@article{gregory_livingston_hawkins_loyola_cave_vaden_deresienski_breen_riofrio-lazo_lewbart_et al._2023, title={Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/JWD-D-22-00119}, abstractNote={The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Livingston, Isabella and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Loyola, Andrea and Cave, Ashley and Vaden, Shelly L. and Deresienski, Diane and Breen, Matthew and Riofrio-Lazo, Marjorie and Lewbart, Gregory A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={487–494} }
 @article{vlaming_mathews_hash_keenihan_sommer_borst_vaden_2022, title={Creation of a Continent Urinary Bladder Reservoir Vascularized by Omentum as a Possible Surgical Option for Canine Trigonal/Urethral Urothelial Carcinoma}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1521-0553"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941939.2020.1864797}, abstractNote={Surgical procedures that maintain continence with minimal complication following resection of trigono-urethral urothelial carcinoma (UC) are limited in canines; therefore, palliative options are often pursued. A feasible tumor resection option may improve disease control and survival. The study’s objective was to evaluate a continent urine reservoir created from the urinary bladder body and vascularized solely by omentum. We hypothesized that a viable urine reservoir could be created, and staged omentalization would provide improved vascularity. Nine normal female Beagles were randomized to one of three groups. Group A urinary bladders were transected cranial to the ureteral papillae to create a closed bladder vesicle which was concomitantly omentalized. Group B underwent omentalization two weeks prior to vesicle creation. Based on Group A and B results, Group C underwent neoureterocystostomy and omentalization followed by neoreservoir formation and tube cystostomy 2 weeks later. Serial ultrasounds and histopathology confirmed adequate omental neovascularization in Groups B and C with continent Group C neoreservoirs maintained for 2 months. Some pylectasia and ureteral dilation was documented in all Group C dogs at variable timepoints. Progressive hydroureteronephrosis developed in 2/6 kidneys. Transient azotemia was noted in only 1 Group C dog, although all developed treatable urinary tract infections. The sample size is limited, and the efficacy of this technique in providing disease control for UC is unknown. However, this novel option could allow for primary UC resection while providing continence and limiting complications. Postoperative local or systemic adjuvant therapy, ultrasonographic neoreservoir monitoring, and BRAF analysis would be indicated.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE SURGERY}, author={Vlaming, Annemarieke and Mathews, Kyle G. and Hash, Jonathan A. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Sommer, Samantha and Borst, Luke and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={481–495} }
 @article{walker_yustyniuk_shamoun_jacob_correa_vaden_borst_2022, title={Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5-year retrospective study}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16445}, abstractNote={Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., which are frequently coisolated in polymicrobial UTI, cause morbidity among dogs and warrant antimicrobial therapy.To evaluate clinical features of dogs with polymicrobial E. coli and Enterococcal UTI.Forty-four client-owned dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria and groups of 100 client-owned dogs with E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial bacteriuria.Retrospective cohort study of medical records of dogs at a university teaching hospital from 2014 to 2019. Prevalence of recurrent UTI and isolate antimicrobial resistance were determined. Clinical outcomes of dogs with recurrent UTI from groups including cost and hospital visits were compared.Recurrent UTI was more prevalent (P = .05) in dogs with polymicrobial bacteriuria (57%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 42%-70%) compared to the Enterococcal monomicrobial group (40%, 95% CI: 31%-50%). Escherichia coli from polymicrobial bacteriuria were more frequently resistant to doxycycline (P < .01, 43%, 95% CI: 29%-58%) and gentamicin (P = .03, 17%, 95% CI: 9%-31%) compared to E. coli from monomicrobial bacteriuria (17% and 5%, 95% CI: 11%-26% and 2%-11% for doxycycline and gentamicin, respectively). Dogs with recurrent UTI from the polymicrobial UTI group had significantly (P = .05) more hospital visits (mean = 6 visits, 95% CI: 1.7-9.8) compared to recurrent monomicrobial UTI dogs (mean = 4 and 3 visits, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.4 and -0.7 to 7.7 for E. coli and Enterococcal monomicrobial UTI, respectively).Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. polymicrobial UTI had more frequent adverse clinical outcomes for dogs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Yustyniuk, Valeriia and Shamoun, John and Jacob, Megan E. and Correa, Maria and Vaden, Shelly L. and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{ames_vaden_atkins_palerme_langston_grauer_shropshire_bove_webb_2022, title={Prevalence of aldosterone breakthrough in dogs receiving renin-angiotensin system inhibitors for proteinuric chronic kidney disease}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16573}, abstractNote={The influence of aldosterone breakthrough (ABT) on proteinuria reduction during renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition for spontaneous proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKDP ) has not been determined in dogs.Determine whether ABT occurs in dogs with CKDP and if it is associated with decreased efficacy in proteinuria reduction during RAS inhibitor treatment.Fifty-six client-owned dogs with CKDP and 31 healthy client-owned dogs.Prospective, multicenter, open-label clinical trial. Dogs were treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker alone or in combination at the attending clinician's discretion and evaluated at 5 time points over 6 months. Healthy dogs were used to determine the urine aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio cutoff that defined ABT. The relationship of ABT (present at ≥50% of visits) and proteinuria outcome (≥50% reduction in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio from baseline at ≥50% of subsequent visits) was evaluated. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between clinical variables and outcomes (either successful proteinuria reduction or ABT).Thirty-six percent (20/56) of dogs had successful proteinuria reduction. Between 34% and 59% of dogs had ABT, depending on the definition used. Aldosterone breakthrough was not associated with proteinuria outcome. Longer duration in the study was associated with greater likelihood of successful proteinuria reduction (P = .002; odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.2).Aldosterone breakthrough was common in dogs receiving RAS inhibitors for CKDp but was not associated with proteinuria outcome.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Ames, Marisa K. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Palerme, Jean-Sebastien and Langston, Catherine E. and Grauer, Gregory F. and Shropshire, Sarah and Bove, Christina and Webb, Tracy}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{appleby_vaden_monteith_seiler_2022, title={Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13184}, abstractNote={Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health condition in cats that can lead to poor quality of life and financial implications for therapy. Currently staging and identification of CKD is limited by diagnostic testing such as creatinine and urine-specific gravity, which do not change until late in the disease course. Other methods to evaluate CKD would be valuable in the clinical setting. Shear wave elastography is one novel ultrasound method, which has shown promise in identifying increases in tissue stiffness and identifying CKD in people. As CKD is often histologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, shear wave elastography has the potential to identify CKD and differentiate between stages of CKD in cats. This prospective observational case-control study with 78 cats found no difference in shear wave velocities between groups (P = 0.33), a contradictory finding to one prior publication. There was no effect of weight (P = 0.65), nor the presence of mineralization (P = 0.31) or infarction (P = 0.52) on cortical shear wave velocities. There was a significant effect of age on shear wave velocity (P = 0.018) where velocities increased with age. The intraclass correlation coefficient was only moderate (0.62). Possible reasons for the difference in results between our work and that published prior, include differences in methodology and differences in instrumentation. Variability in measurements in our population may be due to the effects of respiratory motion or limitations in shear wave elastography software. As such, shear wave elastography is not currently recommended as a tool to evaluate CKD in cats and further work is necessary.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Appleby, Ryan B. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Monteith, Gabrielle and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vaden_mathews_yoo_williams_harris_secoura_robertson_gleason_reynolds_piedrahita_2022, title={The use of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells for adjunctive treatment of presumptive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16505}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16505}, abstractNote={Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is a common problem in female dogs, but some dogs fail to achieve continence with standard treatment. Urethral submucosal injection of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells (skMPCs) previously has been shown to restore urethral function in a canine model of USMI.To determine if urethral submucosal injection of skMPC alters continence in dogs with USMI that had previously failed standard medical management. We hypothesized that the injections would lead to improved continence.Fifteen client-owned dogs with USMI that had failed standard medical management.Dogs were prospectively enrolled into a single-armed clinical trial. Once enrolled, a triceps muscle of each dog was biopsied; the tissue specimens were digested, cultured, and expanded to 100 million cells before injection into the urethral submucosa using a surgical approach. Continence was assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injection using continence scores and urethral pressure profilometry.Median continence scores increased significantly from baseline at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Increases were seen in 14 of 15 dogs with 7, 6 or 1 dog achieving scores of 5, 4 or 3, respectively. Additional medication was required to achieve continence in all but 2 dogs.Urethral submucosal injection of skMPC can be used adjunctively to improve continence in dogs with difficult to manage USMI. The procedure is labor intensive but well tolerated; most dogs will require continued medication to remain continent.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Yoo, James and Williams, James Koudy and Harris, Tonya and Secoura, Patty and Robertson, James and Gleason, Katherine L. and Reynolds, Hannah and Piedrahita, Jorge}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{perry_lynch_caudill_vigani_roberston_vaden_2021, title={Clinical features, outcome, and illness severity scoring in 32 dogs with urosepsis (2017-2018)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13158}, abstractNote={To describe the clinical features, outcome, and utility of illness severity scoring in dogs diagnosed with urosepsis.Retrospective study (2017-2018).University teaching hospital.Thirty-two dogs diagnosed with urosepsis secondary to pyometra, prostatitis, or pyelonephritis. None.Urosepsis was identified in 32 dogs, consisting of 9 of 32 (28.1%) with pyometra, 7 of 32 (21.8%) with prostatitis, and 16 of 32 (50%) with pyelonephritis. In total, 28 (87.5%) dogs survived to discharge, with the following group-specific survival rates: pyometra, 9 of 9 (100%); prostatitis, 5 of 7 (71.4%); and pyelonephritis, 14 of 16 (87.5%). Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in 27 of 32 (84.1%) dogs. The most commonly implicated pathogens were Escherichia coli (14/37 [37.8%]), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8/37 [21.6%]), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (6/37 [16.2%]). Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was identified in 21 of 32 dogs (65.6%). Although the presence of MODS was not different between survivors and nonsurvivors (P = 0.6), nonsurvivors had more dysfunctional organs (P = 0.04). Nonsurvivors also had higher Acute Patient Physiology and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLEFAST ) scores compared to survivors (P = 0.01).Survival of dogs with urosepsis was good and may be higher than for other sources of sepsis. Compared to survivors, nonsurvivors had more dysfunctional organs and higher illness severity scores, which may be helpful in the assessment and management of dogs with urosepsis.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Perry, Kayla M. and Lynch, Alex M. and Caudill, Alexander and Vigani, Alessio and Roberston, James B. and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gremillion_cohen_vaden_seiler_2021, title={Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13000}, abstractNote={Ureteral jets are visualized with ultrasound as echogenic streams extending from the ureterovesicular junction into the urinary bladder. In clinical practice, diuretics are sometimes administered to increase visibility of ureteral jets, however this has not been well described in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this prospective, crossover study was to describe the normal morphology of canine ureteral jets, determine an optimal protocol for diuretic administration to increase visibility of ureteral jets, and confirm in vitro the effect that differences in specific gravity and velocity have on visibility. Ultrasound of 10 normal dogs was performed at baseline and following 1 mg/kg furosemide administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Increased numbers of ureteral jets were seen post-furosemide administration compared to baseline, with an overall increased number of ureteral jets identified following intravenous administration when compared to subcutaneous administration. Time to first ureteral jet was significantly shorter with intravenous compared to subcutaneous administration. Urine specific gravity significantly decreased following furosemide administration. For the in vitro study, saline solutions of varying specific gravities were infused into a bath of hypertonic saline with specific gravity of 1.037. There was good visibility in vitro with infusion of solutions of specific gravities of 1.010-1.025. Infusion of saline solution with a specific gravity of 1.030 had reduced visibility, while infusion of saline with equivalent specific gravity (1.037) was not visible with B-mode ultrasonography. Both intravenous and subcutaneous furosemide administration significantly increase ureteral jet detection with ultrasound secondary to differences in specific gravity, confirming results of prior studies.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Gremillion, Christine and Cohen, Eli B. and Vaden, Shelly and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lindaberry_vaden_aicher_seiler_robertson_cianciolo_yang_gookin_2021, title={Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16051}, abstractNote={Background Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in dogs. An association between proteinuria and gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown. Objective Determine if gallbladder mucocele formation or clinicopathologic comorbidities are associated with proteinuria. Animals Twenty-five dogs with mucocele formation and 25 breed and age-matched control dogs from a prior study. Methods Retrospective case control study. Proteinuria defined by calculated urine dipstick protein concentration (mg/mL) to urine specific gravity (USG) ratio. Clinicopathologic findings, postcosyntropin cortisol concentration, thyroid function profile, and illness severity score were recorded. Results Median urine dipstick protein concentration to USG ratio and number of dogs having a ratio ≥1.5 were significantly higher for dogs with mucocele formation compared to control dogs. Proteinuria was not significantly associated with CBC or serum biochemistry profile abnormalities but increased in relation to severity of illness. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gallbladder mucocele formation is significantly associated with proteinuria in dogs. Diagnosis and treatment of proteinuria in dogs with mucocele formation might minimize long term kidney morbidity in these patients.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lindaberry, Crystal and Vaden, Shelly and Aicher, Kathleen M. and Seiler, Gabriela and Robertson, James and Cianciolo, Rachel and Yang, Ching and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={878–886} }
 @article{vasquez_kendall_musulin_vaden_2021, title={Three-dimensional bladder ultrasound to measure daily urinary bladder volume in hospitalized dogs}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16232}, abstractNote={Background Urinary bladder volume (UBV) and urine residual volume (URV) provide important information for hospitalized dogs and might allow recognition of urine retention. Objective Using 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound to monitor daily URV is a safe and effective way to recognize urinary retention. Animals Twenty-five client-owned hospitalized dogs. Methods Prospective, observational study. UBV and URV were measured using 3D ultrasound daily at approximately the same time. UBV was measured, the dog was taken for a 5-minute controlled leash walk, then URV was estimated. Concurrent use of opioids, anesthetics, and fluids administered IV were recorded. Results Daily URVs were >0.4 mL/kg in 22 of 25 dogs on at least 1 day of hospitalization. Seventeen of 25 dogs had an abnormal URV at the time of discharge. Of 18 dogs that were anesthetized while hospitalized, 16 had a URV >0.4 mL/kg with a mean of 4.34 mL/kg (range, 0.5-13.4 mL/kg). No statistical difference in degree of URV was found based on the use of anesthesia, administration of fluids IV, or opioids. Weight was significantly associated with URV; dogs <10 kg had a higher URV per unit mass than dogs >10 kg (P = .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Use of a 3D ultrasound device to measure daily UBV and URV in hospitalized dogs provides a safe estimate of bladder volume in real-time. Monitoring daily URV might help in early identification of patients that are retaining urine, thereby preventing potential adverse effects of urethral catheterization or prolonged urinary retention.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vasquez, Edward J. and Kendall, Allison and Musulin, Sarah and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{tracy_lynch_messenger_vaden_vigani_2021, title={Use of extracorporeal therapy in a dog with heatstroke}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13169}, abstractNote={To describe the use of extracorporeal therapy (ECT) in the management of a dog with complications stemming from heatstroke.A 3-year-old intact male Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented for heat-related illness following strenuous exercise. Despite intensive supportive care, the dog developed progressive and refractory hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, neurologic dysfunction, acute kidney injury (AKI), and pulmonary dysfunction. Four ECT sessions were performed in this dog, consisting of 4 intermittent hemodialysis (HD) sessions, the first 2 of which concurrently utilized hemoperfusion with a cytokine adsorption filter. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were detected in samples collected during the first ECT session. Despite an initial decrease in their concentration, the concentrations of these cytokines ultimately rose over the course of the ECT session. Rapid and sustained glycemic and electrolyte control were achieved after the first ECT session, although AKI and muscle injury persisted. The dog survived to discharge and was nonazotemic 3 months following initial management.Heatstroke is a common, potentially catastrophic, occurrence in dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first clinical use of ECT consisting of HD and cytokine adsorption in the management of severe heat-related illness in a dog. The use of ECT for the management of complications from severe heatstroke in dogs warrants further investigation.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Tracy, Alyx and Lynch, Alex and Messenger, Kristen and Vaden, Shelly and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{gin_secoura_harris_vaden_2020, title={Outcomes Following Balloon Dilation of Benign Urethral Strictures in Dogs: Eight Cases (2005-2018)}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6935}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Balloon dilation has been described infrequently as a treatment for benign urethral strictures in dogs but is often a first-line therapeutic option for humans. Additional evidence is needed to evaluate the potential role of this procedure in veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to describe the techniques used and evaluate the response to balloon dilation of benign urethral strictures in dogs. Medical records were reviewed from eight client-owned dogs who underwent balloon dilation of a benign urethral stricture over a 13 yr period in this retrospective case series. Clinical signs improved for five of eight dogs after a single balloon dilation during a follow-up period of 1 wk to 3 yr. After a second procedure, an additional dog demonstrated improvement for 5.5 yr. Adverse outcomes included urinary incontinence in two dogs and recurrent bacteriuria in four dogs. Findings suggest that balloon dilation is an effective, minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of benign urethral strictures in dogs. Urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and stricture recurrence are potential outcomes for dogs undergoing this procedure either as a result of the nature of the underlying disease or as a result of the procedure.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gin, Taylor Estes and Secoura, Patty and Harris, Tonya and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2020}, pages={23–29} }
 @article{kendall_keenihan_kern_lindaberry_birkenheuer_moore_vaden_2020, title={Three-dimensional bladder ultrasound for estimation of urine volume in dogs compared with traditional 2-dimensional ultrasound methods}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15959}, abstractNote={Background Although point-of-care volumetric assessments of the urinary bladder are not routinely performed in dogs, urine volume quantification can provide important clinical information including noninvasive urine output estimation. Hypothesis/Objective Use of 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound for determination of urinary bladder volume (UBV) in dogs will be accurate for different bladder volumes and will decrease the need for operator skill in measuring UBV compared to 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasound evaluation. Animals Ten laboratory-bred Beagle dogs. Methods Prospective, experimental study. Urinary bladders were infused with a calculated amount of sterile saline to represent small, medium, and large volumes. Each UBV was estimated and calculated by a board-certified veterinary radiologist using 3 different 2D ultrasound formulas followed by use of a 3D ultrasound device by a novice. Measured UBVs were compared to the instilled UBV for both 2D and 3D ultrasound methods. Time from start to end of examination was recorded for both ultrasound methods in a subset of dogs. Results The 3D ultrasound device underestimated UBV with a mean difference of −9.8 mL compared with 2D ultrasound that overestimated UBV with a difference of +4.2 to 20.3 mL dependent on the 2D formula used. The 3D ultrasound method took less time to measure UBV (mean of 80 seconds per measurement) compared to the 2D method (165 seconds per measurement; P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The tested 3D ultrasound device was found to be an accurate and rapid point-of-care tool for measuring UBV in dogs, providing a noninvasive method to estimate bladder volume in real time.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kendall, Allison and Keenihan, Erin and Kern, Zachary T. and Lindaberry, Crystal and Birkenheuer, Adam and Moore, George E. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2460–2467} }
 @article{barash_birkenheuer_vaden_jacob_2018, title={Agreement between Parallel Canine Blood and Urine Cultures: Is Urine Culture the Poor Man's Blood Culture?}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.00506-18}, abstractNote={Bloodstream infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill dogs, but due to cost and difficulties in sample acquisition, blood cultures are infrequently obtained. In ill dogs, urine cultures may be recommended as surrogates for blood cultures.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Barash, Nanelle R. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Jacob, Megan E.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{ullal_birkenheuer_vaden_2018, title={Azotemia and Proteinuria in Dogs Infected with Babesia gibsoni}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-6693}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Babesiosis is a hemoprotozoal tick-borne disease that is commonly associated with thrombocytopenia and anemia; however, renal involvement has been documented in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to document azotemia and proteinuria in dogs infected with Babesia sp. and to describe the response to antiprotozoal therapy. The electronic database of the North Carolina State University Vector Borne Disease Laboratory was searched to identify dogs who were diagnosed with babesiosis and to determine if they had proteinuria and/or azotemia. Dogs were excluded if they had coinfections or comorbidities known to cause glomerular injury. Of 35 dogs identified during the initial search, 5 were included; however, only 4 of these dogs had both pre- and posttreatment data. All five dogs were American pit bull terriers or American pit bull terrier-mixed breed dogs, were infected with Babesia gibsoni, and had hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria. Three dogs had azotemia. Responses to antiprotozoal treatment included normalization of (three) or increase in (one) serum albumin, resolution (one) or improvement (one) of azotemia, and reduction in proteinuria (two). Laboratory findings consistent with glomerular disease can be found in Babesia gibsoni-infected dogs, and treatment can lead to improvement of the azotemia and proteinuria.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Ullal, Tarini and Birkenheuer, Adam and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2018}, pages={156–160} }
 @article{kern_jacob_gilbertie_vaden_lyle_2018, title={Characteristics of Dogs with Biofilm-Forming Escherichia Coli Urinary Tract Infections}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15231}, abstractNote={Background Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in companion animals. Increasing awareness of biofilm-forming bacteria raises concern regarding the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of UTIs associated with these organisms. Hypothesis/Objectives To (1) describe the population of dogs with UTIs associated with biofilm-forming Escherichia coli and (2) determine whether or not clinical differences exist between dogs with biofilm-forming E. coli UTIs and dogs with nonbiofilm-forming E. coli UTIs. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in the population characteristics, but that biofilm-formation would be more prevalent in dogs with chronic, complicated, and asymptomatic UTIs. Animals Seventy-six client-owned dogs with E. coli UTIs, divided into 2 groups based on the biofilm-forming capability of stored bacterial isolates as assessed by the crystal violet assay. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study. Medical records of the affected dogs were reviewed and their population and infection characteristics were compared. Results Most (52.6%) E. coli isolates were capable of forming biofilms. Biofilm-forming E. coli had a lower likelihood (P < .001) of multidrug resistance than did nonbiofilm-forming E. coli. No statistically significant differences were identified between the population or infection characteristics of the 2 groups of dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Escherichia coli isolated from canine urinary tracts are frequently capable of forming biofilms. Because no reliable clinical features allowed exclusion of biofilm formation, the potential for biofilm formation should be considered whenever E. coli UTI is diagnosed. The association of antibiotic resistance and biofilm potential may affect treatment of UTIs, but additional investigation is warranted.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kern, Zachary T. and Jacob, Megan E. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Lyle, Sara K.}, year={2018}, pages={1645–1651} }
 @article{gould_klos_price_harris_vaden_tolbert_2018, title={Retrospective analysis of the effect of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic parameters of cats with chronic kidney disease}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x17718132}, abstractNote={Objectives The aim was to retrospectively evaluate the effects of acid-suppressant therapy in a population of cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study objectives were to evaluate the effects of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic variables and progression of CKD over time. Methods The databases of two institutions were searched over an 11 year time span for cats fitting inclusion criteria for CKD. A total of 89 cats met the criteria for inclusion and were grouped according to either early (ie, stages 1–2) or advanced (ie, stages 3–4) CKD. Variables were statistically analyzed before and after treatment with either: (1) proton pump inhibitors (PPIs; n = 17), (2) histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs; n = 30), (3) combined acid-suppressant therapy (PPI + H2RA; n = 6) or (4) no acid-suppressant therapy (n = 36). Shapiro–Wilk testing and Q-Q plots were used to assess normality and variance, respectively. A complete randomized design with a mixed-effects repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate for differences in stage, treatment and time, as well as the interaction between these effects. Results A significant increase in blood creatinine concentration was found over time independent of severity of CKD and treatment group ( P = 0.0087). A significant increase in blood sodium concentration (change of 3.12 mmol/l) was found independent of stage in cats receiving PPI therapy ( P = 0.0109). A significant decrease in total blood magnesium (change of 0.15 mmol/l) was detected in two cats with early CKD receiving combined acid suppressants ( P = 0.0025). Conclusions and relevance Results of this retrospective study suggest that cats with CKD receiving PPI therapy may develop alterations in blood sodium concentrations but do not experience more rapid progression of CKD.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery}, author={Gould, E. and Klos, J. and Price, J. and Harris, T. and Vaden, S. and Tolbert, M. K.}, year={2018}, pages={520–527} }
 @article{lennon_hummel_vaden_2018, title={Urine sodium concentrations are predictive of hypoadrenocorticism in hyponatraemic dogs: a retrospective pilot study}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1748-5827"]}, DOI={10.1111/jsap.12792}, abstractNote={Objectives To determine if a urine sodium concentration could be used to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in hyponatraemic dogs. Materials and Methods Medical records were reviewed for hyponatraemic dogs (serum sodium<135 mmol/L) that had recorded urine sodium concentrations. Twenty hyponatraemic dogs were included: 11 diagnosed with classical hypoadrenocorticism and nine with non-adrenal causes of hyponatraemia. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare results between groups. Results No dog with hypoadrenocorticism had a urine sodium concentration less than 30 mmol/L. Urine sodium concentration in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism was significantly higher (median 103 mmol/L, range: 41 to 225) than in dogs with non-adrenal illness (median 10 mmol/L, range: 2 to 86) (P<0·0005). Serum sodium concentrations were not significantly different between dogs with hypoadrenocorticism and dogs with non-adrenal illness. Clinical Significance These results suggest that urine sodium concentrations can be used to prioritise a differential diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in hyponatraemic dogs. A urine sodium concentration less than 30 mmol/L in a hyponatraemic dog makes classical hypoadrenocorticism an unlikely cause of the hyponatraemia. Nevertheless, because of the small sample size our results should be interpreted with caution and a larger follow-up study would be valuable.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Hummel, J. B. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={228–231} }
 @article{palerme_mazepa_hutchins_ziglioli_vaden_2017, title={Clinical Response and Side Effects Associated with Testosterone Cypionate for Urinary Incontinence in Male Dogs}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-6588}, abstractNote={Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is reported much more seldom in male dogs than in female dogs. The few existing reports evaluating the efficacy of medical therapy in controlling USMI in males have demonstrated limited success. In this case series, we report the effect of testosterone cypionate, given at a median dose of 1.5 mg/kg intramuscularly every 4 wk, in eight male dogs with USMI. Response was evaluated through the review of medical records and telephone interviews with the clients. Based on owners' assessments, a good to excellent response was reported in three of eight dogs (38%), a slight response was reported in one of eight dogs (12%), and a poor response was reported in four of eight dogs (50%). Adverse effects were not reported, and benefit was judged sufficient to continue therapy in two cases. The results reported in this case series suggest that testosterone cypionate might be an effective and safe treatment option for male dogs with USMI.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Palerme, Jean-Sebastien and Mazepa, Allison and Hutchins, Rae G. and Ziglioli, Vincent and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2017}, pages={285–290} }
 @article{palerme_mazepa_hutchins_ziglioli_vaden_2017, title={Clinical response and side effects associated with testosterone cypionate for urinary incontinence in male dogs}, volume={53}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6588}, abstractNote={Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is reported much more seldom in male dogs than in female dogs. The few existing reports evaluating the efficacy of medical therapy in controlling USMI in males have demonstrated limited success. In this case series, we report the effect of testosterone cypionate, given at a median dose of 1.5 mg/kg intramuscularly every 4 wk, in eight male dogs with USMI. Response was evaluated through the review of medical records and telephone interviews with the clients. Based on owners' assessments, a good to excellent response was reported in three of eight dogs (38%), a slight response was reported in one of eight dogs (12%), and a poor response was reported in four of eight dogs (50%). Adverse effects were not reported, and benefit was judged sufficient to continue therapy in two cases. The results reported in this case series suggest that testosterone cypionate might be an effective and safe treatment option for male dogs with USMI.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Palerme, J.S. and Mazepa, A. and Hutchins, R. and Ziglioli, V. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={2017}, pages={285–290} }
 @article{gruen_messenger_thomson_griffith_aldrich_vaden_lascelles_2017, title={Evaluation of serum cytokines in cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain}, volume={183}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.007}, abstractNote={Degenerative joint disease is common in cats, with signs of pain frequently found on orthopedic examination and radiographs often showing evidence of disease. However, understanding of the pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease and associated pain remains limited. Several cytokines have been identified as having a role in pain in humans, but this has not been investigated in cats. The present study was performed to use a multiplex platform to evaluate the concentration of 19 cytokines and chemokines in serum samples obtained from cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Samples from a total of 186 cats were analyzed, with cats representing a range of severity on radiographic and orthopedic evaluations and categorized by degenerative joint disease scores and pain scores. Results showed that cats with higher radiographic degenerative joint disease scores have higher serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-8, while cats with higher orthopedic exam pain scores have higher concentrations of IL-8, IL-2, and TNF-α; increased concentration of IL-8 in degenerative joint disease and pain may be confounded by the association with age. Discriminant analysis was unable to identify one or more cytokines that distinguish between groups of cats classified based on degenerative joint disease score category or pain score category. Finally, cluster analysis driven by analyte concentrations shows separation of groups of cats, but features defining the groups remain unknown. Further studies are warranted to investigate any changes in cytokine concentrations in response to analgesic therapies, and further evaluate the elevations in cytokine concentrations found here, particularly focused on studies of local cytokines present in synovial fluid.}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily H. and Aldrich, Lauren A. and Vaden, Shelly and Lascelles, B.Duncan X.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{rafatpanah baigi_vaden_olby_2017, title={The Frequency and Clinical Implications of Bacteriuria in Chronically Paralyzed Dogs}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14854}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14854}, abstractNote={Background Paralysis is a known risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTI), sepsis, and death in paralyzed people, but there are no data available on diagnostic criteria for UTI versus bacteriuria, their frequency, or clinical implications in chronically paralyzed dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives That chronically paralyzed dogs suffer frequent bacteriuria causing reduced duration of survival. We documented the frequency of bacteriuria, associated clinical signs, and survival rate in chronically paralyzed dogs. Animals Forty-seven client-owned dogs paralyzed with no pelvic limb pain perception for >3 months and at least one urine culture (UC) performed. Methods Retrospective, observational study. Medical records of dogs meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed for results of UC, urinalysis, and clinical signs. Outcome was compared between dogs with and without bacteriuria. Results Thirty-five of 47 dogs had at least 1 positive UC, and 13 had recurrent bacteriuria. Rectal temperature and urinalysis results were extracted from records. Fever was present at time of UC in 5 of 68 observations, 2 with and 3 without bacteriuria. Pyuria was significantly associated with positive cultures (P < 0.001), cloudiness was not (P = 0.076). Survival data in 35 dogs (8 dead) showed no association between bacteriuria and survival (P = 0.69). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bacteriuria is common in paralyzed dogs but does not cause fever; diagnostic criteria of UTI are unclear. We did not detect an association of bacteriuria with survival, but this needs further confirmation.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rafatpanah Baigi, S. and Vaden, S. and Olby, N.J.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={1790–1795} }
 @article{florey_viall_streu_dimuro_riddle_kirk_perazzotti_affeldt_wagner_vaden_et al._2017, title={Use of a Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Assay Designed for Humans for Detection of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14774}, abstractNote={Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) previously have been shown to be serum markers in dogs with chronic enteropathies, with dogs that have food-responsive disease (FRD) having higher frequencies of seropositivity than dogs with steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay used in previous publications is time-consuming to perform, with low interobserver agreement.We hypothesized that a commercially available granulocyte IIF assay designed for humans could be used to detect perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs.Forty-four dogs with FRD, 20 dogs with SRD, 20 control dogs, and 38 soft-coated wheaten terrier (SCWT) or SCWT-cross dogs.A granulocyte assay designed for humans was used to detect pANCA, cANCA, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), as well as antibodies against proteinase-3 protein (PR-3) and myeloperoxidase protein (MPO) in archived serum samples.Sensitivity of the granulocyte assay to predict FRD in dogs was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45, 0.75), and specificity was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.00). A significant association was identified between positive pANCA or cANCA result and diagnosis of FRD (P < 0.0001). Agreement between the two assays to detect ANCA in the same serum samples from SCWT with protein-losing enteropathy/protein-losing nephropathy (PLE/PLN) was substantial (kappa, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53, 1.00). Eight ANCA-positive cases were positive for MPO or PR-3 antibodies.The granulocyte immunofluorescence assay used in our pilot study was easy and quick to perform. Agreement with the previously published method was good.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Florey, J. and Viall, A. and Streu, S. and DiMuro, V. and Riddle, A. and Kirk, J. and Perazzotti, L. and Affeldt, K. and Wagner, R. and Vaden, S. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={1062–1066} }
 @article{gruen_messenger_thomson_griffith_paradise_vaden_lascelles_2016, title={A comparison of serum and plasma cytokine values using a multiplexed assay in cats}, volume={182}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.003}, abstractNote={Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is highly prevalent in cats, and pain contributes to morbidity. In humans, alterations of cytokine concentrations have been associated with joint deterioration and pain. Similar changes have not been investigated in cats. Cytokine concentrations can be measured using multiplex technology with small samples of serum or plasma, however, serum and plasma are not interchangeable for most bioassays. Correlations for cytokine concentrations between serum and plasma have not been evaluated in cats.To evaluate the levels of detection and agreement between serum and plasma samples in cats.Paired serum and plasma samples obtained from 38 cats.Blood was collected into anti-coagulant free and EDTA Vacutainer® tubes, serum or plasma extracted, and samples frozen at -80°C until testing. Duplicate samples were tested using a 19-plex feline cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel.Agreement between serum and plasma for many analytes was high, however correlation coefficients ranged from -0.01 to 0.97. Results from >50% of samples were below the lower limit of quantification for both serum and plasma for nine analytes, and for an additional three analytes for plasma only.While serum and plasma agreement was generally good, detection was improved using serum samples.}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily H. and Paradise, Hayley and Vaden, Shelly and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={69–73} }
 @article{olby_vaden_williams_griffith_harris_mariani_muñana_early_platt_boozer_et al._2016, title={Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14613}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14613}, abstractNote={Background Dogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria. Hypothesis Cranberry extract reduces risk of bacteriuria in dogs after acute TL-IVDH. Animals Client-owned dogs with acute onset TL-IVDH causing nonambulatory status. Methods Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs with acute TL-IVDH were recruited 48 hours postoperatively and randomized to receive cranberry extract or placebo in a masked fashion. Urine cultures and neurological examinations were performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively. The number of dogs with bacteriuria (all bacterial species) and bacteriuria (E. coli) were primary and secondary outcome measures and were evaluated using chi-squared test. Urine antiadhesion activity (AAA) was measured in a subset (N = 47) and examined in a secondary analysis evaluating additional risk factors for bacteriuria. Results Bacteriuria was detected 17 times in 94 dogs (6 placebo, 11 cranberry, P = .12). There were 7 E. coli. positive cultures (1 placebo, 6 cranberry, P = .09). Dogs in both groups had positive urine AAA (14/21: placebo, 16/26: cranberry), and dogs with urine AAA had significantly fewer E. coli positive cultures (n = 1) than dogs without it (n = 4) (P = .047). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This clinical trial did not show a benefit of oral cranberry extract but had low power. Cranberry extract supplementation did not impact urine AAA, but a possible association between urine AAA and lower risk of E. coli bacteriuria was identified. Other doses could be investigated.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, N.J. and Vaden, S.L. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E.H. and Harris, T. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J. and Platt, S.R. and Boozer, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{vaden_elliott_2016, title={Management of Proteinuria in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.009}, abstractNote={Proteinuria is a negative prognostic indicator for dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. A normal dog or cat should excrete very little protein and have a urine protein:creatinine ratio that is less than 0.4 or less than 0.2, respectively; persistent proteinuria above this magnitude warrants attention. Administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers, blood pressure control and nutritional modification are considered a standard of care for renal proteinuria. Renal biopsy and administration of immunosuppressive agents should be considered in animals with glomerular proteinuria that have not responded to standard therapy. Targeted patient monitoring is essential when instituting management of proteinuria.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Elliott, Jonathan}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1115-+} }
 @article{cianciolo_mohr_aresu_brown_james_jansen_spangler_lugt_kass_brovida_et al._2016, title={World Small Animal Veterinary Association Renal Pathology Initiative: Classification of Glomerular Diseases in Dogs}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985815579996}, abstractNote={Evaluation of canine renal biopsy tissue has generally relied on light microscopic (LM) evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections ranging in thickness from 3 to 5 µm. Advanced modalities, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence (IF), have been used sporadically or retrospectively. Diagnostic algorithms of glomerular diseases have been extrapolated from the World Health Organization classification scheme for human glomerular disease. With the recent establishment of 2 veterinary nephropathology services that evaluate 3-µm sections with a panel of histochemical stains and routinely perform TEM and IF, a standardized objective species-specific approach for the diagnosis of canine glomerular disease was needed. Eight veterinary pathologists evaluated 114 parameters (lesions) in renal biopsy specimens from 89 dogs. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data revealed 2 large categories of glomerular disease based on the presence or absence of immune complex deposition: The immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) category included cases with histologic lesions of membranoproliferative or membranous patterns. The second category included control dogs and dogs with non-ICGN (glomerular amyloidosis or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Cluster analysis performed on only the LM parameters led to misdiagnosis of 22 of the 89 cases-that is, ICGN cases moved to the non-ICGN branch of the dendrogram or vice versa, thereby emphasizing the importance of advanced diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of canine glomerular disease. Salient LM, TEM, and IF features for each pattern of disease were identified, and a preliminary investigation of related clinicopathologic data was performed.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Cianciolo, R. E. and Mohr, F. C. and Aresu, L. and Brown, C. A. and James, C. and Jansen, J. H. and Spangler, W. L. and Lugt, J. J. and Kass, P. H. and Brovida, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={113–135} }
 @article{pouchelon_atkins_bussadori_oyama_vaden_bonagura_chetboul_cowgill_elliot_francey_et al._2015, title={Cardiovascular-renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1748-5827"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940504868&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jsap.12387}, abstractNote={There is a growing understanding of the complexity of interplay between renal and cardiovascular systems in both health and disease. The medical profession has adopted the term "cardiorenal syndrome" (CRS) to describe the pathophysiological relationship between the kidney and heart in disease. CRS has yet to be formally defined and described by the veterinary profession and its existence and importance in dogs and cats warrant investigation. The CRS Consensus Group, comprising nine veterinary cardiologists and seven nephrologists from Europe and North America, sought to achieve consensus around the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of dogs and cats with "cardiovascular-renal disorders" (CvRD). To this end, the Delphi formal methodology for defining/building consensus and defining guidelines was utilised.Following a literature review, 13 candidate statements regarding CvRD in dogs and cats were tested for consensus, using a modified Delphi method. As a new area of interest, well-designed studies, specific to CRS/CvRD, are lacking, particularly in dogs and cats. Hence, while scientific justification of all the recommendations was sought and used when available, recommendations were largely reliant on theory, expert opinion, small clinical studies and extrapolation from data derived from other species.Of the 13 statements, 11 achieved consensus and 2 did not. The modified Delphi approach worked well to achieve consensus in an objective manner and to develop initial guidelines for CvRD.The resultant manuscript describes consensus statements for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management strategies for veterinary patients with CvRD, with an emphasis on the pathological interplay between the two organ systems. By formulating consensus statements regarding CvRD in veterinary medicine, the authors hope to stimulate interest in and advancement of the understanding and management of CvRD in dogs and cats. The use of a formalised method for consensus and guideline development should be considered for other topics in veterinary medicine.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Pouchelon, J. L. and Atkins, C. E. and Bussadori, C. and Oyama, M. A. and Vaden, S. L. and Bonagura, J. D. and Chetboul, V. and Cowgill, L. D. and Elliot, J. and Francey, T. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={537–552} }
 @article{vandersea_birkenheuer_litaker_vaden_renschler_gookin_2015, title={Identification of Parabodo caudatus (class Kinetoplastea) in urine voided from a dog with hematuria}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, DOI={10.1177/1040638714562827}, abstractNote={A voided urine sample, obtained from a 13-year-old intact male dog residing in a laboratory animal research facility, was observed to contain biflagellate protozoa 5 days following an episode of gross hematuria. The protozoa were identified as belonging to the class Kinetoplastea on the basis of light microscopic observation of Wright–Giemsa-stained urine sediment in which the kinetoplast was observed basal to 2 anterior flagella. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers corresponding with conserved regions within the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of representative kinetoplastid species identified nucleotide sequences with 100% identity to Parabodo caudatus. Parabodo caudatus organisms were unable to be demonstrated cytologically or by means of PCR in samples collected from the dog’s environment. The dog had a history of 50 complete urinalyses performed over the 12-year period preceding detection of P. caudatus, and none of these were noted to contain protozoa. Moreover, the gross hematuria that was documented 5 days prior to detection of P. caudatus had never before been observed in this dog. Over the ensuing 2.5 years of the dog’s life, 16 additional complete urinalyses were performed, none of which revealed the presence of protozoa. Bodonids are commonly found in soil as well as in freshwater and marine environments. However, P. caudatus, in particular, has a 150-year-long, interesting, and largely unresolved history in people as either an inhabitant or contaminant of urine. This historical conundrum is revisited in the current description of P. caudatus as recovered from the urine of a dog.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Vandersea, Mark W. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Litaker, R. Wayne and Vaden, Shelly L. and Renschler, Janelle S. and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={117–120} }
 @article{nolan_gieger_vaden_2015, title={Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: Important challenges to consider}, volume={205}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.022}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={126–127} }
 @misc{lascelles_gruen_vaden_hansen_roe_hardie_2014, title={Chronic kidney disease in cats}, volume={244}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gruen, M. and Vaden, S. and Hansen, B. and Roe, S. and Hardie, L.}, year={2014}, pages={775–776} }
 @article{marino_lascelles_vaden_gruen_marks_2014, title={Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13511446}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x13511446}, abstractNote={Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and degenerative joint disease are both considered common in older cats. Information on the co-prevalence of these two diseases is lacking. This retrospective study was designed to determine the prevalence of CKD in two cohorts of cats: cats randomly selected from four evenly distributed age groups (RS group) and cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies (DJD group), and to evaluate the concurrence of CKD and DJD in these cohorts. The RS group was randomly selected from four age groups from 6 months to 20 years, and the DJD group comprised cats recruited to four previous DJD studies, with the DJD group excluding cats with a blood urea nitrogen and/or serum creatinine concentration >20% (the upper end of normal) for two studies and cats with CKD stages 3 and 4 for the other two studies. The prevalence of CKD in the RS and DJD groups was higher than expected at 50% and 68.8%, respectively. CKD was common in cats between 1 and 15 years of age, with a similar prevalence of CKD stages 1 and 2 across age groups in both the RS and DJD cats, respectively. We found significant concurrence between CKD and DJD in cats of all ages, indicating the need for increased screening for CKD when selecting DJD treatments. Additionally, this study offers the idea of a relationship and causal commonality between CKD and DJD owing to the striking concurrence across age groups and life stages.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, publisher={Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England}, author={Marino, Christina L. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={465–472} }
 @article{hutchins_vaden_jacob_harris_bowles_wood_bailey_2014, title={Vaginal Microbiota of Spayed Dogs with or without Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12299}, abstractNote={Background Limited information is available regarding the vaginal microbiota of normal spayed dogs and spayed dogs with recurrent UTIs. Vaginal lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) have been associated with decreased frequency of recurrent urinary tract infection in women and may have a protective role within the urinary tract of female dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Spayed dogs with historical recurrent UTI will have decreased prevalence of LAB and increased prevalence of uropathogenic bacterial populations in the vaginal microbiota when compared with the vaginal microbiota of healthy, spayed dogs. Animals Twenty-one client-owned adult spayed female dogs with historical recurrent UTI and 23 healthy, spayed female dogs without a history of recurrent UTI. Methods Dogs were placed into a recurrent UTI group or control group in this prospective study. Bacterial populations were isolated and characterized from vaginal swabs obtained from each dog. Results The most common bacterial isolates obtained from the vaginal tract of all dogs were Escherichia coli (11/44) and S. pseudintermedius (13/44). E. coli was isolated from the vaginal tract of 8 of 21 (38%) dogs in the rUTI group and 3 of 23 (13%) dogs in the control group (P = .08). LAB were isolated from 7 of the 44 dogs. Two of these 7 dogs were in the rUTI group and 5 of the 7 dogs were in the control group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The vaginal microbiota of spayed female dogs with recurrent UTI was similar to the control population of normal, spayed female dogs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hutchins, R. G. and Vaden, S. L. and Jacob, M. E. and Harris, T. L. and Bowles, K. D. and Wood, M. W. and Bailey, C. S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={300–304} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_gerber_langston_polzin_2013, title={Consensus Guidelines for Immunosuppressive Treatment of Dogs with Glomerular Disease Absent a Pathologic Diagnosis}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12222}, abstractNote={Background In certain situations, veterinarians must decide whether or not to recommend immunosuppressive therapy for dogs with suspect glomerular disease in the absence of renal biopsy-derived evidence that active immune mechanisms are contributing to glomerular injury. The purpose of this report is to provide guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs under these conditions. Animals Animals were not used in this study. Methods Recommendations were developed by a formal consensus method. Results Four recommendations were developed and accepted at a high level of consensus (median 92.5% agreement). Renal biopsy should not be performed when contraindications are present or when results will not alter treatment or outcome. Immunosuppressive drugs should not be given when the source of proteinuria is unknown, they are otherwise contraindicated, or a familial nephropathy or amyloidosis is likely. However, they should be considered when dogs are already being given standard therapy and the serum creatinine is >3.0 mg/dL, azotemia is progressive, or hypoalbuminemia is severe. Thorough client communication regarding pros and cons of such treatment as well as close and careful patient monitoring is required. Conclusion and Clinical Importance These recommendations can help guide the decision about renal biopsy in patients with proteinuria as well as the use of immunosuppressive drugs in those patients where the decision was made not to perform renal biopsy.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Pressler, B. and Vaden, S. and Gerber, B. and Langston, C. and Polzin, D.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={S55–S59} }
 @article{brown_elliott_francey_polzin_vaden_2013, title={Consensus Recommendations for Standard Therapy of Glomerular Disease in Dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12230}, abstractNote={Standard therapy forms the basic foundation for care of dogs with glomerular disease, as it is herein recommended for use in all affected animals regardless of causation of the disease. Consensus recommendations target the evaluation and management of proteinuria, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, modification in dietary intake with special consideration for those nutrients with renal effects, diagnosis and treatment of systemic hypertension, and evaluation and management of body fluid volume status in dogs with glomerular disease.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Brown, S. and Elliott, J. and Francey, T. and Polzin, D. and Vaden, S.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={S27–S43} }
 @misc{vaden_littman_cianciolo_2013, title={Familial renal disease in soft-coated wheaten terriers}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1479-3261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12027}, abstractNote={Objective To review what is known about the familial renal diseases in soft-coated wheaten terriers (SCWT), provide an update in developments in this field including the relationship with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) and the potential association with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). Data Sources Information was derived from studies of dogs maintained in the North Carolina State University colony, information contained within an open registry of affected dogs, and data gathered from the general population of wheaten terriers at risk as well as studies performed on banked DNA samples from affected SCWT in the general population and normal geriatric dogs seen at the University of Pennsylvania (PennVet). Human Data Synthesis A two-hit pathogenesis has been proposed in some types of human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, specifically the subset of cases that are associated with a podocytopathy. At risk podocytes may be predisposed to injury by disease processes that would be reversible in other patients. Veterinary Data Synthesis Mutations were found in association with PLN in SCWT, indicating a podocytopathy that causes a change in glomerular permselectivity. This podocytopathy leads to the development of lesions resembling focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. There is also strong evidence supporting a high prevalence of food hypersensitivity reactions in SCWT, although it is unclear if these reactions have a primary or secondary role in the development of PLE. There are also suggestions of immunodysregulation in affected SCWT. Conclusions PLN in SCWT is due to a podocytopathy. The cause of PLE has not been identified; however, it is possible that PLE develops from a functional-structural abnormality in the intestines and food allergies develop as secondary phenomena. It is also possible that inflammatory events that are the result of either immunodysregulation or food allergies might lead to the development of PLE. In either case, PLE most likely exacerbates PLN in affected SCWT.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Littman, Meryl P. and Cianciolo, Rachel E.}, year={2013}, pages={174–183} }
 @article{lennon_hanel_walker_vaden_2013, title={Hypercoagulability in Dogs with Protein-Losing Nephropathy as Assessed by Thromboelastography}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12067}, abstractNote={Background Dogs with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) are at risk of thromboembolic disease, but the mechanism leading to hypercoagulability and the population of dogs at risk are unknown. Objectives To characterize thromboelastography (TEG) and its association with serum albumin (SALB), UPC, and antithrombin activity in dogs with PLN. Animals Twenty-eight client-owned dogs with PLN (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] > 2.0) and 8 control dogs were prospectively enrolled in this observational study. Methods TEG parameters, antithrombin activity, serum biochemical profiles, and UPC were measured. TEG analyses were run in duplicate with kaolin activation; reaction time (R), clot formation time (K), α-angle (α), maximal amplitude (MA), and global clot strength (G) were analyzed. Results Dogs with PLN had lower K (P = .004), and higher α (P = .001), MA (P < .001), and G (P < .001) values than controls. No significant correlation between TEG parameters and UPC, SALB, or antithrombin was noted. Twelve PLN dogs (42.8%) were azotemic and 19 (67.8%) were hypoalbuminemic (SALB < 3.0 g/dL); 11 had SALB < 2.5 g/dL. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These results indicate that dogs with PLN have TEG values that demonstrate hypercoagulability compared with a control population but that antithrombin, SALB, or UPC cannot be used in isolation to predict this result. A comprehensive evaluation of the coagulation system in individual patients may be necessary to predict the point at which anti-thrombotic therapy is indicated.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Hanel, R. M. and Walker, J. M. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, pages={462–468} }
 @article{dicicco_fetzer_secoura_jermyn_hill_chalhoub_vaden_2013, title={Management of bilateral idiopathic renal hematuria in a dog with silver nitrate}, volume={54}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={DiCicco, M.F. and Fetzer, T. and Secoura, P.L. and Jermyn, Kieri and Hill, T. and Chalhoub, S. and Vaden, S.}, year={2013}, pages={761–764} }
 @article{hutchins_messenger_vaden_2013, title={Suspected carprofen toxicosis caused by coprophagia in a dog}, volume={243}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.243.5.709}, abstractNote={Abstract Case Description —A 1-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of urinary incontinence, polyuria, polydipsia, and minimally concentrated urine. Clinical Findings —Markedly high circulating alanine transaminase activity, mildly high circulating alkaline phosphatase activity, and low urine specific gravity were detected for the dog. Results of ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen and cytologic examination of liver samples were unremarkable. Carprofen was detected in serum and plasma samples obtained from the dog. Exposure to carprofen was attributed to ingestion of feces of another dog in the household that was receiving the drug daily. Treatment and Outcome —Access to feces of other dogs in the household was prevented; no other treatment was initiated. Urinary incontinence, polyuria, and polydipsia resolved, and urine specific gravity increased within 7 days following discontinuation of consumption of feces. Alanine transaminase activity was substantially lower than the value determined during the initial examination, and alkaline phosphatase activity was within the reference range 5 weeks after discontinuation of consumption of feces by the dog. Clinical Relevance —Findings for the dog of this report suggested that carprofen toxicosis can be caused by consumption of feces of another dog receiving the drug. This cause of adverse effects should be a differential diagnosis for dogs with clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities consistent with carprofen toxicosis.}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hutchins, Rae G. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={709–711} }
 @article{hutchins_bailey_jacob_harris_wood_saker_vaden_2013, title={The Effect of an Oral Probiotic Containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus Species on the Vaginal Microbiota of Spayed Female Dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12174}, abstractNote={Background Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often difficult to treat. Vaginal colonization with lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) is associated with reduced frequency of recurrent UTIs in women. Oral probiotics might help increase the prevalence of vaginal LAB and decrease the frequency of recurrent UTIs in dogs. Hypothesis Administration of an oral probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus species will increase the prevalence of LAB in the vagina of dogs. Animals Thirty-five healthy, spayed female dogs without history of recurrent UTIs. Methods Prospective, controlled study. Enrolled dogs received an oral probiotic supplement for 14 or 28 days. A vaginal tract culture was obtained from each dog before and after oral probiotic administration. Twenty-three dogs received the oral probiotic supplement daily for a period of 14 days and 12 dogs received the oral probiotic supplement daily for a period of 28 days. Results Lactic acid-producing bacteria were isolated from 7 of 35 dogs prior to probiotic administration. After the treatment course, 6 of 35 dogs had LAB isolated. Only one of these dogs had LAB (Enterococcus canintestini) isolated for the first time. Enterococcus canintestini was the most common LAB isolated from all dogs in this study, although it was not included in the probiotic supplement. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lactic acid-producing bacteria are not a common isolate from the vaginal vault of dogs. Administration of this oral probiotic supplement for a 2- or 4-week period did not increase the prevalence of vaginal LAB in dogs.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hutchins, R. G. and Bailey, C. S. and Jacob, M. E. and Harris, T. L. and Wood, M. W. and Saker, K. E. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1368–1371} }
 @article{baxter_levy_edinboro_vaden_tompkins_2012, title={Renal Disease in Cats Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00871.x}, abstractNote={Background Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection cause similar clinical syndromes of immune dysregulation, opportunistic infections, inflammatory diseases, and neoplasia. Renal disease is the 4th most common cause of death associated with HIV infection. Objective To investigate the association between FIV infection and renal disease in cats. Animals Client-owned cats (153 FIV-infected, 306 FIV-noninfected) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) research colony cats (95 FIV-infected, 98 FIV-noninfected). Methods A mixed retrospective/prospective cross-sectional study. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, urine specific gravity (USG), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) data were compared between FIV-infected and FIV-noninfected cats. In FIV-infected cats, total CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were measured using flow cytometry, and CD4+:CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio was calculated. Renal azotemia was defined as a serum creatinine ≥ 1.9 mg/dL with USG ≤ 1.035. Proteinuria was defined as a UPC > 0.4 with an inactive urine sediment. Results Among the client-owned cats, no association was detected between FIV infection and renal azotemia (P = .24); however, a greater proportion of FIV-infected cats were proteinuric (25.0%, 16 of 64 cats) compared to FIV-noninfected cats (10.3%, 20 of 195 cats) (P < .01). Neither neuter status nor health status were risk factors for proteinuria in FIV-infected cats, but UPC was positively correlated with the CD4+:CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio (Spearman's rho = 0.37, P = .01). Among the SPF research colony cats, no association was detected between FIV infection and renal azotemia (P = .21) or proteinuria (P = .25). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Proteinuria but not azotemia was associated with natural FIV infection.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Baxter, K. J. and Levy, J. K. and Edinboro, C. H. and Vaden, S. L. and Tompkins, M. B.}, year={2012}, pages={238–243} }
 @article{wood_nordone_vaden_breitschwerdt_2011, title={Assessment of urine solute and matrix effects on the performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of interleukin-6 in dog urine}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063871102300219}, abstractNote={Measurement of cytokine concentrations within body fluids is a means of recognizing subclinical and/or unresolved, infectious and inflammatory states in patients. In the urinary tract, such information may be useful for identifying patients with pyelonephritis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, recurrent infections, and cystitis. One such cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), is recognized as a primary cytokine that is produced following exposure of the urothelium to bacterial virulence factors. Complicating reliable testing for this and other cytokines is the nature of urine itself. Urine varies widely in its composition as indicated by the range of pH and urine specific gravity (USG) observed in healthy patients. An additional variable is the protein and carbohydrate matrix capable of hindering immunologic testing modalities, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of urine pH, USG, and matrix while optimizing a canine-specific chemiluminescent ELISA for the measurement of IL-6 in the urine of dogs. Urine spiked with IL-6 obtained maximal IL-6 quantitative recoveries of only 55 ± 10% (mean ± 1 standard deviation) when an ELISA optimized for cell culture supernatants was used. The urine matrix and variations in USG were determined to by contributing to this poor IL-6 recovery. Using specific matrix inhibitors and optimal dilutions improved the IL-6 quantitative recovery to 91 ± 5%. Urine pH (5.5–9.5) had no effect. The current work underscores the importance of critically optimizing testing modalities for biomarkers, particularly if they are immunologic in origin.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Wood, Michael W. and Nordone, Sushila K. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={316–320} }
 @article{klosterman_moore_galvao_dibartola_groman_whittemore_vaden_harris_byron_dowling_et al._2011, title={Comparison of Signalment, Clinicopathologic Findings, Histologic Diagnosis, and Prognosis in Dogs with Glomerular Disease with or without Nephrotic Syndrome}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0669.x}, abstractNote={Background: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops most commonly in people with glomerular diseases associated with marked albuminuria. Hypernatremia, hypertension, and progressive renal failure are more prevalent in nephrotic than nonnephrotic human patients. Hypothesis/Objectives: Dogs with NS have higher serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and sodium concentrations, higher urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) and systolic blood pressure, and lower serum albumin concentrations than dogs with nonnephrotic glomerular disease (NNGD). NS is associated with membranous glomerulopathy and amyloidosis. Affected dogs are more likely to be azotemic and have shorter survival times. Animals: Two hundred and thirty-four pet dogs (78 NS dogs, 156 NNGD dogs). Methods: Multicenter retrospective case-control study comparing time-matched NS and NNGD dogs. NS was defined as the concurrent presence of hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria, and extravascular fluid accumulation. Signalment, clinicopathologic variables, histopathologic diagnoses, and survival time were compared between groups. Results: Age, serum albumin, chloride, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and cholesterol concentrations, and UPC differed significantly between NS and NNGD dogs. Both groups were equally likely to be azotemic at time of diagnosis, and NS was not associated with histologic diagnosis. Median survival was significantly shorter for NS (12.5 days) versus NNGD dogs (104.5 days). When subgrouped based on serum creatinine (< or ≥1.5 mg/dL), survival of NS versus NNGD dogs was only significantly different in nonazotemic dogs (51 versus 605 days, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Presence of NS is associated with poorer prognosis in dogs with nonazotemic glomerular disease. Preventing development of NS is warranted; however, specific interventions were not evaluated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Klosterman, E. S. and Moore, G. E. and Galvao, J. F. de Brito and DiBartola, S. P. and Groman, R. P. and Whittemore, J. C. and Vaden, S. L. and Harris, T. L. and Byron, J. K. and Dowling, S. R. and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={206–214} }
 @misc{vaden_2011, title={Glomerular Disease}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1946-9837"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.tcam.2011.04.003}, abstractNote={Glomerular diseases are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in dogs but seem to be less common in cats. Glomerular diseases are diverse, and a renal biopsy is needed to determine the specific glomerular disease that is present in any animal. Familial glomerulopathies occur in many breeds of dogs. However, most dogs with glomerular disease have acquired glomerular injury that is either immune-complex mediated or due to systemic factors, both of which are believed to be the result of a disease process elsewhere in the body (i.e., neoplastic, infectious, and noninfectious inflammatory disorders). A thorough clinical evaluation is indicated in all dogs suspected of having glomerular disease and should include an extensive evaluation for potential predisposing disorders. Nonspecific management of dogs with glomerular disease can be divided into 3 major categories: (1) treatment of potential predisposing disorders, (2) management of proteinuria, and (3) management of uremia and other complications of glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease. Specific management of specific glomerular diseases has not been fully studied in dogs. However, it may be reasonable to consider immunosuppressive therapy in dogs that have developed a form of glomerulonephritis secondary to a steroid-responsive disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or have immune-mediated lesions that have been documented in renal biopsy specimens. Appropriate patient monitoring during therapy is important for maximizing patient care. The prognosis for dogs and cats with glomerular disease is variable and probably dependent on a combination of factors. The purpose of this article is to discuss the general diagnosis and management of dogs with glomerular disease.}, number={3}, journal={TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={128–134} }
 @article{atkins_vaden_arther_ciszewski_davis_ensley_chopade_2011, title={Renal effects of Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally and naturally infected cats}, volume={176}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.016}, abstractNote={Canine heartworm infection has been associated with glomerular disease and proteinuria. We hypothesized that proteinuria, likely due to glomerular damage, would also be found in cats experimentally and naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Two populations of cats were evaluated, including 80 that were each experimentally infected with 60 infective heartworm larvae as part of a drug safety study, and 31 that were naturally infected with D. immitis. Each had a control population with which to be compared. In the experimentally infected group, we evaluated urine from 64 cats. Ten of these cats were shown to have microalbuminuria 8 months post infection. No cat refractory to infection with larvae and no cats from the control group demonstrated microalbuminuria. All 10 microalbuminuric cats were shown to have significant proteinuria, as measured by the urine protein:creatinine ratio. There was a subtle, but significant, association between worm burden and proteinuria, and although the presence of adult heartworms was required for the development of proteinuria, both microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic cats were affected. Neither the presence of circulating heartworm antibodies and antigen nor the presence of antigenuria predicted the development of proteinuria. Both heavily infected cats (5–25 adult heartworms) and cats with worm burdens compatible with natural infections (1–4 adult heartworms) developed proteinuria, and the relative numbers of cats so affected were similar between heavily and more lightly infected cats. Naturally infected cats, for which only dipstick protein determinations were available, were shown to have a significantly greater incidence of proteinuria (90% vs 35%) than did those in an age- and gender-matched control population. Additionally, the proteinuria in heartworm-infected cats was 3- to 5-fold greater in severity. We conclude that cats infected with mature adult heartworms are at risk for developing proteinuria and that this is recognized relatively soon after infection. While heavier infections may predispose cats to developing proteinuria, this complication is seen in naturally infected cats and experimental cats with worm burdens similar to those seen in natural infections (i.e., “clinically appropriate” worm burdens). The clinical relevance of heartworm-associated proteinuria is yet to be determined.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Atkins, C. E. and Vaden, S. L. and Arther, R. G. and Ciszewski, D. K. and Davis, W. L. and Ensley, S. M. and Chopade, N. H.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={317–323} }
 @article{lyon_sanderson_vaden_lappin_jensen_grauer_2010, title={Comparison of urine dipstick, sulfosalicylic acid, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and species-specific ELISA methods for detection of albumin in urine samples of cats and dogs}, volume={236}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.236.8.874}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To evaluate the use of dipstick, sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), and urine protein-tocreatinine ratio (UP:C) methods for use in detection of canine and feline albuminuria. Design —Evaluation study. Sample Population —599 canine and 347 feline urine samples. Procedures —Urine was analyzed by use of dipstick, SSA, and UP:C methods; results were compared with those for a species-specific ELISA to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and positive and negative likelihood ratios. Results —Positive results for dipstick and SSA tests (trace reaction or greater) in canine urine had moderate specificity (dipstick, 81.2%; SSA, 73.3%) and poor PPV (dipstick, 34.0%; SSA, 41.8%). Values improved when stronger positive results (≥ 2+) for the dipstick and SSA tests were compared with ELISA results (specificity, 98.9% and 99.0% for the urine dipstick and SSA tests, respectively; PPV, 90.7% and 90.2% for the dipstick and SSA tests, respectively). Data obtained for cats revealed poor specificity (dipstick, 11.0%; SSA, 25.4%) and PPV (dipstick, 55.6%; SSA, 46.9%). Values improved slightly when stronger positive test results (≥ 2+) were used (specificity, 80.0% and 94.2% for the dipstick and SSA tests, respectively; PPV, 63.5% and 65.2% for the dipstick and SSA tests, respectively). The UP:C had high specificity for albuminuria in dogs and cats (99.7% and 99.2%, respectively) but low sensitivity (28.7% and 2.0%, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Caution should be used when interpreting a positive test result of a dipstick or SSA test for canine or feline albuminuria.}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Lyon, Shane D. and Sanderson, Michael W. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Lappin, Michael R. and Jensen, Wayne A. and Grauer, Gregory F.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={874–879} }
 @article{gookin_mcwhorter_vaden_posner_2010, title={Outcome assessment of a computer-animated model for learning about the regulation of glomerular filtration rate}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1043-4046"]}, DOI={10.1152/advan.00012.2010}, abstractNote={The regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a particularly important and challenging concept for students to integrate into a memorable framework for building further knowledge and solving clinical problems. In this study, 76 first-year veterinary students and 19 veterinarians in clinical specialty training (house officers) participated in separate online exercises to evaluate the use of a computer-animated model of GFR regulation ( www.aamc.org/mededportal ) on learning outcome. Students were randomly allocated to study either the animated model or written materials before completion of a 10-question multiple-choice quiz. House officers completed a 35-question test before and after study of the animated model. Both groups completed a survey about the learning exercise. The ability of the model to enhance learning was demonstrated by a significant improvement ( P < 0.001) in the test performance of house officers after studying the model. The model performed similarly to written materials alone in affecting the subsequent quiz performance of the students. The majority of students and house officers agreed or strongly agreed that the animated model was easy to understand, improved their knowledge and appreciation of the importance of GFR regulation, and that they would recommend the model to peers. Most students [63 of 76 students (83%)] responded that they would prefer the use of the animated model alone over the study of written materials but acknowledged that a combination of hardcopy written notes and the animated model would be ideal. A greater applicability of the model to more advanced students and an introduction in a didactic setting before individual study were suggested by the house officers. The results of this study suggest that the animated model is a useful, effective, and well-received tool for learning and creating a visual memory of the regulatory mechanisms of GFR.}, number={2}, journal={ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and McWhorter, Dan and Vaden, Shelly and Posner, Lysa}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={97–105} }
 @article{olby_mackillop_cerda-gonzalez_moore_munana_graffinger_osborne_vaden_2010, title={Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957900958&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0567.x}, abstractNote={Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Dogs with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) have similar risk factors for UTI when compared with human SCI patients and have a high perioperative prevalence of UTI. Objectives: Determine the prevalence of UTI in dogs for 3 months after surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE and identify risk factors for development of UTI. Animals: Twenty-five dogs treated surgically for 26 acute disc extrusions. Methods: Prospective study. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed perioperatively. At home, owners monitored urine with dipsticks every 48 hours for 1 month then once a week until 3 months. Dogs returned for assessment of motor function, urinalysis, and urine culture at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Presence of UTI over the 3-month period was correlated to potential risk factors. Results: Ten dogs (38%) developed 12 UTIs over the 3-month period, with the majority occurring between weeks 1 and 6; 60% of the UTIs were occult. Hematuria in the absence of pyuria or UTI was a common finding in the perioperative period. Sex, breed, and ambulatory status influenced the risk of developing a UTI. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There is a high prevalence of UTIs, many of which are occult, in the 3 months after surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE. These dogs should be routinely monitored for UTI with urine culture regardless of urinalysis results.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Olby, N.J. and MacKillop, E. and Cerda-Gonzalez, S. and Moore, S. and Munana, K.R. and Graffinger, M. and Osborne, J.A. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={1106–1111} }
 @article{vaden_turman_harris_marks_2010, title={The prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats in an ICU or recovering from anesthesia}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00584.x}, abstractNote={Objective – To evaluate the prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event. Design – Prospective clinical study over a 10-week period in 2003. Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – One hundred and five dogs and 22 cats. Interventions – Urine was collected from dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event. When possible, a second urine sample was collected approximately 48 hours later from those animals that had albuminuria during the initial screening. Measurements and Main Results – All dog samples and most cat samples were screened for albumin using a commercial point-of-care immunoassay. Aliquots of samples that tested positive were stored at –20°C until subsequent albumin quantification via antigen capture ELISA. Albuminuria was detected in 63 of 105 (60.0%) dogs and in 14 of 22 (63.6%) cats; the prevalence was higher in animals admitted to ICU than in those recovering from anesthesia. In subsequent samples from 26 dogs, urine albumin decreased in 20 (76.9%) when compared with the first sample; urine albumin was undetectable in 5 (19.2%). In subsequent samples from 6 cats, 4 (66.7%) had decreases in urine albumin when compared with the first sample; 1 (16.7%) was negative for urine albumin. Eleven of 12 dogs (91.7%) and 3 of 4 cats (75%) that died within 3 days of admission to the ICU had abnormal urine albumin; whereas 52 of 93 (55.9%) and 11 of 18 (61.1%) dogs and cats, respectively, who survived more than 3 days had abnormal urine albumin. Dogs with albuminuria were at increased risk of death. Conclusions – The prevalence of albuminuria in animals admitted to the ICU or recovering from anesthesia is higher than reported previously and transient in some patients. The presence of albuminuria may be a negative prognostic indicator in this population.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Turman, Coral A. and Harris, Tonya L. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={479–487} }
 @article{levine_zhang_harris_vaden_2010, title={The use of pooled vs serial urine samples to measure urine protein:creatinine ratios}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00167.x}, abstractNote={Background: Evaluation of serial urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratios is important in prognosticating chronic kidney disease and monitoring response to therapeutic interventions. Owing to random biologic variation in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria, multiple determinations of UPC ratios often are recommended to reliably assess urine protein loss. This can be cost-prohibitive. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate agreement between the mean of 3 UPC ratios obtained on 3 separate urine samples per dog and a single UPC ratio obtained when aliquots of the separate samples were pooled and analyzed as 1 sample. Methods: Three separate urine samples were collected from each of 25 dogs, both client-owned and members of a research colony. Protein and creatinine concentrations were measured in the supernatant of each sample using a biochemical analyzer, and the mean of the 3 UPC ratios was calculated. A 1.0 mL aliquot of each of the 3 samples from each dog was pooled to create a fourth sample for that dog, and the UPC ratio of the pooled sample was similarly determined. Agreement and correlation between the mean and pooled UPC ratios were assessed using Bland–Altman difference plots and regression analysis, respectively. Results: The UPC ratio in the pooled samples was highly correlated (r=.9998, P<.0001) with the mean UPC ratio of the 3 separate samples. Strong agreement between results was demonstrated; a UPC ratio from a pooled sample was at most ±20% different than the mean UPC ratio obtained from 3 separate samples. Conclusions: Measuring the UPC ratio in a pooled sample containing equal volumes of several different urine specimens from the same dog provides a reliable and cost-effective alternative to assessing multiple UPC ratios on several specimens from the same dog.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={LeVine, Dana N. and Zhang, Daowen and Harris, Tonya and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={53–56} }
 @book{blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, canine & feline_2009, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell}, year={2009} }
 @article{cruse_vaden_mathews_hill_robertson_2009, title={Use of Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning and Colorectal New Methylene Blue Infusion in Evaluation of an English Bulldog with a Rectourethral Fistula}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0320.x}, abstractNote={Rectourethral fistulas are uncommonly reported in veterinary medicine having only been reported in 13 dogs.1-11 Seven were English Bulldogs and 3 were Miniature Poodles. The diagnosis of a rectourethral fistula is challenging. Survey radiography, double contrast cystography, pneumocystography, and colonoscopy are unreliable modalities for the diagnosis of a fistula.6-9 Four of the 13 previously reported dogs required more than 1 contrast imaging study to confirm the presence of a rectourethral fistula.2, 4, 7, 9 In 1 affected dog, 4 contrast cystourethrograms were performed over a 7-year period before identifying the fistula.4 To date, no case report in the veterinary literature has described use of computed tomography (CT) scanning or new methylene bluea as alternate methods for the diagnosis of rectourethral fistulas. Most rectourethral fistulas in people are acquired secondary to trauma, pelvic surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, or malignancy.12 The diagnosis can be made by witnessing fecaluria or by using advanced diagnostic procedures. Some physicians prefer the aid of contrast cystourethrography13, 14 whereas others have reported the usefulness of CT scanning for both establishing the diagnosis and for surgical planning.15 CT scanning for the detection of anorectal anomalies was first described in infants and has since become a valuable diagnostic tool.16, 17 To date, the most commonly utilized diagnostic techniques in people include cystourethroscopy, advanced imaging such as CT scanning or magnetic resonance imaging, and radiographic contrast imaging.13-19 This report describes the successful use of CT and cystourethrography to diagnose a rectourethral fistula in an English Bulldog. Whereas cystourethrography was used to determine that a fistula was present, the exact anatomic location could not be verified. In contrast, the CT scan was very useful in establishing an accurate anatomic localization of the fistula and surgical planning for repair. In addition, this report describes a technique of colorectal infusion of new methylene blue during cystourethroscopy, which may be a useful adjunctive procedure to verify the presence of an abnormal communication between the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. A 1-year-old 26.1 kg male castrated English Bulldog was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NCSU-VTH) with a 4-month history of recurrent urinary tract infections. The owner reported pollakiuria, stranguria, and hematuria. Upon initial presentation to the referring veterinarian, gross hematuria, bacteriuria, and pyuria were detected in a voided urine sample. Clinical signs transiently abated after treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acidb (15 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Approximately 21 days after initial presentation, a urine sample collected by cystocentesis grew Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis that were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Although abdominal radiographs were unremarkable, small cystoliths, bilateral renal mineralization, and a thickened bladder wall were detected on abdominal ultrasonography. Urinary crystalline material analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Centerc was identified as magnesium ammonium phosphate. Ninety days after initial presentation, urinalysis of a catheterized sample indicated hematuria and bacteriuria. Microbial culture of the same sample resulted in growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. Based on susceptibility test results, the dog was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (14 mg/kg PO q12h for 6 weeks) and marbofloxacin (8 mg/kg PO q24h for 6 weeks). At presentation to the NCSU-VTH, no abnormalities were detected during physical examination. Results of a CBC and biochemical profile were unremarkable. Urinalysis of a sample collected by cystocentesis indicated urine specific gravity of 1.014, urine pH of 8.0, trace bacteruria, and 0–5 white blood cells per high-power field. An aliquot of the same urine sample was submitted for microbial culture and resulted in light growth of a resistant strain of Enterococcus faecium. Abdominal ultrasonography identified a thickened irregular urinary bladder wall and small cystic calculi. A hyperemic bladder and urethral mucosa consistent with urinary tract inflammation, as well as particulate matter were identified during cystourethroscopy. Analysis of the particulate matter by the Minnesota Urolith Center identified a gelatinous material not consistent with urinary calculi, but rather a conglomerate of fungal hyphae, bacterial rods and cocci, and cellular material. A positive contrast retrograde urethrocystogram was performed after cystourethroscopy with fluoroscopic guidance. Approximately 20 mL of iohexold (240 mg/mL diluted with 0.9% saline to a concentration of 120 mg/mL) was infused over a 3–5-minute period through an 8-french Foley catheter placed into the urethra. The catheter balloon was positioned and inflated approximately 1 in. distal to the ischiatic tuberosity. At the level of the prostate gland, contrast medium exited the urethra within a tract that extended caudally and emptied into the rectum, indicating the presence of a rectourethral fistula. The dog represented 7 days later for surgical correction of the rectourethral fistula. Based on the owner's desire for a minimally invasive approach, initially laparoscopy was performed. Laparoscopic exploration of the area dorsal to the urethra failed to identify an obvious fistula, and the procedure was converted to a standard ventral midline laparotomy. A red rubber urinary catheter was placed to fill the bladder with saline. Pressure was applied to the urinary bladder while digitally obstructing the urethra in an attempt to force saline into the fistula as an aid to its identification. No abnormal tissue could be identified. Because of the potential risk to neurovascular structures associated with further dissection, and the potential morbidity associated with pelvic osteotomies, the decision was made to recover the animal from anesthesia and attempt to further characterize the anatomic location of the fistula with additional diagnostic techniques at a future date. The dog was discharged from the hospital the next day with instructions to be given amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (14 mg/kg PO q12h for 10 days). Thirty days after the initial surgery, colonoscopy was performed using a 1,680 mm length flexible Olympuse colonoscope with an outer diameter of 12.2 mm in an attempt to locate the fistula. Patient preparation consisted of a combination of a 24-hour fast, oral polyethylene glycol solution,f and warm water enemas. During colonoscopy, many small raised areas consistent with lymphoid follicles were noted, but a fistula was not visualized. After colonoscopy, cystourethroscopy was performed with a 600 mm length flexible Storzg cystoscope with an outer diameter of 3.8 mm. In another attempt to identify the location of the fistula, new methylene blue was instilled into the colon during urethroscopsy. A 24-french Foley catheter was advanced approximately 10 in. aborally into the descending colon. A 2nd 24-french Foley catheter was positioned in at the level of the rectum. The balloon of each catheter was filled with 30 mm 0.9% saline. Thirty milliliters of new methylene blue was diluted 1 : 1 with 0.9% saline to a total volume of 60 mm and instilled through the distal catheter, over a period of 10–15 seconds, into the space between the 2 catheter balloons where the fistula was believed to be located. The urine in the urethra became blue-tinged within minutes confirming translocation of the new methylene blue from the colon into the urethra. At the level of the prostatic urethra, several small depressions of the urethral mucosa were noted (Fig 1). Although the largest of these depressions was believed to be associated with the fistula, there was no definitive evidence of new methylene blue entering the urethra through these areas. Thus, the new methylene blue was useful in confirming the presence of the fistula but did not identify its location. (A) Cystourethroscopy before new methylene blue infusion. There are several small depressions and one larger depression in the urethral mucosa. The larger depression is believed to be associated with the fistula. (B) Cystourethroscopy after new methylene blue infusion. The urine became blue-tinged consistent with passage of new methylene blue from the colon to the urethra. 101 × 76 mm (300 × 300 DPI). After cystourethroscopy, CTh scanning was performed in conjunction with a positive contrast retrograde urethrogram. Iohexol was diluted and administered at a concentration of 80 mg of iodine per milliliter through an 8-french Foley catheter placed in the urethra. Contrast medium was present within the urethra, urinary bladder, colon, and rectum. A fistulous tract oriented in a caudodorsal direction connecting the urethra to the rectum immediately caudal to the prostate was readily apparent (2, 3). Retrograde urography. One millimeter transverse image of intrapelvic urethra and rectum immediately cranial to the coxofemoral joints. The white arrow is the urethra. The black arrow is the fistulous tract extending caudodorsally on the right. Contrast medium within the terminal colon is readily apparent. 101 × 76 mm (300 × 300 DPI). Sagittal CT reconstruction. There is contrast medium within the tract between the urethra and rectum. White arrows are urethra. Black arrows are the fistulous tract. 101 × 76 mm (300 × 300 DPI). The CT scan allowed more accurate anatomic localization and the dog was returned to surgery in a 2nd attempt to ligate the fistula, this time using a perineal approach. A lumen was identified and catheterized with an 8-french red rubber catheter directed toward the urethra. Both the rectal end and urethral end of the fistula were ligated and oversewn. A total of 6 urine samples were obtained by cystocentesis and submitted for microbial culture over the next year while the dog was not receiving antibiotics. All were negative for bacterial growth. A 1-year follow-up conversation with the owner indicated that the dog no longer had any clinical signs related to the lower urinary tract. Rectourethral fistulas are persistent communications between the rectum and urethra. Of the 13 dogs reported with rectourethral fistulas, 11 were suspected to be congenital in nature.2-10 The exact embryologic formation of a rectourethral fistula is not known. During normal canine development, the urorectal fold contacts the cloacal membrane, which subsequently ruptures, resulting in separate urogenital and digestive orifices. The caudal portion of the urogenital orifice further differentiates into the urethra. Fistulas can occur either secondary to failure of the urorectal septum to separate the cloaca into ventral urethrovesical and dorsal rectal segments or due to rupture of the cloacal membrane before contacting the urorectal fold.3, 20 Additionally, infectious or inflammatory processes can occur in utero that could lead to perforation of the rectum and subsequent fistula formation.10 In both humans and dogs with rectourethral fistulas, the most common presenting clinical signs are caused by recurrent cystitis and include dysuria, hematuria, pollakiuria, or stranguria.3-10, 13, 21 Ten of the 13 canine rectourethral fistulas reports included aerobic urine culture results. Aerobic culture yielded growth of ≥ 2 bacterial species in 6 of these reports.2, 4, 6, 8-10 The most common bacterial organisms reported were E. coli and Proteus spp.1-10 Neither of the dogs with acquired fistulas had positive aerobic urine cultures.1, 11 In 1 study of dogs with recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections, approximately 25% of the urine specimens yielded the growth of ≥ 2 bacterial species by aerobic bacterial culture, as was noted in the dog of this report.12 The presence of multiple organisms on urine culture specimen may raise clinical suspicion of systemic immunocompromise, anatomic defects along the lower urinary tract, or external contamination of the urine sample. Rectourethral fistula is an uncommon anatomic defect that can lead to recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections. In this dog, the fistula was oriented in a cranioventral to caudodorsal direction running between the prostatic urethra and the caudoventral rectum. This orientation made identification of the fistula at surgery difficult because it was closely associated with the dorsal aspect of the urethra cranioventrally. After CT scan, a different surgical approach was used and resulted in successful repair of the fistula. To the authors' knowledge, this is the 1st report of CT scanning and colorectal infusion of new methylene blue during cystourethroscopy for the evaluation of rectourethral fistulas in a dog, although these techniques have been described in humans.18, 22 Since evaluating the dog of this case report, we have performed colorectal infusion of new methylene blue in 2 additional young dogs that were presented for evaluation of recurrent urinary tract infections. Neither of these dogs had any discoloration of the urine after infusion with new methylene blue nor did they have fistulas. The infusion is an easily performed technique that can be incorporated into cystourethroscopy to identify if there is an abnormal communication between the urethra and rectum or colon. Specific patient preparation for this technique includes enemas to evacuate the descending colon and the placement of 2 Foley catheters. Although the location of the fistula may not be readily identifiable, a color change of the urine indicates the presence of an abnormal communication between the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. In the dog of this report, advanced imaging was needed for precise anatomical localization. CT scanning may be useful to accurately localize the fistula, which can aid surgical planning and successful repair. aNew Methylene Blue 1% solution, Taylor Pharmaceuticals, Decatur, IL bClavamox; Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA cUniversity of Minnesota, St Paul, MN dOmnipaque 240 mg/mL, GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ eOlympus America Inc, Center Valley, PA fGoLYTELY (PEG-3350 and electrolytes), Braintree Laboratories Inc, Braintree, MA gKarl Storz Endoscope, Roswell, GA hSiemens Sensation 16, Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc, Malvern, PA This study was not supported by a grant.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Cruse, A. M. and Vaden, S. L. and Mathews, K. G. and Hill, T. L. and Robertson, I. D.}, year={2009}, pages={931–934} }
 @article{hill_breitschwerdt_cecere_vaden_2008, title={Concurrent Hepatic Copper Toxicosis and Fanconi's Syndrome in a Dog}, volume={22}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0040.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0040.x}, abstractNote={A3-year-old male castrated West Highland White Terrier was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at North Carolina State University with a 1-week history of intermittent vomiting, polyuria and polydypsia, progressive anorexia, and lethargy. No treatment was administered by the primary veterinarian before referral. The dog was adopted as a puppy and had lived exclusively in North Carolina. The dog received no other medications and had no previous illnesses, except for a transient decrease in appetite 1 year earlier. On physical examination, the dog weighed 8.2 kg, had a body condition score of 6/9, but was approximately 5% dehydrated. Hematologic abnormalities included neutrophilia (14,293 cells/μL, reference range 2,529–12,876 cells/μL) with a left shift (642 band neutrophils/μL) and immature granulocytes (161/μL). Biochemical abnormalities included increased ALT activity (456 U/L; reference range, 16–73 U/L), hyperbilirubinemia (0.3 mg/dL; reference range, 0–0.2 mg/dL), hypokalemia (3.8 mEq/L; reference range, 3.9–5.2 mEq/L), hyperchloremia (121 mEq/L; reference range, 104–117 mEq/L), and increased lipase activity (715 U/L; reference range, 22–216 U/L). Urinalysis findings included a specific gravity of 1.022, pH of 8, 2+ proteinuria, 2+ ketones, 2+ blood, 4+ glucose, 0–2 coarse granular casts/hpf, 0–5 white cells/hpf, and 5–10 red cells/hpf. The urine protein : creatinine ratio was 1.7. A urine sample submitted for bacterial culture yielded no growth. There was mild metabolic acidemia (blood pH 7.26; reference range, 7.36–7.47), bicarbonate 16.2 mEq/L (reference range, 19.8–26.2 mEq/L), and PCO2 36 mmHg (reference range, 30–40 mmHg), on a venous blood sample. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings included periportal lymph node enlargement, microhepatica, and mildly hyperechoic kidneys bilaterally. Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were within reference range. The dog was treated with an IV infusion of lactated Ringer's solution containing 30 mEq/L KCl for dehydration, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Within 48 hours of hospitalization, sodium bicarbonate at 3 mEq/kg/d was administered as a continuous rate infusion to correct the persistent metabolic acidosis. In addition, the dog was treated with a metoclopramide constant rate infusion of 1 mg/kg/d and famotidine 0.5 mg/kg IV q12h. During the 1st 48 hours of hospitalization, the dog remained anorexic and frequently vomited bile; dolasetron 0.6 mg/kg IV q24h and sucralfate 500 mg PO q8h were administered. The dog was supplemented nutritionally by nasoesophageal feeding a liquid diet (Perativea), the continuous rate of which was adjusted to minimize vomiting. Serial assessment of urine dipstick tests and serum glucose measurements indicated that the dog was persistently ketonuric and glucosuric, with normal serum glucose concentrations. Despite a metabolic acidosis, urine pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.0. The findings of proteinuria, glucosuria with normoglycemia, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine supported a diagnosis of Fanconi's syndrome. Results of a urine metabolic profile, performed at the University of Pennsylvania, also were consistent with Fanconi's syndrome with severe generalized amino aciduria and marked glucosuria. By the 4th day of hospitalization, the dog became febrile (103.6°F). An abdominal ultrasound examination indicated mild thickening of the gallbladder wall. Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ampicillin and sulbactam (Unasyn,b 30 mg/kg IV q8h); the fever resolved within 36 hours. Because of the dog's refractory vomiting and unknown underlying hepatic pathology, an exploratory laparotomy was performed on the 5th day of hospitalization. Biopsy specimens were taken of the liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and left kidney. The gallbladder was aspirated and 1 aliquot of bile was submitted for cytologic analysis; another aliquot was submitted for aerobic microbial culture. Gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes were placed. Recovery from surgery was uneventful. Perativea liquid diet was administered continuously through the jejunostomy tube throughout the remainder of hospitalization without incident. The volume administered was gradually increased to basal energy requirements. Ketonuria resolved within 24 hours after feeding basal energy requirements. Dexamethasone (0.08 mg/kg IV q24h), s-adenosylmethionine (22 mg/kg PO q24h), and ursodeoxycholic acid (15 mg/kg PO q24h) were administered on day 5 postoperatively. Within 24 hours, steady improvement was observed; the vomiting ceased, the dog was more active and alert, and began eating. IV bicarbonate supplementation was necessary to maintain a near normal serum pH. The bile fluid was cytologically unremarkable and bacterial growth was not observed. Lymphofollicular gastritis, which was attributed to refractory vomiting, and mild lymphocytic enteritis were observed histologically on full-thickness stomach and intestinal biopsy specimens. Centrilobular pyogranulomatous hepatitis, characterized by infiltrates of neutrophils, macrophages, and fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells associated with single cell hepatocyte necrosis, was present in liver wedge biopsy specimens. Abundant copper accumulation was present within centrilobular hepatocytes and macrophages (Fig 1). Copper was quantified at 1186 ppm dry weight. Histopathologic abnormalities in the kidney included diffuse mild to moderate tubular atrophy, multifocal tubular epithelial vacuolation, and tubular regeneration. Additionally, there was evidence of abnormal copper accumulation within vacuolated renal tubular epithelium (Fig 2). Liver, dog. (A) Centrilobular zone with individual hepatocellular necrosis (arrow) and infiltrates of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. H&E stain. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Same section as A with numerous well-demarcated, red–brown copper-containing granules present in the cytoplasm of macrophages and hepatocytes. Rhodanine stain. Scale bar = 50 μm. Kidney, dog. (A) Tubules lined by plump vacuolated epithelial cells (arrow) or mildly atrophied epithelium (arrowhead). H&E stain. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Renal tubular epithelial cells containing multiple cytoplasmic well-demarcated, red–brown copper-containing granules. Rhodanine stain. Scale bar = 20 μm. The dog gradually was transitioned to oral medications administered through the gastrotomy tube, including 971 mg of bicarbonate q12h, s-adenosylmethionine, ursodeoxycholic acid, prednisone 0.6 mg/kg q12h that was tapered over the next 4 weeks, famotidine 0.6 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid 12 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, ciprofloxacin 8 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, and Marinc 1 medium dog tablet daily for 2 months. d-Penicillamine was given at a dosage of 10 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 months, with no reported adverse effects. After 2 weeks of treatment, the dog was no longer proteinuric, glucosuric, or ketonuric. Venous pH was 7.36 and bicarbonate was 26.6 mEq/L. ALT activity had decreased from 456 to 81 U/L. Ursodeoxycholic acid, s-adenosylmethionine, Marin, bicarbonate, and d-penicillamine therapy were continued. Monthly venous blood gas analysis disclosed normal pH while receiving oral bicarbonate supplementation. At the 3-month recheck examination, the bicarbonate dosage was reduced by half and d-penicillamine was discontinued. Repeat biopsies of the liver and kidney were declined by the owner. Zinc acetate was prescribed (10 mg/kg orally q12h); s-adenosylmethionine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and Marin were continued. Three weeks after decreasing the oral bicarbonate supplementation, venous pH was 7.4 and bicarbonate was 27.9 mEq/L and bicarbonate supplementation was discontinued, but zinc acetate supplementation was continued indefinitely. Thirteen months after initial diagnosis and treatment, the dog was doing well with no clinical signs reported. Copper storage diseases (CSDs) have been described in several breeds, including the Bedlington Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Skye Terrier, Doberman Pinscher, Labrador Retriever, and Dalmatian, as well as other species, including humans, rats, and sheep. With CSD, copper accumulates in the liver, leading to hepatitis and eventually cirrhosis of the hepatic parenchyma.1 As yet, the genetic basis of CSD has been elucidated only in the Bedlington Terrier, where it is related to a defect in the MURR-1 gene.2 CSD in the Bedlington Terrier results in copper accumulation in the liver as well as renal cortical tissue in some patients.3 We describe a West Highland White Terrier with CSDand concurrent Fanconi's syndrome, which resolved after copper chelation therapy. A genetic mutation that causes abnormal copper accumulation has yet to be identified in West Highland White Terrier. Unlike the Bedlington Terrier, there does not seem to be a correlation between age and hepatic copper concentration in the West Highland White Terrier. In addition, the total hepatic copper concentration is lower in the majority of affected West Highland White Terriers; most West Highland White Terriers have copper concentrations <1,500 ppm dry weight.4, 5 Copper concentrations up to 500 ppm dry weight may occur in normal dogs.6 Thornburg describes the histopathologic lesions of copper toxicosis in West Highland White Terriers as being characterized by multifocal centrilobular hepatitis and cirrhosis. In this dog, the findings were consistent with previous reports, including multifocal centrilobular hepatitis and a copper concentration of 1,186 ppm. It is unclear whether copper toxicosis was the direct cause of Fanconi's syndrome in this dog, because several medical therapies, including antibiotics, steroids, and penicillamine, may have contributed to resolution of Fanconi's syndrome regardless of treating copper toxicosis. The presence of copper in the renal tubules and resolution of Fanconi's syndrome after copper chelation therapy suggest that copper toxicosis may be a cause of Fanconi's syndrome in dogs. In other reports, dogs with copper toxicosis had abnormalities indicative of proximal tubular dysfunction.7, 8 In a study of 10 Dalmatians with copper toxicosis, 3 dogs had proteinuria without pyuria, 2 had glucosuria with normoglycemia, and 1 had renal tubular necrosis with granular casts.7 In a separate report, a 1.5-year-old Dalmatian had copper toxicosis with a positive metabolic screen for Fanconi's syndrome.8 This dog was euthanized because the dog continued to decline clinically. In the dog reported here, glucosuria, metabolic acidosis, amino aciduria, and copper accumulation in the renal tubules were documented with resolution of Fanconi's syndrome after copper chelation therapy. Wilson's disease is a CSD in humans in which copper accumulates to toxic concentrations in the liver and secondarily in the central nervous system and kidneys because of a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which normally allows for copper excretion into the bile and for production of ceruloplasmin. As a result, patients with Wilson's disease have copper accumulation in the liver and in other tissues, including the brain, kidney, red blood cells, and eye. Neurologic signs develop including speech disorders and dysphagia, abnormal and uncoordinated gait, and tremors.9 Renal complications, including urolithiasis and Fanconi's syndrome, have been reported in human patients with Wilson's disease.10, 11 As is reported in association with Wilson's disease in human patients, this dog may represent a subset of patients with copper storage disease that have concurrent renal tubular dysfunction in association with copper accumulation in the proximal tubular epithelium. Several types of proximal renal tubular dysfunction have been described in association with Wilson's disease in humans: failure of renal acidification, amino aciduria, glucosuria, and phosphaturia.11-15 Resolution of proximal tubular dysfunction also may occur after treatment for copper toxicosis with penicillamine.11, 13-15 A renal biopsy in 1 patient, with prior documentation of renal tubular copper accumulation, demonstrated normal proximal tubular ultrastructure 2 years after initiation of penicillamine therapy. Penicillamine therapy was discontinued because of adverse effects, including glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Eighteen months later, the patient again showed signs of Wilson's disease, and a renal biopsy was repeated. Electron-dense bodies, consistent with copper-bound metalloprotein, were evident in the subapical cytoplasm of the tubular cells, although copper quantification was not performed to confirm increased copper concentrations in the kidney.11 The effect of copper loading has been examined in the rat kidney as a model for copper toxicosis in humans and other species. Rats supplemented with excessive copper, either by injection or by dietary supplementation, develop copper staining in the liver and in the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium.16-18 Haywood demonstrated an increase in copper content of the kidney in rats fed excess copper as well as copper staining granules confined to the proximal tubule. There also were degenerative changes of the tubular cells as well as copper-staining debris in the tubular lumen, suggesting active exocytosis of copper-bound metallothionein.17 A later report of copper loading in the rat kidney described increased copper in renal tubular lysosomes. With time and increased copper concentrations, there was progressive nuclear degeneration in proximal tubular cells and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane.18 These findings are consistent with the observation that copper acts as a prooxidant, disrupting cell membranes and damaging DNA. Eventually, the rats extruded copper-stained lysosomes and copper-laden pinocytotic vesicles into the tubular lumen. After this time point, the copper concentration in the kidney began to decrease and the tubular epithelium recovered to nearly normal. The localization of copper to the renal tubular epithelium, later exocytosis of copper-bound organelles, and recovery of the tubular epithelium suggest a mechanism by which the rat seems able to cope with increased dietary copper intake. Copper also may alter the function of Na-K-ATPase in the proximal tubular epithelium. In vitro, for both rat kidney tissue homogenate and rat synaptic plasma membrane, copper has an inhibitory effect on the function of this important enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner.19, 20 As copper stores accumulate in the canine liver, the kidney may attempt exocytosis of excess copper as occurs in the copper-loaded rat. Exocytosis of copper-bound organelles in the canine and human kidney may be less effective than in the rat, because tubular debris is not described in any published reports of copper-stained kidneys from rats. Because copper accumulates in the kidney as well as the liver, it then may have several effects that ultimately lead to proximal tubular dysfunction and Fanconi's syndrome: necrosis and apoptosis of epithelial cells because copper acts as a pro-oxidant, disrupting mitochondrial membranes and DNA, inducing inflammation that may affect epithelial function, and inhibiting the function of Na-K-ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner that would alter transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule. These effects all may lead to decreased reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, phosphate, and bicarbonate from the tubular lumen. These may be the mechanisms by which copper toxicosis in this West Highland White Terrier resulted in proximal tubular dysfunction characterized as Fanconi's syndrome. Few controlled studies are available in human and canine medicine that describe renal pathology with copper toxicosis or the effect of copper chelation therapy. Additional study is needed to definitively confirm a link between Fanconi's syndrome and copper storage disease in dogs as suggested by this dog, and to elucidate the nature of that association. In dogs with suspected copper storage disease and evidence of tubular dysfunction that are undergoing liver biopsy, it may be warranted to perform a renal biopsy to allow for histopathologic examination of the renal parenchyma, as well as renal copper quantification, which was not performed here. Sequential urine metabolic screening or urinalyses with protein quantification may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring tool in those patients with evidence of tubular dysfunction. Additionally, liver and kidney biopsies after 3 months of d-penicillamine therapy may have been informative to document the histological response to treatment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the veterinarians involved in the treatment and referral of the dog. Our appreciation is extended to Dr Herman Jeffers, Dr Karyn Harrell, and Dr Sally Bissett. aPerative Specialized Nutrition, Abbot Laboratories, Ross Products Division, Columbus, OH bUnasyn, Pfizer Roerig, Pfizer Inc, New York cMarin, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, MD}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hill, T.L. and Breitschwerdt, E.B. and Cecere, T. and Vaden, S.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={219–222} }
 @article{allenspach_lomas_wieland_harris_pressler_mancho_lees_vaden_2008, title={Evaluation of perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies as an early marker of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1301}, abstractNote={To evaluate perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody (pANCA) status in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) and SCWT-Beagle crossbred dogs and to correlate pANCA status of dogs with clinicopathologic variables of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), or both.13 SCWTs and 8 SCWT-Beagle crossbred dogs in a research colony and a control group comprising 7 dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy and 12 healthy SCWTs > 9 years old.Samples were obtained from dogs in the research colony every 6 months. At each sample-collection time point, serum concentrations of albumin, globulin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen; fecal concentration of alpha-proteinase inhibitor; and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios were determined and correlated with pANCA status.20 of 21 dogs in the research colony had positive results for pANCAs at a minimum of 2 time points, and 18 of 21 dogs had definitive evidence of disease. None of the control dogs had positive results for pANCAs. A positive result for pANCAs was significantly associated with hypoalbuminemia, and pANCAs preceded the onset of hypoalbuminemia on an average of 2.4 years. Sensitivity and specificity for use of pANCAs to predict development of PLE or PLN were 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.00) and 0.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.95), respectively.Most dogs in this study affected with PLE, PLN, or both had positive results for pANCAs before clinicopathologic evidence of disease was detected. Thus, pANCAs may be useful as an early noninvasive test of disease in SCWTs.}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Allenspach, Karin and Lomas, Bethany and Wieland, Barbara and Harris, Tonya and Pressler, Barrak and Mancho, Carolina and Lees, George E. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1301–1304} }
 @article{puskar_lemons_papich_vaden_birkenheuer_2007, title={Antibiotic-resistant Corynebacterium jeikeium urinary tract infection in a cat}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0430061}, abstractNote={A 10-year-old, castrated male, domestic longhaired cat with a history of urinary tract disease and perineal urethrostomy was presented for evaluation of persistent urinary tract inflammation. Prior to referral, diphtheroid organisms had been cultured from a urine sample obtained by cystocentesis, and they were interpreted as sample contamination. Subsequent urine culture and gene sequencing identified Corynebacterium jeikeium, which was resistant to antibiotics and appeared to be the cause of the urinary tract infection.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Puskar, Michelle and Lemons, Carol and Papich, Mark G. and Vaden, Shelley L. and Birkenheuer, Adam}, year={2007}, pages={61–64} }
 @article{wood_vaden_cerda-gonzalez_keene_2007, title={Cystoscopic-guided balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a female dog}, volume={48}, number={7}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Wood, M. W. and Vaden, S. and Cerda-Gonzalez, S. and Keene, B.}, year={2007}, pages={731–733} }
 @article{allenspach_vaden_harris_grone_doherr_griot-wenk_bischoff_gaschen_2006, title={Evaluation of colonoscopic allergen provocation as a diagnostic tool in dogs with proven food hypersensitivity reactions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0022-4510"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00007.x}, abstractNote={Objective: To evaluate the colonoscopic allergen provocation (COLAP) test as a new tool for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy. Methods: Oral food challenges as well as COLAP testing were performed in a colony of nine research dogs with proven immediate-type food allergic reactions. In addition, COLAP was performed in five healthy dogs. Results: When compared with the oral challenge test, COLAP accurately determined 18 of 23 (73 per cent) positive oral challenge reactions (73 per cent) in dogs with food allergies and was negative in the healthy dogs. Clinical Significance: The accuracy of this new test may be higher than that for gastric sensitivity testing. Therefore, COLAP holds promise as a new test to confirm the diagnosis of suspect IgE-mediated food allergy in dogs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Allenspach, K and Vaden, SL and Harris, TS and Grone, A and Doherr, MG and Griot-Wenk, ME and Bischoff, SC and Gaschen, F}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{lees_brown_elliott_grauer_vaden_2005, title={Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM forum consensus statement (small animal)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[377:AAMOPI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Emerging data indicate that more attention should be given to the detection, evaluation, monitoring, and treatment of dogs and cats with proteinuria. The purposes of this consensus statement are to describe an appropriate approach for accomplishing these tasks and to provide specific recommendations for assessing and managing dogs and cats with proteinuria based on data that are currently available. Because proteinuria and albuminuria have numerous possible causes, they must be assessed appropriately to determine their implications for the patient. This assessment involves localization of the origin of the proteinuria as well as determination of its persistence and magnitude. Because persistent renal proteinuria usually indicates presence of chronic kidney disease, which sometimes is a progressive disorder, its detection identifies dogs and cats that have increased risk for adverse health outcomes. Thus, urine testing that will detect proteinuria should be a component of the clinical evaluations of dogs and cats under all circumstances that prompt their veterinarians to also perform comprehensive hematologic and serum biochemical evaluations. At a minimum, this testing should consist of a complete urinalysis that includes a satisfactorily accurate semiquantitative test for protein, and positive reactions should be properly followed with further testing. The appropriate response to persistent renal proteinuria depends on the magnitude of proteinuria and the status of the patient. The recommended response generally involves continued monitoring, further investigation, and therapeutic intervention, which should be implemented as an escalating series of inclusive, stepwise responses.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lees, GE and Brown, SA and Elliott, J and Grauer, GE and Vaden, SL}, year={2005}, pages={377–385} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_wooden_adin_stone_gregory_mathews_cowgill_vaden_nyland_et al._2005, title={Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.932}, abstractNote={To determine clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi.Retrospective study.163 client-owned cats.Medical records were reviewed, and information on signalment, history, clinical signs, and results of clinicopathologic testing and diagnostic imaging was obtained.The number of cats in which ureterolithiasis was diagnosed each year increased progressively during the study period. Clinical signs tended to be non-specific and included inappetence, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss. A combination of survey radiography and abdominal ultrasonography revealed ureteral calculi in 66 of 73 (90%) cats in which the diagnosis was confirmed at surgery or necropsy. Ultrasonography revealed that ureteral calculi were causing ureteral obstruction in 143 of 155 (92%) cats. One hundred thirty-four of 162 (83%) cats had azotemia, 84 of 156 (54%) had hyperphosphatemia, and 22 of 152 (14%) had hypercalcemia. Urinary tract infection was documented in 10 of 119 (8%). Fifty-eight of 76 (76%) cats with unilateral ureterolithiasis had azotemia and 33 (43%) had hyperphosphatemia, indicating impairment of renal function in the contralateral kidney or prerenal azotemia. Ultrasonographic imaging of the contralateral kidney in cats with unilateral ureteral calculi suggested that preexisting renal parenchymal disease was common in cats with ureterolithiasis. Ninety-one of 93 (98%) ureteral calculi contained calcium oxalate.Results suggest that abdominal imaging should be performed in all cats with chronic nonspecific signs or with acute or chronic renal failure to rule out ureterolithiasis. Preexisting renal disease may be common in cats with ureteral calculi.}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={932–936} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_wooden_adin_stone_gregory_mathews_cowgill_vaden_nyland_et al._2005, title={Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.937}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To determine outcome of medical and surgical treatment in cats with ureteral calculi. Design —Retrospective study. Animals —153 cats. Procedure —Medical records were reviewed. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information. Results —All cats were initially treated medically before a decision was made to perform surgery. Medical treatment included parenteral administration of fluids and diuretics to promote urine production and passage of the ureteral calculus and supportive treatment for renal failure. Ureteral calculi in the proximal portion of the ureter were typically removed by ureterotomy, whereas ureteral calculi in the distal portion of the ureter were more likely to be removed by partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy. Ureterotomy could be performed without placement of a nephrostomy tube for postoperative urine diversion. Postoperative complication rate and perioperative mortality rate were 31% and 18%, respectively. The most common postoperative complications were urine leakage and persistent ureteral obstruction after surgery. Chronic renal failure was common at the time of diagnosis and continued after treatment, with serum creatinine concentration remaining greater than the upper reference limit in approximately half the cats. Twelve-month survival rates after medical and surgical treatment were 66% and 91%, respectively, with a number of cats dying of causes related to urinary tract disorders, including ureteral calculus recurrence and worsening of chronic renal failure. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results suggest that medical and surgical management of ureteral calculi in cats are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Treatment can stabilize renal function, although many surviving cats will continue to have impaired renal function. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:937–944)}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={937–944} }
 @article{vaden_2005, title={Renal biopsy of dogs and cats}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1096-2867"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.ctsap.2004.12.003}, abstractNote={Renal diseases are common in dogs and cats. Renal biopsy may be required during the evaluation of the patient to establish a definitive diagnosis, determine the severity of the lesion and formulate an optimal treatment plan. Renal biopsy specimens can be collected via several methods. Percutaneous techniques are performed with ultrasound guidance in both dogs and cats or blindly in cats. If ultrasound guidance is not available, the keyhole technique can be used in dogs. Biopsy can also be performed using laparoscopy or surgery. While complications can arise with any of these techniques, complications are less frequent when an experienced operator uses proper technique. Renal biopsy specimens must be processed and evaluated appropriately if consistent and accurate diagnoses are to be rendered. The article summarizes patient selection and evaluation, renal biopsy techniques, expected complications of renal biopsy, and appropriate processing and evaluation of the renal biopsy specimen.}, number={1}, journal={CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Vaden, SL}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={11–22} }
 @article{vaden_levine_lees_groman_grauer_forrester_2005, title={Renal biopsy: A retrospective study of methods and complications in 283 dogs and 65 cats}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[794:RBARSO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Renal biopsy often is required to establish a definitive diagnosis in dogs and cats with renal disease. In this retrospective study, we determined the complications of renal biopsy as well as factors that may be associated with development of complications and procurement of adequate renal biopsy specimens in 283 dogs and 65 cats. Data extracted from medical records at 4 institutions were evaluated using logistic regression. Proteinuria was the most common indication for renal biopsy in dogs. Complications were reported in 13.4 and 18.5% of dogs and cats, respectively. The most common complication was severe hemorrhage; hydronephrosis and death were uncommon. Dogs that developed complications after renal biopsy were more likely to have been 4 to < 7 years of age and > 9 years, to weigh < or = 5 kg, and to have serum creatinine concentrations > 5 mg/dL. The majority of biopsies from both dogs (87.6%) and cats (86.2%) were considered to be of satisfactory quality. Biopsies from dogs were more likely to be of high quality if they were obtained when the patient was under general anesthesia and more likely to contain only renal cortex if they were obtained by surgery. We concluded that renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure, with a low frequency of severe complications. Hospital practices and patient variables have the potential to impact both the quality of the specimen obtained and the rate of complications.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, SL and Levine, JE and Lees, GE and Groman, RP and Grauer, GE and Forrester, SD}, year={2005}, pages={794–801} }
 @article{pressler_gookin_sykes_wolf_vaden_2005, title={Urinary tract manifestations of protothecosis in dogs}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<115:UTMOPI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Records of 13 dogs with systemic infection with Prototheca sp. from 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed. Acute renal failure secondary to disseminated infection with Prototheca zopfii was diagnosed in 2 dogs. In 1 dog, acute renal failure developed during administration of immunosuppressive drugs for treatment of anterior uveitis. During diagnostic evaluation of this dog, Prototheca sp. organisms were noted in urine sediment and renal biopsy specimens. In the 2nd dog, acute renal failure was diagnosed after treatment for bacterial cystitis. After diagnosis of protothecosis, organisms were successfully isolated by aerobic urine culture. Both dogs with acute renal failure did not respond to conventional medical therapy. In total, Prototheca sp. was noted in urine sediment in 4 of 8 dogs and successfully cultured from urine in 5 of 7 dogs. Four of 5 dogs had organisms noted in the kidneys on histopathologic examination. In all dogs, the species identified was P zopfii. Sensitivity testing of 3 isolates revealed wide differences in in vitro drug resistance. Examination and culture of urine is recommended as a practical method for diagnosis of systemic infection with Prototheca sp.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Pressler, BM and Gookin, JL and Sykes, JE and Wolf, AM and Vaden, SL}, year={2005}, pages={115–119} }
 @article{lane_dru forrester_vaden_2004, title={Clinical nephrology and urology}, volume={34}, ISSN={0195-5616}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.012}, abstractNote={Toll-like receptors (TLR) are known to play a role in chronic pain, from animal models and limited research in humans, but their role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is unknown. Similarly, alterations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis have been reported in some pain conditions. Our objectives were to identify inflammatory processes that might distinguish individuals with IC/BPS from healthy controls (HC) and to examine their associations with IC/BPS symptoms. Female participants (58 IC/BPS patients and 28 HCs) completed pain and urinary symptom questionnaires and collected saliva for cortisol as part of the Multidisciplinary Approach to Pelvic Pain study. Inflammatory cytokines were assayed in plasma, and in TLR-2− and TLR-4–stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Controlling for BMI and negative affect, between-group differences were analyzed by general linear models, and relationships between symptoms and inflammatory variables were analyzed by regression. Compared to HCs, IC/BPS patients had higher levels of plasma interleukin-6 (P = .040), greater interleukin-1β responsive to TLR-2 stimulation (P = .040), and flatter diurnal cortisol slopes (P = .010), indicating inflammatory dysregulation. In IC/BPS patients, inflammation after TLR-4 stimulation was associated with multiple symptoms, including genitourinary pain (P = .010), sexual pain (P = .002), and marginally with urinary symptoms (P = .068). Genitourinary pain severity (P = .008), frequency (P = .001), and pain with intercourse (P = .002) were strongly associated with TLR-4 inflammatory response. TLR-4 appears to play a central role in painful symptoms of IC/BPS patients, which may be linked to poor endogenous inflammatory control. These findings may help to identify new mechanisms in IC/BPS and lead to new therapeutic approaches.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lane, India F. and Dru Forrester, S. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={xi-xii} }
 @article{lane_forrester_vaden_2004, title={Clinical nephrology and urology - Preface}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.102}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice}, author={Lane, I. F. and Forrester, S. D. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2004}, pages={XI-} }
 @article{kircher_spaulding_vaden_lang_doherr_gaschen_2004, title={Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal hemodynamics in food hypersensitivities: A canine model}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<605:DUEOGH>2.0.CO;2}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kircher, PR and Spaulding, KA and Vaden, S and Lang, J and Doherr, M and Gaschen, L}, year={2004}, pages={605–611} }
 @article{vaden_pressler_lappin_jensen_2004, title={Effects of urinary tract inflammation and sample blood contamination on urine albumin and total protein concentrations in canine urine samples}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00343.x}, abstractNote={Background: Urinary tract inflammation and hemorrhage are believed to be common causes of proteinuria in dogs based on results of studies that measured total urine protein concentration. A method to quantify urine albumin (UAlb) concentration in dogs recently has become available; however, the effect of inflammation on albuminuria is unknown. Objectives: The goals of this study were to determine the effects of urinary tract inflammation, as indicated by pyuria and sample blood contamination, on UAlb concentration and on urine protein: creatinine (UPC) ratio in dogs. Methods: Urine samples were obtained from dogs with pyuria that were presented to a veterinary teaching hospital or were part of a laboratory colony. To mimic the effects of hematuria, canine whole blood was added to a microscopically normal canine urine sample that had baseline albumin and total protein concentrations below the limits of detection. UAlb concentration was measured using a canine albumin-specific competitive ELISA. UPC ratio was determined using routine methods. Results: Of 70 samples with pyuria, 67% had negligible UAlb concentrations and 81% had normal UPC ratios. UAlb concentration but not UPC ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in samples with concurrent hematuria or bacteriuria. When whole blood was added to normal urine, UAlb concentration did not exceed 1 mg/dL until the sample became visibly pink; the UPC did not exceed 0.4 at any dilution. Conclusions: Many dogs with pyuria do not have albuminuria or proteinuria; however, albuminuria may be more likely in dogs with pyuria and concurrent hematuria or bacteriuria. Hematuria may not cause an increase in UAlb concentration until it becomes macroscopic and even then may not increase the UPC ratio.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Vaden, SL and Pressler, BM and Lappin, MR and Jensen, WA}, year={2004}, pages={14–19} }
 @article{pressler_mohammadian_li_vaden_levine_mathews_robertson_2004, title={In vitro prediction of canine urolith mineral composition using computed tomographic mean beam attenuation measurements}, volume={45}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x}, abstractNote={Determination of urolith mineral composition is critical for management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Using computed tomography, urolith physical density, and hence chemical composition, can be quantified using mean beam attenuation measurements (Hounsfield units; HU). This study was designed to establish in vitro reference ranges for three types of compositionally pure uroliths retrieved from dogs. Sixty-six canine uroliths (22 uric acid, 21 calcium oxalate, 14 struvite, nine mixed or compound) were placed in a phantom array. Uroliths were scanned at 120 kVp, 200 mA, and 80 kVp, 200 mA. The region of interest (ROI) for mean HU calculation was determined using two techniques, and reference ranges were calculated for each kVp using either ROI technique. HU for urolith types of pure composition were statistically different (Wilcoxon's two-sample test, P < 0.0083 [Bonferonni correction with six comparisons for total P < 0.05]) using both ROI techniques at either kVp. Struvite uroliths were not statistically different from mixed or compound uroliths. The accuracy for determination of composition of pure uroliths ranged from 86% to 93%; the prediction accuracy for each urolith mineral type and for all uroliths in general was highest when the ROI was hand-drawn just within the visible urolith border at 80 kVp. Technique of ROI determination and kVp that yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values varied for each urolith type. Therefore, in this study, HU could be used to differentiate three types of uroliths of pure mineral composition in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine the predictive value of HU in vivo.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pressler, Barrak M. and Mohammadian, Lenore A. and Li, Erning and Vaden, Shelly L. and Levine, Jay F. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Robertson, Ian D.}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={189–197} }
 @article{vaden_2004, title={Renal biopsy: methods and interpretation}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.010}, abstractNote={Renal biopsy most often is indicated in the management of dogs and cats with glomerular disease or acute renal failure. Renal biopsy can readily be performed in dogs and cats via either percutaneous or surgical methods. Care should be taken to ensure that proper technique is used. When proper technique is employed and patient factors are properly addressed, renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure that minimally affects renal function. Patients should be monitored during the post biopsy period for severe hemorrhage, the most common complication. Accurate diagnosis of glomerular disease, and therefore, accurate treatment planning,requires that the biopsy specimens not only be evaluated by light microscopy using special stains but by electron and immunofluorescent microscopy.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Vaden, SL}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={887-+} }
 @article{bunch_ford_hawkins_jackson_vaden_breitschwerdt_2004, title={The Clinician Investigator Program in Companion Animal Internal Medicine at North Carolina State University}, volume={31}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.4.425}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.31.4.425}, abstractNote={A retrospective study was conducted to describe the development and evolution of the combined internal medicine/PhD program, the Clinician Investigator (CI) Program, at North Carolina State University. Separate survey instruments were developed for individuals who had committed to completing both the residency and PhD components and for graduate advisors of individuals who were granted the PhD degree. Results are summarized here. Most CIs reported believing that each component of the program (clinical training and research training) provided mutual benefits and that their teaching skills were enhanced, particularly as a result of instructing students in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Opinions among both the CIs and the graduate advisors were divided about the benefits of a combined program compared with a sequential program; however, all but one of 11 CIs who completed the survey would enroll in the combined program again. The graduate advisors were overwhelmingly positive about the CIs they had advised and indicated that they would welcome a CI as a PhD student in their laboratory again. Suggested areas for improvement included guaranteed salary/stipend support for the average time to completion (six years) instead of for five years, as well as more emphasis on and guidance in identifying a graduate advisor earlier in the CI program so as to smooth the transition between the clinical and research training components of the program. It is hoped that other training programs will benefit from the summary of our experience with this program.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Bunch, Susan E. and Ford, Richard B. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Jackson, Mark W. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={425–434} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_lane_cowgill_dye_2003, title={Candida spp. urinary tract infections in 13 dogs and seven cats: Predisposing factors, treatment, and outcome}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0390263}, abstractNote={Records from 20 animals (13 dogs, seven cats) with Candida spp. urinary tract infections were reviewed. Six Candida spp. were isolated; Candida albicans was the most common isolate. Concurrent diseases or nonantifungal drugs administered within 1 month of isolation included antibiotics (n=16), corticosteroids (n=6), diabetes mellitus (n=4), nonurogenital neoplasia (n=3), and noncandidal urogenital disease (n=14). All animals had sources of local or systemic immune compromise that likely predisposed to infection. Of five animals with resolution of infection, three did not receive specific antifungal treatment. The authors conclude that correction of predisposing conditions is likely critical for management of Candida spp. urinary tract infection.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Pressler, BM and Vaden, SL and Lane, IF and Cowgill, LD and Dye, JA}, year={2003}, pages={263–270} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_2003, title={Managing renal amyloidosis in dogs and cats}, volume={98}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Pressler, B. M. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2003}, pages={320-} }
 @article{seguin_vaden_altier_stone_levine_2003, title={Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989-1999)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0622:PUTIAR>2.3.CO;2}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Seguin, MA and Vaden, SL and Altier, C and Stone, E and Levine, JF}, year={2003}, pages={622–631} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_jensen_simpson_2002, title={Detection of canine microalbuminuria using semiquantitative test strips designed for use with human urine}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00280.x}, abstractNote={Commercial testing for microalbuminuria in human urine is often performed with point-of-care semiquantitative test strips followed by quantitative testing when indicated. An ELISA that quantifies canine urine albumin concentration has been developed, but semiquantitative test strips for use in the dog are not available.The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the concordance of canine urine albumin concentrations measured by a commercial human test strip and by ELISA.Urine samples were obtained from 67 dogs evaluated for a variety of clinical conditions. Dipstick urinalyses were performed on all samples; clinician discretion determined method of urine collection and performance of urine sediment examination and/or urine culture. Urine albumin concentration was determined using test strips (Clinitek Microalbumin, Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, Ind, USA), and results were compared with those obtained by ELISA.The Clinitek strips correctly determined albumin concentration in 42 of 67 (63%) urine samples tested. Concordance was lowest (48%) for dogs with microalbuminuria (10-300 microg/mL by ELISA). Clinitek strip sensitivity and specificity for correct identification of microalbuminuria were 48% and 75%, respectively. Concordance was lower in dogs with urinary tract infection or hematuria and in samples collected by catheterization. Sensitivity and specificity for correct identification of microalbuminuria after exclusion of dogs with urinary tract infection or hematuria were 59% and 83%, respectively.These results suggest that the Clinitek strips lack sufficient concordance with results obtained by ELISA to be a reliable screening for test microalbuminuria in the dog. A reliable semiquantitative point-of-care test for canine urine albumin concentrations below those detected by standard urine dipsticks is still needed.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Pressler, BM and Vaden, SL and Jensen, WA and Simpson, D}, year={2002}, pages={56–60} }
 @article{shinozaki_sellon_cantor_besser_mealey_vaden_2002, title={Fecal polymerase chain reaction with 16S ribosomal RNA primers can detect the presence of gastrointestinal Helicobacter in dogs}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0426:FPCRWR>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Questions about pathogenesis and therapy for Helicobacter infections in dogs could be answered with a simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific diagnostic test. We hypothesized that a fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay would detect Helicobacter and could be useful for assessing therapeutic responses. Paired gastric biopsies and fecal samples were obtained from 39 random source dogs (group 1). Gastric biopsies from each of these dogs had histologic evidence of gastric spiral bacteria, and paired gastric tissue and fecal samples produced a 375-base pair (bp) product when amplified by PCR with Helicobacter-specific primers. Specificity of the PCR product was confirmed by detection of expected 60-, 119-, and 196-bp products following Hinfl digestion. Direct sequencing of amplicons from paired PCR products from gastric biopsy and fecal samples from 8 group I dogs showed that gastric products had the highest homologies with known gastric Helicobacter species, whereas fecal products had the highest homologies with intestinal species. Healthy mixed-breed dogs (group II; n = 8) with histologically confirmed spiral bacteria infection were treated with a 21-day course of metronidazole, amoxicillin, and famotidine. Fecal samples were collected from group II dogs twice before and within 3 days of completion of treatment. The PCR results correctly identified 15/16 pretreatment samples as positive: 1 pretreatment sample was negative. PCR results identified 8/8 posttreatment samples as Helicobacter negative. Fecal PCR is a useful test for detecting Helicobacter infection in dogs. This assay may be useful as a screening test for infection and could be used to address questions relevant to pathogenesis and therapy.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Shinozaki, JK and Sellon, RK and Cantor, GH and Besser, TE and Mealey, KL and Vaden, SL}, year={2002}, pages={426–432} }
 @inbook{vaden_riviere_2001, title={Penicillins and related beta-Lactam antibiotics}, ISBN={0813817439}, booktitle={Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.)}, publisher={Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press}, author={Vaden, S. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={2001}, pages={818–827} }
 @inbook{vaden_2000, title={Differentiation of acute from chronic renal failure}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Vaden, S. L.}, year={2000}, pages={856} }
 @article{grauer_greco_getzy_cowgill_vaden_chew_polzin_barsanti_2000, title={Effects of enalapril versus placebo as a treatment for canine idiopathic glomerulonephritis}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0526:EOEVPA>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={A blinded, multicenter, prospective clinical trial assessed the effects of enalapril (EN) versus standard care in dogs with naturally occurring, idiopathic glomerulonephritis (GN). Twenty-nine adult dogs with membranous (n = 16) and membranoproliferative (n = 13) GN were studied. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either EN (0.5 mg/kg PO q12-24h; n = 16) or placebo (n = 14) for 6 months (1 dog was treated first with the placebo and then with EN). All dogs were treated with low-dose aspirin (0.5-5 mg/kg PO q12-24h) and fed a commercial diet. At baseline, serum creatinine (SrCr), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and glomerular histologic grade were not different between groups, but the urine protein/creatinine ratio (UP/C) was greater in the EN group compared with the placebo group (8.7 +/- 4.4 versus 4.7 +/- 2.3). After 6 months of treatment, the change in UP/C from baseline was significantly different between groups (EN = -4.2 +/- 1.4 versus 1.9 +/- 0.9 in the placebo group). When data were adjusted for changes in SrCr (SrCr X UP/C) a similar significant reduction was noted ( 2.2 +/- 15.2 versus 8.4 +/- 10.1). The change in SBP after 6 months of treatment also was significantly different between groups (EN = -12.8 +/- 27.3 versus 5.9 +/- 21.5 mm Hg in the placebo group). Response to treatment was categorized as improvement (assigned a value of 2), no progression (assigned a value of 1), and progression (assigned a value of 0). Response was significantly better in the EN group (1.4 +/- 0.8) compared with the placebo group (0.3 +/- 0.5). These results suggest that EN treatment is beneficial in dogs with naturally occurring idiopathic GN.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Grauer, GF and Greco, DS and Getzy, DM and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, SL and Chew, DJ and Polzin, DJ and Barsanti, JA}, year={2000}, pages={526–533} }
 @article{vaden_sellon_melgarejo_williams_trogdon_vancamp_argenzio_2000, title={Evaluation of intestinal permeability and gluten sensitivity in Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers with familial protein-losing enteropathy, protein-losing nephropathy, or both}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.518}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To evaluate intestinal permeability and gluten sensitivity in a family of Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWT) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), or both. Animals —6 affected adult dogs. Procedure —Intestinal biopsy specimens, urine protein- to-creatinine ratio, serum concentrations of albumin and globulin, and concentration of α 1 -protease inhibitor in feces were evaluated before, during, and 13 weeks after daily administration of 10 g of gluten for 7 weeks. Eosinophils and lymphocytes-plasmacytes were enumerated in intestinal biopsy specimens. Intestinal permeability was evaluated before and during the sixth week of gluten administration via cellobiose-mannitol and chromium-EDTA absorption tests. Results —Serum globulin concentration decreased significantly after prolonged administration of gluten. Although not significant, there was an increase in lymphocytes- plasmacytes and a decrease in eosinophils in intestinal biopsy specimens. Furthermore, these counts were greater than those reported for clinically normal dogs. Gluten administration did not increase intestinal permeability. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Daily administration of gluten was associated with a significant decrease in serum globulin concentration in SCWT affected with PLE or PLN, but other variables remained unchanged. Although enhanced wheatgluten sensitivity may be one factor involved in the pathogenesis of PLE or PLN in SCWT, this syndrome does not appear to be the result of a specific sensitivity to gluten. ( Am J Vet Res 2000;61:518–524)}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Vaden, SL and Sellon, RK and Melgarejo, LT and Williams, DA and Trogdon, MM and VanCamp, SD and Argenzio, RA}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={518–524} }
 @article{littman_dambach_vaden_giger_2000, title={Familial protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers: 222 cases (1983-1997)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0068:FPLEAP>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Records and pedigrees of Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWT) with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) were studied retrospectively. Criteria for inclusion were defined based on analysis of blood (panhypoproteinemia for PLE, hypoalbuminemia for PLN) and urine (proteinuria for PLN) and histopathologic examination of tissue. Two hundred twenty-two affected dogs (female:male ratio = 1.6, P < .001) were clinically identified. Dogs were diagnosed with PLE earlier (P < .005; mean +/- SD age: 4.7+/-2.6 years, n = 76) than with PLN (6.3+/-2.0 years, n = 84) or with both diseases (5.9+/-2.2 years, n = 62). Clinical signs included vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, pleural and peritoneal effusions, and less commonly thromboembolic disease. Dogs with PLE generally had panhypoproteinemia and hypocholesterolemia; intestinal lesions included inflammatory bowel disease, dilated lymphatics, and lipogranulomatous lymphangitis. Dogs with PLN generally had hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, hypercholesterolemia, and azotemia; renal lesions typically showed chronic glomerulonephritis/glomerulosclerosis, and less commonly endstage renal disease. Dogs with combined PLE/PLN had intermediate mean values (P < .001) for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol but had a higher mean urine protein:creatinine ratio than did PLN dogs (P < .05); intestinal and renal lesions in these dogs were similar to those in the other groups. Two dogs had incidental mild renal dysplasia. Pedigree analysis from 188 dogs demonstrated a common male ancestor, although the mode of inheritance is unknown. Both PLE and PLN are common diseases in this small breed population. The prognosis is poor. Compared with previously reported intestinal and renal diseases in dogs, a new, distinctive familial predisposition for both PLE and PLN has been recognized in the SCWT breed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Littman, MP and Dambach, DM and Vaden, SL and Giger, U}, year={2000}, pages={68–80} }
 @article{vaden_hammerberg_davenport_orton_trogdon_melgarejo_vancamp_williams_2000, title={Food hypersensitivity reactions in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers with protein-losing enteropathy or protein-losing nephropathy or both: Gastroscopic food sensitivity testing, dietary provocation, and fecal immunoglobulin E}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0060:FHRISC>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) or both for allergy to food. We performed gastroscopic food-sensitivity testing, a provocative dietary trial, and measurement of fecal immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 6 SCWTs affected with PLE or PLN or both. Positive gastroscopic food-sensitivity test reactions were noted in 5 of 6 dogs. Positive reactions were found to milk in 4 dogs, to lamb in 2 dogs, and to wheat and chicken each in 1 dog. Adverse reactions to food (diarrhea, vomiting, or pruritus) were detected in all 6 dogs during the provocative dietary trial. Adverse reactions were found to corn in 5 dogs, to tofu in 3 dogs, to cottage cheese in 2 dogs, to milk in 2 dogs, to farina cream of wheat in 2 dogs, and to lamb in 2 dogs. Serum albumin concentrations significantly decreased and fecal alpha1-protease inhibitor concentration significantly increased 4 days after the provocative trial when compared with baseline values. Antigen-specific fecal IgE varied throughout the provocative trial, with peak levels following ingestion of test meals. We conclude that food hypersensitivities are present in SCWTs affected with the syndrome of PLE/PLN. Mild inflammatory bowel disease was already established in the 6 SCWTs of this report at the time of study, making it impossible to determine if food allergies were the cause or result of the enteric disease.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, SL and Hammerberg, B and Davenport, DJ and Orton, SM and Trogdon, MM and Melgarejo, LT and VanCamp, SD and Williams, DA}, year={2000}, pages={60–67} }
 @article{savary_price_vaden_2000, title={Hypercalcemia in cats: A retrospective study of 71 cases (1991-1997)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0184:HICARS>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={A retrospective study was conducted to characterize the diseases, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic findings associated with hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration >11 mg/dL) in 71 cats presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The 3 most common diagnoses were neoplasia (n = 21), renal failure (n = 18), and urolithiasis (n = 11). Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats. Lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. Calcium oxalate uroliths were diagnosed in 8 of 11 cats with urolithiasis. Cats with neoplasia had a higher serum calcium concentration (13.5 +/- 2.5 mg/dL) than cats with renal failure or urolithiasis and renal failure (11.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dL; P < .03). Serum phosphorus concentration was higher in cats with renal failure than in cats with neoplasia (P < .004). Despite the fact that the majority of cats with uroliths were azotemic, their serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity differed from that of cats with renal failure. Additional studies are warranted to determine the underlying disease mechanism in the cats we identified with hypercalcemia and urolithiasis. We also identified a small number of cats with diseases that are not commonly reported with hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to determine whether an association exists between these diseases and hypercalcemia, as well as to characterize the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for each disease process.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Savary, KCM and Price, GS and Vaden, SL}, year={2000}, pages={184–189} }
 @article{hurley_vaden_1998, title={Evaluation of urine protein content in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism}, volume={212}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hurley, K. J. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={1998}, pages={369–373} }
 @article{hughes_vaden_manaugh_price_hudson_1998, title={Modulation of doxorubicin concentration by cyclosporin A in brain and testicular barrier tissues expressing P-glycoprotein in rats}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1573-7373"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005900908540}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY}, author={Hughes, CS and Vaden, SL and Manaugh, CA and Price, GS and Hudson, LC}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={45–54} }
 @article{vaden_levine_breitschwerdt_1997, title={A Retrospective Case-Control of Acute Renal Failure in 99 Dogs}, volume={11}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00074.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00074.x}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate retrospectively demographic and clinicopathologic factors that may be associated with the diagnosis and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) in dogs presented to a large referral hospital. Medical records of dogs presented to the hospital were searched for a diagnosis of ARF. The diagnosis of ARF was based on clinical signs, renal imaging findings, and clinicopathologic data and, in most cases, was confirmed by histopathology, prior serum creatinine concentrations, response to therapy, and known recent nephrotoxin exposure or ischemic event. Demographics, selected clinicopathologic findings, and concurrent disorders that may have been associated with development of ARF were extracted from these records. A reference population was derived from 481 dogs presenting to the same hospital. Demographic data also were collected from these medical records. The demographic factors associated with a diagnosis of ARF and the factors associated with outcome of ARF were assessed by reviewing a series of multiple logistic regression models. Conclusions from this study were as follows: (1) Intact male dogs and nonsporting dogs were more likely to develop ARF and be admitted to the teaching hospital. (2) Dogs with severe azotemia (serum creatinine concentration > 10 mg/dL), hypocalcemia (< 8.6 mg/ dL), and proteinuria were less likely to survive ARF and be discharged from the hospital. (3) Dogs that survived in the hospital for more than 5 days were more likely to recover and be discharged from the hospital.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Levine, Jay and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={58–64} }
 @article{hammerberg_bevier_deboer_olivry_orton_gebhard_vaden_1997, title={Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG x IgE immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis and helminthiasis.}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031565919&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00119-0}, abstractNote={Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disease manifestation in dogs; however, there is no correlation between clinical disease and detectable total serum IgE. Auto antibodies of the IgG subclass against IgE may affect the detection of serum IgE by immunoassay and may be important in the regulation of IgE production by B cells. ELISA were developed to detect serum antibodies specific for IgE using a newly available canine monoclonal IgE of known antigen specificity, generated from a canine × murine heterohybridoma. To test for correlation of auto IgG anti-IgE levels with manifestation of atopic dermatitis, the sera from 101 atopic dogs were compared with sera from non-atopic dogs of various breeds, foxhounds manifesting clinical signs of demodectic acariasis and helminth parasitized random bred dogs for quantities of IgG anti-IgE measured in units/ml compared to a high titer standard serum. To test for serum effects on quantitation of IgE, known amounts of canine monoclonal IgE were added to various sera and measured by capture ELISA with detecting monoclonal antibodies specific for heat labile or heat stabile epitopes. Unheated sera from dogs manifesting clinical atopic dermatitis and helminth parasitized dogs had levels of IgG anti-IgE that were significantly lower than various breeds of dogs not manifesting dermatologic lesions and foxhounds manifesting demodectic acariasis. Heating sera at 56°C for 3 h to denature the high affinity binding site on the IgE heavy chain caused a marked increase over non-heated sera in detectable IgG angi-IgE in almost all dogs. This increase was most profound in helminth-infected dogs and foxhounds manifesting demodectic mange with 7 fold increases each, respectively, and in atopic dogs with a 5 fold increase compared to 3 fold increases for clinically-normal springer spaniels and all soft coated wheaten terriers. The terriers demonstrated an association of lower heated serum values of IgG anti-IgE with manifestation of a familial syndrome of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy. The ability of mouse anti-canine IgE monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stabile epitopes to detect canine monoclonal IgE added to sera in known amounts varied from serum to serum and at different concentrations of the same serum, but did not correlate with IgG anti-IgE values for these sera. The range of absolute levels of serum IgE in dogs showing little or no inhibition of detection of added IgE was < 0.5 ng/ml to 2 μg/ml. It was concluded that the increase in detectable IgG anti-IgE after heating sera indicates that IgG × IgE immune complexes are normally present in most dogs; however, the increase over uncomplexed IgG anti-IgE was most pronounced in dogs manifesting atopic dermatitis and demodectic acariasis. A quantitative comparison of IgG anti-IgE or IgG × IgE to total serum IgE was not made because the ability of monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stable epitopes on the IgE heavy chain to detect IgE added to serum, as well as innate serum IgE, was highly variable in different dilutions of serum from individual to individual.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, B and Bevier, D and DeBoer, DJ and Olivry, T and Orton, SM and Gebhard, D and Vaden, SL}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={33–46} }
 @article{vaden_1997, title={Cyclosporine and tacrolimus}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0882-0511"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-2867(97)80028-X}, abstractNote={Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are potent immunosuppressant agents that have been used extensively in humans, primarily for prevention of transplant rejection but also for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Both agents have similar mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic profiles. However, the expected toxicity of the agents is dissimilar. Although cyclosporine usage in veterinary medicine is limited, it has been used enough for therapeutic guidelines to be established. Tacrolimus, however, has undergone limited use in veterinary medicine. The drug is too toxic in dogs for its use to be recommended in most clinical situations. This article reviews the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, expected drug interactions and toxicities, and clinical usage of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in veterinary medicine.}, number={3}, journal={SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY-SMALL ANIMAL}, author={Vaden, SL}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={161–166} }
 @article{vaden_heit_hawkins_manaugh_riviere_1997, title={Fluconazole in cats: Pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid}, volume={20}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00093.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00093.x}, abstractNote={The pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration and the penetration of fluconazole into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs were evaluated in adult male cats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from serum concentration-time data obtained following i.v. and p.o. administration of 50 mg per cat using a cross-over study design. Fluconazole concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Mean total body clearance of fluconazole was 37.7 mL/h.kg, mean volume of distribution at steady state was 1.14 L/kg, mean residence time was 31.0 h and mean half-life of elimination was 25 h as derived by non-compartmental analysis of data. Absorption was complete. Mean ratios of fluid:serum fluconazole concentrations following administration of 50 mg fluconazole per day for 8 days were as follows: cerebrospinal fluid, 0.88; aqueous humour 0.79; ELF, 1.20. Fluconazole concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and ELF exceeded reported minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole for pathogenic fungi. Results of this study suggest fluconazole can effectively be administered to cats at 50 mg per cat per day.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Heit, M. C. and Hawkins, E. C. and Manaugh, C. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={181–186} }
 @article{lewbart_vaden_deen_manaugh_whitt_doi_smith_flammer_1997, title={Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) after intramuscular, oral and bath administration}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00814.x}, abstractNote={The intramuscular (i.m.), oral (p.o.), and bath immersion disposition of enrofloxacin were evaluated following administration to a cultured population of red pacu. The half-life for enrofloxacin following i.m. administration was 28.9 h, considerably longer than values calculated for other animals such as dogs, birds, rabbits, and tortoises. The 4 h maximum concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 micrograms/ml, following a single 5.0 mg/kg dosing easily exceeds the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 20 bacterial organisms known to infect fish. At 48 h post i.m. administration, the mean plasma enrofloxacin concentration was well above the MIC for most gram-negative fish pathogens. The gavage method of oral enrofloxacin administration produced a Cmax of 0.94 microgram/mL at 6-8 h. This Cmax was well above the reported in vitro MIC. A bath immersion concentration of 2.5 mg/L for 5 h was used in this study. The Cmax of 0.17 microgram/mL was noted on the 2 hour post-treatment plasma sample. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin exceeded published in vitro MIC's for most fish bacterial pathogens 72 h after treatment was concluded. Ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected and measured after all methods of drug administration. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in the red pacu using p.o., i.m., and bath immersion administration. The i.m. route is the most predictable and results in the highest plasma concentrations of the drug.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Lewbart, G and Vaden, S and Deen, J and Manaugh, C and Whitt, D and Doi, A and Smith, T and Flammer, K}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={124–128} }
 @article{vaden_gookin_trogdon_langston_levine_cowgill_1997, title={Use of carbamylated hemoglobin concentration to differentiate acute from chronic renal failure in dogs}, volume={58}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Gookin, Jody L. and Trogdon, Maureen M. and Langston, C. E. and Levine, J. and Cowgill, L. D.}, year={1997}, pages={1193–1196} }
 @article{hadrick_vaden_geoly_cullen_douglass_1996, title={Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis With Eosinophiluria in a Dog}, volume={10}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02024.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02024.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 10, Issue 1 p. 45-47 Open Access Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis With Eosinophiluria in a Dog Mark K. Hadrick, Mark K. Hadrick Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorShelly L. Vaden, Corresponding Author Shelly L. Vaden Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCDVM, PhD, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606Search for more papers by this authorFrank J. Geoly, Frank J. Geoly Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorJohn M. Cullen, John M. Cullen Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorJames P. Douglass, James P. Douglass Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author Mark K. Hadrick, Mark K. Hadrick Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorShelly L. Vaden, Corresponding Author Shelly L. Vaden Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCDVM, PhD, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606Search for more papers by this authorFrank J. Geoly, Frank J. Geoly Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorJohn M. Cullen, John M. Cullen Microbiology, Parasitology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorJames P. Douglass, James P. Douglass Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02024.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Pusey CD, Saltissi D., Bloodworth L., et al. Drug associated acute interstitial nephritis: Clinical and pathological features and the response to high dose steroid therapy. Q J Med 1983; 52: 194– 211. 2 Linton AL, Clark WF, Driedger AA, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis due to drugs: Review of the literature with a report of nine cases. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 735– 741. 3 Toto RD. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Am J Med Sci 1990; 299: 392– 410. 4 Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis: A clinical and morphological study in 27 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990; 5: 94– 99. 5 McNeil PE. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in a dog after halothane anaesthesia and administration of flunixin meglumine and trimethoprim-sulphadiazine. Vet Rec 1992; 131: 148– 151. 6 Galpin JE, Shinaberger JH, Stanley TM, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis due to methicillin. Am J Med 1978; 65: 756– 765. 7 Fried T. Acute interstitial nephritis: Why do the kidneys suddenly fail? Postgrad Med 1993; 93: 105– 120. 8 Ooi BS, Jao W., First MR, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis: A clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies. Am J Med 1975; 59: 614– 629. 9 Kleinknecht D., Vanhille PH, Morel-Maroger L., et al. Acute interstitial nephritis due to drug hypersensitivity. An up-to-date review with a report of 19 cases. In: J. Hamburger, J. Crosnier, JP Grunfeld, eds. Advances in Nephrology, vol 12. Chicago , IL : Year Book Medical; 1983: 277– 308. 10 Pascoe PJ, Ilkiw JE, Cowgill, LD. Concerned about renal failure after anesthesidsurgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204: 1734 (letter). 11 Nolan CR, Anger MS, Kelleher SP. Eosinophiluria-A new method of detection and definition of the clinical spectrum. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1516– 1519. 12 Bakken K. The allergic reaction of the kidney to sulfonamide medication. J Pathol 1947; 59: 501– 504. 13 Robson M., Levi J., Dolberg L., et al. Acute tuhulo-interstitial nephritis following sulfadiazine therapy. Israel J Med Sci 1970; 6561– 566. 14 English PB. Acute renal failure in the dog and cat. Aust Vet J 1974; 50: 384– 392. 15 Spyridakis LK, Bacia JJ, Barsanti JA, et al. Ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 188: 918– 919. 16 Ihle SL, Kostolich M. Acute renal failure associated with contrast medium administration in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 1995: 899– 901. 17 Kirby R. Acute renal failure as a complication in the critically ill animal. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1989; 19: 1189– 1208. 18 Convin HL, Korbet SM, Schwartz MM. Clinical correlates of eosinophiluia. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 1097– 1099. 19 Sutton JM. Urinary eosinophils. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 2243– 2244. 20 Urquhart GM, Armour J., Duncan JL, et al. Veterinary parasitology. Essex , England : Longman Scientific & Technical; 1987 5148. 21 Parsons JC. Ascarid infections of cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract) 1987; 17: 1307– 1339. Citing Literature Volume10, Issue1January 1996Pages 45-47 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hadrick, Mark K. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Geoly, Frank J. and Cullen, John M. and Douglass, James P.}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={45–47} }
 @article{vaden_page_riviere_1996, title={An in vitro-in vivo validation of the isolated perfused tumor and skin flap preparation as a model of cisplatin delivery to tumors}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1056-8719"]}, DOI={10.1016/1056-8719(96)00044-5}, abstractNote={The isolated perfused tumor and skin flap (IPTSF) is a unique model system in which drug disposition is evaluated in tumor tissue and surrounding normal tissue, both of which are supplied by the same vascular system. We compared tissue Pt concentrations obtained following systemic administration of cisplatin (CDDP) to whole pigs bearing tumored skin flaps with data obtained from IPTSF treated similarly. During the in vivo study, CDDP was administered intravenously to six pigs that had tumor and skin flaps. IPTSF were created in four pigs and isolated in a perfusion chamber and perfused with medium containing CDDP for 180 min. Venous plasma or perfusate samples were serially collected throughout perfusion. Tissue samples were collected after perfusion was complete. All samples were assayed for Pt by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Area under the curve of Pt profiles from IPTSF and in vivo perfused flaps were not significantly different. Pt concentrations were significantly higher in tumor samples from in vivo perfused flaps than in samples from IPTSF. Pt concentrations in skin and subcutaneous tissue were not significantly different. When consideration is given to all of the potential variables that were operative in these experiments, the results of this study demonstrate that Pt distribution within the IPTSF was comparable to that obtained in vivo.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL METHODS}, author={Vaden, SL and Page, RL and Riviere, JE}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={173–177} }
 @article{smith_vaden_stone_spaulding_miller_1996, title={Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation}, volume={32}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-1-29}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-32-1-29}, abstractNote={Urinary diversion procedures in the dog have been described for both benign and malignant processes involving the bladder, urethra, or both. These procedures are performed rather infrequently, primarily because of the potential complications associated with urinary diversion into an intact gastrointestinal system. A case managed for five years following trigonal-colonic anastomosis for lymphocytic-plasmacytic urethritis is presented, along with a review of urinary diversion techniques. Postoperative management recommendations following urinary diversion are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Smith, JD and Vaden, SL and Stone, EA and Spaulding, K and Miller, RT}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={29–35} }
 @article{kyles_vaden_hardie_stone_1996, title={Vestibulovaginal stenosis in dogs: 18 cases (1987-1995)}, volume={209}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Kyles, A.E. and Vaden, S.L. and Hardie, L.M. and Stone, E.A.}, year={1996}, pages={1889–1893} }
 @article{duesberg_nelson_feldman_vaden_scott-moncrieff_1995, title={Adrenalectomy for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in cats: 10 cases (1988-1992)}, volume={207}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Duesberg, C.A. and Nelson, R.W. and Feldman, E.C. and Vaden, S.L. and Scott-Moncrieff, J.C.R.}, year={1995}, pages={1066–1070} }
 @inbook{riviere_vaden_1995, title={Drug therapy during renal disease and renal failure}, ISBN={0683066668}, booktitle={Canine and feline nephrology and urology}, publisher={Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins}, author={Riviere, J. E. and Vaden, S.}, year={1995}, pages={555–572} }
 @inbook{vaden_riviere_1995, title={Penicillins and related beta-Lactam antibiotics}, ISBN={0813817412}, booktitle={Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.)}, publisher={Ames: Iowa State University Press}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1995}, pages={774–783} }
 @article{vaden_cullen_riviere_1995, title={Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in woodchucks and Pekin ducks}, volume={18}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00547.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00547.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (Cy) in woodchucks (Marmota monax) and Pekin ducks. These data are needed to design rational dosing regimens. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from blood concentration-time data obtained following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight to woodchucks and Pekin ducks. Whole blood samples were collected in EDTA and assayed using a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit that employs a monoclonal antibody specific for Cy. The blood concentration-time profile best Dtted an open, two-compartmental model in Pekin ducks. Compartmental analysis of data in woodchucks did not adequately describe the data. When non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the data was performed, the resulting mean (± SD) pharmacokinetic parameters in woodchucks and Pekin ducks, respectively, were as follows: volume of distribution at steady-state, 2.9 (± 0.8) and 2.7 (± 0.2) L/kg; systemic clearance, 10.2 (± 2.8) and 28.6 (± 6.1) mL/kg/min; mean residence time, 4.8 (± 1.1) and 1.6 (± 0.3). These data suggest that Pekin ducks clear Cy at a faster rate than do woodchucks and that a greater dose of Cy should be administered to Pekin ducks in order to achieve adequate immunosuppression.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Cullen, J. M. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={30–33} }
 @article{finco_brown_vaden_ferguson_1995, title={Relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate in dogs}, volume={18}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00619.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00619.x}, abstractNote={Glomerula filtration rate (GFR), plasma creatinine concentration (CR), and plasma urea nitrogen concentration (BUN) were measured in 129 adult dogs with reduced renal mass. A preliminary examination of the relationship between CR and GFR was conducted, and the inverse model (GFR vs. 1/CR) was chosen for further evaluation. The slope of the regression of GFR on 1/CR which was computed from actual data was not statistically different from a theoretical regression line generated from the clearance equation. Evaluation of subsets of the population revealed no significant difference between male (n= 69) and female (n = 60) dogs on the slope of the regression equations. Diets differing in protein concentration (16% protein, n = 35: 21% protein, n = 75: 32% protein, n= 19) did not cause a significant difference in the slope of the regression equations. The regression equation and the confidence intervals generated in this study may be used to predict a probable range of GFR values from CR in individual dogs. Such values may be useful in adjusting drug dosages in dogs with renal disease. However, since the derived equation did not differ significantly from the theoretical inverse relationship between GFR and CR, it remains to be established whether the equation is advantageous.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Finco, D.R. and Brown, S.A. and Vaden, S.L. and Ferguson, D.C.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={418–421} }
 @article{hardie_vaden_spaulding_malarkey_1995, title={Splenic Infarction in 16 Dogs: A Retrospective Study}, volume={9}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x}, abstractNote={Sixteen dogs with splenic infarction due to causes other than splenic torsion were identified. Dogs with splenic infarction often had multiple concurrent diseases, and surgical management of splenic infarction was associated with high mortality. Splenic infarction occurred in dogs with hypercoagulable conditions associated with liver disease, renal disease, and hyperadrenocorticism, or as a consequence of uniform splenomegaly, neoplasia, or thrombosis associated with cardiovascular disease. Clinical signs and common laboratory findings generally reflected the underlying disease process. A variety of splenic abnormalities were detected by abdominal ultrasound in 15 dogs, with the ventral extremity of the spleen being most often abnormal. Four dogs were euthanized or died because of the presence of severe systemic disease, whereas 12 dogs underwent laparotomy. Complete splenectomy was performed in 9 dogs and partial splenectomy was performed in 2 dogs. Seven dogs died in the immediate postoperative period, 3 required chronic veterinary care, and 2 had uncomplicated long-term recoveries. Splenic infarction should be regarded as a sign of altered blood flow and coagulation, rather than as a primary disease, and surgical management should be reserved for patients with life-threatening complications such as hemoabdomen or sepsis.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Spaulding, Kathy and Malarkey, David E.}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={141–148} }
 @article{vaden_breitschwerdt_armstrong_correa_brown_polzin_brace_dibartola_barsanti_crowell_et al._1995, title={The Effects of Cyclosporine Versus Standard Care in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Glomerulonephritis}, volume={9}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01077.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01077.x}, abstractNote={Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a leading cause of chronic renal failure in dogs. However, little is known about the efficacy of available treatment options for GN in this species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclosporine (Cy) administration on the outcome of naturally occurring GN in dogs. Thirteen dogs from 4 institutions were included in the study. Randomization of dogs into placebo-versus Cy-treated groups was stratified according to initial morphological diagnosis and contributing institution. Seven and 6 dogs were assigned to be given placebo or Cy, respectively. The initial Cy dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 hours was adjusted to maintain 24-hour trough, whole blood Cy concentrations between 250 and 400 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences between placebo- and Cy-treated groups with respect to serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and plasma protein concentrations; platelet count; urine protein-creatinine ratio; endogenous creatinine clearance; 24-hour urine protein concentrations; or 24-hour urine protein-endogenous creatinine clearance ratio. However, PCV was significantly lower in the Cy-treated group. Decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, involuntary shaking, and thrombocytopenia were noted in both treatment groups; however, clinical signs in Cy-treated dogs subjectively were more severe. One Cy-treated dog developed gingival hyperplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Armstrong, P. Jane and Correa, Maria T. and Brown, Cathy and Polzin, David J. and Brace, James J. and DiBartola, Stephen P. and Barsanti, Jeanne A. and Crowell, Wayne and et al.}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={259–266} }
 @article{hudson_hughes_bold-fletcher_vaden_1994, title={Cerebrospinal fluid collection in rats: modification of a previous technique}, volume={44}, number={4}, journal={Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Hudson, L.C. and Hughes, C.S. and Bold-Fletcher, N.O. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={1994}, month={Aug}, pages={358–361} }
 @article{vaden_page_williams_riviere_1994, title={EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA ON CISPLATIN AND CARBOPLATIN DISPOSITION IN THE ISOLATED, PERFUSED TUMOR AND SKIN FLAP}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0265-6736"]}, DOI={10.3109/02656739409009358}, abstractNote={The effect of hyperthermia on the disposition of platinum (Pt) from cisplatin (CDDP) and carboplatin (CBDCA) in the isolated, perfused tumour and skin flap (IPTSF) was evaluated. Flaps (n=4/treatment) were perfused with 3·0 µg CDDP or 15 µg CBDCA/ml perfusion medium at a rate of 1 ml/min for 3 h. Two-hour (CDDP experiments) or 3 h (CBDCA experiments) washout phases were then performed. The disposition kinetics of free Pt were characterized using a four-compartment, physiologically relevant, pharmacokinetic model. Hyperthermia (HT) may have enhanced the mobility of Pt but it did not increase total Pt mass in the tissue compartments in CDDP experiments. Conversely, HT significantly increased Pt mass in the fixed, non-tumour tissue compartment (p<0·05) in CBDCA experiments. While a similar trend was noted in the fixed, tumour tissue compartment of CBDCA-treated flaps, the difference was not significant (p=0·17). Total tissue Pt mass was significantly greater in CDDP compared with CBDCA experiments (p<0·05). In conclusion, HT alters the disposition of Pt from CDDP and CBDCA under conditions of constant rate infusion. Further characterization of factors influencing drug disposition to non-tumour and tumour tissues can be systematically accomplished using the IPTSF.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA}, author={VADEN, SL and PAGE, RL and WILLIAMS, PL and RIVIERE, JE}, year={1994}, pages={563–572} }
 @inbook{riviere_vaden_1993, title={Antimicrobial prophylaxis}, ISBN={0812114914}, booktitle={Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery}, publisher={Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger}, author={Riviere, J. E. and Vaden, S.}, year={1993}, pages={66–69} }
 @article{vaden_page_peters_cline_riviere_1993, title={Development and characterization of an isolated and perfused tumor and skin preparation for evaluation of drug disposition}, volume={53}, journal={Cancer Research}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Page, R. L. and Peters, B. P. and Cline, J. M. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1993}, pages={101–105} }
 @article{vaden_williams_page_riviere_1993, title={EFFECT OF TUMOR PRESENCE ON CISPLATIN AND CARBOPLATIN - DISPOSITION IN THE ISOLATED, PERFUSED TUMOR AND SKIN FLAP}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0344-5704"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00685873}, number={1}, journal={CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={VADEN, SL and WILLIAMS, PL and PAGE, RL and RIVIERE, JE}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{vaden_wood_ledley_cornwell_miller_page_1992, title={Cobalamin deficiency associated with methylmalonic acidemia in a cat}, volume={200}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Wood, P. A. and Ledley, F. D. and Cornwell, P. E. and Miller, R. T. and Page, R.}, year={1992}, pages={1101} }
 @article{vaden_breitschwerdt_henrikson_metcalf_cohn_craig_1991, title={Primary ciliary dyskinesia in Bichon Frise litter mates}, volume={27}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Henrikson, C. K. and Metcalf, M. R. and Cohn, L. and Craig, W. A.}, year={1991}, pages={633} }
 @article{riond_vaden_riviere_1990, title={Comparative pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in cats and dogs}, volume={13}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00797.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00797.x}, abstractNote={Riond, J.-L., Vaden, S.L. & Riviere, J.E. Comparative pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in cats and dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 415–424. The disposition of doxycycline hyclate was studied in six adult mixed-breed female cats and six adult mid-sized female dogs following a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg body weight. Doxycycline volume of the central compartment, area volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state, and total body clearance were significantly smaller in cats. The differences were attributed to more extensive binding of doxycycline to plasma protein including albumin in cats. The significant differences in the volume of distribution and total body clearance were not reflected in elimination half-lives under the conditions of this study (sample size, inhomogeneous population). Doxycycline elimination half-life was 4.56±0.68 (SEM)h for cats and 6.99±1.09h for dogs. Dosage regimens recommended in the veterinary literature were evaluated by the computer program PETDR. Dr J. E. Riviere, Laboratory of Toxicokinetics, Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina Stale University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Riond, J. L. and Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={415–424} }
 @article{vaden_1990, title={Glomerulonephritis}, volume={9}, number={4}, journal={Kal Kan Forum}, author={Vaden, S. L.}, year={1990}, pages={3} }
 @article{vaden_riviere_1990, title={Isolated perfused tumored skin flap model}, volume={14}, journal={Veterinary Cancer Society Newsletter}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E}, year={1990}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{vaden_riviere_1990, title={Pharmacokinetics, inhibition of lymphoblast transformation and subacute oral toxicity of cyclosporine in swine}, volume={51}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1990}, pages={399–403} }
 @article{vaden_bunch_duncan_cullen_1988, title={Hepatotoxicosis associated with heartworm/hookworm preventative medication in a dog}, volume={192}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Vaden, S.L. and Bunch, S.E. and Duncan, D.E. and Cullen, J.M.}, year={1988}, pages={651–654} }
 @article{vaden_adams_1985, title={Inotropic, chronotropic and coronary vasodilator potency of forskolin}, volume={118}, ISSN={0014-2999}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(85)90671-5}, DOI={10.1016/0014-2999(85)90671-5}, abstractNote={The cardiodynamic profile of forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, was examined in an isovolumic left ventricular (LV) preparation of coronary-perfused guinea-pig hearts. Forskolin consistently induced concentration-dependent increases in LV systolic pressure development, increases in spontaneous beating frequency and decreases in coronary vascular resistance. However, the forskolin concentration required for one-half of the maximal effect (EC50) for coronary vasodilation (3.8 +/- 0.6 X 10(-8) M, n = 6) was 7- to 10-fold less than the EC50 for positive chronotropy (29.3 +/- 4.6 X 10(-8) M, P less than 0.01) and 17- to 20-fold less than the EC50 for positive inotropy (66.3 +/- 7.4 X 10(-8) M, P less than 0.001). The inotropic response to forskolin was not secondary to the concomitant increase in bearing frequency. Also, the coronary vasodilator response persisted in K+-depolarized non-beating hearts, and therefore did not depend on endogeneous coronary vascular autoregulation secondary to increased myocardial oxygen demand. We conclude that forskolin induces direct pharmacologic effects in ventricular muscle, pacemaker cells and the coronary vasculature, but add that the coronary vasculature is over one order of magnitude more sensitive to forskolin than is ventricular muscle. Perhaps adenylate cyclase systems in the heart exist as different subtypes with different affinity characteristics for forskolin-like drugs.}, number={1-2}, journal={European Journal of Pharmacology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Adams, H.Richard}, year={1985}, month={Nov}, pages={131–137} }