@article{houck_olfenbuttel_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_2021, title={Seroprevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei in Free-ranging Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Eastern North Carolina, USA}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/JWD-D-20-00091}, abstractNote={Abstract: Recent sarcoptic mange epizootics have affected free-ranging black bears (Ursus americanus) in the northeastern US, but not in North Carolina. To determine whether black bears in eastern North Carolina have exposure to Sarcoptes scabiei, serum samples from hunter-harvested black bears (n=45) were collected and evaluated for antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay previously validated in black bears. No dermal lesions consistent with sarcoptic mange were identified in the sampled bears. The seroprevalence among these asymptomatic bears was 18%, with no significant difference between sexes or association with age. This suggests that exposure to Sarcoptes scabiei occurs within the population, and highlights the importance of serosurveys in regions without a history of clinical mange.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Houck, Emma and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Stoskopf, Michael and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={628–631} }
 @article{tyrrell_qurollo_mowat_kennedy-stoskopf_2020, title={MOLECULAR PREVALENCE OF SELECTED VECTOR-BORNE ORGANISMS IN CAPTIVE RED WOLVES (CANIS RUFUS)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0162}, abstractNote={Abstract: The red wolf (Canis rufus) is a critically endangered North American canid, with surviving conspecifics divided between a captive breeding population and a reintroduced free-ranging population. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in captive red wolves. Whole blood samples were collected from 35 captive red wolves. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed on extracted DNA to identify infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and vector-borne organisms within the following genera: Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, Neoehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Rickettsia. All red wolves sampled were PCR-negative for all tested organisms. These pathogens are unlikely to constitute threats to red wolf conservation and breeding efforts under current captive management conditions. The results of this study establish a baseline that may facilitate ongoing disease monitoring in this species.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Tyrrell, Jeffrey D. and Qurollo, Barbara A. and Mowat, Freya M. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={663–667} }
 @article{louis_minter_flowers_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_2020, title={Raccoon roundworm prevalence (Baylisascaris procyonis) at the North Carolina Zoo, USA}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.9426}, abstractNote={Baylisascaris procyonis is an important zoonotic nematode of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Infection with this parasite has important health implications for humans, zoo animals, and free-ranging wildlife. As a large, natural habitat zoo, the North Carolina Zoo (NC Zoo) coexists with native wildlife. Raccoons are abundant at the NC Zoo and the prevalence of B. procyonis is unknown. Raccoon latrines were located through employee reporting and systematic searching throughout the zoo and sampled for B. procyonis in October and November of 2018 and 2019. Parasite prevalence, latrine location, substrate category and latrine persistence were recorded. Thirty-three latrines were located in 2018 and eight new latrines in 2019 while four latrines from the prior year were no longer available to be sampled. Of the 29 latrines sampled over the two years, 16 (55%) persisted for at least one year. The majority of the latrines were found on natural substrate with rock showing the highest preference. Just over half (n = 21 of 41 total) of the active latrines in the study were in or immediately adjacent to animal enclosures. Two latrines were found in public areas including one contaminating children’s play equipment. Additionally, fresh fecal samples were collected from five adult raccoons presented to the zoo’s veterinary clinic in 2018 and 2019. All fecal samples tested by centrifugal flotation for both years were negative for B. procyonis. The results of this study show the value of field sampling to properly assess risk and enable informed decision-making regarding public health and wildlife management.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Minter, Larry J. and Flowers, James R. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{adamovicz_kennedy-stoskopf_talley_cullen_cohen_bizikova_grunkemeyer_2017, title={MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE INFECTION CAUSING A RETROPERITONEAL MASS IN A BINTURONG (ARCTICTIS BINTURONG)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85026496685&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1638/2016-0117r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 19-yr-old castrated male binturong (Arctictis binturong) with a history of recurrent pyogranulomatous panniculitis, lymphangitis, and dermatitis was presented for evaluation of hyporexia and tenesmus. A large caudal abdominal mass was palpated on physical examination. On ultrasound, the mass encircled and obstructed the left ureter, resulting in hydroureter and hydronephrosis. The animal was euthanized, and necropsy revealed a large retroperitoneal pyogranuloma with acid-fast organisms identified in both the mass and the perineal skin. The acid-fast organisms within the retroperitoneal mass were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare by PCR. This case represents an unusual presentation of M. intracellulare in a novel species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Adamovicz, Laura and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Talley, Ashley and Cullen, John M. and Cohen, Eli B. and Bizikova, Petra and Grunkemeyer, Vanessa}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={544–548} }
 @article{cannizzo_stinner_kennedy-stoskopf_2017, title={PREVALENCE OF CYSTINURIA IN SERVALS (LEPTAILURUS SERVAL) IN THE UNITED STATES}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2016-0177.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Cystinuria is a condition caused by defects in amino acid transport within the kidneys and small intestines. It has been reported in humans, dogs, domestic cats, ferrets, nondomestic canids, and nondomestic felids, including servals (Leptailurus serval). Genetic mutations have been identified in dogs, humans, and domestic cats. Cystinuria usually follows an autosomal recessive inheritance, although it can be autosomal dominant and sex linked. The primary objective of this study was to screen urine samples dried on filter paper from captive servals in the United States for cystinuria by using the cyanide-nitroprusside screening test. A second objective was to determine whether cystinuria is inheritable in servals. Servals were initially recruited for the study by survey. Owners and institutions interested in participating were sent a second survey and filter paper for collecting urine samples. Samples were collected from 25 servals. One additional serval with confirmed cystine urolithiasis was added for a total sample size of 26 servals. Twenty-seven percent (7/26) were positive, 54% (14/26) were weakly positive, and 19% (5/26) were negative. Sex, reproductive status, and urine collection method had no significant association with test results. This condition is likely underreported in servals and should be ruled out in any serval with nonspecific signs of illness; neurologic signs such as lethargy, ataxia, or seizures; ptyalism; or signs of lower urinary tract disease such as dysuria, hematuria, stranguria, pollakiuria, or urethral obstructions.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Stinner, Mindy and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1102–1107} }
 @article{vreeland_alpi_pike_whitman_kennedy-stoskopf_2016, title={Access to human, animal, and environmental journals is still limited for the One Health community}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1536-5050"]}, DOI={10.3163/1536-5050.104.2.003}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
"One Health" is an interdisciplinary approach to evaluating and managing the health and well-being of humans, animals, and the environments they share that relies on knowledge from the domains of human health, animal health, and the environmental sciences. The authors' objective was to evaluate the extent of open access (OA) to journal articles in a sample of literature from these domains. We hypothesized that OA to articles in human health or environmental journals was greater than access to animal health literature.


METHODS
A One Health seminar series provided fifteen topics. One librarian translated each topic into a search strategy and searched four databases for articles from 2011 to 2012. Two independent investigators assigned each article to human health, the environment, animal health, all, other, or combined categories. Article and journal-level OA were determined. Each journal was also assigned a subject category and its indexing evaluated.


RESULTS
Searches retrieved 2,651 unique articles from 1,138 journals; 1,919 (72%) articles came from 406 journals that contributed more than 1 article. Seventy-seven (7%) journals dealt with all 3 One Health domains; the remaining journals represented human health 487 (43%), environment 172 (15%), animal health 141 (12%), and other/combined categories 261 (23%). The proportion of OA journals in animal health (40%) differed significantly from journals categorized as human (28%), environment (28%), and more than 1 category (29%). The proportion of OA for articles by subject categories ranged from 25%-34%; only the difference between human (34%) and environment (25%) was significant.


CONCLUSIONS
OA to human health literature is more comparable to animal health than hypothesized. Environmental journals had less OA than anticipated.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION}, author={Vreeland, Carol E. and Alpi, Kristine M. and Pike, Caitlin A. and Whitman, Elisabeth E. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={100–108} }
 @article{deperno_chitwood_kennedy-stoskopf_jenks_2015, title={Fructosamine: An Alternative to Serum Glucose Measurement in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2014-07-182}, abstractNote={Abstract We determined the relationship between fructosamine and serum glucose in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvested during two seasonally stressful periods for deer in coastal North Carolina, US: July 2008 represented the postparturition and lactation period, and March 2009 represented the late winter and pre–green-up period. Serum glucose and fructosamine concentrations were similar between time periods but were uncorrelated within each season. However, when serum glucose was separated into high and low categories based on the median blood glucose score within each time period, we detected statistically significant differences between July and March for serum glucose. Fructosamine was more stable than serum glucose for evaluating the white-tailed deer physiologic condition.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={DePerno, Christopher S. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Jenks, Jonathan A.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={876–879} }
 @article{chitwood_maggi_kennedy-stoskopf_toliver_deperno_2013, title={Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2012-11-286}, DOI={10.7589/2012-11-286}, abstractNote={Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii has not been detected previously in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We tested whole blood from 60 white-tailed deer for Bartonella spp. DNA; three (5%) were positive for Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. This is the first detection of Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in white-tailed deer.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Toliver, Marcée and DePerno, and Christopher S.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={468–470} }
 @article{maggi_chitwood_kennedy-stoskopf_deperno_2013, title={Novel hemotropic Mycoplasma species in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={36}, ISSN={0147-9571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2013.08.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2013.08.001}, abstractNote={Globally, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are emerging or re-emerging zoonotic pathogens that affect livestock, wildlife, companion animals, and humans, potentially causing serious and economically important disease problems. Little is known about hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. prevalence, host-specificity, or route of transmission in most species, including wildlife. DNA amplification by PCR targeting the 16SrRNA and the RNaseP genes was used to establish the presence and prevalence of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in a white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) population in eastern North Carolina. Sixty-five deer (89%) tested positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. where sequence analysis of the 16SsRNA and the RNaseP genes indicated the presence of at least three distinct species. This study represents the first detection of three distinct hemotropic Mycoplasma species in white-tailed deer and the first report of two novel hemotropic Mycoplasma species.}, number={6}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Maggi, Ricardo G. and Chitwood, M. Colter and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={607–611} }
 @article{chitwood_deperno_flowers_kennedy-stoskopf_2013, title={Physiological Condition of Female White-tailed Deer in a Nutrient-deficient Habitat Type}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1528-7092"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.012.0206}, abstractNote={Abstract Physiological and morphological indices are useful for determining condition of Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer; hereafter deer) and are important for deer management. However, information about deer condition in nutrient-deficient habitat types is sparse. Pocosins have a low nutritional plane and are characterized by deep, acidic, peat soils with a dense shrub layer that provides little or no hard and soft mast. In July 2008 and March 2009, we collected a total of 60 female deer (30 from each period) from a 31,565-ha pocosin forest managed intensively for Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) in coastal North Carolina. We recorded whole weight, eviscerated weight, spleen and adrenal gland weights, and kidney fat index (KFI). Abomasal parasite counts (APC) and femur marrow fat index (MFI) were determined post-collection in the laboratory, and blood samples were analyzed for packed cell volume and standard serum chemistries. Serum chemistries were within expected ranges, with the exception of elevated potassium concentrations. The KFI and MFI were within levels reported in the literature, and APC levels did not indicate heavy parasite loads. Spleen (t58 = 0.69, P = 0.492) and adrenal gland weights (t58 = 1.46, P = 0.151) were similar between periods. Our results provide baseline physiological data for deer in a nutrient-deficient habitat type. Though managers need to consider nutritional plane of particular habitat types, our results indicate that deer can achieve normal body weights and maintain body condition in nutrient-deficient sites.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and DePerno, Christopher S. and Flowers, James R. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={307–316} }
 @article{sandfoss_deperno_betsill_palamar_erickson_kennedy-stoskopf_2012, title={A Serosurvey for Brucella suis, Classical Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) of Eastern North Carolina}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.462}, abstractNote={As feral swine (Sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. From September 2007 to March 2010, in 13 North Carolina, USA, counties and at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for Brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (PRV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV); the samples obtained at Howell Woods also were tested for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). Feral swine serum was collected from trapped and hunter-harvested swine. For the first time since 2004 when screening began, we detected B. suis antibodies in 9% (9/98) of feral swine at Howell Woods and <1% (1/415) in the North Carolina counties. Also, at Howell Woods, we detected PCV-2 antibodies in 59% (53/90) of feral swine. We did not detect antibodies to PRV (n=512) or CSFV (n=307) at Howell Woods or the 13 North Carolina counties, respectively. The detection of feral swine with antibodies to B. suis for the first time in North Carolina warrants increased surveillance of the feral swine population to evaluate speed of disease spread and to establish the potential risk to commercial swine and humans.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sandfoss, Mark R. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Betsill, Carl W. and Palamar, Maria Baron and Erickson, Gene and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={462–466} }
 @article{sherrill_snider_kennedy-stoskopf_deperno_2012, title={Survey of Zoonotic Pathogens in White-tailed Deer on Bald Head Island, North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1528-7092"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.011.0315}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) have become overabundant in many urban and suburban areas, which can cause concern about exposure of humans and pets to zoonotic pathogens. Bald Head Island, NC is a small barrier island that has experienced ongoing residential development since the mid-1980s and has a relatively high deer density (15–17 deer/km2). To address concerns expressed by residents, we screened ≈13% of the White-tailed Deer population for potential zoonotic pathogens. We collected blood from 8 deer in January through March 2008 and 5 deer in January 2009. We tested sera for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and six serovars of Leptospira interrogans; and whole blood samples for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi DNA. All sera were negative for antibodies to L. interrogans; two samples were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum, and one was seropositive for B. burgdorferi. Whole blood PCR results were negative for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi. Continued surveillance for wildlife diseases on Bald Head Island is necessary to determine prevalence of specific pathogens, their impacts on the White-tailed Deer population, and the risk of exposure to humans and pets.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Sherrill, Brandon L. and Snider, Anthony G. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={529–533} }
 @article{beard_maggi_kennedy-stoskopf_cherry_sandfoss_deperno_breitschwerdt_2011, title={Bartonella spp. in Feral Pigs, Southeastern United States}, volume={17}, ISSN={1080-6040 1080-6059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.100141}, DOI={10.3201/eid1705.100141}, abstractNote={In conjunction with efforts to assess pathogen exposure in feral pigs from the southeastern United States, we amplified Bartonella henselae, B. koehlerae, and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii from blood samples. Feral pigs may represent a zoonotic risk for hunters or butchers and pose a potential threat to domesticated livestock.}, number={5}, journal={Emerging Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Beard, Adam W. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Cherry, Natalie A. and Sandfoss, Mark R. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={893–895} }
 @article{thakur_sandfoss_kennedy-stoskopf_deperno_2011, title={Detection of Clostridium difficile and Salmonella in Feral Swine Population in North Carolina}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.774}, abstractNote={We sampled 161 feral pigs in eastern North Carolina, USA, to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Clostridium difficile and Salmonella. Seven (4.4%) and eight (5.0%) pigs tested positive for C. difficile and Salmonella, respectively, highlighting the importance of determining the epidemiology of these pathogens in feral pigs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Thakur, Siddhartha and Sandfoss, Mark and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={774–776} }
 @article{stringer_kennedy-stoskopf_chitwood_thompson_deperno_2011, title={HYPEHRKALEMIA IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.307}, abstractNote={Sixty adult and yearling female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected in July 2008 (n=30) and March 2009 (n=30) from eastern North Carolina as part of a population health assessment. During July 2008, standard serum analyses revealed hyperkalemia in all deer sampled. In March, the effect of processing time as a possible source of the hyperkalemia was investigated. For a subset of deer (n=10), blood tubes were centrifuged and processed at four time points (0, 30, 60, and 120 min) postcollection. Delayed centrifugation and plasma separation did not affect potassium (K+) concentration over time, indicating that a shift in intracellular K+ did not occur and the hyperkalemia was not due to improper sample handling. Potassium levels were negatively correlated with age and varied across collection periods. Also, K+ levels were positively correlated with glucose and not correlated with creatine kinase (CK). No single variable indicated a strong enough relationship to explain the hyperkalemia in the study.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Chitwood, M. Colter and Thompson, Jeffrey R. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={307–313} }
 @article{sandfoss_deperno_patton_flowers_kennedy-stoskopf_2011, title={PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND TRICHINELLA SPP. IN FERAL PIGS (SUS SCROFA) OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.338}, abstractNote={Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) survive in many climates, reproduce year-round, and are dietary generalists. In the United States, the size and range of the feral pig population has expanded, resulting in greater interaction with humans and domestic swine and increased potential for disease transmission. We conducted a serosurvey in feral pigs from eastern North Carolina to determine exposure to the zoonotic parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. Between September 2007 and March 2009, blood serum was collected from 83 feral pigs harvested at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, Four Oaks, North Carolina, USA. We used a modified agglutination test to test for T. gondii antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for Trichinella spp. antibodies. The prevalences of antibodies to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. were 27.7% and 13.3%, respectively and 4% (n=3) had antibodies to both agents. We detected an increased risk of T. gondii antibodies with age, whereas the risk of exposure to T. gondii across years and between sexes was similar. In eastern North Carolina, feral pigs have been exposed to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. and may pose a health risk to domestic swine and humans.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sandfoss, Mark and DePerno, Christopher and Patton, Sharon and Flowers, James and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={338–343} }
 @article{anderson_kennedy-stoskopf_sandy_dorn_boyette_harms_2010, title={SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA WITH VASCULAR INVASION IN A DIAMONDBACK RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS ADAMANTEUS)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0096.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common neoplasm diagnosed in domestic and wild animals, including several species of reptiles. However, reports of SCC invading vasculature or metastasizing in snakes are lacking. This report documents a case of SCC in an adult male eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) with a unique presentation and invasion into several small- to medium-sized vessels, suggestive of a metastatic process. What was initially suspected to be an abscessed tail was ultimately determined to be SCC originating at the base of the rattle.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Anderson, Eric T. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Sandy, Jeanine R. and Dorn, Brian and Boyette, Trent and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={745–748} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_taylor_shea_stoskopf_2009, title={Development of a Dynamic Pharmacokinetic Model to Estimate Bioconcentration of Xenobiotics in Earthworms}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1573-2967"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349243406&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10666-007-9132-4}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING & ASSESSMENT}, author={Henson-Ramsey, Heather and Levine, Jay and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Taylor, Sharon K. and Shea, Damian and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={411–418} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_kennedy-stoskopf_levine_taylor_shea_stoskopf_2008, title={Acute toxicity and tissue distributions of malathion in Ambystoma tigrinum}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1432-0703"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51849109593&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00244-007-9091-4}, abstractNote={The kinetics of the bioaccumulation of malathion (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) and the biological impact of exposure for tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum, were assessed through exposure to soil surface contaminated with 50 microg/cm(2) or 100 microg/cm(2 )malathion and ingestion of an earthworm exposed to soil contaminated with 200 microg/cm(2) malathion. Malathion and malaoxon burdens in salamanders sampled at different times after exposure(s) were measured by gas chromatography in four tissue/organ subgroups: liver, epaxial muscle, pooled viscera (except the liver and brain), and pooled avisceral carcass (muscle, skin, and bone). The total tiger salamander xenobiotic burdens were calculated from these data. The malathion/malaoxon burden 1 day after exposure was greatest in the avisceral carcass and 2 days after exposure was greatest in the viscera. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors remained less than unity throughout the experiment and did not support the hypothesis of bioaccumulation of malathion in the tiger salamander. Biological impact was assessed with a colorimetric brain cholinesterase microassay. Brain cholinesterase activities in salamanders exposed to malathion-contaminated soil (50 microg/cm(2) or 100 microg/cm(2 )malathion) were suppressed approximately 50-65% and 90%, respectively, compared to unexposed controls. The exposed animals did not exhibit overt clinical signs of malathion toxicosis.}, number={3}, journal={ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={Henson-Ramsey, H. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Levine, J. F. and Taylor, S. K. and Shea, D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={481–487} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_shea_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_taylor_stoskopf_2008, title={Assessment of the Effect of Varying Soil Organic Matter Content on the Bioavailability of Malathion to the Common Nightcrawler, Lumbricus terrestris L.}, volume={80}, ISSN={0007-4861 1432-0800}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effect of soil organic matter content on the bioavailability of malathion to the common nightcrawler, Lumbricus terrestris. Earthworms were exposed for 72 h to malathion on two soil types, 8% organic matter and 55% organic matter. Two different measures of bioavailability, malathion body burdens and tissue cholinesterase activities, were then measured in the malathion exposed animals. There were no significant differences in body burden or cholinesterase levels in L. terrestris exposed to malathion on soils with differing organic matter content. This suggests that absorption into organic matter is not a limiting factor of malathion bioavailability to earthworm species.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Henson-Ramsey, Heather and Shea, Damian and Levine, Jay F. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Taylor, Sharon K. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={220–224} }
 @article{wolf_deperno_jenks_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_swanson_brinkman_osborn_tardiff_2008, title={Selenium Status and Antibodies to Selected Pathogens in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Southern Minnesota}, volume={44}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, abstractNote={To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Swanson, Christopher C. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Osborn, Robert G. and Tardiff, Jeannine A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_kennedy-stoskopf_levine_shea_taylor_stoskopf_2007, title={A comparison of two exposure systems to apply malathion to Lumbricus terrestris L}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0007-4861"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548014761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-007-9194-7}, number={6}, journal={BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={Henson-Ramsey, H. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Levine, J. and Shea, D. and Taylor, S. K. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={427–431} }
 @article{newell-fugate_kennedy-stoskopf_brown_levine_swanson_2007, title={Seminal and endocrine characteristics of male Pallas' Cats (Otocolobus manul) maintained under artificial lighting with simulated natural photoperiods}, volume={26}, ISSN={0733-3188 1098-2361}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20127}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.20127}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Zoo Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Newell-Fugate, Annie and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Brown, Janine L. and Levine, Jay F. and Swanson, William F.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={187–199} }
 @article{farin_rodriguez_alexander_hockney_herrick_kennedy-stoskopf_2007, title={The role of transcription in EGF- and FSH-mediated oocyte maturation in vitro}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1873-2232"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.007}, abstractNote={Understanding mechanisms responsible for meiotic resumption in mammalian oocytes is critical for the identification of strategies to enhance developmental competence of in vitro-matured oocytes. Improvement of in vitro oocyte maturation systems is dependent on a better understanding of mechanisms that regulate oocyte maturation both in vivo and in vitro as well as on the identification of methods to manipulate the meiotic progression of oocytes matured in vitro in a physiological manner. The purpose of this review is two-fold: first, to examine the mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence and regulation of oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro; second, to present data examining the role of transcription in mediating the ability of EGF and FSH to induce oocyte maturation in vitro. Results presented support the conclusions that (1) EGF-induced oocyte maturation does not require nascent gene transcription in both mice and domestic cats; (2) FSH requires gene transcription to induce oocyte maturation in both species; (3) EGF must be present in the maturation medium to optimize the effectiveness of FSH to promote oocyte maturation; (4) the mechanism used by FSH to induce oocyte maturation in vitro appears to predominate over that used by EGF when both EGF and FSH are present in maturation medium used for either murine or feline cumulus oocyte complexes.}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Farin, C. E. and Rodriguez, K. F. and Alexander, J. E. and Hockney, J. E. and Herrick, J. R. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={97–112} }
 @article{swanson_maggs_clarke_newell_bond_bateman_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Assessment of viral presence in semen and reproductive function of frozen-thawed spermatozoa from Pallas'-cats (Otocolobus manul) infected with feline herpesvirus}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/05-073.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Although herpesviruses are known to contaminate the semen of several mammalian species, the occurrence of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) in semen of infected cats has not been reported. Our objectives in this study were to investigate the presence of FHV-1 DNA in seminal fluid and frozen-thawed spermatozoa from FHV-1 infected Pallas' cats (Otocolobus manul) and assess the functionality of their frozen-thawed spermatozoa in vitro. Over a 3-yr period, semen (n = 33 ejaculates) was collected periodically via electroejaculation from four Pallas' cats chronically infected with FHV-1. Spermic ejaculates were frozen by pelleting on dry ice and stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, sperm motility and acrosome status were assessed over time during in vitro culture. For vitro fertilization (IVF), viable domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed Pallas' cat spermatozoa and evaluated for embryo cleavage. For FHV-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, DNA was extracted from seminal fluid, frozen-thawed spermatozoa, inseminated oocytes, heterologous IVF embryos, and conjunctival biopsies and analyzed for presence of a 322–base pair region of the FHV-1 thymidine kinase gene. Immediately post-thaw, sperm motility and percentage of intact acrosomes were decreased (P < 0.05) compared to fresh samples, and declined further (P < 0.05) during culture. However, all frozen-thawed IVF samples were capable of fertilizing domestic cat oocytes (overall, 46.1 ± 6.0% cleavage). PCR analysis did not identify FHV-1 DNA in any reproductive sample despite the repeated detection of FHV-1 DNA in conjunctival biopsies. These results suggest that semen collected from Pallas' cats infected with FHV-1 does not contain cell-associated or non–cell-associated virus and that frozen-thawed spermatozoa exhibit adequate function for potential genetic rescue with minimal risk of FHV-1 transmission.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Swanson, William F. and Maggs, David J. and Clarke, Heather E. and Newell, Annie E. and Bond, Jennifer B. and Bateman, Helen L. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={336–346} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_baynes_lewbart_taylor_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Percutaneous malathion absorption by anuran skin in flow-through diffusion cells}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1872-7077"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.010}, abstractNote={There is increased concern about the sublethal effects of organophosphorous (OP) compounds on human and animal health, including the potential role of OP compounds in the global decline of amphibian populations. Malathion is one of the most widely used OP pesticides with numerous agricultural and therapeutic applications, and exposure to environmentally applied malathion can lead to adverse systemic effects in anurans. Cutaneous absorption is considered a potentially important route of environmental exposure to OP compounds for amphibians, especially in aquatic environments. One in vitro system commonly used to determine the absorption kinetics of xenobiotics across the skin is the two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cell system. To establish cutaneous absorption kinetics of malathion, six full thickness skin samples taken from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of each of three bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and three marine toads (Bufo marinus) were placed into two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cells perfused with modified amphibian Ringer's solution. A 26 μg/cm2 dose of malathion-2,3-14C diluted in 100% ethanol was applied to each sample (0.44–0.45 μCi). Perfusate was collected at intervals over a 6 h period and analyzed for 14C in a scintillation counter. At the end of 6 h, surface swabs, tape strips, biopsy punches of the dosed area of skin, and peripheral samples were oxidized and analyzed for residue effects. Malathion absorption was greater across the ventral skin compared to dorsal skin in both bullfrogs and marine toads.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Willens, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Taylor, Sharon K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={255–262} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_baynes_lewbart_taylor_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Percutaneous malathion absorption in the harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1872-7077"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.009}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to establish an accurate in vitro model for cutaneous absorption in anurans. The harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb (HPAPL) model maintains the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin from the pelvic limb, including the intact capillary network. Radiolabeled malathion was applied to the skin of the dorsal thigh, and perfusate was collected over a 6h period. Residues from the skin surface, stratum externum, and dosed area beneath the stratum externum were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated from these data. Absorption was significantly less for the HPAPL than previously reported for Teflon flow-through diffusion cells. However, partitioning effects were comparable. The HPAPL is an appropriate in vitro model for examining cutaneous absorption kinetics in the bullfrog.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Willens, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Taylor, Sharon K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={263–267} }
 @article{vance_kennedy-stoskopf_obringer_roth_2004, title={Comparative studies of mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1638/04-014}, abstractNote={Abstract Cellular immune function in four rhinoceros species was evaluated by way of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation responses to mitogenic and antigenic stimuli to establish normative data on white blood cell activity for each species and to identify species-specific differences that might help explain the predisposition of black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) to disease. A cross section of the U.S. rhinoceros population encompassing all four captive species was sampled, including the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) (n = 3); Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) (n = 4); African black rhinoceros (n = 16); and African white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) (n = 10). Of the four species evaluated, African black rhinoceroses exhibited the weakest (P < 0.05) lymphocyte proliferative responses to the mitogens: pokeweed (0.1 μg/ml), phytohemagglutinin (0.3 μg/ml), and concanavalin A (5.0 μg/ml). Total cell density at the end of culture was only 70% of that achieved with lymphocytes isolated from African white rhinoceroses, Indian rhinoceroses, and Sumatran rhinoceroses. However, lymphocyte response to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide was similar (P > 0.05) across species. Antigenic stimulation produced much weaker responses than mitogenic stimulation. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed among rhinoceros species in response to 1 and 10 μg/ml of Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae or Leptospira gryppotyphosa. Lymphocytes from African white rhinoceroses proliferated weakly in the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus filtrate, whereas lymphocytes from the southern black rhinoceros subspecies appeared slightly suppressed in the presence of increasing doses (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml) of Aspergillus filtrate. This comparative data set characterizing lymphocyte proliferation in the rhinoceros reveals several differences in immune cell responses among rhinoceros species and provides some evidence that lymphocytes of captive African black rhinoceroses are less vigorous than those of the other rhinoceros species.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Vance, C. K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Obringer, A. R. and Roth, T. L.}, year={2004}, pages={435–446} }
 @article{bull_kennedy-stoskopf_levine_loomis_gebhard_tompkins_2003, title={Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions (Panthera leo) infected with feline immunodeficiency virus}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Bull, ME and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Levine, JF and Loomis, M and Gebhard, DG and Tompkins, WAF}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1293–1300} }
 @article{harms_howard_wolf_smith_kennedy-stoskopf_2003, title={Transforming growth factor-beta response to mycobacterial infection in striped bass Morone saxatilis and hybrid tilapia Oreochromis spp.}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00138-7}, abstractNote={Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) were experimentally infected with Mycobacterium marinum. Splenic mononuclear cell transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA was measured by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive PCR (RT-qcPCR). In histologic sections of liver and anterior kidney, the area of each section that was occupied by granulomas and the total area of each section were measured by computer-assisted image analysis and compared as a proportion (the granuloma proportion). Infected striped bass splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA expression was significantly lower than uninfected controls, while for tilapia there was no significant difference between infected and control fish. Mycobacterial granuloma proportion of liver and anterior kidney sections was significantly greater for infected striped bass than tilapia. Three (of 10) infected tilapia with the most pronounced inflammatory response displayed a decrease in TGF-beta mRNA expression, similar to the overall striped bass response to mycobacterium challenge. Downregulation of TGF-beta and failure to modulate the immune response may be related to excessive inflammatory damage to organs observed in mycobacteria-sensitive fish species.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Harms, CA and Howard, KE and Wolf, JC and Smith, SA and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={155–163} }
 @article{ma_kennedy-stoskopf_jaynes_thurmond_tompkins_2002, title={Inhibitory activity of synthetic peptide antibiotics on feline immunodeficiency virus infectivity in vitro}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1098-5514"]}, DOI={10.1128/JVI.76.19.9952-9961.2002}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={19}, journal={JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY}, author={Ma, J and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Jaynes, JM and Thurmond, LM and Tompkins, WA}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={9952–9961} }
 @article{bull_gebhard_tompkins_kennedy-stoskopf_2002, title={Polymorphic expression in the CD8 alpha chain surface receptor of African lions (Panthera leo)}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00401-9}, abstractNote={Free-ranging African lion (Panthera leo) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined using flow cytometry and antibodies developed for use in the domestic cat to determine if phenotypic changes occurred in lion lymphocytes as a result of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The percentage of CD8 cells from lion peripheral blood was considerably lower than in the domestic cat. Lions with elevated levels of CD8+ cells were typically infected with FIV, similar to observations in the domestic cat. Antibodies against the alpha chain of the CD8 receptor (monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3.357) did not react consistently in all lions examined. Flow cytometric analysis determined that approximately 82 and 80% of the animals from Kruger and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi National Parks in South Africa reacted with the monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of CD8 receptor, while only 17% of the lions in Etosha National Park in Namibia cross-reacted with the CD8alpha chain. There was no apparent correlation between FIV status and CD8alpha chain reactivity. The relative isolation of Etosha from the other two parks could explain the marked difference in CD8alpha chain expression and suggests that lions similar to other mammalian species demonstrate polymorphic expression of the CD8alpha chain (197).}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Bull, ME and Gebhard, DG and Tompkins, WAF and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={181–189} }
 @article{harms_kennedy-stoskopf_horne_fuller_tompkins_2000, title={Cloning and sequencing hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and development of a reverse transcription quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assay to measure TGF-β mRNA of teleost fish}, volume={10}, ISSN={1050-4648}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.1999.0230}, DOI={10.1006/fsim.1999.0230}, abstractNote={A transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta was isolated and cloned from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) anterior kidney mononuclear cells. This isolate (Genbank accession number AF140363) contains an open reading frame of 1146 bases coding for a 382 amino acid protein most similar to rainbow trout TGF-beta (57.3 and 78.6% identity with precursor and active protein, respectively) and rat TGF-beta 1 (41.1 and 68.8% identity with precursor and active protein, respectively). Consensus primers were demonstrated to amplify specifically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a TGF-beta segment from 14 species of teleost fish comprising 10 taxonomic families in 7 orders. A reverse transcription quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assay was devised to measure TGF-beta mRNA expression in teleost fish. Higher levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression were detected in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood than from spleen or anterior kidney.}, number={1}, journal={Fish & Shellfish Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harms, C.A and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Horne, W.A and Fuller, F.J and Tompkins, W.A.F}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={61–85} }
 @article{harms_ottinger_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Correlation of transforming growth factor-beta messenger RNA (TGF-beta mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0009:COTGFM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Assessing fish immune status with molecular markers has been hampered by a lack of specific reagents. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (reverse transcription quantitative-competitive PCR, RT-qcPCR) for measuring transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transcription from a broad range of teleost fish has recently been developed. The quantitative PCR now permits monitoring production of this important immunosuppressive cytokine in response to immunomodulating agents and conditions. We examined anterior kidney and spleen mononuclear cells from hybrid striped bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis × male white bass M. chrysops) for production of TGF-β messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. We also compared TGF-β transcription with anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity and splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis. Anterior kidney mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels decreased, whereas bactericidal activity increased. Spleen TGF-β mRNA levels did not change significantly, and splenic lymphocyte pokeweed mitogen stimulation index increased in triamcinolone-treated fish. Since triamcinolone is used therapeutically as a suppressive immunomodulator, the enhanced immune functions indicated by the cellular immunoassays were unexpected; however, the inverse response of TGF-β production and macrophage bactericidal activity was consistent with the known relationship between TGF-β and macrophage activation in mammals. Induced immunomodulation in hybrid striped bass was detectable by both traditional cellular immunoassays and the new RT-qcPCR for TGF-β.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Harms, CA and Ottinger, CA and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={9–17} }
 @article{harms_ottinger_blazer_densmore_pieper_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries}, volume={108}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.00108447}, abstractNote={Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-beta mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's [Tau] b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-beta as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Harms, Craig and Ottinger, C. A. and Blazer, V. S. and Densmore, C. L. and Pieper, L. H. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, year={2000}, pages={447–452} }
 @article{harms_ottinger_blazer_densmore_pieper_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-beta applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, DOI={10.2307/3454386}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Harms, CA and Ottinger, CA and Blazer, VS and Densmore, CL and Pieper, LH and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={447–452} }
 @article{harms_keller_kennedy-stoskopf_2000, title={Use of a two-step Percoll (R) gradient for separation of loggerhead sea turtle peripheral blood mononuclear cells}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.535}, abstractNote={In order to determine a suitable procedure for isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), blood was collected using three different anticoagulants (sodium heparin, sodium citrate or potassium EDTA) and separated using a single step commercially-prepared arabinogalactan gradient of 1.077 g/ml density or multiple step Percoll gradients between 1.053 and 1.076 g/ml density (40–60% stock isotonic Percoll suspension). Heparinized blood centrifuged over a two-step 45/55% (1.059/1.070 g/ml) Percoll gradient yielded 99 to 100% mononuclear cells at the 45/55% interface. Mononuclear cell viability ranged from 85 to 97% with cell yields up to 9.2 × 106 cells/mL. An unexpected finding was a population of low density granulocytes migrating to 40% (1.053 g/ml) and 45% Percoll layers in the multiple step gradients. These granulocytes could be eliminated from the PBMC preparation by use of the two-step 45/55% Percoll gradient. Isolated PBMCs can be used for cellular immunology and toxicology studies on these threatened marine organisms for which other tissues can usually be obtained only sporadically from post-mortem specimens.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Harms, CA and Keller, JM and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={535–540} }
 @inbook{kennedy-stoskopf_1999, title={Emerging viral infections in large cats}, booktitle={Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders}, author={Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, editor={M. E. Fowler and Miller, R. E.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={401–410} }
 @inbook{kennedy-stoskopf_1999, title={Evaluating immunodeficiency disorders in captive wild animals}, booktitle={Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders}, author={Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, editor={M. E. Fowler and Miller, R. E.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={58–62} }
 @article{jordan_howard_barr_kennedy-stoskopf_levy_tompkins_1998, title={Feline immunodeficiency virus is shed in semen from experimentally and naturally infected cats}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1931-8405"]}, DOI={10.1089/aid.1998.14.1087}, abstractNote={Although a laboratory isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), FIV-NCSU1, has been transmitted by artificial insemination in domestic cats, transmission by naturally infected males during mating has not been reported. In order to determine whether virus shedding in semen is unique to the NCSU1 isolate, we analyzed electroejaculates from four specific-pathogen-free males infected with another laboratory strain, FIV-Petaluma, and eight random source males with naturally acquired infections. Seminal cell lysates from the cats infected with the Petaluma isolate were screened by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification for FIV gag DNA. Seminal cells and seminal plasma from these FIV-Petaluma cats were further analyzed for the presence of virus by cocultivation with a feline CD4+ T cell line and Crandell feline kidney cells. Electroejaculates from the naturally infected cats were cocultivated with the T cell line. Our results demonstrated that cell-free FIV was present in seminal plasma from two FIV-Petaluma cats and two naturally infected cats. Cell-associated seminal virus was detected in all of the FIV-Petaluma infected cats and one naturally infected cat. Secretion of viral gag p26 antigen, an indication of active viral replication, was evident in cocultures containing motile sperm purified by a swim-up procedure from a FIV-Petaluma cat. These results confirm that FIV shedding in semen is not restricted to a specific virus isolate. Furthermore, swim-up sperm from FIV-infected cats may be infectious in vitro.}, number={12}, journal={AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES}, author={Jordan, HL and Howard, J and Barr, MC and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Levy, JK and Tompkins, WA}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1087–1092} }
 @article{jordan_howard_bucci_butterworth_english_kennedy-stoskopf_tompkins_tompkins_1998, title={Horizontal transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus with semen from seropositive cats}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00070-9}, abstractNote={The AIDS virus of cat species, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), has been used extensively as an animal model of HIV-1 infection. This felid lentivirus shares many molecular and biochemical traits with HIV-1 and causes similar immunologic and clinical perturbations, most notably CD4+ cell loss, impaired cell-mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. Previous reports have shown that FIV is transmitted horizontally by biting and vertically in utero and through nursing. Our objective was to determine whether FIV could be venereally transmitted in domestic cats. In the first experiment, susceptibility of the female reproductive tract to mucosal transmission of the FIV isolate, NCSU1, was demonstrated via intravaginal inoculation with infected cultured cells. We next identified virus in electroejaculates from asymptomatic, chronically FIV-NCSU1-infected, adult males. A fragment of FIV gag provirus DNA was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in nonfractionated seminal cells and in swim-up sperm preparations. Additionally, replication-competent virus was isolated from cell-free seminal plasma and seminal cells by co-cultivation with a feline CD4+ T-cell line. In the third study, queens were artificially inseminated via an intrauterine laparoscopic technique with electroejaculates from FIV-NCSU1-infected males. Of six inseminations carried out with fresh semen, three resulted in infection of queens. Lastly, immunohistochemical studies identified potential virus target cell populations in normal female reproductive tissues. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that FIV infection in domestic cats may provide a unique small animal model of sexual transmission of HIV-1.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Reproductive Immunology}, author={Jordan, H. L. and Howard, J. G. and Bucci, J. G. and Butterworth, J. L. and English, R. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Tompkins, M. B. and Tompkins, W. A.}, year={1998}, pages={341–357} }
 @article{tirard_grossfeld_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_1997, title={Effect of Osmotic Shock on Protein Synthesis of Oyster Hemocytes In Vitro}, volume={116}, ISSN={0300-9629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00115-6}, DOI={10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00115-6}, abstractNote={Because marine bivalves are osmoconformers, their cells may be exposed to widely fluctuating osmolality in some habitats. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of changes in salinity on protein synthesis of oyster hemocytes. Increasing salinity from a control value of 20–25 ppt to 32–98 ppt decreased the rate of incorporation of amino acid into protein, but did not qualitatively alter the pattern of protein synthesis. On the other hand, decreasing salinity to 3.5–4 ppt not only decreased the rate of protein synthesis, but also altered the types of protein produced. At least a third of the cells remained viable at low salinity and resumed the control pattern of protein synthesis within hours after return to the normal medium. The response to hypoosmotic shock was different from the response to a hyperthermic shock, each stressor inducing expression of a characteristic set of proteins. Preferential synthesis of these proteins may represent an adaptation to preserve or restore oyster cell functions under adverse conditions.}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tirard, C.T and Grossfeld, R.M and Levine, J.F and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={43–49} }
 @article{hawkins_kennedy-stoskopf_levy_meuten_cullins_tompkins_tompkins_1996, title={Effect of FIV infection on lung inflammatory cell populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage}, volume={51}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05499-5}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(95)05499-5}, abstractNote={Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and ovine progressive pneumonia virus have been associated with lymphocytic pneumonitis. Pulmonary cell populations in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to identify changes associated with lentivirus infection in this species. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed through an endotracheal tube using 15 ml kg-1 body weight of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Results of BAL fluid cytologic analysis from 19 cats experimentally infected with FIV for at least 8 months were compared with results from 34 uninfected cats. Infected cats had significantly higher total cell counts and relative neutrophil counts (P < 0.01). Lymphocytosis did not occur. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from nine additional cats prior to, and 2, 6, and 17-18 weeks following infection with FIV. Neither neutrophilia nor lymphocytosis was associated with FIV infection in these cats.}, number={1-2}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Levy, Julie K. and Meuten, Donald J. and Cullins, Laura and Tompkins, Wayne A.F. and Tompkins, Mary B.}, year={1996}, month={May}, pages={21–28} }
 @article{tirard_grossfeld_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_1995, title={Effect of hyperthermia in vitro on stress protein synthesisand accumulation in oyster haemocytes}, volume={5}, ISSN={1050-4648}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8}, DOI={10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80003-8}, abstractNote={Haemocytes comprise a major component of the non-specific defence mechanismsin marine bivalves. Induction of stress protein (SP) synthesis and accumulation of SPs was studied in vitro to define the metabolic response of oyster (C. virginica) haemocytes to acute temperature changes. An acute cold shock to near freezing had no significant effect on protein synthesis. However, a comparable heat shock of 20–28° C above the acclimation temperature of 20° C provoked a robust increase in synthesis of several SPs, especially those of about 70 (SP70), 37, 34 and 32 kDa. This response persisted for at least 24 h, during which time both isoforms of SP70-like immunoreactivity accumulated. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in the synthesis, but not in the level, of an actin-like protein of about 45 kDa. The extent of SP synthesis induction also was directly dependent on the duration of the preceding hyperthermia. Extending the duration of heat shock necessitated a longer recovery period, during which time amino acid incorporation returned towards or beyond the initial control values and cell viability was retained. After a severe heat shock at 46° C for 1 h, the predominant protein made for several days was SP70, which is known to be essential for stress tolerance in other biological systems. The results suggest that oyster haemocytes are remarkably resilient, and that SPs may contribute to their ability to resist or repair heat-evoked damage. This molecular adaptability could permit them to maintain immune surveillance during or immediately following serious threats to survival of these sessile ectotherms.}, number={1}, journal={Fish & Shellfish Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tirard, C.T. and Grossfeld, R.M. and Levine, J.F. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={9–25} }