@article{pardue_2010, title={Food, energy, and the environment}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2009-00565}, abstractNote={During the 2009 annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association, a symposium entitled "Global Views of New Agriculture: Food, Energy, and the Environment" was held that focused on several major issues affecting agriculture. Issues included future funding for basic agricultural research, sustainability, bioenergy, and their effects on global food markets. In many ways, a subtitle for the symposium could have been "Agriculture-Why What We Do Matters." It matters because of the fiscal and physical realities the planet will face in the coming decades relative to human population growth and the increasing demands to feed a hungry world. The challenges are daunting and the technologies to address them will require us to reevaluate the structure and policies we have established relative to agricultural research. In this case, change is all the more difficult because the traditional model of agricultural research has been so successful. One only needs to note the remarkable increases in productivity of the past half century of commodities such as corn and soybeans or feed efficiencies among broilers, laying hens, and turkeys to recognize the significant advancements that have been achieved. However, these historic gains have frequently required increased inputs, most notably fossil fuels. Food production in the future will likely be confronted with concerns involving energy, water, climate change, and the threat of agroterrorism. For example, we will need to develop crops that are more drought-resistant and more tolerant to a wider range of salinities as access to fresh water becomes more problematic. Animal agriculture will also need to adapt to diets composed of atypical feedstuffs. Whether future generations will inherit a world described by Paul Roberts in his books The End of Oil and The End of Food will be in part determined by the research model we adopt in the near term.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pardue, S. L.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={797–802} }
 @article{mozdziak_wu_bradford_pardue_borwornpinyo_giamario_petitte_2006, title={Identification of the lacZ insertion site and beta-galactosidase expression in transgenic chickens}, volume={324}, ISSN={["1432-0878"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644623527&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00441-005-0060-9}, abstractNote={The quail:chick chimera system is a classical research model in developmental biology. An improvement over the quail:chick chimera system would be a line of transgenic chickens expressing a reporter gene. Transgenic chickens carrying lacZ and expressing bacterial beta-galactosidase have been generated, but complete characterization of the insertion event and characterization of beta-galactosidase expression have not previously been available. The genomic sequences flanking the retroviral insertion site have now been identified by using inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR), homozygous individuals have been identified by using PCR-based genotyping, and beta-galactosidase expression has been evaluated by using Western analysis and histochemistry. Based upon the current draft of the chicken genome, the viral insertion carrying the lacZ gene has been located on chromosome 11 within the predicted gene for neurotactin/fractalkine (CX3CL1); neurotactin mRNA expression appears to be missing from the brain of homozygous individuals. When Generation 2 (G2) lacZ-positive individuals were inter-mated, they generated 361 G3 progeny; 82 were homozyous for lacZ (22.7%), 97 were wild-type non-transgenic (26.9%), and 182 (50.4%) were hemizygous for lacZ. Western analysis revealed the highest expression in the muscle and liver. With the identification of homozygous birds, the line of chickens is now designated NCSU-Blue1.}, number={1}, journal={CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH}, author={Mozdziak, PE and Wu, Q and Bradford, JM and Pardue, SL and Borwornpinyo, S and Giamario, C and Petitte, JN}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={41–53} }
 @article{mozdziak_wysocki_angerman-stewart_pardue_petitte_2006, title={Production of chick germline chimeras from fluorescence-activated cell-sorted gonocytes}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17012166}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.10.1764}, abstractNote={Modification of the chicken germline has been difficult, because it has been challenging to fractionate sufficient numbers of primordial germ cells for manipulation and implantation into developing embryos. A technique to enrich cell suspensions for primordial germ cells, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), has recently been developed. The objective of the current study was to demonstrate that the FACS-enriched early embryonic gonocytes could fully participate in development of the germline. Therefore, cells were disassociated from stage 27 gonads, incubated with mouse anti-stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, which was detected with goat-antimouse IgM-fluorescein isothiocyanate, and the fluorescently labeled cells were sorted from the unlabeled cells using FACS. The isolated gonocyte population was injected into the blastoderm of unincubated stage X embryos, the germinal crescent of 3-d embryos, and into the circulation of stage 17 embryos that were pretreated with busulfan. Barred Plymouth Rock gonocytes were implanted exclusively into recipient White Leghorn embryos, and White Leghorn gonocytes were implanted exclusively into Barred Plymouth Rock recipient embryos. Embryos were cultured until hatch, and male putative chimeras were reared to sexual maturity. Germline chimerism was evaluated by observing feather color of the progeny. All injection methods resulted in germline chimeras demonstrating that FACS-sorted gonocytes can fully participate in development. Moreover, it was demonstrated that gonocytes isolated from stage 27 embryonic gonads can be introduced into embryos at an earlier stage of development, and the introduced gonocytes can fully participate in germline development.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Mozdziak, P. E. and Wysocki, R. and Angerman-Stewart, J. and Pardue, S. L. and Petitte, J. N.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={1764–1768} }
 @article{mozdziak_angerman-stewart_rushton_pardue_petitte_2005, title={Isolation of chicken primordial germ cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18944382538&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.4.594}, abstractNote={Presently, it is difficult to undertake germ line modification of the chicken with primordial germ cells (PGC) because it has been difficult to efficiently fractionate the PGC from the total somatic cell population. The objective of this study was to develop a method that allows isolation of an enriched population of viable PGC from embryonic blood and embryonic gonadal tissue. Blood was harvested from early chick embryos (stages 13 to 15), and cells were liberated from the gonads of stage 27 chick embryos. Subsequently, viable PGC were labeled with anti-stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), which was detected with goat-anti-mouse IgM-fluorescein isothiocyanate. Fluorescently labeled cells were sorted from the unlabeled cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the identities of the PGC were confirmed using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining or anti-embryonic mouse antigen-1 (EMA-1) staining followed by microscopic evaluation. Finally, PGC were sorted from somatic cells of sex-identified embryos. Less than 0.1% of the blood cell population was collected as SSEA-1-positive cells. Similarly, approximately 2% of the gonadal cell population were collected as SSEA-1-positive cells. Therefore, fewer (-1,000 to 9,000) PGC were recovered from each isolate. Placing the sorted SSEA-1-positive cells on a glass slide from a microcentrifuge tube resulted in a recovery rate of 53 to 73% relative to the number detected by FACS. Furthermore, the proportions of sorted cells that stained with PAS or anti-EMA-1 following sorting were 92+/-4% PAS positive and 94+/-1% anti-EMA-1 positive. Finally, the sorted SSEA-1-positive cells were maintained in vitro to demonstrate their viability after sorting. It was demonstrated that it is possible to label blood and gonadal chicken PGC with SSEA-1 and subsequently to sort viable SSEA-1-positive PGC from somatic cells.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Mozdziak, PE and Angerman-Stewart, J and Rushton, B and Pardue, SL and Petitte, JN}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={594–600} }
 @article{song_s d'costa_pardue_petitte_2005, title={Production of germline chimeric chickens following the administration of a busulfan emulsion}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1098-2795"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/15685638}, DOI={10.1002/mrd.20218}, abstractNote={Busulfan (1,4‐butanediol dimethanesulfonate) was used to deplete endogenous germ cells for the enhanced production of chicken germline chimeras. Utilizing immunohistochemical identification of primordial gem cells (PGCs) in Stage 27 chicken embryos, two delivery formulations were compared relative to the degree of endogenous PGC depletion, a busulfan suspension (BS) and a solublized busulfan emulsion (SBE). Both busulfan treatments resulted in a significant reduction in PGCs when compared to controls. However, the SBE resulted in a more consistent and extensive depletion of PGCs than that observed with the BS treatment. Repopulation of SBE‐treated embryos with exogenous PGCs resulted in a threefold increase of PGCs in Stage 27 embryos. Subsequently, germline chimeras were produced by the transfer of male gonadal PGCs from Barred Plymouth Rock embryos into untreated and SBE‐treated White Leghorn embryos. Progeny testing of the presumptive chimeras with adult Barred Plymouth Rock chickens was performed to evaluate the efficiency of germline chimera production. The frequency of germline chimerism in SBE‐treated recipients increased fivefold when compared to untreated recipients. The number of donor‐derived offspring from the germline chimeras also increased eightfold following SBE‐treatment of the recipient embryos. These results demonstrated that the administration of a busulfan emulsion into the egg yolk of unincubated eggs improved the depletion of endogenous PGCs in the embryo and enhanced the efficiency of germline chimera production. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 438–444, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Song, YH and S D'Costa and Pardue, SL and Petitte, JN}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={438–444} }
 @article{pion_heugten_see_larick_pardue_2004, title={Effects of vitamin C supplementation on plasma ascorbic acid and oxalate concentrations and meat quality in swine}, volume={82}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3142649749&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/2004.8272004x}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C supplementation 48 h before slaughter on plasma ascorbic acid and oxalate concentrations and its effect on pork quality. In Exp. 1, 16 pigs (87.8+/-2.13 kg BW) were blocked by sex and weight and assigned randomly within block to one of three vitamin C treatments: 1) control; 2) 1,000 mg/L; or 3) 2,000 mg/L supplemented in the drinking water for a 48-h period. This was then followed by an additional 48-h period without supplemental vitamin C. Vitamin C increased plasma ascorbic acid concentrations (11.6, 19.5, and 23.4 microg/mL for 0, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L of vitamin C; P < 0.05) within 6 h of supplementation. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations from treated pigs decreased and did not differ from those of control pigs (13.7, 18.2, and 18.6 microg/mL for 0, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L of vitamin C; P = 0.30) within 2 h of ending supplementation. No differences in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were found between the two levels of supplementation. Vitamin C did not affect plasma oxalate or cortisol; however, cortisol tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.077) with vitamin C after 96 h. In Exp. 2, 30 pigs (107.5+/-0.54 kg BW) were blocked by sex and weight and assigned randomly within block to one of three vitamin C treatments: 1) control; 2) 500 mg/L; or 3) 1,000 mg/L supplemented in the drinking water 48 h before slaughter. Pigs were slaughtered 4 to 5 h after vitamin C supplementation ended, and loin samples were collected for meat quality measurements. At the time of slaughter, no differences in plasma ascorbic acid or cortisol were observed, but oxalate tended (P = 0.074) to increase quadratically with increasing vitamin C. Muscle ascorbic acid at slaughter and lactic acid in muscle at 0 and 1.5 h after slaughter were not different; however, lactic acid increased (P = 0.048) quadratically at 24 h after slaughter. Vitamin C did not affect initial or ultimate pH. Initial fluid loss (P = 0.041), and fluid loss on d 4 (P = 0.014) and 8 (P = 0.076) of simulated retail display; L* on d 0 (P = 0.038), 4 (P = 0.010), and 8 (P = 0.051); a* on d 0 (P = 0.021); and b* on d 0 (P = 0.006), 4 (P = 0.035), and 8 (P = 0.017) were negatively affected in a quadratic manner when vitamin C was supplemented. Vitamin C tended (P = 0.086) to increase oxidation in chops on d 0, but not d 4 or 8. Results indicate that on-farm supplementation of vitamin C was generally not effective in improving pork quality, which may be related to timing relative to slaughter.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Pion, S. J. and Heugten, Eric and See, M. T. and Larick, D. K. and Pardue, S.}, year={2004}, pages={2004–2012} }
 @misc{pardue_petitte_d'costa_song_2004, title={Methods for gamete production in birds}, volume={6,691,638}, number={2004 Feb. 17}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Pardue, S. and Petitte, J. and D'Costa, S. and Song, Y.-H.}, year={2004} }
 @misc{s d'costa_pardue_petitte_2001, title={Comparative development of avian primordial germ cells and production of germ line chimeras}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1470-2061"]}, DOI={10.3184/147020601783698477}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN AND POULTRY BIOLOGY REVIEWS}, author={S D'Costa and Pardue, SL and Petitte, JN}, year={2001}, pages={151–168} }
 @article{pardue_2001, title={The virtual revolution: Implications for academe}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.5.553}, abstractNote={The global expansion and acceptance of the Internet as been unprecedented. The emergence of the potential for distance learning (DL) has altered the way in which faculty, university administrators, and for-profit corporations view the educational process. In 1998, nearly 80% of public 4-yr institutions offered some DL courses. However, DL courses in agriculture and natural resources represented less than 1% of the total enrollment. Like any technology that ushers in a new era of change, DL has attracted enthusiastic supporters and detractors. Few view DL with neutrality. It is this divergence of opinion that has fueled the debate over the academic value of DL. A valid evaluation of the educational benefits or deficiencies of DL may require additional long-term studies. For some academic traditionalists, DL is viewed as the fusion of education and commerce and borders on the repugnant. Others embrace DL not only because it may provide a source of much needed revenue, but also because it allows for the low-cost delivery of information to a nontraditional pool of students. Well-funded, private, for-profit organizations and universities have developed a number of DL models. Some hybrid DL models exist in which public institutions have created independent for-profit corporations to develop and distribute their web-based courses. The question is not if DL will be a part of the educational landscape; it surely will. The challenge is to define the role DL can most effectively fulfill.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pardue, SL}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={553–561} }
 @misc{pardue_petitte_d'costa_2000, title={Methods for gamete production in birds}, volume={6,354,242}, number={2000 Mar 23}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Pardue, S. L. and Petitte, J. N. and D'Costa, S.}, year={2000} }
 @article{pardue_luginbuhl_1998, title={Improvement of poult performance following Bordetella avium challenge by administration of a novel oxy-halogen formulation}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592586}, abstractNote={The ability of a novel oxy-halogen formulation (OHF) to alter the development of bordetellosis (turkey coryza) in large white turkey poults was assessed. Bordetella avium (BA)-infected (1-day-of-age) and noninfected control poults received 0, 0.008%, or 0.016% of an OHF continuously in the drinking water. At 4, 7, 10, 14, and 17 days of age, reisolation of BA from infected poults was attempted. Infected poults receiving 0.016% OHF exhibited significantly lower cumulative BA reisolation rates (90%) when compared with infected poults receiving 0 (96.7%) or 0.008% OHF (100%). At 7, 14, and 17 days of age, infected poults in the OHF-treated groups were significantly heavier than those BA-challenged poults receiving control water. Feed utilization was significantly improved from hatch to 7 days of age in BA-infected poults receiving OHF when compared with infected poults receiving control water. Clinical symptoms were severe only in untreated, infected poults and were mild or absent in all others. Damage to the tracheal epithelium, as measured by scanning electron microscopy, paralleled the clinical signs. Tracheal epithelial damage was virtually eliminated by OHF administration in infected poults. These results suggest that OHF treatment ameliorates many of the symptoms frequently associated with bordetellosis in young turkeys.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Pardue, SL and Luginbuhl, GH}, year={1998}, pages={140–145} }
 @article{brake_pardue_1998, title={Providing credentials to our graduates}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.2.208}, abstractNote={Provision of meaningful professional credentials to Poultry Science graduates requires the sharing of expertise among a number of departments. Increased access to specialized poultry courses will assist in assuring that all graduates have excellent technical credentials. Greater access could be brought about through distance learning materials developed on a regional basis. Professional credentials will protect the marketability of our graduates in a changing industry and provide them a starting point for continued professional development. All departments, large and small, can claim an essential niche in the instruction and examination process. Another benefit is that to maintain their professional status, graduates would periodically participate in seminars and short courses and be encouraged to maintain active memberships in associations such as the Poultry Science Association.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Pardue, SL}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={208–210} }
 @article{pardue_1997, title={Educational opportunities and challenges in poultry science: Impact of resource allocation and industry needs}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.7.938}, abstractNote={Because the number of Poultry Science departments in the U.S. has declined dramatically, and because scientist years and research funding for poultry, relative to other commodities, have also declined, a survey of poultry meat companies was conducted. Objectives of the survey were: to evaluate corporate concern over the status of Poultry Science departments, to categorize hiring patterns, to determine expectations for prerequisite skills of graduates, and to ascertain attitudes toward hiring of Associate-degreed students (A.S.). A two-page survey was distributed to corporate Vice Presidents or Directors of Human Resources of the 17 largest broiler and 10 largest turkey companies. When asked to gauge the difficulty they encountered in locating adequate numbers of Poultry Science graduates, 83% noted at least some difficulty. All respondents indicated concern over the loss of poultry programs in the U.S. and 44% noted "extreme" concern. There appears to be little resistance to hiring 2-yr A.S. degree graduates in Poultry Science. The relative scarcity of these programs is demonstrated by the fact that only one-third of the respondents had ever hired A.S. degree graduates. However, greater than 80% of the firms indicated they would hire these students. Finally, communication and business skills were more highly rated by human resources management than technical ability in Poultry Science. Given these results, academic programs must: develop curricula that reflect market-place expectations, enhance the efficiency of resource utilization, embrace new technologies that provide novel methods for information delivery, and reassess cooperative linkages among industrial and governmental organizations.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pardue, SL}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={938–943} }
 @article{pardue_jones_1993, title={INFLUENCE OF A NOVEL OXY-HALOGEN COMPOUND ON EARLY GROWTH AND NITROGEN-RETENTION OF BROILER-CHICKENS CHALLENGED WITH SALMONELLA}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0720259}, abstractNote={The potential of a novel oxy-halogen compound (OHC) to alter early growth and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella was evaluated. Three hundred and twenty female broiler chicks (Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres) were weighed and distributed randomly within a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Main effects examined were the presence or absence of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) inoculation and OHC treatment. At hatching, 80 chicks were placed in electrically heated brooder batteries in each of four identical isolation rooms. Chicks designated to receive 100 microL of an oral inoculum containing 10(5) ST cfu at 3 days of age were in two of the rooms, and uninoculated chicks were raised in the other two rooms. Four replicates of 10 chicks each received drinking water containing either 0, .05, .1, or .5% OHC for each level of ST. Chicks administered .05% OHC exhibited enhanced (P < or = .01) growth at 7 and 14 days of age when compared with control values. A significant OHC by ST interaction was observed at 7 (P < or = .0001) and 14 (P < or = .03) days of age. Feed utilization was improved (P < or = .01) by OHC administration (.05 and .1%) from hatching to 7 days of age. The administration of OHC reduced (P < or = .01) nitrogen excretion and enhanced (P < or = .01) nitrogen retention by chicks at Day 7. Cecal ST log10 counts at 7 days of age for chicks given water containing 0, .05, or .1% OHC were 4.72, 3.93, and 3.74, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={PARDUE, SL and JONES, FT}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={259–266} }
 @article{pardue_brake_seib_wang_1993, title={Relative bio-availability of L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate in broiler chickens}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0721330}, abstractNote={Broiler chick diets and drinking water were supplemented with two sources of vitamin C: crystalline L-ascorbic acid (AsA) or L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) to provide 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 ppm (mg/kg) AsA. The bioavailability of APP relative to AsA, as estimated by the change in plasma AsA concentration, was evaluated during 24-h periods of supplementation. When provided in the feed, no differences in dietary AsA content were attributed to vitamin source. In contrast, APP administration at 25 and 50 ppm, resulted in higher (P < .001) AsA values in drinking water when compared with AsA supplementation. Plasma AsA values were elevated (P < .05) above baseline when either AsA or APP were supplemented in the feed or water at a level of 400 ppm or greater. Plasma AsA concentrations, following supplementation of the diets, were higher (P < .05) in AsA-treated (800 ppm) chicks when compared with APP-supplemented chicks. During water supplementation, AsA (800 ppm) and APP (3,200 ppm) administration resulted in higher plasma AsA values when compared with their alternate vitamin source. At all other levels of water supplementation, no differences in plasma AsA were associated with vitamin source. The absence of a consistent difference in plasma AsA, relative to vitamin source, suggests that the isolated differences observed may be due to chance. It was concluded that APP was of similar bioavailability to that of AsA, as estimated by the ability to elevate plasma AsA concentrations in broiler chicks.}, number={7}, journal={Poult. Sci}, author={Pardue, S.L. and Brake, J. and Seib, P.A. and Wang, X.Y.}, year={1993}, pages={1330–1338} }