@article{lairmore_byers_eaton_sykes_marks_meurs_2024, title={An imminent need for veterinary medical educators: are we facing a crisis?}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.04.0242}, abstractNote={Abstract A potential emerging shortage of veterinary medical educators requires the profession to acknowledge and understand the factors leading to this outcome. Expanding class sizes within existing schools and colleges of veterinary medicine and the expected expansion of new programs seeking AVMA–Council of Education accreditation have heightened the need to address an impending shortage of veterinary medical educators. A solution-oriented approach that accurately projects educator workforce needs and identifies factors contributing to the shortage requires effective collaboration across various partnering organizations to develop innovations in pedagogy and educational delivery methods. The veterinary profession must also identify and reduce disincentives that deter students and post-DVM trainees from pursuing careers in education. Finally, efforts at the state and federal level are critical to advocate for financial support and incentives for expansion of the veterinary medical educator workforce. Through these collective approaches and partnerships, the veterinary medical educator workforce can be strengthened to overcome obstacles for educating the next generation of veterinarians to meet societal needs.}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Lairmore, Michael D. and Byers, Christopher and Eaton, Sarah and Sykes, Jane E. and Marks, Steven and Meurs, Kathryn M.}, year={2024}, month={Aug}, pages={1124–1128} }
 @article{myerow_pritchard_kalscheur_marks_royal_thoreson_pollard_hawkins_2024, title={Development and initial evaluation of a rigid rhinoscopy model as a pedagogic tool in veterinary medicine}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2024.1356026}, abstractNote={No model exists to train the handling skills required for successful performance of rigid rhinoscopy in veterinary patients. The complex anatomy of the nasal cavity, the limited space between turbinates, and the propensity of the mucosa to bleed with slight trauma make thorough examination of a nasal cavity difficult. The goal of this study was development and initial testing of a low fidelity canine rigid rhinoscopy training model for veterinary novices. A model comprising three tubes of various lumen diameters that were connected to a conduction system was created. Each tube contained three colored stars and a number that were to be described by trainees. The model both counted contacts and audibly beeped if pressure was applied by the rhinoscope to the sides of the tube. Board-certified veterinary internists (experts) and veterinary students (novices) performed two timed simulation exercises during a single session. Participants completed a questionnaire before and after the simulations to assess model utility. There were no statistically significant differences in contacts or time to completion between novices and experts. Novices provided feedback that the model improved their ability to control the rhinoscope, helped them learn to perform rigid rhinoscopy, was enjoyable, and was appropriately challenging. Expert feedback included that the model was a potentially useful pedagogic tool for training rigid rhinoscopy, including hand control and indirect hand-eye coordination, and was appropriately challenging. We conclude that this rhinoscopy model has potential to be an effective teaching tool for novice rhinoscopists. With minor modifications, the model could provide additional challenges.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Myerow, Bethany Sabatino and Pritchard, Jessica C. and Kalscheur, Kathryn and Marks, Steve and Royal, Kenneth and Thoreson, Nicholas and Pollard, Noah and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hepworth-warren_maynard-swift_prange_colwell_stallings_derks_love_hepworth_marks_2024, title={Error reporting in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital identifies medication errors occur most often in the prescribing phase of therapy}, volume={262}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.23.10.0556}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.10.0556}, abstractNote={Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify the rate at which medication errors occurred over a 2-year period in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital and describe the types of errors that occurred. SAMPLE 226 medication errors over 6,155 large animal visits occurred during the study period. Multiple errors may have affected the same patient. METHODS Medication error reports from March 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023, were reviewed retrospectively and classified by species, type of drug, and month and day of the week the error occurred. Errors were categorized according to multiple previously developed systems to allow for comparison to other studies. RESULTS 226 medication errors occurred over 6,155 patient visits in a 2-year period: 57.5% (130/226) were identified by a dedicated large animal pharmacist, and 64.2% (145/226) of errors were identified and corrected before reaching the patient. Prescription/medication order errors (58.4% [132/226]) occurred significantly more often than errors in medication preparation (21.7% [49/226]; P < .001) and administration (19.6%; P < .001). Antibiotics (48.7% [110/226]) and NSAIDs (17.7% [40/226]) were the drug classes most involved in errors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most medication errors in this study occurred in the ordering/prescribing phase. This is similar to reports in human medicine, where standardized medication error reporting strategies exist. Developing and applying similar strategies in veterinary medicine may improve patient safety and outcome.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Maynard-Swift, Emily and Prange, Timo and Colwell, Curtis and Stallings, Olivia and Derks, Kobi G. and Love, Kim and Hepworth, David A. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{chun_davis_frank_green_greenhill_jandrey_johannes_levine_marks_polisetti_et al._2023, title={Can veterinary medicine improve diversity in post-graduate training programs? Current state of academic veterinary medicine and recommendations on best practices}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.09.0430}, abstractNote={Abstract The American Association of Veterinary Clinicians (AAVC) convened a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusivity working group in March 2021 to address the limited diversity (including but not limited to ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity) in clinical post-DVM graduate training programs and academic faculty. Concurrent with a working group formation, the AAVC developed a strategic plan. The central mission of the AAVC is to develop, support, and connect academic leaders to fuel the future of the veterinary medical profession. House officers and their training programs are central to all goals outlined in the strategic plan. Amongst other strategic goals, the working group identified best practices for intern and resident recruitment and selection. We report herein from the current health profession literature ways to identify and recruit talented, diverse candidates especially those with non-traditional (atypical) preparation and experience. We also provide recommendations on best practices for intern and resident selection. This document highlights holistic approaches, some of which are incrementally being incorporated into the Veterinary Intern Resident Matching Program application, that emphasize diversity as a selection criteria for intern and resident selection an important step towards building a more resilient and inclusive workforce. These include expanding candidate assessment beyond grades and class rank into a more standardized method for screening candidates that includes consideration of life experiences and talents outside of veterinary medicine.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Chun, Ruthanne and Davis, Elizabeth and Frank, Nicholas and Green, Henry W. and Greenhill, Lisa and Jandrey, Karl E. and Johannes, Chad M. and Levine, Jonathan and Marks, Steven L. and Polisetti, Sraavya and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={417–423} }
 @article{medland_marks_intile_2022, title={Discharge summaries provided to owners of pets newly diagnosed with cancer exceed recommended readability levels}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.21.09.0410}, abstractNote={To analyze the readability of discharge summaries distributed to owners of pets newly diagnosed with cancer.118 discharge summaries provided to pet owners following initial consultation.A database search identified records of new patients that had been presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital medical oncology service between June 2017 and January 2019. Owner-directed portions of the summaries provided at the time of discharge were copied and pasted into a document and stripped of all identifying information. Readability of summaries was assessed with the use of 2 previously established readability calculators: the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) tests.Mean ± SD FKGL was 11.9 ± 1.1 (median, 11.9; range, 8.6 to 15.5; target ≤ 6), and the mean ± SD FRE score was 43 ± 5.9 (median, 42.7; range, 25.5 to 58.1; target ≥ 60). There were no significant differences in FKGL or FRE scores among discharge summaries for patients with the 4 most common tumor types diagnosed or the described treatment options. Ninety-three percent (110/118) of summaries were scored as difficult or very difficult to read.Owner-directed written information regarding a diagnosis of cancer at a single teaching hospital exceeded readability levels recommended by the American Medical Association and NIH and was above the average reading level of most US adults. Efforts to improve readability are an important component of promoting relationship-centered care and may improve owner compliance and patient outcomes.}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Medland, Julia E. and Marks, Steven L. and Intile, Joanne L.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={657–661} }
 @article{allen_alpi_schaaf_marks_2022, title={Googling for a veterinary diagnosis: A replication study using Google as a diagnostic aid}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16484}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to replicate in the veterinary context a BMJ study using Google to assist in diagnosis of complex cases. Hypothesis/Objectives To assess percentage of diagnoses identified using Google as a diagnostic aid in veterinary medicine. Animals None; 13 cases in cats and 17 in dogs published in JAVMA. Methods Cross‐sectional survey of Google results from searches using keywords generated independently by a generalist and a specialist veterinarian who reviewed the published case history and diagnostic components while blind to the diagnosis. They offered diagnoses and generated up to 5 search strategies for each case. The top 30 Google results for each search were reviewed by the generalist to inform a final Google‐aided diagnosis. Both veterinarians' initial diagnoses and the Google‐aided diagnoses were compared with the published diagnoses. Results Google searching led to 52 diagnoses out of 60 possible. Twenty‐two (42%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 29%‐55%) Google‐aided diagnoses matched the JAVMA diagnosis. This accuracy rate does not differ significantly from 58% (n = 15/26, 95% CI 38%‐77%) identified in the BMJ study. Google‐aided results were not statistically different from those achieved unaided by each veterinarian (33%, 95% CI 16%‐50%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Published information found searching Google using keywords related to complicated or unusual cases could assist veterinarians to reinforce their initial diagnosis or consider other differential diagnoses. Search strategies using words representing either signs or the preliminary diagnoses can yield results useful to confirming a correct diagnosis.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Allen, E. Carley and Alpi, Kristine M. and Schaaf, George W. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mcphetridge_scharf_dickson_thieman_oblak_regier_skinner_tinga_townsend_wallace_et al._2022, title={Veterinary house officer perceptions of dimensions of well-being during postgraduate training}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.21.05.0233}, abstractNote={To describe veterinary house officers' perceptions of dimensions of well-being during postgraduate training and to identify potential areas for targeted intervention.303 house officers.A 62-item questionnaire was generated by use of an online platform and sent to house officers at participating institutions in October 2020. Responses were analyzed for trends and associations between selected variables.239 residents, 45 rotating interns, and 19 specialty interns responded to the survey. The majority of house officers felt that their training program negatively interfered with their exercise habits, diet, and social engagement. House officers reported engaging in exercise significantly less during times of clinical responsibility, averaging 1.6 exercise sessions/wk (SD ± 0.8) on clinical duty and 2.4 exercise sessions/wk (SD ± 0.9) when not on clinical duty (P < 0.001). Ninety-four percent of respondents reported experiencing some degree of anxiety regarding their physical health, and 95% of house officers reported feeling some degree of anxiety regarding their current financial situation. Overall, 47% reported that their work-life balance was unsustainable for > 1 year; there was no association between specialty and sustainability of work-life balance. Most house officers were satisfied with their current training program, level of clinical responsibility, and mentorship.Veterinary house officers demonstrated a poor balance between the demands of postgraduate training and maintenance of personal health. Thoughtful interventions are needed to support the well-being of veterinary house officers.}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={McPhetridge, Jourdan B. and Scharf, Valery F. and Dickson, Rachel and Thieman, Kelley M. and Oblak, Michelle L. and Regier, Penny J. and Skinner, Owen T. and Tinga, Selena and Townsend, Katy L. and Wallace, Mandy L. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={1369–1376} }
 @article{love_hedgpeth_robertson_marks_schoenfeld-tacher_2021, title={Assessment of Safety Culture at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in the United States}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/33791353}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.638764}, abstractNote={This study assessed the fidelity of an existing questionnaire regarding attitudes toward safety culture in an academic veterinary hospital setting and gathered baseline data on these attitudes in a local population. A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate perceptions held by veterinary teaching hospital employees. An established veterinary safety culture survey was modified and administered as a confidential online survey to faculty, house officers, and professional staff of a veterinary teaching hospital in the United States. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were conducted to compare the adapted survey to the established version. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize baseline safety culture. The adapted survey exhibited factor groupings that were mostly in agreement with, but slightly different from, the original instrument. In general, survey respondents outlined positive attitudes toward the various domains of safety culture, though we identified opportunities for improvement in some areas. An adapted veterinary safety culture survey can be applied to a veterinary teaching hospital in the United States to assess baseline data surrounding the culture of safety and to identify opportunities for focused improvement efforts.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Love, Lydia C. and Hedgpeth, Mari-Wells and Robertson, James B. and Marks, Steven L. and Schoenfeld-Tacher, Regina M.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{mccool_marks_hawkins_2021, title={Endoscopy Training in Small Animal Internal Medicine: A Survey of Residency Training Programs in North America}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2020-0165}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2020-0165}, abstractNote={Competency in multiple endoscopic techniques is a major goal of small animal internal medicine (SAIM) residency programs. Training relies predominantly on mentored supervision of procedures performed on patients. Supplementation of this apprenticeship model with classroom sessions and hands-on laboratories can be advantageous to trainees and patients. Few veterinary resources describe supplemental training options, and no single source exists for mentors to consult for program development. The purpose of this study was to describe the supplemental training opportunities currently available to SAIM residents at academic hospitals in the US and Canada and to compare their timing during the residency, resident and faculty time commitment, and perceived helpfulness. Data were collected by an electronic survey distributed to one faculty member per institution. The response rate was 80% (24/30). Most programs (22/24; 92%) offered some form of supplemental training, including classroom sessions (9/24) and hands-on laboratories using physical models (7/24), virtual reality simulators (2/24), and cadaver (2/24) and anesthetized (2/24) dogs. Fifteen programs provided residents with the opportunity to attend external endoscopy workshops. Only three programs required any training prior to residents performing procedures on patients. There was considerable variability in training between programs, precluding statistical comparisons. The survey identified topics for classroom sessions and several inexpensive physical models, rated very or extremely helpful, that would be suitable for programs with limited budgets. A human-based virtual reality simulator was also rated highly by two programs. Comprehensive, external workshops evoked numerous positive comments with perceived value ranging from somewhat to extremely helpful.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={McCool, Katherine E. and Marks, Steven L. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{adin_moga_keene_fogle_hopkinson_weyhrauch_marks_ruderman_rosoff_2019, title={Clinical ethics consultation in a tertiary care veterinary teaching hospital}, volume={254}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.254.1.52}, number={1}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Adin, Christopher A. and Moga, Jeannine L. and Keene, Bruce W. and Fogle, Callie A. and Hopkinson, Heather R. and Weyhrauch, Charity A. and Marks, Steven L. and Ruderman, Rachel J. and Rosoff, Philip M.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={52–60} }
 @misc{adin_fogle_marks_2018, title={Duty hours restriction for our surgical trainees: An ethical obligation or a bad idea?}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.12781}, abstractNote={To ensure patient safety and protect the well-being of interns and residents, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) issued guidelines in 2003 limiting the working hours of physician trainees. Although many supported the goals of the ACGME, institutions struggled to restructure their programs and hire staff required by this unfunded mandate. Numerous studies have analyzed the effects of duty hours restrictions on patient outcomes and physician training over the past 15 years. Most agree that duty hours restrictions improved well-being of house officers, but these improvements came at the expense of continuity, and patient hand-offs led to medical errors. Effects on resident training are program specific, with duty hours restrictions having the most deleterious effects on surgical disciplines. Because veterinary specialists assume a similar role in providing 24-hour patient care, interns and residents face work-related stress as a result of extended working hours, on-call duty, and an increasingly complex caseload. The North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital is staffed by approximately 100 house officers representing almost every veterinary specialty group. We surveyed departing house officers regarding their quality of life and training experience. Sixty-six percent of interns and residents reported that they do not have time to take care of personal needs, and 57%-62% felt neutral or dissatisfied with their mental and physical well-being. Most trainees believed that decreased duty hours would improve learning, but 42% believed that decreased caseload would be detrimental to training. Veterinary educators must consider post-DVM veterinary training guidelines that maintain patient care with a good learning environment for interns and residents.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Adin, Christopher A. and Fogle, Callie A. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={327–332} }
 @article{mclaughlin_marks_dorman_motsinger-reif_hanel_2017, title={Thromboelastographic monitoring of the effect of unfractionated heparin in healthy dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12526}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To characterize the correlation between thromboelastography (TEG) variables using strong activators and anti‐Xa (AXa) activity in healthy dogs administered subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UFH). Design Prospective experimental study. Setting University research facility. Animals Eight adult random‐source male dogs. Intervention Dogs were randomized to receive subcutaneous UFH at 200, 250, or 300 IU/kg every 8 hours for a total of 10 injections. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (preheparin) and 3, 6, and 8 hours after the 1st (Day 1) and 10th (Day 4) UFH injection. After the 8‐hour blood sample was obtained on day 4, a 100 IU/kg IV bolus of UFH was administered and an additional blood sample was collected 1 hour later (hour 9). AXa activity, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and TEG (with up to 5 activators) were performed at each time point. Modes of activation for TEG included recalcified (Ca), Ca with heparinase (CaH), CaH and tissue factor 1:3600 (CTF3600H), Ca with tissue factor 1:100 (CTF100), and RapidTEG. Spearman rank correlations were calculated for each of the aforementioned parameters and the AXa activity. P ‐values were corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni correction. Measurements and Main Results Significant correlations were found between AXa activity and the TEG R values generated with CTF100 (R = 0.83, P ≤ 0.0001) and RapidTEG (R = 0.90, P < 0.0001), as well as both forms of aPTT measurement (R = 0.86 and 0.84, P < 0.0001). Conclusions This study demonstrates that TEG variables derived using robust activation correlate with AXa activity as well as aPTT and have the potential to be used for monitoring UFH therapy in healthy dogs. Future studies are warranted to evaluate its diagnostic utility in critically ill animals.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={McLaughlin, Christopher M. and Marks, Steven L. and Dorman, David C. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison and Hanel, Rita M.}, year={2017}, pages={71–81} }
 @article{istvan_walker_hansen_hanel_marks_2015, title={Presumptive intraperitoneal envenomation resulting in hemoperitoneum and acute abdominal pain in a dog}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12341}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To describe the clinical features, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome of a dog with acute abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum secondary to a presumptive intraperitoneal (IP) snakebite. Case Summary A 10‐month‐old castrated male mixed‐breed dog was evaluated for suspected snake envenomation. The dog presented recumbent and tachycardic with signs of severe abdominal pain. Two cutaneous puncture wounds and hemoperitoneum were discovered during evaluation. Ultrasonographic examination revealed communication of the wounds with the peritoneal cavity. The dog was treated with supportive care, parenteral analgesia, packed red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusions, crotalid antivenom, and placement of an IP catheter to provide local analgesia. The dog recovered fully and was discharged 5 days after initial presentation. New or Unique Information Provided To our knowledge, this is the first report of IP envenomation accompanied by hemorrhage treated with continuous IP analgesia in the veterinary literature.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Istvan, Stephanie A. and Walker, Julie M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Hanel, Rita M. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2015}, pages={770–777} }
 @article{istvan_marks_murphy_dorman_2014, title={Evaluation of a point-of-care anticoagulant rodenticide test for dogs}, volume={24}, ISSN={1479-3261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vec.12140}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12140}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To evaluate a point‐of‐care anticoagulant rodenticide lateral flow analyzer for the detection of various rodenticide compounds. Design Prospective, laboratory study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals The study utilized a serum sample from one healthy canine donor. Samples were centrifuged and serum samples were aliquoted and either used within 4 hours or frozen at −70 ° C for further quantitative analysis. Interventions Samples were spiked with clinically relevant concentrations of 1 of 6 rodenticide compounds (warfarin, pindone, chlorphacinone, brodifacoum, bromethalin, and its metabolite desmethylbromethalin). Seventy‐five microliters of spiked serum (or unaltered serum) was introduced into the lateral flow test. Measurements and Main Results Three readers who were blinded to the sample preparation interpreted the lateral flow test as either positive or negative for the presence of anticoagulant rodenticide. All readers were in agreement for the results of each serum sample. The point‐of‐care test kit was able to detect a single anticoagulant rodenticide (warfarin) at concentrations below the manufacturer's recommended limit of detection, but was unable to detect any other anticoagulant rodenticide. Conclusions The results of this test and therapeutic interventions must be considered in light of history, physical examination, and other clinical data. Based on results from this study, the test kit only detects warfarin and not other more common second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticides.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Istvan, Stephanie A. and Marks, Steven L. and Murphy, Lisa A. and Dorman, David C.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={168–173} }
 @article{bucknoff_hanel_marks_motsinger-reif_suter_2014, title={Evaluation of thromboelastography for prediction of clinical bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs after total body irradiation and hematopoietic cell transplantation}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.5.425}, abstractNote={To determine whether thromboelastography is more accurate than conventional methods of evaluating hemostasis for the prediction of clinical bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs following total body irradiation (TBI) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT).10 client-owned thrombocytopenic dogs with multicentric lymphoma.Results of a kaolin-activated thromboelastography assay, platelet count, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were evaluated for correlation to clinical bleeding.Maximum amplitude, derived via thromboelastography, was the only hemostatic variable with significant correlation to clinical bleeding. Buccal mucosal bleeding time had a high sensitivity but poor specificity for identifying dogs with clinical bleeding.Compared with buccal mucosal bleeding time and platelet count, thromboelastography was more reliable at identifying thrombocytopenic dogs with a low risk of bleeding and could be considered to help guide the use of transfusion products in dogs undergoing TBI and BMT.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Bucknoff, Melissa C. and Hanel, Rita M. and Marks, Steven L. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Suter, Steven E.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={425–432} }
 @article{marino_lascelles_vaden_gruen_marks_2014, title={Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13511446}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x13511446}, abstractNote={Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and degenerative joint disease are both considered common in older cats. Information on the co-prevalence of these two diseases is lacking. This retrospective study was designed to determine the prevalence of CKD in two cohorts of cats: cats randomly selected from four evenly distributed age groups (RS group) and cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies (DJD group), and to evaluate the concurrence of CKD and DJD in these cohorts. The RS group was randomly selected from four age groups from 6 months to 20 years, and the DJD group comprised cats recruited to four previous DJD studies, with the DJD group excluding cats with a blood urea nitrogen and/or serum creatinine concentration >20% (the upper end of normal) for two studies and cats with CKD stages 3 and 4 for the other two studies. The prevalence of CKD in the RS and DJD groups was higher than expected at 50% and 68.8%, respectively. CKD was common in cats between 1 and 15 years of age, with a similar prevalence of CKD stages 1 and 2 across age groups in both the RS and DJD cats, respectively. We found significant concurrence between CKD and DJD in cats of all ages, indicating the need for increased screening for CKD when selecting DJD treatments. Additionally, this study offers the idea of a relationship and causal commonality between CKD and DJD owing to the striking concurrence across age groups and life stages.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, publisher={Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England}, author={Marino, Christina L. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={465–472} }
 @article{reeder_hawkins_cora_marks_grindem_2013, title={Effect of a Combined Aspiration and Core Biopsy Technique on Quality of Core Bone Marrow Specimens}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5822}, abstractNote={For cases requiring both a bone marrow aspirate and core biopsy, using the same needle and site (i.e., a combined technique) can decrease time, expense, and discomfort compared with the independent (direct) collection of each specimen. The benefits of the combined approach should not be achieved at the expense of specimen quality. In this study, core bone marrow samples obtained from the proximal humerus of 26 dogs by a combined technique immediately posteuthanasia were compared with core samples obtained directly from the opposite humerus. Both core samples from each dog were compared for relative overall quality. Biopsies were unsuccessful in four dogs using the combined technique and in one dog by the direct technique. Marrow length was shorter and hemorrhage artifact was more common using the combined technique. There were no differences in cellularity, megakaryocyte count, the myeloid/erythroid ratio (M/E ratio), iron stores, or diagnostic quality. Direct core biopsy remains the ideal technique; however, the degree of compromise was small in the samples obtained from the combined technique. For clinical patients, the advantages of the combined technique must continue to be weighed against potential loss of diagnostic sensitivity.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Reeder, Jason P. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Cora, Michelle C. and Marks, Steven L. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2013}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{palerme_brown_marks_birkenheuer_2013, title={Splenosystemic Shunts in Cats: A Retrospective of 33 Cases (2004-2011)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12188}, abstractNote={Portosystemic shunts are uncommonly reported in cats. The majority of reports describe congenital shunts in young cats originating from the left gastric vein. Although they are only rarely reported, acquired portosystemic shunts in cats appear to be more variable in their anatomic location.To describe the signalment and disease conditions found in cats with splenosystemic shunts.Thirty-three client-owned cats with documented splenosystemic shunts.Retrospective study. All cats with vascular communications between the splenic and left renal veins or the splenic vein and caudal vena cava diagnosed ultrasonographically between 2004 and 2011 were included. Collected data included age, breed, sex, presenting complaints, clinicopathologic data, as well as clinical diagnosis when available.Splenosystemic shunts were identified in 1.3% of the cats that had an abdominal ultrasound performed during the study period. Older, spayed female cats were found to be significantly overrepresented when compared with the total population of cats having undergone ultrasound over the same time period. A large proportion of cats (42%) had a hepatopathy with the potential for associated portal hypertension.Neither the signalment of cats in this report nor the anatomy of their portovascular anomalies shared similarities with those cats previously identified with single-vessel shunts. The relevance and etiology of these newly described splenosystemic shunts remain elusive and warrantsfurther investigation.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Palerme, J-S. and Brown, J. C. and Marks, S. L. and Birkenheuer, A. J.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1347–1353} }
 @article{gonzales_hanel_hansen_marks_2011, title={Effect of intravenous administration of dextrose on coagulation in healthy dogs}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.4.562}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To investigate effects of IV administration of dextrose on coagulation in healthy dogs. Animals —7 dogs. Procedures —Thromboelastography and coagulation panel analysis were used to assess coagulation. Samples (S1 through S9) were collected during the study phases: phase 0 (S1 [baseline]); phase 1 (S2 and S3), infusion of crystalloid fluid without dextrose; phase 2 (S4 and S5), high-rate dextrose infusion; phase 3 (S6, S7, and S8), moderate-rate dextrose infusion; and phase 4 (S9), discontinuation of fluids for 24 hours. In phase 3, dogs were allocated to 2 groups; 1 was administered dextrose at a rate comparable to total parental nutrition (40% of resting energy requirement; group A), and 1 was administered dextrose at rates equaling 70% to 90% of resting energy requirement (group B). Blood glucose concentration was measured every 2 hours. Results —No dogs had clinically relevant sustained hyperglycemia. Maximum amplitude and elastic shear modulus were significantly lower at S6 than at S1 through S4. Concentration of D-dimer was significantly higher at S6 than at S1, S3, and S4 and significantly higher at S5 than at S3. Prothrombin time was significantly prolonged at S3, S5, S7, S8, and S9, compared with the value at S1. Activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged at S5 and S6, compared with values at S1, S2, S3, S4, and S9. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —IV administration of dextrose to healthy dogs at rates comparable to or higher than those for conventional parenteral nutrition resulted in mild but clinically unimportant interference with coagulation.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Gonzales, Jennifer L. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Marks, Steve L.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={562–569} }
 @article{boyle_holowaychuk_adams_marks_2011, title={Treatment of Three Cats with Hyperviscosity Syndrome and Congestive Heart Failure Using Plasmapheresis}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5635}, abstractNote={Three cats were evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital for congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to hyperviscosity syndrome from plasma cell neoplasia. All cats had severe hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia. Multiple myeloma or plasma cell neoplasia was diagnosed based on cytopathology and post mortem examination. The cats presented with signs of CHF including acute collapse, tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, and pulmonary crackles. All cats had heart murmurs and echocardiographic signs consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An enlarged left atrium was found in all cats and two of three cats also had spontaneous echocardiographic contrast. Plasmapheresis (centrifugal plasma exchange) was performed on all three cats by the removal of whole blood and the infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution while the whole blood was centrifuged and separated. The RBCs were then washed before being readministered to the patient. Plasmapheresis alleviated the clinical signs of CHF (tachypnea) in all three cats. Plasmapheresis should be considered in cases of CHF secondary to hyperviscosity syndrome to rapidly alleviate clinical signs associated with heart failure while diagnosis of the underlying cause is made and appropriate therapy implemented.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Boyle, Tonya E. and Holowaychuk, Marie K. and Adams, Allison K. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2011}, pages={50–55} }
 @article{marks_hanel_2010, title={A new technique for emergency venous access}, journal={EZ-IO: Procedures Pro: Clinicians Breif}, author={Marks, S.L. and Hanel, R.}, year={2010}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vaden_turman_harris_marks_2010, title={The prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats in an ICU or recovering from anesthesia}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00584.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00584.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective – To evaluate the prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event. Design – Prospective clinical study over a 10‐week period in 2003. Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – One hundred and five dogs and 22 cats. Interventions – Urine was collected from dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event. When possible, a second urine sample was collected approximately 48 hours later from those animals that had albuminuria during the initial screening. Measurements and Main Results – All dog samples and most cat samples were screened for albumin using a commercial point‐of‐care immunoassay. Aliquots of samples that tested positive were stored at –20°C until subsequent albumin quantification via antigen capture ELISA. Albuminuria was detected in 63 of 105 (60.0%) dogs and in 14 of 22 (63.6%) cats; the prevalence was higher in animals admitted to ICU than in those recovering from anesthesia. In subsequent samples from 26 dogs, urine albumin decreased in 20 (76.9%) when compared with the first sample; urine albumin was undetectable in 5 (19.2%). In subsequent samples from 6 cats, 4 (66.7%) had decreases in urine albumin when compared with the first sample; 1 (16.7%) was negative for urine albumin. Eleven of 12 dogs (91.7%) and 3 of 4 cats (75%) that died within 3 days of admission to the ICU had abnormal urine albumin; whereas 52 of 93 (55.9%) and 11 of 18 (61.1%) dogs and cats, respectively, who survived more than 3 days had abnormal urine albumin. Dogs with albuminuria were at increased risk of death. Conclusions – The prevalence of albuminuria in animals admitted to the ICU or recovering from anesthesia is higher than reported previously and transient in some patients. The presence of albuminuria may be a negative prognostic indicator in this population.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Turman, Coral A. and Harris, Tonya L. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={479–487} }
 @article{wooten_blikslager_marks_law_graeber_lascelles_2009, title={Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with varied cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity on cyclooxygenase protein and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosa of dogs}, volume={70}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1243}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1243}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To assess in vivo effects of short-term administration of NSAIDs with varied cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selectivity on pyloric and duodenal mucosa. Animals —8 healthy dogs. Procedures —Each dog received deracoxib (2 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 3 days), firocoxib (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 3 days), meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 1 day followed by 0.1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 2 days), or placebo orally for 3 days; there was a 4-week interval between successive treatments. Prior to and on day 3 of drug administration, pyloric and duodenal mucosae were assessed endoscopically and biopsy specimens obtained for histologic examination. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 protein expressions were assessed (western blotting) and prostanoid concentrations measured (ELISAs). Data were analyzed by use of an ANOVA. Results —Drug administration did not significantly affect endoscopic mucosal scores, histologic scores, or COX-1 or -2 protein expression. The COX-1 protein expression was significantly higher in the pylorus than in the duodenum. Total prostaglandin and thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ) concentrations were significantly greater in pyloric than in duodenal mucosa. Drug administration had no effect on prostaglandin or TXB 2 concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Prostanoid concentrations in gastric and duodenal tissues, and gross and histologic appearances, were not significantly affected by drugs with varied COX-2 selectivity. These findings suggested that, for these experimental conditions, there were no differences among the preferential and selective COX-2 inhibitors with regard to adverse effects on the gastric and duodenal portions of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs.}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Wooten, Jenna G. and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Marks, Steve L. and Law, J. Mac and Graeber, Elizabeth C. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={1243–1249} }
 @article{holowaychuk_hansen_defrancesco_marks_2009, series={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings}, title={Ionized Hypocalcemia in Critically Ill Dogs}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0280.x}, abstractNote={Ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) is a common electrolyte disturbance in critically ill people, especially those with sepsis. The cause of the iHCa is not entirely understood and is likely multifactorial. Critically ill people with iHCa have longer hospital stays and higher mortality rates compared to people with normocalcemia. There are no published clinical studies evaluating the incidence and impact of iHCa in critically ill dogs.iHCa occurs in critically ill dogs, is more prevalent in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, and is associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality.One hundred and forty-one client-owned dogs admitted to a companion animal intensive care unit (ICU) in a veterinary teaching hospital.Prospective observational study of sequentially enrolled dogs. Blood was collected and analyzed within an hour of admission from all dogs presented to the ICU that met study inclusion criteria.The incidence of iHCa (iCa < 1.11 mmol/L) was 16%. The presence of iHCa was associated with longer ICU (P= .038) and hospital (P= .012) stays but not with decreased survival (P= .60). Dogs with sepsis as defined by >or=3 SIRS criteria and a positive culture were more likely to have iHCa (P= .050).In dogs not previously treated with fluids or blood products intravenously, the finding of iHCa upon admission to the ICU predicted a longer duration of ICU and hospital stay. Septic dogs with positive cultures were more likely to have iHCa.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Holowaychuk, M.K. and Hansen, B.D. and DeFrancesco, T.C. and Marks, S.L.}, year={2009}, pages={509–513}, collection={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings} }
 @article{wooten_blikslager_ryan_marks_law_lascelles_2008, title={Cyclooxygenase expression and prostanoid production in pyloric and duodenal mucosae in dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs}, volume={69}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.4.457}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.4.457}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To assess cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosae of dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Animals —8 healthy dogs. Procedures —Each dog received carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, q 24 h), deracoxib (2 mg/kg, q 24 h), aspirin (10 mg/kg, q 12 h), and placebo (1 dog treat, q 24 h) orally for 3 days (4-week interval between treatments). Before study commencement (baseline) and on day 3 of each treatment, pyloric and duodenal mucosal appearance was assessed endoscopically and biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic examination. Cyclooxygenase-1 and COX-2 protein expressions were assessed via western blotting, and prostanoid concentrations were measured via ELISAs. An ANOVA was used to analyze data. Results —Treatments had no effect on mucosal appearance and ulceration was not evident histologically. In pyloric and duodenal mucosae, COX-1 expression was unaffected by treatments. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression remained unchanged in pyloric mucosa; in duodenal mucosa, aspirin significantly increased COX-2 expression, compared with effects of deracoxib and carprofen. At baseline, total prostaglandin and thromboxane B 2 concentrations in pyloric mucosa were significantly greater than those in duodenal mucosa. Aspirin significantly decreased both prostanoid concentrations in both mucosal tissues, compared with other treatments. In pyloric mucosa, carprofen administration significantly decreased total prostaglandin and thromboxane B 2 concentrations, compared with deracoxib administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In dogs, prostanoid synthesis was greater in pyloric mucosa than it was in duodenal mucosa. Nonselective NSAIDs significantly decreased prostanoid concentrations in these mucosae, compared with the effects of a selective COX-2 NSAID.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Wooten, Jenna G. and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Ryan, Kathleen A. and Marks, Steve L. and Law, J. Mac and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={457–464} }
 @article{fitzwater_marks_hanel_2008, title={Thrombi in the trachea of a dog secondary to placement of a tracheotomy tube}, volume={233}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.233.5.758}, abstractNote={Abstract Case Description —A 7-year-old Spaniel-crossbreed dog was evaluated for stertorous breathing and inspiratory stridor. Clinical Findings —A temporary tracheotomy tube was placed prior to referral. Results of physical examination at our facility, including thoracic auscultation, were unremarkable. Examination of the larynx revealed a 2 × 2-cm nodular mass on the lateral aspect of the epiglottis and left arytenoid cartilage. Cytologic examination of the mass indicated septic suppurative inflammation and intracellular rod-shaped bacteria. During the procedures, decreased air movement through the temporary tracheotomy tube was detected, and the tube was replaced. A thrombus was found on the distal end of the temporary tracheotomy tube; the thrombus obstructed 90% of the tube lumen. Approximately 12 hours later, auscultation revealed decreased sounds in all lung fields. Cervical and thoracic radiography revealed an intraluminal soft tissue opacity distal to the tracheotomy tube. A thrombus that contained hair and plant material was removed from the trachea by use of an embolectomy catheter and videogastroscope. Approximately 30 hours after removal of the initial thrombus, the dog had an episode of respiratory distress. Cervical radiography revealed another intraluminal opacity. It was another thrombus, which also was removed by use of the videogastroscope. Treatment and Outcome —Tracheoscopy was performed with a videogastroscope in an attempt to remove the thrombi. A Fogarty catheter was used to remove the initial intraluminal thrombus from the trachea. Clinical Relevance —Airway obstruction resulting from an intraluminal thrombus in the trachea should be considered as a secondary complication after tracheotomy tube placement.}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Fitzwater, Kathryn L. and Marks, Steven L. and Hanel, Rita M.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={758–760} }
 @article{cunha_carter_grafinger_montgomery_marks_posner_burns_2007, title={Intrathecal morphine overdose in a dog}, volume={230}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.230.11.1665}, abstractNote={Abstract Case Description —A healthy 6-year-old 28.5-kg (62.7-lb) spayed female Boxer undergoing surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament was inadvertently administered an overdose of morphine (1.3 mg/kg [0.59 mg/lb]) via subarachnoid injection. Clinical Findings —50 minutes after administration of the overdose, mild multifocal myoclonic contractions became apparent at the level of the tail; the contractions migrated cranially and progressively increased in intensity and frequency during completion of the surgery. Treatment and Outcome —The myoclonic contractions were refractory to treatment with midazolam, naloxone, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital; only atracurium (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IV) was effective in controlling the movements. The dog developed hypertension, dysphoria, hyperthermia, and hypercapnia. The dog remained anesthetized and ventilated mechanically; treatments included continuous rate IV infusions of propofol (1 mg/kg/h [0.45 mg/lb/h]), diazepam (0.25 mg/kg/h [0.11 mg/lb/h]), atracurium (0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/h [0.045 to 0.14 mg/lb/h]), and naloxone (0.02 mg/kg/h [0.009 mg/lb/h]). Twenty-two hours after the overdose, the myoclonus was no longer present, and the dog was able to ventilate without mechanical assistance. The dog remained sedated until 60 hours after the overdose, at which time its mentation improved, including recognition of caregivers and response to voice commands. No neurologic abnormalities were detectable at discharge (approx 68 hours after the overdose) or at a recheck evaluation 1 week later. Clinical Relevance —Although intrathecal administration of an overdose of morphine can be associated with major and potentially fatal complications, it is possible that affected dogs can completely recover with immediate treatment and extensive supportive care.}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Cunha, Anderson F. and Carter, Jennifer E. and Grafinger, Michael and Montgomery, Heather and Marks, Steven L. and Posner, Lysa P. and Burns, Patrick}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1665–1668} }
 @inbook{marks_2007, title={Lung and airway disorders}, ISBN={9780911910223}, booktitle={Merck/Merial manual for pet health}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, NJ : Merck & Co}, author={Marks, S. L.}, year={2007} }
 @article{epstein_kuehn_landsberg_lascelles_marks_schaedler_tuzio_2005, title={AAHA Senior Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats}, volume={41}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0410081}, DOI={10.5326/0410081}, abstractNote={This paper provides a working framework for enhancing the well-being of senior pet dogs and cats. Approaches to screening the medical status of senior pets are described in detail, with particular emphasis on establishing baseline data in healthy animals, the testing of clinically ill animals, and assessing senior pets prior to anesthesia and surgery. The management of pain and distress and the application of hospice and palliative care are addressed. Advice on ways to approach euthanasia and dealing with end-of-life issues is also provided.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Epstein, Mark and Kuehn, Ned F. and Landsberg, Gary and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Marks, Steven L. and Schaedler, Jean M. and Tuzio, Helen}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={81–91} }
 @article{haldane_marks_2004, title={Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation: Emergency drugs and postresuscitative care}, volume={26}, number={10}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Haldane, S. and Marks, S.L.}, year={2004}, pages={791–799} }
 @article{haldane_marks_2004, title={Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation: Techniques}, volume={26}, number={10}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Haldane, S. and Marks, S.L.}, year={2004}, pages={780–790} }
 @article{haldane_roberts_marks_raffe_2004, title={Transfusion Medicine}, volume={26}, number={7}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Haldane, S. and Roberts, J. and Marks, S.L. and Raffe, M.}, year={2004}, pages={502–518} }
 @article{barthez_marks_woo_feldman_matteucci_1997, title={Pheochromocytoma in dogs: 61 cases (1984-1995)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00464.x}, abstractNote={This report presents the clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathologic findings in 61 dogs with pheochromocytoma by retrospective evaluation of medical records. Pheochromocytomas were diagnosed by histopathologic examination of tissue specimens in all dogs. Special stains (chromogranin A and synaptophysin) also were used to confirm the chromaffin cell origin of the tumors. Epidemiologic findings were in agreement with previous studies, indicating that pheochromocytomas affect middle‐aged to older dogs with no apparent gender or breed predilection. The tumor was considered clinical in 21 dogs (34%), was responsible for abnormalities related to a space‐occupying mass in 7 dogs (11%), and was an incidental finding in 35 dogs (57%). The hematologic and biochemical findings were nonspecific. Hypertension was detected in 10 of 23 (43%) dogs tested, but all hypertensive dogs had concurrent diseases that may have contributed to hypertension. Abdominal ultrasonography was the most commonly used imaging procedure, with a mass detected in the region of the adrenal glands in 20 of 40 (50%) dogs examined. In 4 of the 20 dogs (20%), invasion of the caudal vena cava was identified. Surgery was performed in 17 dogs (28%) with immediate death or euthanasia of 5 dogs. Survival after surgery ranged from 1 day to 3.25 years. Pheochromocytomas were locally invasive in 39% of affected dogs and produced metastases in 13% of the cases. Common sites for metastases included regional lymph nodes, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and bone. A high frequency of concurrent neoplasia (54%), including endocrine neoplasia, was identified.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Barthez, PY and Marks, SL and Woo, J and Feldman, EC and Matteucci, M}, year={1997}, pages={272–278} }