Erin O. and Simonet, Gabriela and Sunderlin, William D.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{peroff_morais_seekamp_sills_wallace_2019, title={Assessing Residents’ Place Attachment to the Guatemalan Maya Landscape Through Mixed Methods Photo Elicitation}, volume={5}, ISSN={1558-6898 1558-6901}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689819845800}, DOI={10.1177/1558689819845800}, abstractNote={ We developed mixed methods photo elicitation to mitigate cultural and language barriers and to acquire deeper understandings of indigenous participants’ place attachment. We define mixed methods photo elicitation to integrate quantitative rankings of photos with qualitative induction of the meanings ascribed to the photos. Multidimensional scaling is used to thematically analyze the resulting photo clusters in relation to qualitative investigation of photo meanings. We also introduce a novel approach to a mixed methods joint display, which was used to visualize emerging themes and reveal how quantitative and qualitative findings are integrated. Reacting to a collection of landscape photographs endemic to rural Guatemala, indigenous farmers expressed place dependence to landscapes for economic and noneconomic reasons, and place identity for sociocultural reasons. }, journal={Journal of Mixed Methods Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Peroff, Deidre M. and Morais, Duarte B. and Seekamp, Erin and Sills, Erin and Wallace, Tim}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={155868981984580} }
 @article{gebara_sills_may_forsyth_2019, title={Deconstructing the policyscape for reducing deforestation in the Eastern Amazon: Practical insights for a landscape approach}, volume={29}, ISSN={1756-932X 1756-9338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.1846}, DOI={10.1002/eet.1846}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Policy and Governance}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gebara, Maria Fernanda and Sills, Erin and May, Peter and Forsyth, Tim}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={185–197} }
 @inbook{james_sills_2019, place={Oxford}, title={Payments for Ecosystem Services}, DOI={10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580}, abstractNote={Payments for ecosystem or environmental services (PES) are broadly defined as payments (in kind or in cash) to participants (often landowners) who volunteer to provide the services either to a specific user or to society at large. Payments are typically conditional on agreed rules of natural resource management rather than on delivery of the services. The rules range from protection of native ecosystems to installation of conservation practices. The earliest proponents of PES were economists who argued that they are a cost-effective way to conserve forests, manage watersheds, and protect biodiversity. Political support for PES rests on the claim that these programs can alleviate poverty among participants as well as protect the environment. More recent literature and experience with PES reveals barriers to achieving cost-effectiveness and poverty alleviation, including many related to the distribution of participation. The Costa Rican experience illustrates the choices that must be made and the potential for innovation in the design of PES programs.}, booktitle={Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={James, N. and Sills, E.}, editor={Sherman, Herman H.Editor}, year={2019} }
 @inbook{lawlor_sills_atmadja_lin_songawathan_2019, place={New York}, title={SDG 1: No Poverty – Impacts of Social Protection, Tenure Security and Building Resilience on Forests}, booktitle={Sustainable Development Goals: Their Impacts on Forests and People}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Lawlor, K. and Sills, E. and Atmadja, S. and Lin, L. and Songawathan, K.}, editor={Katila, Pia and Colfer, Carol J. Pierce and De Jong, Wil and Galloway, Glenn and Pacheco, Pablo and Winkel, GeorgEditors}, year={2019}, pages={17–47} }
 @article{biggs_santiago_sills_caviglia-harris_2019, title={The Brazilian Forest Code and riparian preservation areas: spatiotemporal analysis and implications for hydrological ecosystem services}, volume={8}, ISSN={1436-3798 1436-378X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01549-w}, DOI={10.1007/s10113-019-01549-w}, journal={Regional Environmental Change}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Biggs, Trent W. and Santiago, Thais Muniz Ottoni and Sills, Erin and Caviglia-Harris, Jill}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{west_grogan_swisher_caviglia-harris_sills_harris_roberts_putz_2018, title={A hybrid optimization-agent-based model of REDD plus payments to households on an old deforestation frontier in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1873-6726"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.11.007}, abstractNote={REDD+ was initially conceived of as a multi-level carbon-based payment for environmental services (PES). It is still often assumed to be a cost-effective climate change mitigation strategy, but this assumption is mostly based on theoretical studies and static opportunity cost calculations. We used spatial and socioeconomic datasets from an Amazonian deforestation frontier in Brazil to construct a simulation model of REDD + payments to households that can be used to assess REDD + interventions. Our SimREDD + model consists of dynamic optimization and land-use/cover change allocation submodels built into an agent-based model platform. The model assumes that households maximize profit under perfect market conditions and calculates the optimal household land-use/cover configuration at equilibrium under a given REDD + PES scenario. These scenarios include PES based on (1) forest area and (2) carbon stocks. Insights gained from simulations under different conditions can assist in the design of more effective, efficient, and equitable REDD + programs.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE}, author={West, Thales A. P. and Grogan, Kelly A. and Swisher, Marilyn E. and Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. and Sills, Erin and Harris, Daniel and Roberts, Dar and Putz, Francis E.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={159–174} }
 @article{sills_jones_2018, title={Causal inference in environmental conservation: The role of institutions}, ISSN={["0169-7218"]}, DOI={10.1016/bs.hesenv.2018.09.001}, abstractNote={Abstract The on-going degradation of global public goods such as biodiversity and climate regulation due to the loss of natural tropical ecosystems has generated demand for evidence on the effectiveness of alternative policy instruments for environmental conservation. Economists initially responded with ex post evaluations using quasi-experimental methods to identify average causal effects on outcomes such as deforestation. In this chapter, we demonstrate how careful attention to institutions enhances both the credibility and the policy relevance of these evaluations. Policy instruments such as protected areas, decentralization, and payments for ecosystem services are designed to change formal property rights institutions. Their causal effects are shaped by both formal and informal institutions, especially when they are applied to ecosystems that are also central to local livelihoods. Program evaluation should consider how these institutions define (1) assignment or selection of people and places, (2) specific treatments, through variation in institutional details that generate heterogeneous effects, (3) moderators that influence potential outcomes both with and without treatment, again generating heterogeneous effects, and (4) mechanisms, or the means by which instruments affect the ultimate outcomes.}, journal={HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, VOL 4}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Jones, Kelly}, year={2018}, pages={395–437} }
 @article{sunderlin_sassi_sills_duchelle_larson_resosudarmo_awono_kweka_huynh_2018, title={Creating an appropriate tenure foundation for REDD plus : The record to date and prospects for the future}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1873-5991"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.010}, abstractNote={Attention to tenure is a fundamental step in preparation for REDD+ implementation. Unclear and conflicting tenure has been the main challenge faced by the proponents of subnational REDD+ initiatives, and accordingly, they have expended much effort to remedy the problem. This article assesses how well REDD+ has performed in laying an appropriate tenure foundation. Field research was carried out in two phases (2010–2012 and 2013–2014) in five countries (Brazil, Peru, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia) at 21 subnational initiatives, 141 villages (half targeted for REDD+ interventions), and 3,754 households. Three questions are posed: 1) What was the effect of REDD+ on perceived tenure insecurity of village residents?; 2) What are the main reasons for change in the level of tenure insecurity and security from Phase 1 to Phase 2 perceived by village residents in control and intervention villages?; and 3) How do intervention village residents evaluate the impact of tenure-related interventions on community well-being? Among the notable findings are that: 1) tenure insecurity decreases slightly across the whole sample of villages, but we only find that REDD+ significantly reduces tenure insecurity in Cameroon, while actually increasing insecurity of smallholder agricultural land tenure in Brazil at the household level; 2) among the main reported reasons for increasing tenure insecurity (where it occurs) are problems with outside companies, lack of title, and competition from neighboring villagers; and 3) views on the effect of REDD+ tenure-related interventions on community well-being lean towards the positive, including for interventions that restrain access to forest. Thus, while there is little evidence that REDD+ interventions have worsened smallholder tenure insecurity (as feared by critics), there is also little evidence that the proponents’ efforts to address tenure insecurity have produced results. Work on tenure remains an urgent priority for safeguarding local livelihoods as well as for reducing deforestation. This will require increased attention to participatory engagement, improved reward systems, tenure policy reform, integration of national and local efforts, and “business-as-usual” interests.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Sunderlin, William D. and Sassi, Claudio and Sills, Erin O. and Duchelle, Amy E. and Larson, Anne M. and Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja and Awono, Abdon and Kweka, Demetrius Leo and Huynh, Thu Ba}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={376–392} }
 @article{game_tallis_olander_alexander_busch_cartwright_kalies_masuda_mupepele_qiu_et al._2018, title={Cross-discipline evidence principles for sustainability policy}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2398-9629"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41893-018-0141-x}, abstractNote={Evidence-based approaches to sustainability challenges must draw on knowledge from the environment, development and health communities. To be practicable, this requires an approach to evidence that is broader and less hierarchical than the standards often applied within disciplines.}, number={9}, journal={NATURE SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Game, Edward T. and Tallis, Heather and Olander, Lydia and Alexander, Steven M. and Busch, Jonah and Cartwright, Nancy and Kalies, Elizabeth L. and Masuda, Yuta J. and Mupepele, Anne-Christine and Qiu, Jiangxiao and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={452–454} }
 @article{rana_sills_2018, title={Does Certification Change the Trajectory of Tree Cover in Working Forests in The Tropics? An Application of the Synthetic Control Method of Impact Evaluation}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/3/98}, DOI={10.3390/f9030098}, abstractNote={Certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) remains rare among forest management units (FMUs) in natural tropical forests, presenting a challenge for impact evaluation. We demonstrate application of the synthetic control method (SCM) to evaluate the impact of FSC certification on a single FMU in each of three tropical forest landscapes. Specifically, we estimate causal effects on tree cover change from the year of certification to 2012 using SCM and open-access, pan-tropical datasets. We demonstrate that it is possible to construct synthetic controls, or weighted combinations of non-certified FMUs, that followed the same path of tree cover change as the certified FMUs before certification. By using these synthetic controls to measure counterfactual tree cover change after certification, we find that certification reduced tree cover loss in the most recent year (2012) in all three landscapes. However, placebo tests show that in one case, this effect was not significant, and in another case, it followed several years in which certification had the opposite effect (increasing tree cover loss). We conclude that SCM has promise for identifying temporally varying impacts of small-N interventions on land use and land cover change.}, number={3}, journal={FORESTS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Rana, Pushpendra and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{frey_blatner_jacobson_downes_sills_mercer_alexander_chamberlain_gold_godsey_et al._2018, place={Asheville, NC}, title={Economics of nontimber forest products}, number={SRS-232}, booktitle={Assessment of nontimber forest products in the United States under changing conditions}, publisher={USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Frey, G.E. and Blatner, K.A. and Jacobson, M.G. and Downes, C.M.S. and Sills, E.O. and Mercer, D.E. and Alexander, S.J. and Chamberlain, J.L. and Gold, M.A. and Godsey, L.D. and et al.}, editor={Chamberlain, J.L. and Patel-Weynand, T. and Emery, M.R.Editors}, year={2018}, pages={119–149} }
 @article{qiu_game_tallis_olander_glew_kagan_kalies_michanowicz_phelan_polasky_et al._2018, title={Evidence-Based Causal Chains for Linking Health, Development, and Conservation Actions}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/bix167}, abstractNote={Abstract Sustainability challenges for nature and people are complex and interconnected, such that effective solutions require approaches and a common theory of change that bridge disparate disciplines and sectors. Causal chains offer promising approaches to achieving an integrated understanding of how actions affect ecosystems, the goods and services they provide, and ultimately, human well-being. Although causal chains and their variants are common tools across disciplines, their use remains highly inconsistent, limiting their ability to support and create a shared evidence base for joint actions. In this article, we present the foundational concepts and guidance of causal chains linking disciplines and sectors that do not often intersect to elucidate the effects of actions on ecosystems and society. We further discuss considerations for establishing and implementing causal chains, including nonlinearity, trade-offs and synergies, heterogeneity, scale, and confounding factors. Finally, we highlight the science, practice, and policy implications of causal chains to address real-world linked human–nature challenges.}, number={3}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Qiu, Jiangxiao and Game, Edward T. and Tallis, Heather and Olander, Lydia P. and Glew, Louise and Kagan, James S. and Kalies, Elizabeth L. and Michanowicz, Drew and Phelan, Jennifer and Polasky, Stephen and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={182–193} }
 @article{west_grogan_swisher_caviglia-harris_sills_roberts_harris_putz_2018, title={Impacts of REDD plus payments on a coupled human-natural system in Amazonia}, volume={33}, ISSN={["2212-0416"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.08.008}, abstractNote={We used a hybrid optimization-agent-based model to simulate REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in combination with conservation, sustainable forest management, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) payment scenarios to farm households in the old deforestation frontier of Rondônia, Brazil. Payments varied from $5 to $30 per ton of net CO2 either not emitted or removed from the atmosphere relative to a baseline scenario. The impacts of REDD+ were assessed as changes in land use/cover, net CO2 emissions, program costs, community welfare, and agricultural production. Our results suggest that interventions aimed at zero gross deforestation would require unrealistically large annual disbursements. In contrast, zero net carbon emissions can be achieved at approximately two-thirds the cost with reduced impacts on food production. Overall, simulated payments increased inequality among households, which conflicts with desired REDD+ outcomes. Results suggest that REDD+ might be more successful solely as a climate change mitigation mechanism as opposed to a complex multi-objective development program.}, journal={ECOSYSTEM SERVICES}, author={West, Thales A. P. and Grogan, Kelly A. and Swisher, Marilyn E. and Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. and Sills, Erin O. and Roberts, Dar A. and Harris, Daniel and Putz, Francis E.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={68–76} }
 @article{frew_peterson_sills_moorman_bondell_fuller_howell_2018, title={Market and Nonmarket Valuation of North Carolina's Tundra Swans among Hunters, Wildlife Watchers, and the Public}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-5463"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.915}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Frew, Kristin N. and Peterson, M. Nils and Sills, Erin and Moorman, Christopher E. and Bondell, Howard and Fuller, Joseph C. and Howell, Douglas L.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={478–487} }
 @inbook{ducehlle_de sassi_sills_wunder_2018, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={People and communities: Well-being impacts of REDD+ on the ground}, ISBN={9786023870790}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/007045}, DOI={10.17528/cifor/007045}, abstractNote={Constructive critique. This book provides a critical, evidence-based analysis of REDD+ implementation so far, without losing sight of the urgent need to reduce forest-based emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change.REDD+ as envisioned has not been tested at scale. Results-based payment, the novel feature of REDD+, has gone untested. International funding (both public and private) remains scarce, and demand through carbon markets is lacking.Better national enabling conditions. Over 50 countries have included REDD+ in their NDCs and developed national REDD+ strategies. REDD+ has improved countries’ monitoring capacities and understanding of drivers, increased stakeholder involvement, and provided a platform to secure indigenous and community land rights – all key conditions for addressing deforestation and forest degradation.Modest forest and social impacts. Local REDD+ initiatives have achieved limited but positive outcomes for forests. Well-being impacts have been modest and mixed, but have proved more likely to be positive when incentives are included.National coordination, with a positive narrative. Forest-based mitigation strategies must now be mainstreamed across sectors and levels of government. A strong positive narrative on how forests contribute to economic development and climate goals could boost forest-based mitigation, in spite of the current political uncertainties in key emitting countries.Evolving REDD+ and new initiatives. REDD+ has evolved, and new initiatives have emerged to support its broader objective: private sector sustainability commitments, climate-smart agriculture, forest and landscape restoration, and more holistic jurisdictional approaches working across legally defined territories.Contents: Foreword Acknowledgement Summary1 Introduction: REDD+ enters its second decadePart 1 Part 1 REDD+ finance and building blocks2 Pathway to impact: Is REDD+ a viable theory of change?3 Financing REDD+ : A transaction among equals, or an uneven playing field?4 Results-based payment: Who should be paid, and for what?5 Information and policy change: Data on drivers can drive change - if used wisely Part 2 National politics6 Strategic alignment: Integrating REDD+ in NDCs and national climate policies7 Multi-level governance: Some coordination problems cannot be solved through coordination8 Land and carbon tenure: Some - but insufficient - progress Part 3 Assessing impacts9 National and subnational forest conservation policies: What works, what doesn’t10 Forests and carbon: The impacts of local REDD+ initiatives11 People and communities: Well-being impacts of REDD+ on the groundPart 4 Evolving initiatives12 Subnational jurisdictional approaches: Policy innovation and partnerships for change13 The private sector: Can zero deforestation commitments save tropical forests?14 Climate-smart agriculture: Will higher yields lead to lower deforestation?15 Forest restoration: Getting serious about the 'plus' in REDD+16 Conclusions: Lessons for the path to a transformational REDD+ Glossary References Errata}, booktitle={Transforming REDD+: Lessons and new directions}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, author={Ducehlle, A.E. and de Sassi, C. and Sills, E.O. and Wunder, S.}, editor={Angelsen, A.E. and Martius, C. and de Sy, V. and Duchelle, A.E. and Larson, A.M. and Pham, T.T.Editors}, year={2018} }
 @article{vuola_bauch_sills_2018, title={The regional market for non-timber forest products}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2176-9109"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v48i0.58685}, DOI={10.5380/dma.v48i0.58685}, abstractNote={The fate of tropical forests is shaped by their perceived value, which in turn depends on awareness of their benefits.  Regional markets for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) could both help rural people generate income from forests and raise urban awareness of forest benefits.  We assess the urban market for NTFPs in Belém do Pará, the largest metropolitan area in the Brazilian Amazon, through a survey of consumers in 2006 – 2009.  We segmented the urban consumer market in order to explore patterns in consumption and knowledge about NTFPs.  We find that the market segments that consume the greatest number of NTFPs were characterized by relatively higher income and education as well as more recent migration to Belém.  This suggests that demand for non-timber forest products does not fade with improved socioeconomic status.  However, environmental education is needed to convert this demand into recognition of the benefits provided by forests, as many consumers are not aware that the products they consume come from the forest.  In the two largest consumer segments, most consumers could not spontaneously list any forest product they consume, even though when a list of NTFPs was presented, many (>75%) indicated that they did consume the two most popular forest products: açaí palm fruit (Euterpe oleraceae) and Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa).  Consumers in these largest segments have lower incomes, are more likely to have been born in Belém and are less likely to have completed postsecondary education.  In addition to not recognizing that they consume forest products, many of these consumers had no direct experience of the forest: less than half of the survey respondents in these segments reported that they had ever visited the forest, despite living in a city located in the midst of the largest tropical forest in the world.}, journal={DESENVOLVIMENTO E MEIO AMBIENTE}, publisher={Universidade Federal do Parana}, author={Vuola, Matleena and Bauch, Simone C. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={498–511} }
 @article{andersson_smith_alston_duchelle_mwangi_larson_sassi_sills_sunderlin_wong_et al._2018, title={Wealth and the distribution of benefits from tropical forests: Implications for REDD}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1873-5754"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.01.012}, abstractNote={Interventions to strengthen forest conservation in tropical biomes face multiple challenges. Insecure land tenure and unequal benefit sharing within forest user groups are two of the most important. Using original household-level survey data from 130 villages in six countries, we assess how current wealth inequality relates to tenure security and benefit flows from forest use. We find that villages with higher wealth inequality report lower tenure security and more unequal flows from forest income and externally sourced income. Furthermore, we find that wealthier individuals within villages capture a disproportionately larger share of the total amount of forest benefits available to each village, while external income often benefits poorer individuals more. These findings suggest that unless future forest conservation interventions actively work to mitigate inequalities linked to existing forest benefit flows, there is a risk that these interventions—including those associated with REDD+ activities—reproduce or even aggravate pre-existing socioeconomic inequalities within user groups, potentially undermining both their conservation and economic objectives.}, journal={LAND USE POLICY}, author={Andersson, K. P. and Smith, S. M. and Alston, L. J. and Duchelle, A. E. and Mwangi, E. and Larson, A. M. and Sassi, C. and Sills, Erin and Sunderlin, W. D. and Wong, G. Y. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={510–522} }
 @article{rodriguez_peterson_cubbage_sills_bondell_2018, title={What is Private Land Stewardship? Lessons from Agricultural Opinion Leaders in North Carolina}, volume={10}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020297}, DOI={10.3390/su10020297}, abstractNote={The development of private land is a significant conservation concern globally. To conserve the ecosystem services associated with private lands, conservationists must understand landowner conceptions of stewardship and its role in decisions about land and natural resources. We began addressing this need with a survey of North Carolina Farm Bureau county advisory board members in North Carolina (n = 735). Nearly all respondents self-identified as stewards of the land (97%). More respondents indicated their stewardship responsibility was owed to future generations (87%) and family (77%), rather than to the community (41%) or society (26%). Respondents associated stewardship more with using natural resources wisely (78%) than leaving natural resources untouched (31%). Plans to bequeath land to relatives, the importance of soil conservation, and past participation in conservation programs were the most consistent predictors of how respondents viewed stewardship. Our results suggest that stewardship may be more effective when framed more as a benefit to family and future generations than to society and the community. Similarly, stewardship may be more effective for achieving conservation as opposed to the preservation of natural resources.}, number={2}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Rodriguez, Shari and Peterson, M. and Cubbage, Frederick and Sills, Erin and Bondell, Howard}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={297} }
 @article{luttrell_sills_aryani_ekaputri_evinke_2017, title={Beyond opportunity costs: who bears the implementation costs of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation?}, volume={23}, ISSN={1381-2386 1573-1596}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-016-9736-6}, DOI={10.1007/s11027-016-9736-6}, abstractNote={Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) in developing countries is based on the premise that conserving tropical forests is a cost-effective way to reduce carbon emissions and therefore can be fully funded by international actors with obligations or interests in reducing emissions. However, concerns have repeatedly been raised about whether stakeholders in REDD+ host countries will actually end up bearing the costs of REDD+. Most prior analyses of the costs of REDD+ have focused on the opportunity costs of foregone alternative uses of forest land. We draw on a pan-tropical study of 22 subnational REDD+ initiatives in five countries to explore patterns in implementation costs, including which types of organizations are involved and which are sharing the costs of implementing REDD+. We find that many organizations involved in the implementation of REDD+, particularly at the subnational level and in the public sector, are bearing implementation costs not covered by the budgets of the REDD+ initiatives. To sustain this level of cost-sharing, REDD+ must be designed to deliver local as well as global forest benefits.}, number={2}, journal={Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Luttrell, Cecilia and Sills, Erin and Aryani, Riza and Ekaputri, Andini Desita and Evinke, Maria Febe}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={291–310} }
 @article{sills_sassi_jagger_lawlor_miteva_pattanayak_sunderlin_2017, title={Building the evidence base for REDD plus : Study design and methods for evaluating the impacts of conservation interventions on local well-being}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.02.002}, abstractNote={Climate change mitigation in developing countries is increasingly expected to generate co-benefits that help meet sustainable development goals. This has been an expectation and a hotly contested issue in REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) since its inception. While the core purpose of REDD+ is to reduce carbon emissions, its legitimacy and success also depend on its impacts on local well-being. To effectively safeguard against negative impacts, we need to know whether and which well-being outcomes can be attributed to REDD+. Yet, distinguishing the effects of choosing particular areas for REDD+ from the effects of the interventions themselves remains a challenge. The Global Comparative Study (GCS) on REDD+ employed a quasi-experimental before-after-control-intervention (BACI) study design to address this challenge and evaluate the impacts of 16 REDD+ pilots across the tropics. We find that the GCS approach allows identification of control groups that represent the counterfactual, thereby permitting attribution of outcomes to REDD+. The GCS experience belies many of the common critiques of the BACI design, especially concerns about collecting baseline data on control groups. Our findings encourage and validate the early planning and up-front investments required to evaluate the local impacts of global climate change mitigation efforts with confidence. The stakes are high, both for the global environment and for local populations directly affected by those efforts. The standards for evidence should be concomitantly high.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Sassi, Claudio and Jagger, Pamela and Lawlor, Kathleen and Miteva, Daniela A. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sunderlin, William D.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={148–160} }
 @article{bos_duchelle_angelsen_avitabile_de sy_herold_joseph_sassi_sills_sunderlin_et al._2017, title={Comparing methods for assessing the effectiveness of subnational REDD plus initiatives}, volume={12}, ISSN={1748-9326}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7032}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/aa7032}, abstractNote={The central role of forests in climate change mitigation, as recognized in the Paris agreement, makes it increasingly important to develop and test methods for monitoring and evaluating the carbon effectiveness of REDD+. Over the last decade, hundreds of subnational REDD+ initiatives have emerged, presenting an opportunity to pilot and compare different approaches to quantifying impacts on carbon emissions. This study (1) develops a Before-After-Control-Intervention (BACI) method to assess the effectiveness of these REDD+ initiatives; (2) compares the results at the meso (initiative) and micro (village) scales; and (3) compares BACI with the simpler Before-After (BA) results. Our study covers 23 subnational REDD+ initiatives in Brazil, Peru, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia and Vietnam. As a proxy for deforestation, we use annual tree cover loss. We aggregate data into two periods (before and after the start of each initiative). Analysis using control areas (‘control-intervention’) suggests better REDD+ performance, although the effect is more pronounced at the micro than at the meso level. Yet, BACI requires more data than BA, and is subject to possible bias in the before period. Selection of proper control areas is vital, but at either scale is not straightforward. Low absolute deforestation numbers and peak years influence both our BA and BACI results. In principle, BACI is superior, with its potential to effectively control for confounding factors. We conclude that the more local the scale of performance assessment, the more relevant is the use of the BACI approach. For various reasons, we find overall minimal impact of REDD+ in reducing deforestation on the ground thus far. Incorporating results from micro and meso level monitoring into national reporting systems is important, since overall REDD+ impact depends on land use decisions on the ground.}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Research Letters}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Bos, A. B. and Duchelle, A. E. and Angelsen, A. and Avitabile, V. and De Sy, V. and Herold, M. and Joseph, S. and Sassi, C. and Sills, E. O. and Sunderlin, W. D. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={074007} }
 @article{mullan_sills_pattanayak_caviglia-harris_2017, title={Converting Forests to Farms: The Economic Benefits of Clearing Forests in Agricultural Settlements in the Amazon}, volume={71}, ISSN={0924-6460 1573-1502}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0164-1}, DOI={10.1007/s10640-017-0164-1}, number={2}, journal={Environmental and Resource Economics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mullan, Katrina and Sills, Erin and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Caviglia-Harris, Jill}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={427–455} }
 @article{ickowitz_sills_de sassi_2017, title={Estimating Smallholder Opportunity Costs of REDD+: A Pantropical Analysis from Households to Carbon and Back}, volume={95}, ISSN={0305-750X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.022}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.022}, abstractNote={Compensating forest users for the opportunity costs of foregoing deforestation and degradation was one of the original distinguishing features of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation). In the early days of REDD+, such costs for tropical smallholders were believed to be quite low, but this has increasingly been questioned. A decade after the concept was proposed, direct payments to forest stakeholders remain rare, while concerns about safeguarding livelihoods are increasing. Households facing restrictions on forest-based activities will have to be compensated, yet evidence on actual costs to households, their distribution, and implications for efficiency and equity is limited. We estimate smallholder opportunity costs of REDD+ in 17 sites in six countries across the tropics. We use household data collected from multiple sites in multiple countries using a uniform methodology. We find that opportunity costs per tCO2 emissions from deforestation are less than the social costs of tCO2 emissions ($36) in 16 of the 17 sites; in only six of the sites, however, are opportunity costs lower than the 2015 voluntary market price for tCO2 ($3.30). While opportunity costs per tCO2 are of interest from an efficiency perspective, it is opportunity costs per household that are relevant for safeguarding local peoples’ income. We calculate opportunity costs per household and examine how these costs differ for households of different income groups within each site. We find that poorer households face lower opportunity costs from deforestation and forest degradation in all sites. In a system of direct conditional payments with no transactions costs to households, poorer households would earn the highest rents from a system of flat payments. Our findings highlight that heterogeneity and asymmetrical distribution of opportunity costs within and between communities bear important consequences on both equity and efficiency of REDD+ initiatives.}, journal={World Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ickowitz, Amy and Sills, Erin and de Sassi, Claudio}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={15–26} }
 @article{romero_sills_guariguata_cerutti_lescuyer_putz_2017, title={Evaluation of the impacts of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of natural forest management in the tropics: a rigorous approach to assessment of a complex conservation intervention}, volume={19}, ISSN={1465-5489}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554817822295902}, DOI={10.1505/146554817822295902}, abstractNote={After more than 20 years and substantial investments of time and money, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of tropical forest management is due for a stringent impact evaluation. For any social, ecological, and economic outcomes to be attributed to FSC certification, rival explanations need to be ruled out. We recognize that different types of knowledge about FSC impacts derived from information gathered through a range of methods can satisfy the evidence-needs of different stakeholders. But this paper describes a roadmap based on rigorous methods to assess whether FSC certification delivers on its expected outcomes and the underlying mechanisms through which changes can be attributable to FSC. To this end, background studies that provide contextual knowledge related to implementation of FSC certification are proposed to account for any positive self-selection biases and to capture the temporal dynamics of certification including changes in the sociopolitical and economic contexts that influence certification decisions. (Resume d'auteur)}, number={4}, journal={International Forestry Review}, publisher={Commonwealth Forestry Association}, author={Romero, C. and Sills, E.O. and Guariguata, M.R. and Cerutti, P.O. and Lescuyer, G. and Putz, F.E.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={36–49} }
 @article{atmadja_sills_pattanayak_yang_patil_2017, title={Explaining environmental health behaviors: evidence from rural India on the influence of discount rates}, volume={22}, ISSN={1355-770X 1469-4395}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X17000018}, DOI={10.1017/s1355770x17000018}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Environment and Development Economics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Atmadja, Stibniati S. and Sills, Erin O. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Yang, Jui-Chen and Patil, Sumeet}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={229–248} }
 @article{bashari_sills_peterson_cubbage_2017, title={Hunting in Afghanistan: variation in motivations across species}, volume={52}, ISSN={0030-6053 1365-3008}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316001174}, DOI={10.1017/S0030605316001174}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Oryx}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Bashari, Mujtaba and Sills, Erin and Peterson, M. Nils and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={526–536} }
 @book{sills_moore_cubbage_mccarter_holmes_mercer_2017, place={Asheville, NC}, title={Trees at Work: Economic Accounting for Forest Ecosystem Services in the US South}, url={https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs226.pdf}, number={SRS-226}, institution={U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Moore, Susan E. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and McCarter, Kelley D. and Holmes, Thomas P. and Mercer, D. Evan}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{holmes_sills_2016, title={Bioeconomic Approaches to Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forests}, ISBN={9783642546006 9783642546013}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_221}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_221}, booktitle={Tropical Forestry Handbook}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Holmes, Thomas and Sills, Erin}, year={2016}, pages={2897–2921} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_sills_bell_harris_mullan_roberts_2016, title={Busting the Boom-Bust Pattern of Development in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0305-750X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.040}, abstractNote={Global ecosystem services are clearly threatened by deforestation associated with human occupation and economic development of the Brazilian Amazon. However, the prognosis for the socioeconomic wellbeing of inhabitants remains unclear. In an empirical regularity that has been termed the boom–bust pattern or the resource curse, the exploitation of natural resources is associated with short-run gains in welfare that dissipate over time. This “coupling hypothesis” asserts that deforestation and development are correlated such that deforestation leads to only short-term advances in economic welfare that are not sustained once natural forests (along with their mature timber and soil inputs) are exhausted. In contrast, the “decoupling hypothesis” asserts that deforestation and development need not be correlated over time. In this context, growth that is initially based on deforestation may be sustained and translated into prolonged welfare gains, even once the forest is exhausted. Using census and deforestation data from 1991, 2000 and 2010 for municipalities (i.e., counties) in the Amazon region we confirm that this boom–bust pattern appears in cross-sectional data. However, using panel data we show that socioeconomic welfare has become decoupled from environmental factors and is converging to rising national averages. Our findings contradict the conventional wisdom that the exploitation of tropical forests is required to promote Amazonian development.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Caviglia-Harris, Jill and Sills, Erin and Bell, Andrew and Harris, Daniel and Mullan, Katrina and Roberts, Dar}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={82–96} }
 @article{dudney_warren_sills_jacka_2016, title={How Study Design Influences the Ranking of Medicinal Plant Importance: A Case Study from Ghana, West Africa (vol 69, pg 306, 2015 )}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1874-9364"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12231-016-9339-x}, number={2}, journal={ECONOMIC BOTANY}, author={Dudney, Katherine and Warren, Sarah and Sills, Erin and Jacka, Jerry}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={212–212} }
 @inbook{atmadja_sills_2016, title={Identifying the Causes of Tropical Deforestation: Meta-analysis to Test and Develop Economic Theory}, ISBN={9783642546006 9783642546013}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_252}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_252}, booktitle={Tropical Forestry Handbook}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Atmadja, Stibniati and Sills, Erin}, year={2016}, pages={2987–3018} }
 @article{urzedo_vidal_sills_pina-rodrigues_junqueira_2016, title={Tropical forest seeds in the household economy: effects of market participation among three sociocultural groups in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1469-4387"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0376892915000247}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION}, author={Urzedo, D. I. and Vidal, E. and Sills, E. O. and Pina-Rodrigues, F. C. M. and Junqueira, R. G. P.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={13–23} }
 @misc{atmadja_sills_2016, title={What Is a "Community Perception" of REDD plus ? A Systematic Review of How Perceptions of REDD plus Have Been Elicited and Reported in the Literature}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0155636}, abstractNote={Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is expected to generate co-benefits and safeguard the interests of people who live in the forested regions where emissions are reduced. Participatory measurement, reporting and verification (PMRV) is one way to ensure that the interests of local people are represented in REDD+. In order to design and use PMRV systems to monitor co-benefits and safeguards, we need to obtain input on how local people perceive REDD+. In the literature, this is widely discussed as “community perceptions of REDD+.” We systematically reviewed this literature to understand how these perceptions have been assessed, focusing specifically on how individual perceptions have been sampled and aggregated into “community perceptions.” Using Google Scholar, we identified 19 publications that reported community perceptions of REDD+, including perceptions of its design, implementation, impacts, relationship with land tenure, and both interest and actual participation by local people. These perceptions were elicited through surveys of probability samples of the local population and interviews with purposively selected community representatives. Many authors did not provide sufficient information on their methods to interpret the reported community perceptions. For example, there was often insufficient detail on the selection of respondents or sampling methods. Authors also reported perceptions by unquantified magnitudes (e.g., “most people”, “the majority”) that were difficult to assess or compare across cases. Given this situation in the scholarly literature, we expect that there are even more severe problems in the voluminous gray literature on REDD+ not indexed by Google Scholar. We suggest that readers need to be cognizant of these issues and that publication outlets should establish guidelines for better reporting, requiring information on the reference population, sampling methods, and methods used to aggregate individual responses into “community perceptions.”}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Atmadja, Stibniati S. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @book{luttrell_sills_aryani_ekaputri_evinke_2016, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={Who will bear the cost of REDD+? Evidence from subnational REDD+ initiatives}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006169}, DOI={10.17528/cifor/006169}, abstractNote={REDD+ is based on the premise that actors with an interest in reducing emissions will pay for the costs of reducing deforestation. However, concerns have been raised about whether stakeholders in REDD+ host countries will end up bearing at least some of the costs. Drawing on a pan-tropical dataset covering 22 subnational REDD+ initiatives in five countries, we examine the degree to which these concerns about REDD+ are played out.We find that many institutions in REDD+ host countries, particularly subnational governments, are bearing implementation costs not covered by the budgets of subnational REDD+ initiatives.Opportunity costs are typically evaluated in terms of the value of production foregone, but can also be assessed in terms of the number of people affected. We show that expectations about which stakeholder groups will bear the greatest opportunity costs depend on whether the metric is total value or total number of people. The stakeholder groups with the greatest number of people affected are likely to be small-scale actors engaged in legally ambiguous land uses, which is a potential barrier to recognition and compensation of their costs.Our study clarifies the distribution of implementation and opportunity costs by characterizing the institutions and stakeholders that bear the costs of different types of subnational REDD+ initiatives. Thus, it complements common discourses in the benefit-sharing literature about which stakeholder groups have legitimate claims on revenues from REDD+ and should therefore be considered in the design of benefit-sharing systems.}, number={204204}, institution={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, author={Luttrell, C. and Sills, E.O. and Aryani, R. and Ekaputri, A.D. and Evinke, M.F.}, year={2016} }
 @article{arriagada_sills_ferraro_pattanayak_2015, title={Do Payments Pay Off? Evidence from Participation in Costa Rica's PES Program}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0131544}, abstractNote={Payments for environmental services (PES) are often viewed as a way to simultaneously improve conservation outcomes and the wellbeing of rural households who receive the payments. However, evidence for such win-win outcomes has been elusive. We add to the growing literature on conservation program impacts by using primary household survey data to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of participation in Costa Rica’s PES program. Despite the substantial cash transfers to voluntary participants in this program, we do not detect any evidence of impacts on their wealth or self-reported well-being using a quasi-experimental design. These results are consistent with the common claim that voluntary PES do not harm participants, but they beg the question of why landowners participate if they do not benefit. Landowners in our sample voluntarily renewed their contracts after five years in the program and thus are unlikely to have underestimated their costs of participation. They apparently did not invest additional income from the program in farm inputs such as cattle or hired labor, since both decreased as a result of participation. Nor do we find evidence that participation encouraged moves off-farm. Instead, semi-structured interviews suggest that participants joined the program to secure their property rights and contribute to the public good of forest conservation. Thus, in order to understand the social impacts of PES, we need to look beyond simple economic rationales and material outcomes.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Arriagada, R. A. and Sills, E. O. and Ferraro, P. J. and Pattanayak, S. K.}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @article{sills_herrera_kirkpatrick_brandao_dickson_hall_pattanayak_shoch_vedoveto_young_et al._2015, title={Estimating the Impacts of Local Policy Innovation: The Synthetic Control Method Applied to Tropical Deforestation}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0132590}, abstractNote={Quasi-experimental methods increasingly are used to evaluate the impacts of conservation interventions by generating credible estimates of counterfactual baselines. These methods generally require large samples for statistical comparisons, presenting a challenge for evaluating innovative policies implemented within a few pioneering jurisdictions. Single jurisdictions often are studied using comparative methods, which rely on analysts’ selection of best case comparisons. The synthetic control method (SCM) offers one systematic and transparent way to select cases for comparison, from a sizeable pool, by focusing upon similarity in outcomes before the intervention. We explain SCM, then apply it to one local initiative to limit deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The municipality of Paragominas launched a multi-pronged local initiative in 2008 to maintain low deforestation while restoring economic production. This was a response to having been placed, due to high deforestation, on a federal “blacklist” that increased enforcement of forest regulations and restricted access to credit and output markets. The local initiative included mapping and monitoring of rural land plus promotion of economic alternatives compatible with low deforestation. The key motivation for the program may have been to reduce the costs of blacklisting. However its stated purpose was to limit deforestation, and thus we apply SCM to estimate what deforestation would have been in a (counterfactual) scenario of no local initiative. We obtain a plausible estimate, in that deforestation patterns before the intervention were similar in Paragominas and the synthetic control, which suggests that after several years, the initiative did lower deforestation (significantly below the synthetic control in 2012). This demonstrates that SCM can yield helpful land-use counterfactuals for single units, with opportunities to integrate local and expert knowledge and to test innovations and permutations on policies that are implemented in just a few locations.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Herrera, Diego and Kirkpatrick, A. Justin and Brandao, Amintas, Jr. and Dickson, Rebecca and Hall, Simon and Pattanayak, Subhrendu and Shoch, David and Vedoveto, Mariana and Young, Luisa and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @article{sills_caviglia-harris_2015, title={Evaluating the long-term impacts of promoting "green" agriculture in the Amazon}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1574-0862"]}, DOI={10.1111/agec.12200}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Caviglia-Harris, Jill L.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={83–102} }
 @inbook{cubbage_davis_frey_behr_sills_2015, title={Financial and Economic Evaluation Guidelines for International Forestry Projects}, ISBN={9783642415548}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_68-2}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_68-2}, booktitle={Tropical Forestry Handbook}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Davis, Robert and Frey, Gregory and Behr, Diji Chandrasekharan and Sills, Erin}, year={2015}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{dudney_warren_sills_jacka_2015, title={How Study Design Influences the Ranking of Medicinal Plant Importance: A Case Study from Ghana, West Africa}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1874-9364"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12231-015-9322-y}, number={4}, journal={ECONOMIC BOTANY}, author={Dudney, Katherine and Warren, Sarah and Sills, Erin and Jacka, Jerry}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={306–317} }
 @article{burnett_sills_peterson_deperno_2015, title={Impacts of the conservation education program in Serra Malagueta Natural Park, Cape Verde}, volume={22}, ISSN={1350-4622 1469-5871}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1015497}, DOI={10.1080/13504622.2015.1015497}, abstractNote={Environmental and conservation education programs are commonly offered in the rapidly expanding network of protected areas in developing countries. There have been few evaluations of these programs and their impacts on participants. At Serra Malagueta Natural Park in Cape Verde, we assessed changes in environmental knowledge, opinions, and behaviors among visiting school children and a comparison group that did not visit the park. Participation in the park’s conservation education program has a positive impact on environmental knowledge after the visit. The program may also contribute to student knowledge by influencing classroom teaching in anticipation of the park visit.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Education Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Burnett, Edmund and Sills, Erin and Peterson, M. Nils and DePerno, Christopher}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={538–550} }
 @article{wendland_pattanayak_sills_2015, title={National-level differences in the adoption of environmental health technologies: a cross-border comparison from Benin and Togo}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1460-2237"]}, DOI={10.1093/heapol/czt106}, abstractNote={Environmental health problems such as malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhoea and malnutrition pose very high burdens on the poor rural people in much of the tropics. Recent research on key interventions-the adoption and use of relatively cheap and effective environmental health technologies-has focused primarily on the influence of demand-side household-level drivers. Relatively few studies of the promotion and use of these technologies have considered the role of contextual factors such as governance, the enabling environment and national policies because of the challenges of cross-country comparisons. We exploit a natural experimental setting by comparing household adoption across the Benin-Togo national border that splits the Tamberma Valley in West Africa. Households across the border share the same culture, ethnicity, weather, physiographic features, livelihoods and infrastructure; however, they are located in countries at virtually opposite ends of the institutional spectrum of democratic elections, voice and accountability, effective governance and corruption. Binary choice models and rigorous non-parametric matching estimators confirm that households in Benin are more likely than households in Togo to plant soybeans, build improved cookstoves and purchase mosquito nets, ceteris paribus. Although we cannot identify the exact mechanism for the large and significant national-level differences in technology adoption, our findings suggest that contextual institutional factors can be more important than household characteristics for technology adoption.}, number={2}, journal={HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING}, author={Wendland, Kelly J. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={145–154} }
 @article{serenari_peterson_leung_stowhas_wallace_sills_2015, title={Private development-based forest conservation in Patagonia: comparing mental models and revealing cultural truths}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1708-3087"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84943186727&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5751/es-07696-200304}, abstractNote={Private protected area (PPA) conservation agents (CA) engaging in development-based conservation in southern Chile have generated conflict with locals. Poor fit of dominant development-based conservation ideology in rural areas is commonly to blame. We developed and administered a cultural consensus survey near the Valdivian Coastal Reserve (RCV) and Huilo Huilo Reserve (HH) to examine fit of CA cultural truths with local residents. Cultural consensus analysis (CCA) of 23 propositions reflecting CA cultural truths confirmed: (1) a single CA culture exists, and (2) RCV communities were more aligned with this culture than HH communities. Inadequate communication, inequitable decision making, divergent opinions about livelihood impacts and trajectories, and PPA purpose may explain differences between CAs and communities. Meanwhile, variability in response between and within communities may reflect differing environmental histories. Private protected area administrations might use CCA to confront cultural differences and thereby improve their community interactions.}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY}, author={Serenari, Christopher and Peterson, M. Nils and Leung, Yu-Fai and Stowhas, Paulina and Wallace, Tim and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2015} }
 @article{bauch_birkenbach_pattanayak_sills_2015, title={Public health impacts of ecosystem change in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={112}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1406495111}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={24}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Bauch, Simone C. and Birkenbach, Anna M. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={7414–7419} }
 @article{sunderlin_sills_duchelle_ekaputri_kweka_toniolo_ball_doggart_pratama_padilla_et al._2015, title={REDD plus at a critical juncture: assessing the limits of polycentric governance for achieving climate change mitigation}, volume={17}, ISSN={["2053-7778"]}, DOI={10.1505/146554815817476468}, abstractNote={SUMMARY In 2007, REDD+ emerged as the leading option for early climate change mitigation. In 2010, after the failure of negotiations at the Copenhagen COP, observers cited REDD+ projects and other subnational initiatives as examples of the polycentric governance (based on multiple independent actors operating at multiple levels) necessary to move climate change mitigation forward in the absence of a binding international agreement. This paper examines the ways subnational initiatives can and cannot play this role, based on the experiences and opinions of 23 REDD+ proponent organizations in six countries. These proponents have tested various approaches to climate change mitigation, demonstrating the value of a polycentric approach for promoting innovation and learning. However, from our sample, six initiatives have closed, four no longer label themselves as REDD+, only four are selling carbon credits, and less than half view conditional incentives (initially the core innovation of REDD+) as their most important intervention. While polycentric governance in REDD+ has benefits, it will not enable implementation of REDD+ as originally conceived unless accompanied by a binding international agreement.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW}, author={Sunderlin, W. D. and Sills, E. O. and Duchelle, A. E. and Ekaputri, A. D. and Kweka, D. and Toniolo, M. A. and Ball, S. and Doggart, N. and Pratama, C. D. and Padilla, J. T. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={400–413} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_toomey_harris_mullan_bell_sills_roberts_2014, title={Detecting and interpreting secondary forest on an old Amazonian frontier}, volume={10}, ISSN={1747-423X 1747-4248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1747423x.2014.940614}, DOI={10.1080/1747423x.2014.940614}, abstractNote={Land uses that replace tropical forests are important determinants of terrestrial carbon storage and biodiversity. This includes secondary forest growth after deforestation, which has been integrated into the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) concept as a means to enhance current forest carbon stocks. Incorporating secondary forest into climate change mitigation efforts requires both accurate measurements and a means to target interventions to achieve additionality. We demonstrate how remote sensing and household survey data can be combined to meet these requirements in ‘old frontiers’ of the Brazilian Amazon and introduce the idea that annual land-cover transitions − measured at the pixel level and over time − can serve as leading indicators of secondary forest regrowth. The patterns we observe are consistent with the suggested tension between equity and additionality in REDD+: the poorest households on the poorest quality lots already allow forest regeneration. Policy interventions to encourage regeneration are likely to have the greatest additional impact on higher quality lots owned by better capitalized households.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Land Use Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. and Toomey, Michael and Harris, Daniel W. and Mullan, Katrina and Bell, Andrew Reid and Sills, Erin O. and Roberts, Dar A.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={442–465} }
 @inbook{sills_2014, place={London}, title={Economics of the Evolution of the Amazon Frontier}, DOI={10.4324/9780203105290}, abstractNote={This chapter examines the four core areas of the generalized Faustmann formula – the management of even-aged natural stands, even-aged plantations and uneven-aged stands, as well as the development of Pressler’s indicator rate formula. Under the generalized formula, stumpage prices, stand volumes, annual incomes, regeneration costs and interest rates could vary from timber crop to timber crop. As a result, the optimal management of even-aged and uneven-aged stands also could vary from timber crop to timber crop. The optimal conditions for the decision variables are derived and their economic meanings explained. Although similar to those obtained under the classic Faustmann formula, the optimal conditions under the generalized Faustmann formula offer much broader and richer interpretations. The increment in stumpage value is shown to consist of price increment, quality increment and quantity increment. The results of comparative statics analysis showed that under the generalized Faustmann formula it is possible to untangle the impacts of changes in current and future production parameters and produce much sharper results. Pressler’s indicator rate formula is also shown to maximize the land expectation value under the generalized Faustmann formula. The chapter closes with observations on ongoing efforts and future research opportunities.}, booktitle={Handbook of Forest Resource Economics}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Sills, E.}, editor={Kant, S. and Alavalapati, J.Editors}, year={2014} }
 @inbook{sills_2014, place={Santa Barbara, CA}, title={Forestry}, booktitle={Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: An Encyclopedia}, publisher={Greenwood/Praeger}, author={Sills, E.}, editor={Haab, Timothy C. and Whitehead, John Claiborne and Caviglia, Jill L.Editors}, year={2014} }
 @article{bauch_sills_pattanayak_2014, title={Have We Managed to Integrate Conservation and Development? ICDP Impacts in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0305-750X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.009}, abstractNote={Integrating conservation and development is central to the mission of many protected areas in the tropics, yet there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of alternative strategies for ICDPs (Integrated Conservation and Development Projects). We evaluate an enterprise-based conservation strategy in a high-profile and well-funded ICDP in the Tapajós National Forest of Brazil. Using survey data from participating and non-participating households collected pre and post intervention, we find positive impacts on household income, but almost no discernible impacts on household assets, livelihood portfolios, or forest conservation.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Bauch, Simone C. and Sills, Erin O. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={S135–S148} }
 @article{duchelle_cromberg_gebara_guerra_melo_larson_cronkleton_boerner_sills_wunder_et al._2014, title={Linking Forest Tenure Reform, Environmental Compliance, and Incentives: Lessons from REDD plus Initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0305-750X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.014}, abstractNote={Pervasive tenure insecurity in developing countries is a key challenge for REDD+. Brazil, a leader in REDD+, has advanced efforts to link forest tenure reform and environmental compliance. We describe how these policies have shaped sub-national interventions with detailed data on land tenure and livelihoods in four REDD+ pilot sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Despite different local contexts, REDD+ proponents have converged on a similar strategy of collaborating with government agencies to clarify tenure and pave the way for a mix of regulatory enforcement and incentive-based REDD+ mechanisms. This polycentric governance model holds promise for effective and equitable REDD+ implementation.}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Duchelle, Amy E. and Cromberg, Marina and Gebara, Maria Fernanda and Guerra, Raissa and Melo, Tadeu and Larson, Anne and Cronkleton, Peter and Boerner, Jan and Sills, Erin and Wunder, Sven and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={53–67} }
 @inbook{sanglimsuwan_sills_pattanayak_saha_singha_sahoo_2014, title={Occupational and Environmental Health Impacts from Mining in Orissa, India}, ISBN={9780199677856}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677856.003.0015}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677856.003.0015}, abstractNote={Mining brings jobs and economic development, but also significant health impacts. This chapter provides empirical estimates of the environmental health impacts of mining in Orissa, India. People working in the mine are found to be more vulnerable to respiratory diseases, but less vulnerable to fever. People living near the mine, by contrast, are found to be more vulnerable to waterborne diseases and fever. The implication is that mining development needs to be supported by cost-benefit analysis, and accompanied by appropriate regulation.}, booktitle={Environment and Development Economics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Sanglimsuwan, Karnjana and Sills, Erin O. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Saha, Shubhayu and Singha, Ashok and Sahoo, Barendra}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={310–331} }
 @inbook{marinho_greenberg_kweka_sills_2014, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={REDD+ in-depth costing}, booktitle={REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, author={Marinho, E. and Greenberg, N. and Kweka, D.L. and Sills, E.}, editor={Sills, E.Editor}, year={2014} }
 @book{sills_atmadja_de sassi_duchelle_kweka_resosudarmo_sunderlin_2014, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005202}, DOI={10.17528/cifor/005202}, abstractNote={REDD+ is one of the leading near-term options for global climate change mitigation. More than 300 subnational REDD+ initiatives have been launched across the tropics, responding to both the call for demonstration activities in the Bali Action Plan and the market for voluntary carbon offset credits.This book describes 23 initiatives in six different countries, including their:diverse biogeographic and socioeconomic contextsstrategies to reduce emissions over the three or more years that they have been in operationlocal populations of smallholders, whose agricultural activities are important drivers of deforestation in most sites and who are thus key stakeholders in these initiativesefforts to overcome or work around challenges in financing, implementing and monitoring REDD+Early expectations of significant funding for REDD+ encouraged proponent organizations to test a wide range of strategies to reduce emissions while also delivering co-benefits. Only some have chosen the strategy of direct payments conditional on actions to reduce deforestation or degradation, and only a very few have sold carbon credits, demonstrating how REDD+ on the ground is actually a mix of old and new strategies.Faced with enormous challenges, proponents have developed a menu of ways to: secure financial support; clarify forest tenure; cooperate and act across scales; measure, report and verify emissions; and respond to the imperative of safeguarding local livelihoods.While subnational initiatives have successfully piloted and generated lessons for REDD+, many now face the choice of either ending or transforming into something else, due to the political uncertainty and funding constraints stemming from the failure to reach a global climate change agreement. This book highlights both the critical importance of such an agreement and in its absence, the creative ways that subnational initiatives are operating on the ground.ContentsExecutive summaryPart 1. Introduction1 REDD+ on the ground: The need for scientific evidencePart 2. Case reportsBRAZIL2 Acre's State System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA), Brazil3 Bolsa Floresta, Brazil4 Cotriguacu Sempre Verde, Brazil: Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources5 Jari/Amapa REDD+ Project, Brazil6 Sustainable Landscapes Pilot Program in Sao Felix do Xingu, Brazil7 Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon, BrazilPERU8 The REDD Project in Brazil Nut Concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru9 Valuation of Environmental Services in the Managed Forests of Seven Indigenous Communities in Ucayali, PeruCAMEROON10 REDD+ around Mount Cameroon, southwest region of Cameroon11 Community Payments for Ecosystem Services in the south and east regions of CameroonTANZANIA12 Building REDD Readiness in the Masito Ugalla Ecosystem Pilot Area in Support of Tanzania’s National REDD Strategy13 Piloting REDD in Zanzibar Through Community Forest Management, Tanzania14 Making REDD Work for Communities and Forest Conservation in Tanzania15 Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative: Combining REDD, PFM and FSC certification in southeastern Tanzania16 Pilot project on Community-Based REDD Mechanisms for Sustainable Forest Management in Semiarid Areas: The Case of Ngitilis in the Shinyanga Region, TanzaniaINDONESIA17 Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia18 Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia19 Ketapang Community Carbon Pools, West Kalimantan, Indonesia20 Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia21 TNC's initiative within the Berau Forest Carbon Program, East Kalimantan, Indonesia22 Ulu Masen REDD+ initiative, Aceh, IndonesiaVIETNAM23 Cat Loc Landscape – Cat Tien National Park Pro-Poor REDD+ Project, VietnamPart 3. Synthesis24 REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, year={2014} }
 @inbook{de sassi_sunderlin_sills_duchelle_ravikumar_luttrell_atmadja_2014, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts}, booktitle={REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe.}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, author={de Sassi, C. and Sunderlin, W.D. and Sills, E.O. and Duchelle, A.E. and Ravikumar, A. and Luttrell, C. and Atmadja, S.}, editor={Sills, ErinEditor}, year={2014} }
 @inbook{sunderlin_pratama_bos_avitabile_sills_sassi_joseph_agustavia_pribadi_anandadas_2014, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={REDD+ on the ground: The need for scientific evidence}, booktitle={REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, author={Sunderlin, W.D. and Pratama, C.D. and Bos, A.B. and Avitabile, V. and Sills, E. and Sassi, C. and Joseph, S. and Agustavia, M. and Pribadi, U.A. and Anandadas, A.}, editor={Sills, E.Editor}, year={2014} }
 @article{lin_sills_cheshire_2014, title={Targeting areas for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) projects in Tanzania}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.003}, abstractNote={Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has gained momentum as a climate mitigation strategy that can be implemented at multiple scales. Sub-nationally, REDD+ projects that aim to capture carbon funding are implemented throughout tropical countries. A spatial targeting approach for optimal REDD+ project landscape is demonstrated using Tanzania as an example. This study used GIS-based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis to identify potential areas for REDD+ projects development incorporating different combinations of criteria. The first approach, efficient targeting, focuses on areas with high forest carbon content, high deforestation risk and low opportunity cost. The second approach, co-benefits targeting, aims at areas with high biodiversity and high poverty rate on top of criteria in efficient targeting. The resulting suitability maps displays areas of high, medium and low suitability for future REDD+ projects development based on the targeting approaches. Locations of current REDD+ projects in Tanzania were also overlaid with suitability map to visually inspect how they match up. This approach allows decision-makers to prioritize preferences for various site-selection criteria and make informed decisions about REDD+ projects locations.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, author={Lin, Liwei and Sills, Erin and Cheshire, Heather}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={277–286} }
 @article{mullan_sills_bauch_2014, title={The Reliability of Retrospective Data on Asset Ownership as a Measure of Past Household Wealth}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1552-3969"]}, DOI={10.1177/1525822x13510370}, abstractNote={ Asset ownership is frequently used to assess the welfare status of households in rural areas of developing countries. Researchers often want to know the prior status of households or how that status has changed over time. In a case study in the Brazilian Amazon, we compare recall data with contemporary reports on assets from a panel survey. We consider multiple dimensions of the consistency of retrospective and contemporary data and seek to identify characteristics that lead to more accurate recall. We find that although retrospective data provide some information on past assets owned by households, they do not provide a highly accurate measure of either individual asset ownership or counts of types of assets owned. Consistent with previous studies, we find that items with greater salience are recalled more accurately. We also find that wealthier households exhibit upward bias when recalling assets owned in a previous period. }, number={3}, journal={FIELD METHODS}, author={Mullan, Katrina and Sills, Erin and Bauch, Simone}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={223–238} }
 @article{bigsby_ambrose_tobin_sills_2014, title={The cost of gypsy moth sex in the city}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1610-8167"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2014.05.003}, abstractNote={Since its introduction in the 1860s, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), has periodically defoliated large swaths of forest in the eastern United States. Prior research has suggested that the greatest costs and losses from these outbreaks accrue in residential areas, but these impacts have not been well quantified. We addressed this lacuna with a case study of Baltimore City. Using two urban tree inventories, we estimated potential costs and losses from a range of gypsy moth outbreak scenarios under different environmental and management conditions. We combined outbreak scenarios with urban forest data to model defoliation and mortality and based the costs and losses on the distribution of tree species in different size classes and land uses throughout Baltimore City. In each outbreak, we estimated the costs of public and private suppression, tree removal and replacement, and human medical treatment, as well as the losses associated with reduced pollution uptake, increased carbon emissions and foregone sequestration. Of the approximately 2.3 M trees in Baltimore City, a majority of the basal area was primary or secondary host for gypsy moth. Under the low outbreak scenario, with federal and state suppression efforts, total costs and losses were $5.540 M, much less than the $63.666 M estimated for the high outbreak scenario, in which the local public and private sectors were responsible for substantially greater tree removal and replacement costs. The framework that we created can be used to estimate the impacts of other non-native pests in urban environments.}, number={3}, journal={URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING}, author={Bigsby, Kevin M. and Ambrose, Mark J. and Tobin, Patrick C. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2014}, pages={459–468} }
 @inbook{pfaff_amacher_sills_coren_streck_lawlor_2013, title={Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Concerns, Causes, Policies, and Their Impacts}, ISBN={9780080964522}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-375067-9.00052-8}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-375067-9.00052-8}, abstractNote={National and international efforts to reduce loss of tropical forests, while having some impacts, have largely failed to substantially slow the rates of loss from deforestation and forest degradation that reduce species habitat while accounting for 12–17% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. To wit, within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, negotiators are actively considering ways to provide incentives for tropical forest conservation and thus carbon storage plus other service co-benefits. Policy effectiveness, efficiency, and equity can increase if we learn lessons from the past about what drives and what inhibits deforestation and degradation, understanding what has worked or not, and the reasons.}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Pfaff, A. and Amacher, G.S. and Sills, E.O. and Coren, M.J. and Streck, C. and Lawlor, K.}, year={2013}, pages={144–149} }
 @inbook{atmadja_sills_2013, title={Forest Management and Landowners’ Discount Rates in the Southern United States}, ISBN={9789400757776 9789400757783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5778-3_5}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-007-5778-3_5}, booktitle={Post-Faustmann Forest Resource Economics}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Atmadja, Stibniati S. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2013}, pages={91–123} }
 @article{toomey_roberts_caviglia-harris_cochrane_dewes_harris_numata_sales_sills_souza_et al._2013, title={Long-term, high-spatial resolution carbon balance monitoring of the Amazonian frontier: Predisturbance and postdisturbance carbon emissions and uptake}, volume={118}, ISSN={2169-8953}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20033}, DOI={10.1002/jgrg.20033}, abstractNote={We performed high‐spatial and high‐temporal resolution modeling of carbon stocks and fluxes in the state of Rondônia, Brazil for the period 1985–2009, using annual Landsat‐derived land cover classifications and a modified bookkeeping modeling approach. According to these results, Rondônia contributed 3.5–4% of pantropical humid forest deforestation emissions over this period. Similar to well‐known figures reported by the Brazilian Space Agency, we found a decline in deforestation rates since 2006. However, we estimate a lesser decrease, with deforestation rates continuing at levels similar to the early 2000s. Forest carbon stocks declined at an annual rate of 1.51%; emissions from postdisturbance land use nearly equaled those of the initial deforestation events. Carbon uptake by secondary forest was negligible due to limited spatial extent and high turnover rates. Net carbon emissions represented 93% of initial forest carbon stocks, due in part to repeated slash and pasture burnings and secondary forest clearing. We analyzed potential error incurred when spatially aggregating land cover by comparing results based on coarser‐resolution (250 m) and full‐resolution land cover products. At the coarser resolution, more than 90% of deforestation and secondary forest would be unresolvable, assuming that a 50% change threshold is necessary for detection. Therefore, we strongly suggest the use of Landsat‐scale (~30m) resolution carbon monitoring in tropical regions dominated by nonmechanized, smallholder land use change.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Toomey, M. and Roberts, D. A. and Caviglia-Harris, J. and Cochrane, M. A. and Dewes, C. F. and Harris, D. and Numata, I. and Sales, M. H. and Sills, Erin and Souza, C. M. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={400–411} }
 @article{pfaff_amacher_sills_2013, title={Realistic REDD: Improving the Forest Impacts of Domestic Policies in Different Settings}, volume={7}, ISSN={1750-6816 1750-6824}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/res023}, DOI={10.1093/reep/res023}, abstractNote={Both theory and evidence regarding forest-relevant decisions by various agents suggest that there are significant constraints on the effectiveness of domestic policies for REDD (i.e., in facilitating a reduction in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation). Economic theory and empirical research identify many factors that affect the incentives for forest clearing, thereby limiting the impact of policies intended to alter any one factor. We summarize three theoretical frameworks that could be employed to gain insights into how to improve REDD policy design. Economists commonly use these frameworks to model decisions in many settings that are relevant for forests and REDD: (1) producer profit maximization given market integration, focusing on the spatial distributions of competing land uses; (2) rural household optimization given incomplete markets and household heterogeneity, to explain uses of land and forest; and (3) public optimization given production and corruption responses by private firms, which we illustrate with harvesting concessions and which is affected by decentralization. We also review empirical evidence concerning the impacts of forest conservation, forest-relevant development, and decentralization within the settings described by these models. Both the theory and the evidence suggest that REDD outcomes can be improved by designing policy to match its setting—the relevant local agents and institutions.}, number={1}, journal={Review of Environmental Economics and Policy}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Pfaff, A. and Amacher, G. S. and Sills, E. O.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={114–135} }
 @article{furgurson_cubbage_sills_bates_2012, title={Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) Extent and Sustainability in Western North Carolina}, volume={02}, ISSN={2163-0429 2163-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2012.24026}, DOI={10.4236/ojf.2012.24026}, abstractNote={Bloodroot distribution and abundance were assessed in the Waynesville watershed in Western North Carolina. This high quality site provides a benchmark for bloodroot populations in the region. Summary data from an inventory of nine stands of bloodroot in the watershed are presented. Analysis of inventory data reveals that both petiole height and petiole diameter are negatively associated with overstory tree DBH, suggesting that there is an optimal overstory structure for bloodroot. In the Waynesville watershed, seven out of nine stands have an average tree DBH between 27.38 cm and 36.17 cm. Allometric equations re-lating belowground biomass to bloodroot petiole height and diameter have strong explanatory power, indicating that harvesters could selectively harvest large rhizomes by targeting plants with larger petioles. These results in combination with natural history, field observations and literature provide insights on the sustainability of bloodroot harvest in Southern Appalachia. Wild bloodroot is likely becoming scarce due to loss of favorable sites, such as rich cove forests, as well as harvest pressure.}, number={04}, journal={Open Journal of Forestry}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc,}, author={Furgurson, Jill and Cubbage, Fred and Sills, Erin and Bates, Peter}, year={2012}, pages={213–218} }
 @article{arriagada_ferraro_sills_pattanayak_cordero-sancho_2012, title={Do Payments for Environmental Services Affect Forest Cover? A Farm-Level Evaluation from Costa Rica}, volume={88}, ISSN={0023-7639 1543-8325}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.88.2.382}, DOI={10.3368/le.88.2.382}, abstractNote={Payments for environmental services (PES) are popular despite little empirical evidence of their effectiveness. We estimate the impact of PES on forest cover in a region known for exemplary implementation of one of the best-known and longest-lived PES programs. Our evaluation design combines sampling that incorporates prematching, data from remote sensing and household surveys, and empirical methods that include partial identification with weak assumptions, difference-in-differences matching estimators, and tests of sensitivity to unobservable heterogeneity. PES in our study site increased participating farm forest cover by about 11% to 17% of the mean area under PES contract over eight years. (JEL Q57, Q58)}, number={2}, journal={Land Economics}, publisher={University of Wisconsin Press}, author={Arriagada, R. A. and Ferraro, P. J. and Sills, E. O. and Pattanayak, S. K. and Cordero-Sancho, S.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={382–399} }
 @article{dalrymple_peterson_cobb_sills_bondell_dalrymple_2012, title={Estimating public willingness to fund nongame conservation through state tax initiatives}, volume={36}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.164}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.164}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dalrymple, C. Jane and Peterson, M. Nils and Cobb, David T. and Sills, Erin O. and Bondell, Howard D. and Dalrymple, D. Joseph}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={483–491} }
 @article{shellabarger_peterson_sills_2012, title={How conservation and humanitarian groups respond to production of border security on the Arizona–Sonora border}, volume={17}, ISSN={1354-9839 1469-6711}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.678311}, DOI={10.1080/13549839.2012.678311}, abstractNote={US policies for securing the border with Mexico are driven by multiple political concerns, including the desire to control illegal trade and immigration in a way that conveys “border security” to a national audience. Highly visible border enforcement near urban centres and via the border fence has pushed migrants into far less visible and remote wilderness areas, driving both ecological degradation and a humanitarian crisis. This study employed ethnographic methods to explore how natural resource agency employees and humanitarian volunteers in Altar Valley Arizona perceived and responded to the production of border security. We found that both groups recognised human rights and environmental concerns, although they assigned different priorities and addressed them through conflicting means. As in other cases where consumers are separated from production practices, there was a general consensus among informants that it was important to raise the consciousness of the national audience about the negative externalities of producing border security.}, number={4}, journal={Local Environment}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Shellabarger, Rachel and Peterson, Markus Nils and Sills, Erin}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={481–493} }
 @inbook{ciccone_morris_sills_2012, place={Bloomington, IN}, title={Information literacy: building critical skills for learning and communicating about research on the web}, booktitle={Quick Hits for Teaching with Technology: Successful Strategies by Award-Winning Teachers}, publisher={Indiana University Press}, author={Ciccone, K. and Morris, C. and Sills, E.}, editor={Morgan, Robin K. and Olivares, Kimberly T.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={71–72} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_sills_mullan_2012, title={Migration and mobility on the Amazon frontier}, volume={34}, ISSN={0199-0039 1573-7810}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-012-0169-1}, DOI={10.1007/s11111-012-0169-1}, number={3}, journal={Population and Environment}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. and Sills, Erin O. and Mullan, Katrina}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={338–369} }
 @article{rodriguez_peterson_cubbage_sills_bondell_2012, title={Private landowner interest in market-based incentive programs for endangered species habitat conservation}, volume={36}, ISSN={1938-5463}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.159}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.159}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rodriguez, Shari L. and Peterson, M. Nils and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Sills, Erin O. and Bondell, Howard D.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={469–476} }
 @inbook{sunderlin_sills_2012, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={REDD+ projects as a hybrid of old and new forest management approaches: Opportunities and challenges under policy and market uncertainty}, ISBN={9786028693806}, booktitle={Analyzing REDD+: Challenges and Choices}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research}, author={Sunderlin, W. and Sills, W.}, editor={Angelsen, Arild and Brockhaus, Maria and Sunderlin, William D. and Verchot, Louis V.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={177–192} }
 @inbook{lin_pattanayak_sills_sunderlin_2012, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={Site selection for forest carbon projects}, ISBN={9786028693806}, booktitle={Analyzing REDD+: Challenges and Choices}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research}, author={Lin, Liwel and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sills, Erin O. and Sunderlin, William D.}, editor={Angelsen, Arild and Brockhaus, Maria and Sunderlin, William D. and Verchot, Louis V.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={209–230} }
 @article{shellabarger_peterson_sills_cubbage_2012, title={The Influence of Place Meanings on Conservation and Human Rights in the Arizona Sonora Borderlands}, volume={6}, ISSN={1752-4032 1752-4040}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.688059}, DOI={10.1080/17524032.2012.688059}, abstractNote={Conservation and human rights are currently threatened by direct and indirect effects of border enforcement practices on the US–Mexico border. Increased border enforcement in urban areas has pushed migrants into remote conservation areas where thousands have died. Migration, smuggling, border enforcement, and aid provisioning contribute to ecological degradation of protected areas on the border. In this study we explore the discursively created physical, social, and cultural dimensions of place among land management personnel and humanitarian aid volunteers who were attempting to address the socio-ecological crises wrought by border enforcement in the Altar Valley region of southern Arizona. Land managers described physical place as an eroding ecosystem whereas humanitarians described physical place as a fragmenting system. Land managers saw crime as the defining social process while humanitarians pointed to social injustice. Finally, land managers viewed uncertainty as the primary cultural meaning, but humanitarians described empathy as the primary cultural meaning. We describe how these differences explain counterproductive conflict between humanitarian and land management groups, how viable local conservation solutions can emerge from an understanding of place, and how challenges arise as these solutions are scaled up to regional and national level policy. We suggest that the concept of culturescape integrated with place allows for an analysis of discourse that is especially local, and can be used to understand and improve upon natural resource conflicts that stem from attachments to place.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Communication}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Shellabarger, Rachel and Peterson, M. Nils and Sills, Erin and Cubbage, Frederick}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={383–402} }
 @article{haynes_cubbage_mercer_sills_2012, title={The Search for Value and Meaning in the Cocoa Supply Chain in Costa Rica}, volume={4}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su4071466}, DOI={10.3390/su4071466}, abstractNote={Qualitative interviews with participants in the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) supply chain in Costa Rica and the United States were conducted and supplemented with an analysis of the marketing literature to examine the prospects of organic and Fairtrade certification for enhancing environmentally and socially responsible trade of cocoa from Costa Rica. Respondents were familiar with both systems, and most had traded at least organic cocoa for some period. However, most individuals said that they were seeking better product differentiation and marketing than has been achieved under the organic and Fairtrade systems. Many suggested that more direct recognition of individual growers and the unique value of their cocoa throughout the production chain would be more helpful than certification for small companies in the cocoa supply chain. These findings suggest new marketing techniques that convey an integration of meaning into the cocoa and chocolate supply chain as a differentiation strategy. This involves integration of the story of producers' commitment and dedication; shared producer and consumer values of social and environmental responsibility; and personal relationships between producers and consumers. This marketing approach could enhance the ability of smaller companies to successfully vie with their larger competitors and to produce cocoa in a more environmentally and socially acceptable manner.}, number={7}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Haynes, Jessica and Cubbage, Frederick and Mercer, Evan and Sills, Erin}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={1466–1487} }
 @article{celentano_sills_sales_verissimo_2012, title={Welfare Outcomes and the Advance of the Deforestation Frontier in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0305-750X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.002}, abstractNote={Frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon is often described as “boom-bust” development. We critically assess this characterization by mapping and estimating statistical models of welfare as a function of deforestation at the municipal level. After controlling for potential confounding variables and spatial autocorrelation, estimation results are consistent with a frontier “boom” generated by exploitation of natural resources, followed by a “bust” during which forests continue to fall but there is no compensating gain in welfare. However, average per capita welfare increases again with deforestation at very high levels. This second turning point in average welfare, along with the strong bivariate correlation between deforestation and municipal GDP/km2, may encourage local leaders to equate deforestation with development. This confirms the need for international incentive payments for global public goods, such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration, that are provided by the Amazon forest.}, number={4}, journal={WORLD DEVELOPMENT}, author={Celentano, Danielle and Sills, Erin and Sales, Marcio and Verissimo, Adalberto}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={850–864} }
 @article{bigsby_tobin_sills_2011, title={Anthropogenic drivers of gypsy moth spread}, volume={13}, ISSN={1387-3547 1573-1464}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0027-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-011-0027-6}, number={9}, journal={Biological Invasions}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bigsby, Kevin M. and Tobin, Patrick C. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={2077–2090} }
 @article{weber_sills_bauch_pattanayak_2011, title={Do ICDPs Work? An Empirical Evaluation of Forest-Based Microenterprises in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1543-8325"]}, DOI={10.3368/le.87.4.661}, abstractNote={This paper evaluates public investments in forest-based microenterprises as part of an integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) in the Brazilian Amazon. We combine matching with regression to quantify the effects of program participation on household income, wealth, and livelihoods. We find that participation increased cash and total income and asset accumulation, suggesting that the microenterprises contributed to the development goals of the ICDP. There is no clear evidence, however, that the microenterprise program helped achieve the ICDP’s conservation goals of shifting household livelihoods away from agriculture and into sustainable forest use. (JEL O12, O13)}, number={4}, journal={LAND ECONOMICS}, author={Weber, Jeremy G. and Sills, Erin O. and Bauch, Simone and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={661–681} }
 @article{caplow_jagger_lawlor_sills_2011, title={Evaluating land use and livelihood impacts of early forest carbon projects: Lessons for learning about REDD+}, volume={14}, ISSN={1462-9011}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.003}, abstractNote={The ‘Bali Road Map’ of UNFCCC COP-13 calls for sharing lessons learned from demonstration activities that aim to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation and enhance forest carbon stocks (now known as ‘REDD+’). To develop a feasible yet rigorous strategy for learning from these REDD+ pilots, it is critical to assess previous efforts to evaluate the impacts of ‘pre-REDD+’ avoided deforestation projects. Further, because REDD+ remains a politically volatile issue, with both critics and supporters pointing to the impacts (or lack thereof) of these pre-REDD+ projects, it is important to critically examine the methods employed to assess those impacts. We review the body of literature that makes claims about the socioeconomic and biophysical impacts of pre-REDD+ projects. We find assessments of outcomes or impacts for only five pre-REDD projects. The design, data collection, and analysis methods for understanding the impacts of pre-REDD+ projects frequently lack rigor. In particular, the counterfactual scenarios for establishing socioeconomic impacts are vague, unscientific, or omitted completely. We conclude that drawing specific lessons from pre-REDD+ projects for the design or evaluation of current REDD+ projects is tenuous. Rigorous project evaluations are challenging, expensive, and time-consuming, but because they are so critical for learning about what works for people and forests, evaluations of current REDD+ projects must use improved methods. In particular, much better care should be taken to construct credible – and where possible, consistent – counterfactuals for both biophysical and socioeconomic outcomes.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Science & Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Caplow, Susan and Jagger, Pamela and Lawlor, Kathleen and Sills, Erin}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={152–167} }
 @inbook{sills_shanley_paumgarten_de beer_pierce_2011, series={Tropical Forestry}, title={Evolving Perspectives on Non-timber Forest Products}, ISBN={9783642179822 9783642179839}, ISSN={1614-9785}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9_2}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9_2}, abstractNote={Many individual non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were historically mainstream trade commodities, but their diminished importance in international trade after World War II meant that they become almost invisible in forest statistics, management, and policy. They were rediscovered as a category in the late 1980s, provoking high hopes by many, suspicion by some, and a new research agenda on their potential role in the sustainable development of tropical forest regions. This was followed by general disenchantment with NTFPs that dominated the literature and policy discussion at the turn of the century, which in turn gave way to today’s more nuanced understanding and policy recommendations, as described in many chapters of this book. We identify four themes in recent literature that serve as guideposts to a realistic and moderate assessment of NTFPs (1) centrality of culture and tradition, (2) local and regional markets, (3) value of diversity in and of itself, and (4) continuum of forest management.}, booktitle={Non-Timber Forest Products in the Global Context}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Sills, Erin and Shanley, Patricia and Paumgarten, Fiona and de Beer, Jenne and Pierce, Alan}, year={2011}, pages={23–51}, collection={Tropical Forestry} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_hall_mulllan_macintyre_bauch_harris_sills_roberts_toomey_cha_et al._2011, title={Improving Household Surveys Through Computer-Assisted Data Collection}, volume={24}, ISSN={1525-822X 1552-3969}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x11399704}, DOI={10.1177/1525822x11399704}, abstractNote={Data on land use change and socioeconomic dynamics in developing countries are often collected via paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI). This article reviews a computer-aided personal interviewing (CAPI) methodology adopted for the fourth wave of a panel survey administered in a remote region of the Brazilian Amazon in 2009. Ruggedized touch-screen laptops were used to address challenges associated with survey administration in this setting as well as limitations associated with the PAPI method. The authors discuss hardware and software considerations, methodological innovations, and tests for mode effects on missing item response rates and enumerator learning effects.}, number={1}, journal={Field Methods}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Caviglia-Harris, J. and Hall, S. and Mulllan, K. and Macintyre, C. and Bauch, S. C. and Harris, D. and Sills, Erin and Roberts, D. and Toomey, M. and Cha, H. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={74–94} }
 @article{saha_pattanayak_sills_singha_2011, title={Under-mining health: Environmental justice and mining in India}, volume={17}, ISSN={1353-8292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.007}, abstractNote={Despite the potential for economic growth, extractive mineral industries can impose negative health externalities in mining communities. We estimate the size of these externalities by combining household interviews with mine location and estimating statistical functions of respiratory illness and malaria among villagers living along a gradient of proximity to iron-ore mines in rural India. Two-stage regression modeling with cluster corrections suggests that villagers living closer to mines had higher respiratory illness and malaria-related workday loss, but the evidence for mine workers is mixed. These findings contribute to the thin empirical literature on environmental justice and public health in developing countries.}, number={1}, journal={Health & Place}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Saha, Shubhayu and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sills, Erin O. and Singha, Ashok K.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={140–148} }
 @article{pattanayak_saha_sahu_sills_singha_yang_2010, title={Mine over matter? Health, wealth and forests in a mining area of Orissa}, volume={3}, ISSN={1753-8254}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538251011084473}, DOI={10.1108/17538251011084473}, abstractNote={PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether mining can serve as a pathway for economic development despite the environmental externalities. The extensive literature on the “resource curse” phenomenon at the national level generally finds that economic dependence on mineral resources is associated with lower levels of economic growth. This paper shows that further insight can be obtained by studying micro‐level resource curse because of heterogeneity in institutions, natural resources and economic behaviors.}, number={2}, journal={Indian Growth and Development Review}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Pattanayak, Subhrendu and Saha, Shubhayu and Sahu, Pravash and Sills, Erin and Singha, Ashok and Yang, JuiChen}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={166–185} }
 @article{arriagada_sills_pattanayak_cubbage_gonzalez_2010, title={Modeling fertilizer externalities around Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0169-5150"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00472.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Arriagada, Rodrigo A. and Sills, Erin O. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Gonzalez, Eugenio}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={567–575} }
 @article{sills_saha_2010, title={Subsidies for Rubber: Conserving Rainforests While Sustaining Livelihoods in the Amazon?}, volume={29}, ISSN={1054-9811 1540-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549810903543907}, DOI={10.1080/10549810903543907}, abstractNote={Extractive reserves in the Brazilian Amazon are one of the best-known examples of protected areas specifically designed to be inhabited by humans. The extractive reserve model has been criticized for its dependence on rubber tapping, which is no longer economically competitive. The state of Acre addressed this issue in 1999 by establishing a subsidy for rubber, designed to improve the quality of life of rubber tappers and simultaneously conserve forest. The subsidy is potentially a self-targeting and self-enforcing conservation mechanism, given that rubber production in the Amazon requires intact native forest. However, evidence on implementation of the subsidy through 2002 showed that its distribution had been fairly concentrated and correlated with ownership and sale of cattle. This raises some concerns about the use of such indirect mechanisms. The ultimate success or failure of the rubber program will depend on whether it provides a platform for more sustainable economic strategies and policies.}, number={2-4}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Sills, Erin and Saha, Shubhayu}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={152–173} }
 @article{arriagada_sills_pattanayak_ferraro_2009, title={Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods to Evaluate Participation in Costa Rica's Program of Payments for Environmental Services}, volume={28}, ISSN={1054-9811 1540-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549810802701192}, DOI={10.1080/10549810802701192}, abstractNote={The Costa Rican Program of Payments for Environmental Services provides financial compensation to forest owners for the environmental services generated by their forests. This program offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the impacts of direct incentive payments on conservation. In order to measure the causal effect of this program on outcomes of interest, it is fundamental to understand the factors that influence enrollment in the program. Economic theory suggests that opportunity costs are key, but many factors may determine and mediate the influence of these costs. This article reports findings from an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach to this question. Within an iterative field research framework, information was gathered through (a) semistructured interviews with government officials and forestry professionals, (b) case studies of participant and nonparticipant forest landowners based on in-depth interviews, field visits, and a review of records, and (c) a quantitative survey of participant and nonparticipant landowners. The semistructured interviews and case studies provide important insights that can be incorporated into the quantitative analysis, specifically by identifying potential determinants of program participation and land use change. Hypotheses about the relationship between program participation and the opportunity costs of participation are confirmed using both approaches.}, number={3-5}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Forestry}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Arriagada, Rodrigo A. and Sills, Erin O. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Ferraro, Paul J.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={343–367} }
 @article{holmes_aukema_von holle_liebhold_sills_2009, title={Economic Impacts of Invasive Species in Forests Past, Present, and Future}, volume={1162}, ISBN={["978-1-57331-753-5"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04446.x}, abstractNote={Biological invasions by nonnative species are a by‐product of economic activities, with the vast majority of nonnative species introduced by trade and transport of products and people. Although most introduced species are relatively innocuous, a few species ultimately cause irreversible economic and ecological impacts, such as the chestnut blight that functionally eradicated the American chestnut across eastern North America. Assessments of the economic costs and losses induced by nonnative forest pests are required for policy development and need to adequately account for all of the economic impacts induced by rare, highly damaging pests. To date, countrywide economic evaluations of forest‐invasive species have proceeded by multiplying a unit value (price) by a physical quantity (volume of forest products damaged) to arrive at aggregate estimates of economic impacts. This approach is inadequate for policy development because (1) it ignores the dynamic impacts of biological invasions on the evolution of prices, quantities, and market behavior, and (2) it fails to account for the loss in the economic value of nonmarket ecosystem services, such as landscape aesthetics, outdoor recreation, and the knowledge that healthy forest ecosystems exist. A review of the literature leads one to anticipate that the greatest economic impacts of invasive species in forests are due to the loss of nonmarket values. We proposed that new methods for evaluating aggregate economic damages from forest‐invasive species need to be developed that quantify market and nonmarket impacts at microscales that are then extended using spatially explicit models to provide aggregate estimates of impacts. Finally, policies that shift the burden of economic impacts from taxpayers and forest landowners onto parties responsible for introducing or spreading invasives, whether through the imposition of tariffs on products suspected of imposing unacceptable risks on native forest ecosystems or by requiring standards on the processing of trade products before they cross international boundaries, may be most effective at reducing their impacts.}, journal={YEAR IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009}, author={Holmes, Thomas P. and Aukema, Juliann E. and Von Holle, Betsy and Liebhold, Andrew and Sills, Erin}, year={2009}, pages={18–38} }
 @article{sills_caviglia-harris_2009, title={Evolution of the Amazonian frontier: Land values in Rondonia, Brazil}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1873-5754"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.12.002}, abstractNote={Patterns in property values provide strong signals about the future and sustainability of land use. This paper analyzes the determinants of land value in an Amazonian frontier settlement. We estimate hedonic price functions to identify factors that affect the value of farm properties in the western Brazilian Amazon. Distance to market explains nearly one-third of the variation in farm value, as predicted by the von Thünen model. After controlling for location relative to the central market and for municipality, we find that investment in the farms (as reflected in the stocking rate of pastures and the establishment of home gardens) has the next largest impact on land value. The value per hectare of land is negatively related to total lot size, suggesting that any economies of scale are outweighed by the cost of accessing remote corners of large properties. We do not find that land values are related to available measures of biophysical factors or to historic or current land use. Our results do not identify any premium for forest cover or for land uses considered to be more sustainable than pasture on the property itself. However, farm values are affected by neighboring land cover, specifically, the extent of barren land. Thus, local knowledge of factors contributing to future productivity, as summarized in land values, confirms that soil exhaustion can lead to a general decline in property values, while investments in a property both as a homestead and as a farm can help sustain frontier settlements.}, number={1}, journal={LAND USE POLICY}, author={Sills, Erin O. and Caviglia-Harris, Jill L.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={55–67} }
 @article{bauch_sills_rodriguez_mcginley_cubbage_2009, title={Forest policy reform in Brazil}, volume={107}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Bauch, S. and Sills, E. and Rodriguez, L. C. E. and McGinley, K. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2009}, pages={132–138} }
 @inbook{jagger_atmadja_pattanayak_sills_sunderlin_2009, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={Learning while doing: Evaluating impacts of REDD+ projects}, booktitle={Realising REDD+: National strategy and policy options}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research}, author={Jagger, P. and Atmadja, S. and Pattanayak, S. and Sills, E. and Sunderlin, W.}, editor={Angelsen, A.Editor}, year={2009}, pages={281–291} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_sills_jones_saha_harris_mcardle_roberts_pedlowski_powell_2009, title={Modeling land use and land cover change in an Amazonian frontier settlement: strategies for addressing population change and panel attrition}, volume={4}, ISSN={1747-423X 1747-4248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17474230903222507}, DOI={10.1080/17474230903222507}, abstractNote={Research on tropical deforestation has been prolific, yet few studies have assessed the long-term dynamics of frontier migration and the resulting impacts on deforestation. These lacunae arise from the difficulty of obtaining the panel data required to evaluate the dynamic socioeconomic and land use processes of the advancing and aging frontier. Furthermore, the quality and design of household surveys reported in the land use literature are often not transparent, limiting possibilities for comparing results. This article first describes a three-round spatial panel survey of households in a settled and heavily deforested Amazon frontier region. We detail several methods that are employed to ensure and assess data quality. Second, we estimate forest clearing at the agent (household) level, using several sets of explanatory variables and sub-samples that would be generated by applying different field methodologies. We find the definition of the panel agent and the sampling frame to influence our estimations.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Land Use Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Caviglia-Harris, Jill L. and Sills, Erin O. and Jones, Luke and Saha, Shubhayu and Harris, Daniel and McArdle, Suzanne and Roberts, Dar and Pedlowski, Marcos and Powell, Rebecca}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={275–307} }
 @inbook{kramer_sills_pattanayak_2009, place={London}, title={National parks as conservation and development projects : gauging local support}, ISBN={9781844076512}, booktitle={Conserving and valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity : economic, institutional and social challenges}, publisher={Earthscan}, author={Kramer, R. and Sills, E. and Pattanayak, S.}, editor={Ninan, K.N.Editor}, year={2009}, pages={123–149} }
 @article{angelsen_brockhaus_kanninen_sills_sunderlin_wertz-kanounnikoff_2009, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={Realising REDD+: national strategy and policy options}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002871}, DOI={10.17528/cifor/002871}, abstractNote={Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms.}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}, year={2009} }
 @inbook{sills_madeira_sunderlin_wertz-kanounnikoff_2009, place={Bogor, Indonesia}, title={The Evolving Landscape of REDD+ Projects}, ISBN={9786028693035}, booktitle={Realising REDD+: National strategy and policy options}, publisher={Center for International Forestry Research}, author={Sills, E. and Madeira, E. and Sunderlin, W. and Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S.}, editor={Angelsen, A.Editor}, year={2009}, pages={265–280} }
 @inproceedings{atmadja_sills_2008, title={Discount rates of limited resource woodland owners in North Carolina and Virginia}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Atmadja, S. and Sills, E.}, year={2008} }
 @article{wendland_sills_2008, title={Dissemination of food crops with nutritional benefits: Adoption and disadoption of soybeans in Togo and Benin}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1477-8947"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00169.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={NATURAL RESOURCES FORUM}, author={Wendland, Kelly J. and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={39–52} }
 @inbook{sills_arriagada_ferraro_pattanayak_carrasco_ortiz_cordero_caldwell_andam_2008, title={Impact of the PSA Program on Land Use}, url={https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17893}, booktitle={Ecomarkets: Costa Rica’s Experience with Payments for Environmental Services}, publisher={World Bank}, author={Sills, E. and Arriagada, R. and Ferraro, P. and Pattanayak, S. and Carrasco, L. and Ortiz, E. and Cordero, S. and Caldwell, K. and Andam, K.}, editor={Pagiola, S.Editor}, year={2008} }
 @misc{beach_sills_liu_pattanayak_2008, title={The influence of forest management on vulnerability to severe weather}, journal={Encyclopedia of Forest Environmental Threats}, author={Beach, R. and Sills, E. and Liu, T. and Pattanayak, S.}, editor={Pye, J. and Sands, Y.Editors}, year={2008} }
 @article{cubbage_harou_sills_2007, title={Policy instruments to enhance multi-functional forest management}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2006.03.010}, abstractNote={Sustainable forest management has become the salient cross-cutting theme in forestry throughout the world today. This paradigm recognizes that forests are managed for a wide variety of ecological, economic, and social benefits. This explicit recognition of many outputs and services as management objectives has recast our economic analyses on the values of forests. Similarly, our policy tools must adapt to achieve the goals of multi-functional forestry across a broad range of ownerships and values. We review factors that affect forest policy selection, including the nature of goods and services, social values, and economic values. We then discuss traditional and newly developing natural resource policy tools in this context and discuss their applications in meeting the objectives of forest landowners and society in achieving multi-functional sustainable forestry goals in the future.}, number={7}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Cubbage, Frederick and Harou, Palrice and Sills, Erin}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={833–851} }
 @article{sills_pattanayak_ferraro_alger_2006, title={Abordagens analaticas na avaliacao de impactos reais de programas de conservacao}, volume={2}, number={1-2}, journal={Megadiversidade}, author={Sills, E. and Pattanayak, S. and Ferraro, P. and Alger, K.}, year={2006}, pages={39–49} }
 @article{carrasco_blank_sills_2006, title={Characterizing environmental impact statements for road projects in North Carolina}, volume={24}, DOI={10.3152/147154606781765318}, abstractNote={We evaluate consistency and patterns among a 20-year sample of EISs for road projects in North Carolina, USA. Applying multivariate statistical methods, we find substantial variation in reporting of project and site characteristics, the EIS process itself, and types and definitions of impacts. We find a relationship between environmental impacts and bio-physical or geographic factors. The relationship between predicted environmental impacts and economic factors suggests more environmental impacts occur, or are identified, in high-income counties. Variables describing public involvement and completeness are associated mainly with the number of residential relocations required. Farmlands potentially impacted are reported inconsistently and are not reliable for comparison, so rural environmental impacts may be seriously underestimated.}, number={1}, journal={Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal}, author={Carrasco, L. and Blank, G. and Sills, Erin}, year={2006}, pages={65–79} }
 @article{pattanayak_dickinson_corey_murray_sills_kramer_2006, title={Deforestation, malaria and poverty: a call for transdisciplinary research to support the design of cross-sectoral policies}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1080/15487733.2006.11907984}, abstractNote={Abstract Many of the world’s poorest people live in areas with high malaria rates and suffer the associated physical, economic, and social hardships. These same areas are often undergoing extensive forest conversion and degradation. While causality has generally not been established, the scientific literature makes it abundantly clear that the juxtaposition of deprivation, deforestation, and disease is not pure coincidence. We chart a course for using transdisciplinary research to develop more effective policies to control malaria, protect forests, and alleviate poverty. First describing the malaria problem, including its etiologic roots and its social toll, the paper then examines some shortcomings of contemporary societal responses. We discuss why understanding the role of deforestation in linking malaria to poverty is important and present the mixed empirical evidence on the malaria-deforestation-poverty link from macro- and microeconomic studies. The paper concludes with a proposal for strategically linking research and policy at the malariadeforestation- poverty nexus in a comprehensive decision-analysis framework that channels research to the most pressing policy needs, informs policy with the most conclusive research, and ensures stakeholders are effectively informed about their options.}, number={2}, journal={Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy}, author={Pattanayak, S. and Dickinson, K. and Corey, C. and Murray, B. and Sills, Erin and Kramer, R.}, year={2006}, pages={45–56} }
 @article{sills_miller_saha_pattanayak_2006, title={Forest livelihoods and iron ore mines in Orissa, India}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={Sylvanet}, author={Sills, E. and Miller, J. and Saha, S. and Pattanayak, S.}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{sills_pattanayak_2006, place={Lanham}, title={Tropical Trade-offs: An Economic Perspective on Tropical Forests}, booktitle={Tropical Deforestation}, publisher={Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc}, author={Sills, Erin and Pattanayak, S.}, editor={Spray, S. and Moran, MattEditors}, year={2006}, pages={103–127} }
 @article{caviglia-harris_sills_2005, title={Land use and income diversification: comparing traditional and colonist populations in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1574-0862"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-0862.2005.00238.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Caviglia-Harris, JL and Sills, EO}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={221–237} }
 @inproceedings{atmadja_sills_2005, title={Looking for a win-win situation: a meta-analysis of poverty and deforestation}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Atmadja, N. and Sills, E.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{mance_sills_warren_2004, title={Outreach to limited resource forest landowners: extension innovation for low literacy audiences}, booktitle={Human Dimensions of Family, Farm, and Community Forestry}, author={Mance, K. and Sills, E. and Warren, S.}, year={2004} }
 @article{sills_pattanayak_2004, title={Reflections on West Africa}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Sylvanet}, author={Sills, E. and Pattanayak, S.}, year={2004}, pages={17} }
 @article{pattanayak_sills_kramer_2004, title={Seeing the forest for the fuel}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1017/S135570X03001220}, number={2004 Apr}, journal={Environment and Development Economics}, author={Pattanayak, S. K. and Sills, Erin and Kramer, R. A.}, year={2004}, pages={155–179} }
 @article{pattanayak_sills_kramer_2004, title={Seeing the forest for the fuel}, volume={9}, ISSN={1355-770X 1469-4395}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X03001220}, DOI={10.1017/S1355770X03001220}, abstractNote={We demonstrate a new approach to understanding the role of fuelwood in the rural household economy by applying insights from travel cost modeling to author-compiled household survey data and meso-scale environmental statistics from Ruteng Park in Flores, Indonesia. We characterize Manggarai farming households' fuelwood collection trips as inputs into household production of the utility yielding service of cooking and heating. The number of trips taken by households depends on the shadow price of fuelwood collection or the travel cost, which is endogenous. Econometric analyses using truncated negative binomial regression models and correcting for endogeneity show that the Manggarai are ‘economically rational’ about fuelwood collection and access to the forests for fuelwood makes substantial contributions to household welfare. Increasing cost of forest access, wealth, use of alternative fuels, ownership of kerosene stoves, trees on farm, park staff activity, primary schools and roads, and overall development could all reduce dependence on collecting fuelwood from forests.}, number={2}, journal={Environment and Development Economics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Sills, Erin O. and Kramer, Randall A.}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={155–179} }
 @article{sills_estevez_2004, title={Survey results from NC State University}, journal={Pine Tips: Newsletter of the Eastern NC Christmas Tree Growers Association}, author={Sills, E. and Estevez, R.}, year={2004} }
 @inbook{englin_holmes_sills_2003, title={Estimating forest recreation demand using count data models}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_19}, abstractNote={Forests, along with related natural areas such as mountains, lakes, and rivers, provide opportunities for a wide variety of recreational activities. Although the recreational services supplied by forested areas produce value for the consumers of those services, the measurement of recreational value is complicated by the fact that access to most natural areas is non-priced. Because outdoor recreation often competes with commodity uses of forests, such as timber harvesting or mineral extraction, failure to account for the recreational use of forest land makes it impossible to determine the efficient use of forest resources.}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Englin, J. E. and Holmes, T. P. and Sills, Erin}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{siry_cubbage_sills_2003, title={Forest production}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_5}, abstractNote={Basic production economics involves the estimation of production functions, calculation of various types of production costs, comparison of costs with product prices, and determination of profit-maximizing mixes of input use and levels of production. Relationships among inputs, technology, and multiple products determine the productivity and efficiency of firms or organizations.}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Siry, J. P. and Cubbage, F. W. and Sills, Erin}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @book{sills_abt_2003, place={Dordrecht}, title={Forests in a Market Economy}, publisher={Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year={2003} }
 @book{forests in a market economy -- (forestry sciences; v. 72)_2003, ISBN={1402010281}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year={2003} }
 @book{mance_sills_warren_hamilton_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Getting Help from a Consulting Forester}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/gettinghelp.pdf}, journal={Tree Tips}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Mance, K. and Sills, E. and Warren, S. and Hamilton, R.}, year={2003} }
 @book{mance_warren_sills_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Goods from your Woods}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/goods.pdf}, journal={Tree Tips}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Mance, K. and Warren, S. and Sills, E.}, year={2003} }
 @book{hamilton_mance_sills_warren_bardon_moore_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Guide to Consulting Foresters}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/woodswise/consulting.pdf}, journal={Woods Wise}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Hamilton, R. and Mance, K. and Sills, E. and Warren, S. and Bardon, R. and Moore, S.}, year={2003} }
 @book{mance_warren_sills_williamson_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Guide to Selling Timber}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/woodswise/timber.pdf}, journal={Woods Wise}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Mance, K. and Warren, S. and Sills, E. and Williamson, B.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{sills_abt_2003, title={Introduction}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_1}, abstractNote={This book demonstrates how economic principles can be used to analyze forest policy issues across existing and developing market economies. The majority of the chapters address timber production and timber markets, primarily from private forest lands. However, policy makers and forest owners are increasingly concerned with a wide range of forest outputs, including ecosystem services, amenities, recreation, and fuelwood, as well as timber. While many of these outputs are not traded in formal markets, the chapters in this book demonstrate that the market paradigm is a useful framework for examining the behavior and values of forest owners and users. Market concepts can be applied broadly to improve our understanding of public policy in the contentious arena of forest management.}, booktitle={Forests in a Market Economy}, publisher={Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Sills, Erin and Abt, K.}, editor={Sills, E. and Abt, K.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={1–8} }
 @book{warren_hiatt_sills_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Keeping the Family in Family Forest}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/family.pdf}, journal={Tree Tips}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Warren, S. and Hiatt, A. and Sills, E.}, year={2003} }
 @article{pattanayak_sills_mehta_kramer_2003, title={Local uses of parks: uncovering patterns of household production from the forests of Siberut, Indonesia}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Conservation and Society}, author={Pattanayak, S. and Sills, E. and Mehta, A. and Kramer, R.}, year={2003}, pages={209–222} }
 @book{mance_warren_sills_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Making Money from Hunting Leases}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/hunting.pdf}, journal={Tree Tips}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={Mance, K. and Warren, S. and Sills, E.}, year={2003} }
 @article{mance_warren_sills_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Making a Profit from Pine straw}, url={https://projects.ncsu.edu/woodlands/treetips/pinestraw.pdf}, journal={Tree Tips}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={Mance, K. and Warren, S. and Sills, E.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{sills_lele_holmes_pattanayak_2003, title={Nontimber forest products in the rural household economy}, ISBN={1402010281}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_15}, booktitle={Forests in a market economy}, publisher={Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers}, author={Sills, Erin and Lele, S. and Holmes, T. P. and Pattanayak, S. K.}, editor={E. O. Sills and Abt, K. L.Editors}, year={2003} }
 @article{snider_pattanayak_sills_schuler_2003, title={Policy innovations for private forest management and conservation in costa rica}, volume={101}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Snider, A. and Pattanayak, S. and Sills, E. and Schuler, J.}, year={2003}, pages={18–23} }
 @article{chhabra_healy_sills_2003, title={Staged authenticity and heritage tourism}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0160-7383"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00044-6}, abstractNote={Much of today’s heritage tourism product depends on the staging or re-creation of ethnic or cultural traditions. This study analyzes the role of perceived authenticity as a measure of product quality and as a determinant of tourist satisfaction. The event studied was the Flora Macdonald Scottish Highland Games held in North Carolina (United States). Tourists and event organizers were asked to evaluate the authenticity of specific festival events on a Likert scale. The study revealed that high perception of authenticity can be achieved even when the event is staged in a place far away from the original source of the cultural tradition. Important differences in perceived authenticity were observed among various groups of visitors. La mise en scène de l’authenticité et le tourisme patrimonial. Une grande partie du produit du tourisme patrimonial actuel dépend de la mise en scène ou de la reproduction des traditions ethniques ou culturelles. Cet article analyse le rôle de l’authenticité perçue comme mesure de qualité et comme déterminant de la satisfaction touristique. L’événement qui a été étudié était les Jeux Écossais Flora Macdonald, qui ont eu lieu e en Caroline du Nord (Etats-Unis). On a demandé aux touristes et aux organisateurs de l’événement d’évaluer l’authenticité des activités spécifiques du festival sur une échelle Likert. L’étude a révélé qu’une haute perception d’authenticité peut être atteinte même si l’événement est monté dans un endroit qui est loin de la source originelle de la tradition culturelle. On a noté d’importantes différences dans les perceptions d’authenticité parmi les divers groupes de visiteurs.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH}, author={Chhabra, D and Healy, R and Sills, E}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={702–719} }
 @article{pattanayak_mercer_sills_yang_2003, title={Taking stock of agroforestry adoption studies}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1023/a:1024809108210}, journal={Agroforestry Systems}, author={Pattanayak, S. K. and Mercer, D. E. and Sills, Erin and Yang, J. C.}, year={2003}, pages={173–186} }
 @article{chhabra_sills_cubbage_2003, title={The The significance of festivals to rural economies: estimating the economic impacts of Scottish Highland Games in North Carolina}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1177/0047287503041004012}, abstractNote={ Festivals are often part of the economic development strategy of rural areas. This study estimates the economic impacts of visitor expenditures at two Scottish festivals in rural North Carolina, using tourist survey data and an input-output model. While local restaurants and lodging and festival vendors and sponsors benefit from substantial visitor expenditures, the multipliers are relatively small, and hence the total economic impact of the festivals represents only a small percentage of economic activity in the two regions considered. Lodging expenditures have the greatest impact on the region with a multiple-day festival, while expenditures on food and beverage have the greatest impact on the region with a single-day festival. The magnitude of the economic impact depends on characteristics of both the festival (number of days) and the local economy (other attractions and linkages). }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Chhabra, D. and Sills, Erin and Cubbage, F. W.}, year={2003}, pages={421–427} }
 @book{sills_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Tree Tips}, url={http://www.ncsu.edu/woodlands/forestry.html)}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Sills, Erin}, year={2003} }
 @book{sills_2003, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={WoodsWise}, url={http://www.ncsu.edu/woodlands/forestry.html)}, institution={North Carolina Cooperative Extension}, author={Sills, Erin}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{sills_romero_sabido_2002, title={Certified timber production in Belize}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2002 Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Sills, E. and Romero, E. and Sabido, W.}, editor={Amacher, G. and Sullivan, J.Editors}, year={2002} }
 @article{sills_2002, title={Financing conservation with certified timber: lessons from Belize}, volume={15}, number={1}, journal={Sylvanet}, author={Sills, E.}, year={2002}, pages={7–9} }
 @inproceedings{warren_williamson_sills_2002, title={Minority landholders and working forests in the south}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters Convention}, author={Warren, S. and Williamson, R. and Sills, E.}, year={2002} }
 @article{cassingham_sills_pattanayak_mansfield_2002, title={North Carolina's natural heritage program: A case for public- private cooperation}, volume={100}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Cassingham, K. M. and Sills, E. O. and Pattanayak, S. K. and Mansfield, C. A.}, year={2002}, pages={16–23} }
 @inbook{cassingham_sills_pattanayak_mansfield_2002, title={Spatial sssessment of a voluntary forest conservation rogramme in North Carolina}, ISBN={0851995993}, DOI={10.1079/9780851995991.0129}, abstractNote={North Carolina’s Natural Heritage Program (NHP) identifies priority areas for biodiversity conservation and encourages landholders to participate in biodiversity conservation. While there are many other programmes promoting stewardship and conservation of forests and other natural resources, this chapter focuses on participation in the two voluntary programmes offered by the NHP. The chapter also focuses on private lands, which present a greater challenge for biodiversity conservation than public lands. Understanding how private landholders respond to conservation policies is important because they own a significant proportion of forest and other natural areas in North Carolina. Voluntary programmes are increasingly important in US environmental policy, and this study contributes to the literature by evaluating their effectiveness in the private land conservation arena. The North Carolina NHP is part of the Division of Parks and Recreation within the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The NHP inventories, catalogues and facilitates protection of the most rare and the most outstanding elements of natural diversity. The elements include plants and animal species that are rare and/or natural communities that are so significant that they merit special consideration. Based on these elements and the feasibility of protection, the NHP has designated approximately 7% of the state as significant areas. The NHP’s purpose in designating areas is to allow the public to weigh the significance of various sites and evaluate the likelihood and nature of ecological impacts; to encourage informed evaluations of the trade-offs between biodiversity and development; and to establish priorities for protection of the state’s most significant natural areas (North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, 2000). Landowners can participate in the NHP by registering or designating their land under the programme (considered ‘protection’). This chapter considers whether forested lands and lands designated as relatively more important by the NHP are more likely to be protected. Next, this chapter seeks to identify factors correlated with protection, using spatial and logistic regression analysis. The potential determinants of protection are derived from a GIS database, including physical, biological, socio-economic and historical features (Western North Carolina Data System, 2000). This analysis builds on the findings of Mansfield et al. (2000) about protection activities (including registration with NHP) in all significant natural heritage areas (including public and private) in the state. We focus in particular on registration and dedication of natural heritage areas by private landowners in western North Carolina. Our analysis suggests how the state or a non-profit agency could encourage landowners to}, booktitle={Forest Policy for Private Forestry: Global and Regional Challenges}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Cassingham, K. and Sills, Erin and Pattanayak, S. and Mansfield, C.}, editor={L. Teeter, B. Cashore and Zhang, D.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={129–141} }
 @article{sills_mirrett_2002, title={Survey examines organic farmers' views of trees on farms}, volume={10}, number={4}, journal={Temperate Agroforester}, author={Sills, E. and Mirrett, E.}, year={2002}, pages={8} }
 @inproceedings{sills_2002, title={The international experience: natural resource education overseas}, booktitle={Proceedings of the University Education in Natural Resources Conference}, author={Sills, E.}, year={2002} }
 @article{chhabra_sills_rea_2002, title={Tourist expenditures at heritage festivals}, volume={7}, DOI={10.3727/152599502108751613}, number={4}, journal={Event Management Journal}, author={Chhabra, D. and Sills, Erin and Rea, P.}, year={2002}, pages={221–230} }
 @article{sills_ingle_2002, title={What explains legislative voting on the environment?}, journal={Carolina Conservationist}, author={Sills, E. and Ingle, C.}, year={2002}, pages={5} }
 @inproceedings{pattanayak_mercer_sills_cassingham_2001, title={Adopting agroforestry}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Pattanayak, S. and Mercer, D. E. and Sills, E. and Cassingham, K.}, editor={Zhang, D. and Mehmood, S.Editors}, year={2001} }
 @article{sills_2001, title={Agroforestry in Paraguay}, volume={14}, number={1}, journal={Sylvanet}, author={Sills, E.}, year={2001}, pages={7–10} }
 @article{pattanayak_sills_2001, title={Do tropical forests provide natural insurance? The microeconomics of non-timber forest product collection in the Brazilian Amazon}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0023-7639"]}, DOI={10.2307/3146943}, abstractNote={Tropical forests may contribute to the well-being of local people by providing a form of “natural insurance.” We draw on microeconomic theory to conceptualize a model relating agricultural risks to collection of non-timber forest products. Forest collection trips are positively correlated with both agricultural shocks and expected agricultural risks in an event-count model of survey data from the Brazilian Amazon. This suggests that households rely on forests to mitigate agricultural risk. Forest product collection may be less important to households with other consumption-smoothing options, but its importance is not restricted to the poorest households. (JEL Q23)}, number={4}, journal={LAND ECONOMICS}, author={Pattanayak, SK and Sills, EO}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={595–613} }
 @inproceedings{pattanayak_mehta_sills_kramer_2001, title={Local uses of parks: economic contributions of forest products}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Pattanayak, S. and Mehta, A. and Sills, E. and Kramer, R.}, editor={Zhang, D. and Mehmood, S.Editors}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{murthy_sills_cubbage_2001, title={Market and nonmarket values of forests in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, author={Murthy, A. and Sills, E. and Cubbage, F. W.}, editor={Zhang, D. and Mehmood, S.Editors}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{sills_2000, title={Developing a non-timber resource in the Brazilian Amazon: determinants of household participation}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2000 Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, publisher={University of Arkansas, Monticello}, author={Sills, E.}, year={2000} }
 @article{sills_2000, title={Governo da Floresta in Acre, Brazil}, volume={13}, number={3}, journal={Sylvanet}, author={Sills, E.}, year={2000}, pages={3–5} }
 @inproceedings{espinoza_pattanayak_sills_2000, title={Weak complementarity and ecosystem benefits estimation: soil conservation in Flores, Indonesia}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2000 Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, publisher={University of Arkansas, Monticello}, author={Espinoza, J. and Pattanayak, S. K. and Sills, E.}, year={2000} }
 @article{sills_2000, title={World view: learning firsthand about world forestry}, volume={Mar}, journal={NC State Bulletin}, author={Sills, E.}, year={2000}, pages={2} }
 @inproceedings{sills_1998, title={Options for estimating and influencing local collection of forest products}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1998 Southern Forest Economics Workshop}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, USDA Forest Service}, author={Sills, E.}, editor={Abt, R. and Lee, K.Editors}, year={1998} }
 @article{sills_muller_1996, title={Domestic nature tourism in Brazil's protected areas: can Brazilian tourists save the Brazilian rainforest?}, volume={27}, journal={SECOLAS Annals Journal of the Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies}, author={Sills, E. and Muller, M. V. Y.}, year={1996}, pages={68–80} }
 @inbook{cubbage_andriguetto-filho_sills_motta_muller_1996, title={Protection of the Atlantic coastal forests in the Northern Littoral region of the state of Parana: legal and administrative frameworks}, number={16}, booktitle={Contributions of the IUFRO Working Group on Forest Law and Environmental Legislation}, author={Cubbage, F. W. and Andriguetto-Filho, J. M. and Sills, E. O. and Motta, M. and Muller, M. V. Y.}, year={1996}, pages={24–41} }
 @article{sills_alwang_driscoll_1994, title={Migrant farm workers on Virginia's eastern shore: an analysis of economic impacts}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1017/s1074070800019313}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics}, author={Sills, Erin and Alwang, J. and Driscoll, P.}, year={1994}, pages={209–223} }