@article{kim_prinzel_kaber_alexander_stelzer_kaufmann_veil_2011, title={Multidimensional Measure of Display Clutter and Pilot Performance for Advanced Head-up Display}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1943-4448"]}, DOI={10.3357/asem.3017.2011}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
This study was conducted to: develop a multidimensional measure of display clutter for advanced head-up displays (HUDs) incorporating enhanced and synthetic vision; assess the influence of HUD configuration on perceptions of display clutter, workload, and flight performance; model clutter scores in terms of visual display properties; and model flight performance in terms of subjective and objective clutter indices.


METHODS
In a flight simulator, 18 pilots with different levels of flight experience flew approaches divided into three segments. Three HUD configuration sets were presented under two levels of flight workload. Pilot ratings of overall display clutter, its underlying dimensions, and mental workload were recorded along with flight performance measures. Display image analysis software was used to measure visual properties of the HUDs.


RESULTS
The multidimensional measure of clutter showed internal consistency with overall perceived clutter. Calculated clutter scores were sensitive to HUD configurations and in agreement with a priori display classifications. There was a trend for the extremes of display clutter to cause higher workload and less stable performance due to cognitive complexity and a lack of information for high and low clutter displays, respectively. Multiple linear regression models of perceived clutter were developed based on HUD visual properties with predictive utility. Models of flight performance based on the clutter score and workload ratings were also developed, but with less predictive power.


DISCUSSION
Measures and models of display clutter are expected to be applicable to the evaluation of a range of display concepts.}, number={11}, journal={AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Kim, Sang-Hwan and Prinzel, Lawrence J. and Kaber, David B. and Alexander, Amy L. and Stelzer, Emily M. and Kaufmann, Karl and Veil, Theo}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1013–1022} }
 @article{kim_kaber_2009, title={Design and evaluation of dynamic text-editing methods using foot pedals}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2008.07.010}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to design and evaluate new dynamic text-editing methods (chatting, instant messenger) using a foot pedal control. A first experiment was to assess whether the foot-based method enhanced editing performance compared to conventional mouse use and to identify which type of foot control is most convenient for users. Five prototype methods including four new methods (two pedals or one pedal, 0 order or 1st order control), and one mouse method were developed and tested by performing a task requiring changing text sizes, dynamically. Results revealed methods involving 1st order pedal control to be comparable to the conventional method in task completion time, accuracy and subjective workload. Among the four foot control prototypes, two pedals with 1st order control was superior to in performance. A second experiment was conducted to test another prototype foot-based method for controlling font face, size, and color through feature selection with the left pedal and level selection with the right pedal. Text-editing performance was compared to conventional mouse-based editing. Results showed the foot pedals to degrade performance in terms of task completion time. However, the prototype interface has the advantage of making certain system functionality accessible to special populations that might not otherwise be able to use dynamic text-editing applications. Subjective comments demonstrated the foot pedal methods to be considered useful, time efficient and to reduce workload. It was observed that skilled users might perceive some relief from cumbersome mouse handling behaviors during typing. Although the foot pedal control was not revealed to significantly increase text-editing performance over conventional mousing, the use of foot pedals may be considered in computing operations, including dynamic text-editing tasks, as an alternative or additional input method, particularly for special populations. The development and evaluation of foot control interaction methods for text editing may provide useful insight for human-computer system designers considering the use of additional input devices or ways to support user expressions of emotion in text. The foot control approach may also be useful in interaction design for special populations (with functional limitations of the upper limbs) in terms of accessibility.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Kim, Sang-Hwan and Kaber, David B.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={358–365} }
 @article{kaber_stoll_thurow_green_kim_mosaly_2009, title={Human-Automation Interaction Strategies and Models for Life Science Applications}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20156}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Kaber, David B. and Stoll, Norbert and Thurow, Kerstin and Green, Rebecca S. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Mosaly, Prithima}, year={2009}, pages={601–621} }
 @article{kaber_alexander_stelzer_kim_kaufmann_hsiang_2008, title={Perceived Clutter in Advanced Cockpit Displays: Measurement and Modeling with Experienced Pilots}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1943-4448"]}, DOI={10.3357/ASEM.2319.2008}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
Synthetic and enhanced vision systems (SVS and EVS) are being introduced into the cockpit to promote safety under workload conditions. Integration of existing iconic imagery with SVS and EVS displays may lead to perceptions of clutter. This research evaluated head-up display (HUD) features, including SVS, EVS, traffic collision avoidance system symbology, flight pathway (TUNNEL) guidance, and different primary flight display symbol sets, on pilot perceptions of clutter. A perceptual decomposition of the construct of clutter was also conducted.


METHOD
During a simulated landing, 4 expert pilots viewed images of 16 HUD configurations. Pilots rated clutter for each image and the utility of pairs of terms for describing clutter.


RESULTS
Results revealed all HUD features and two-way interactions to be significant in perceived clutter. Ratings increased with additional features. The presence of EVS, TUNNEL, and an expanded symbol set contributed the most. Regression models were developed to predict the likelihood of clutter ratings based on pilot perceptions of display characteristics. Pairs of terms found to have the greatest use for describing clutter included "redundant/orthogonal," "monochromatic/colorful," "salient/not salient," "safe/unsafe," and "dense/sparse" (in that order). A factor analysis revealed underlying display qualities explaining approximately 78% of variability in perceived clutter, including global density, feature similarity, feature clarity, and the dynamic nature of displays. These qualities corresponded with the display descriptor terms plus the terms "static/dynamic."


DISCUSSION
The study provided information on the relationship of display features and pilot perceptions of clutter. We identified terminology pilots use to describe clutter and latent display variables that drive perceived clutter.}, number={11}, journal={AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Kaber, David B. and Alexander, Amy L. and Stelzer, Emily M. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Kaufmann, Karl and Hsiang, Simon}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={1007–1018} }