@article{kendall_byron_westropp_coates_vaden_adin_oetelaar_bartges_foster_adams_et al._2024, title={ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16975}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kendall, Allison and Byron, Julie K. and Westropp, Jodi L. and Coates, Joan R. and Vaden, Shelly and Adin, Chris and Oetelaar, Garrett and Bartges, Joe W. and Foster, Jonathan D. and Adams, Larry G. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{vaden_kendall_foster_new_eagleson_may_traas_wilson_mcintyre_hinderer_et al._2023, title={Adeno-associated virus-vectored erythropoietin gene therapy for anemia in cats with chronic kidney disease}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16900}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Kendall, Allison R. and Foster, Jonathan D. and New, Heidi L. and Eagleson, Jane S. and May, Jacky L. and Traas, Anne M. and Wilson, Matthew J. and Mcintyre, Beth H. and Hinderer, Christian J. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cowgill_segev_vaden_ross_dufayet_cohn_nabity_farace_szlosek_ouyang_et al._2023, title={Differentiation of stable kidney function versus progressive dysfunction in dogs}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16885}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Cowgill, Larry D. and Segev, Gilad and Vaden, Shelly and Ross, Sheri and Dufayet, Cedric and Cohn, Leah A. and Nabity, Mary and Farace, Giosi and Szlosek, Donald and Ouyang, Zenhwa and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{gregory_livingston_hawkins_loyola_cave_vaden_deresienski_breen_riofrio-lazo_lewbart_et al._2023, title={Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/JWD-D-22-00119}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Livingston, Isabella and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Loyola, Andrea and Cave, Ashley and Vaden, Shelly L. and Deresienski, Diane and Breen, Matthew and Riofrio-Lazo, Marjorie and Lewbart, Gregory A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={487–494} }
 @article{grady_ernst_secoura_price_birkenheuer_vaden_lidbury_gould_steiner_tolbert_2023, title={Gastric pH and serum gastrin concentration in age-matched healthy dogs and dogs with chronic kidney disease}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16907}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Grady, Kylie and Ernst, Eli and Secoura, Patricia L. and Price, Josh and Birkenheuer, Adam and Vaden, Shelly L. and Lidbury, Jonathan and Gould, Emily and Steiner, Jeorg M. and Tolbert, M. Katherine}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{price_slead_secoura_kendall_vaden_2023, title={Lesser vestibular periurethral gland-like inflammation associated with lower urinary tract signs in a female dog}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16889}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Price, Matthew and Slead, Tanner S. and Secoura, Patricia L. and Kendall, Allison R. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{segev_vaden_ross_dufayet_cohn_farace_szlosek_ouyang_peterson_beall_et al._2023, title={Urinary cystatin B differentiates progressive versus stable IRIS Stage 1 chronic kidney disease in dogs}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16887}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Segev, Gilad and Vaden, Shelly and Ross, Sheri and Dufayet, Cedric and Cohn, Leah A. and Farace, Giosi and Szlosek, Donald and Ouyang, Zenhwa and Peterson, Sarah and Beall, Melissa and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{vlaming_mathews_hash_keenihan_sommer_borst_vaden_2022, title={Creation of a Continent Urinary Bladder Reservoir Vascularized by Omentum as a Possible Surgical Option for Canine Trigonal/Urethral Urothelial Carcinoma}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1521-0553"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941939.2020.1864797}, abstractNote={Abstract Surgical procedures that maintain continence with minimal complication following resection of trigono-urethral urothelial carcinoma (UC) are limited in canines; therefore, palliative options are often pursued. A feasible tumor resection option may improve disease control and survival. The study’s objective was to evaluate a continent urine reservoir created from the urinary bladder body and vascularized solely by omentum. We hypothesized that a viable urine reservoir could be created, and staged omentalization would provide improved vascularity. Nine normal female Beagles were randomized to one of three groups. Group A urinary bladders were transected cranial to the ureteral papillae to create a closed bladder vesicle which was concomitantly omentalized. Group B underwent omentalization two weeks prior to vesicle creation. Based on Group A and B results, Group C underwent neoureterocystostomy and omentalization followed by neoreservoir formation and tube cystostomy 2 weeks later. Serial ultrasounds and histopathology confirmed adequate omental neovascularization in Groups B and C with continent Group C neoreservoirs maintained for 2 months. Some pylectasia and ureteral dilation was documented in all Group C dogs at variable timepoints. Progressive hydroureteronephrosis developed in 2/6 kidneys. Transient azotemia was noted in only 1 Group C dog, although all developed treatable urinary tract infections. The sample size is limited, and the efficacy of this technique in providing disease control for UC is unknown. However, this novel option could allow for primary UC resection while providing continence and limiting complications. Postoperative local or systemic adjuvant therapy, ultrasonographic neoreservoir monitoring, and BRAF analysis would be indicated.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE SURGERY}, author={Vlaming, Annemarieke and Mathews, Kyle G. and Hash, Jonathan A. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Sommer, Samantha and Borst, Luke and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={481–495} }
 @article{walker_yustyniuk_shamoun_jacob_correa_vaden_borst_2022, title={Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5-year retrospective study}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16445}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Yustyniuk, Valeriia and Shamoun, John and Jacob, Megan E. and Correa, Maria and Vaden, Shelly L. and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{ames_vaden_atkins_palerme_langston_grauer_shropshire_bove_webb_2022, title={Prevalence of aldosterone breakthrough in dogs receiving renin-angiotensin system inhibitors for proteinuric chronic kidney disease}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16573}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Ames, Marisa K. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Palerme, Jean-Sebastien and Langston, Catherine E. and Grauer, Gregory F. and Shropshire, Sarah and Bove, Christina and Webb, Tracy}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{appleby_vaden_monteith_seiler_2022, title={Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13184}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Appleby, Ryan B. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Monteith, Gabrielle and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vaden_mathews_yoo_williams_harris_secoura_robertson_gleason_reynolds_piedrahita_2022, title={The use of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells for adjunctive treatment of presumptive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16505}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16505}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Yoo, James and Williams, James Koudy and Harris, Tonya and Secoura, Patty and Robertson, James and Gleason, Katherine L. and Reynolds, Hannah and Piedrahita, Jorge}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{perry_lynch_caudill_vigani_roberston_vaden_2021, title={Clinical features, outcome, and illness severity scoring in 32 dogs with urosepsis (2017-2018)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13158}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Perry, Kayla M. and Lynch, Alex M. and Caudill, Alexander and Vigani, Alessio and Roberston, James B. and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gremillion_cohen_vaden_seiler_2021, title={Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13000}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Gremillion, Christine and Cohen, Eli B. and Vaden, Shelly and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lindaberry_vaden_aicher_seiler_robertson_cianciolo_yang_gookin_2021, title={Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16051}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lindaberry, Crystal and Vaden, Shelly and Aicher, Kathleen M. and Seiler, Gabriela and Robertson, James and Cianciolo, Rachel and Yang, Ching and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={878–886} }
 @article{vasquez_kendall_musulin_vaden_2021, title={Three-dimensional bladder ultrasound to measure daily urinary bladder volume in hospitalized dogs}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16232}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vasquez, Edward J. and Kendall, Allison and Musulin, Sarah and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{tracy_lynch_messenger_vaden_vigani_2021, title={Use of extracorporeal therapy in a dog with heatstroke}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13169}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Tracy, Alyx and Lynch, Alex and Messenger, Kristen and Vaden, Shelly and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{gin_secoura_harris_vaden_2020, title={Outcomes Following Balloon Dilation of Benign Urethral Strictures in Dogs: Eight Cases (2005-2018)}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6935}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gin, Taylor Estes and Secoura, Patty and Harris, Tonya and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2020}, pages={23–29} }
 @article{kendall_keenihan_kern_lindaberry_birkenheuer_moore_vaden_2020, title={Three-dimensional bladder ultrasound for estimation of urine volume in dogs compared with traditional 2-dimensional ultrasound methods}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15959}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kendall, Allison and Keenihan, Erin and Kern, Zachary T. and Lindaberry, Crystal and Birkenheuer, Adam and Moore, George E. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2460–2467} }
 @article{barash_birkenheuer_vaden_jacob_2018, title={Agreement between Parallel Canine Blood and Urine Cultures: Is Urine Culture the Poor Man's Blood Culture?}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.00506-18}, abstractNote={Bloodstream infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill dogs, but due to cost and difficulties in sample acquisition, blood cultures are infrequently obtained. In ill dogs, urine cultures may be recommended as surrogates for blood cultures.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Barash, Nanelle R. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Jacob, Megan E.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{ullal_birkenheuer_vaden_2018, title={Azotemia and Proteinuria in Dogs Infected with Babesia gibsoni}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-6693}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Ullal, Tarini and Birkenheuer, Adam and Vaden, Shelly}, year={2018}, pages={156–160} }
 @article{kern_jacob_gilbertie_vaden_lyle_2018, title={Characteristics of Dogs with Biofilm-Forming Escherichia Coli Urinary Tract Infections}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15231}, abstractNote={BackgroundBacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in companion animals. Increasing awareness of biofilm‐forming bacteria raises concern regarding the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of UTIs associated with these organisms.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kern, Zachary T. and Jacob, Megan E. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Lyle, Sara K.}, year={2018}, pages={1645–1651} }
 @article{gould_klos_price_harris_vaden_tolbert_2018, title={Retrospective analysis of the effect of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic parameters of cats with chronic kidney disease}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x17718132}, abstractNote={Objectives The aim was to retrospectively evaluate the effects of acid-suppressant therapy in a population of cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study objectives were to evaluate the effects of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic variables and progression of CKD over time. }, number={6}, journal={Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery}, author={Gould, E. and Klos, J. and Price, J. and Harris, T. and Vaden, S. and Tolbert, M. K.}, year={2018}, pages={520–527} }
 @article{lennon_hummel_vaden_2018, title={Urine sodium concentrations are predictive of hypoadrenocorticism in hyponatraemic dogs: a retrospective pilot study}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1748-5827"]}, DOI={10.1111/jsap.12792}, abstractNote={ObjectivesTo determine if a urine sodium concentration could be used to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in hyponatraemic dogs.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Hummel, J. B. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={228–231} }
 @article{palerme_mazepa_hutchins_ziglioli_vaden_2017, title={Clinical Response and Side Effects Associated with Testosterone Cypionate for Urinary Incontinence in Male Dogs}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-6588}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Palerme, Jean-Sebastien and Mazepa, Allison and Hutchins, Rae G. and Ziglioli, Vincent and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2017}, pages={285–290} }
 @article{palerme_mazepa_hutchins_ziglioli_vaden_2017, title={Clinical response and side effects associated with testosterone cypionate for urinary incontinence in male dogs}, volume={53}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6588}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Palerme, J.S. and Mazepa, A. and Hutchins, R. and Ziglioli, V. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={2017}, pages={285–290} }
 @article{gruen_messenger_thomson_griffith_aldrich_vaden_lascelles_2017, title={Evaluation of serum cytokines in cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain}, volume={183}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.007}, abstractNote={Degenerative joint disease is common in cats, with signs of pain frequently found on orthopedic examination and radiographs often showing evidence of disease. However, understanding of the pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease and associated pain remains limited. Several cytokines have been identified as having a role in pain in humans, but this has not been investigated in cats. The present study was performed to use a multiplex platform to evaluate the concentration of 19 cytokines and chemokines in serum samples obtained from cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Samples from a total of 186 cats were analyzed, with cats representing a range of severity on radiographic and orthopedic evaluations and categorized by degenerative joint disease scores and pain scores. Results showed that cats with higher radiographic degenerative joint disease scores have higher serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-8, while cats with higher orthopedic exam pain scores have higher concentrations of IL-8, IL-2, and TNF-α; increased concentration of IL-8 in degenerative joint disease and pain may be confounded by the association with age. Discriminant analysis was unable to identify one or more cytokines that distinguish between groups of cats classified based on degenerative joint disease score category or pain score category. Finally, cluster analysis driven by analyte concentrations shows separation of groups of cats, but features defining the groups remain unknown. Further studies are warranted to investigate any changes in cytokine concentrations in response to analgesic therapies, and further evaluate the elevations in cytokine concentrations found here, particularly focused on studies of local cytokines present in synovial fluid.}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily H. and Aldrich, Lauren A. and Vaden, Shelly and Lascelles, B.Duncan X.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{rafatpanah baigi_vaden_olby_2017, title={The Frequency and Clinical Implications of Bacteriuria in Chronically Paralyzed Dogs}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14854}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14854}, abstractNote={BackgroundParalysis is a known risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTI), sepsis, and death in paralyzed people, but there are no data available on diagnostic criteria for UTI versus bacteriuria, their frequency, or clinical implications in chronically paralyzed dogs.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rafatpanah Baigi, S. and Vaden, S. and Olby, N.J.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={1790–1795} }
 @article{florey_viall_streu_dimuro_riddle_kirk_perazzotti_affeldt_wagner_vaden_et al._2017, title={Use of a Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Assay Designed for Humans for Detection of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14774}, abstractNote={BackgroundPerinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) previously have been shown to be serum markers in dogs with chronic enteropathies, with dogs that have food‐responsive disease (FRD) having higher frequencies of seropositivity than dogs with steroid‐responsive disease (SRD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay used in previous publications is time‐consuming to perform, with low interobserver agreement.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Florey, J. and Viall, A. and Streu, S. and DiMuro, V. and Riddle, A. and Kirk, J. and Perazzotti, L. and Affeldt, K. and Wagner, R. and Vaden, S. and et al.}, year={2017}, pages={1062–1066} }
 @article{gruen_messenger_thomson_griffith_paradise_vaden_lascelles_2016, title={A comparison of serum and plasma cytokine values using a multiplexed assay in cats}, volume={182}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.003}, abstractNote={Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is highly prevalent in cats, and pain contributes to morbidity. In humans, alterations of cytokine concentrations have been associated with joint deterioration and pain. Similar changes have not been investigated in cats. Cytokine concentrations can be measured using multiplex technology with small samples of serum or plasma, however, serum and plasma are not interchangeable for most bioassays. Correlations for cytokine concentrations between serum and plasma have not been evaluated in cats.To evaluate the levels of detection and agreement between serum and plasma samples in cats.Paired serum and plasma samples obtained from 38 cats.Blood was collected into anti-coagulant free and EDTA Vacutainer® tubes, serum or plasma extracted, and samples frozen at -80°C until testing. Duplicate samples were tested using a 19-plex feline cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel.Agreement between serum and plasma for many analytes was high, however correlation coefficients ranged from -0.01 to 0.97. Results from >50% of samples were below the lower limit of quantification for both serum and plasma for nine analytes, and for an additional three analytes for plasma only.While serum and plasma agreement was generally good, detection was improved using serum samples.}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily H. and Paradise, Hayley and Vaden, Shelly and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={69–73} }
 @article{olby_vaden_williams_griffith_harris_mariani_muñana_early_platt_boozer_et al._2016, title={Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14613}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14613}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, N.J. and Vaden, S.L. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E.H. and Harris, T. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J. and Platt, S.R. and Boozer, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{vaden_elliott_2016, title={Management of Proteinuria in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.009}, abstractNote={Proteinuria is a negative prognostic indicator for dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. A normal dog or cat should excrete very little protein and have a urine protein:creatinine ratio that is less than 0.4 or less than 0.2, respectively; persistent proteinuria above this magnitude warrants attention. Administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers, blood pressure control and nutritional modification are considered a standard of care for renal proteinuria. Renal biopsy and administration of immunosuppressive agents should be considered in animals with glomerular proteinuria that have not responded to standard therapy. Targeted patient monitoring is essential when instituting management of proteinuria.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Elliott, Jonathan}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1115-+} }
 @article{cianciolo_mohr_aresu_brown_james_jansen_spangler_lugt_kass_brovida_et al._2016, title={World Small Animal Veterinary Association Renal Pathology Initiative: Classification of Glomerular Diseases in Dogs}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985815579996}, abstractNote={ Evaluation of canine renal biopsy tissue has generally relied on light microscopic (LM) evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections ranging in thickness from 3 to 5 µm. Advanced modalities, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence (IF), have been used sporadically or retrospectively. Diagnostic algorithms of glomerular diseases have been extrapolated from the World Health Organization classification scheme for human glomerular disease. With the recent establishment of 2 veterinary nephropathology services that evaluate 3-µm sections with a panel of histochemical stains and routinely perform TEM and IF, a standardized objective species-specific approach for the diagnosis of canine glomerular disease was needed. Eight veterinary pathologists evaluated 114 parameters (lesions) in renal biopsy specimens from 89 dogs. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data revealed 2 large categories of glomerular disease based on the presence or absence of immune complex deposition: The immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) category included cases with histologic lesions of membranoproliferative or membranous patterns. The second category included control dogs and dogs with non-ICGN (glomerular amyloidosis or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Cluster analysis performed on only the LM parameters led to misdiagnosis of 22 of the 89 cases—that is, ICGN cases moved to the non-ICGN branch of the dendrogram or vice versa, thereby emphasizing the importance of advanced diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of canine glomerular disease. Salient LM, TEM, and IF features for each pattern of disease were identified, and a preliminary investigation of related clinicopathologic data was performed. }, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Cianciolo, R. E. and Mohr, F. C. and Aresu, L. and Brown, C. A. and James, C. and Jansen, J. H. and Spangler, W. L. and Lugt, J. J. and Kass, P. H. and Brovida, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={113–135} }
 @article{pouchelon_atkins_bussadori_oyama_vaden_bonagura_chetboul_cowgill_elliot_francey_et al._2015, title={Cardiovascular-renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1748-5827"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940504868&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jsap.12387}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVESThere is a growing understanding of the complexity of interplay between renal and cardiovascular systems in both health and disease. The medical profession has adopted the term “cardiorenal syndrome” (CRS) to describe the pathophysiological relationship between the kidney and heart in disease. CRS has yet to be formally defined and described by the veterinary profession and its existence and importance in dogs and cats warrant investigation. The CRS Consensus Group, comprising nine veterinary cardiologists and seven nephrologists from Europe and North America, sought to achieve consensus around the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of dogs and cats with “cardiovascular‐renal disorders” (CvRD). To this end, the Delphi formal methodology for defining/building consensus and defining guidelines was utilised.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Pouchelon, J. L. and Atkins, C. E. and Bussadori, C. and Oyama, M. A. and Vaden, S. L. and Bonagura, J. D. and Chetboul, V. and Cowgill, L. D. and Elliot, J. and Francey, T. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={537–552} }
 @article{vandersea_birkenheuer_litaker_vaden_renschler_gookin_2015, title={Identification of Parabodo caudatus (class Kinetoplastea) in urine voided from a dog with hematuria}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1943-4936"]}, DOI={10.1177/1040638714562827}, abstractNote={A voided urine sample, obtained from a 13-year-old intact male dog residing in a laboratory animal research facility, was observed to contain biflagellate protozoa 5 days following an episode of gross hematuria. The protozoa were identified as belonging to the class Kinetoplastea on the basis of light microscopic observation of Wright–Giemsa-stained urine sediment in which the kinetoplast was observed basal to 2 anterior flagella. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers corresponding with conserved regions within the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of representative kinetoplastid species identified nucleotide sequences with 100% identity to Parabodo caudatus. Parabodo caudatus organisms were unable to be demonstrated cytologically or by means of PCR in samples collected from the dog’s environment. The dog had a history of 50 complete urinalyses performed over the 12-year period preceding detection of P. caudatus, and none of these were noted to contain protozoa. Moreover, the gross hematuria that was documented 5 days prior to detection of P. caudatus had never before been observed in this dog. Over the ensuing 2.5 years of the dog’s life, 16 additional complete urinalyses were performed, none of which revealed the presence of protozoa. Bodonids are commonly found in soil as well as in freshwater and marine environments. However, P. caudatus, in particular, has a 150-year-long, interesting, and largely unresolved history in people as either an inhabitant or contaminant of urine. This historical conundrum is revisited in the current description of P. caudatus as recovered from the urine of a dog.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Vandersea, Mark W. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Litaker, R. Wayne and Vaden, Shelly L. and Renschler, Janelle S. and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={117–120} }
 @article{nolan_gieger_vaden_2015, title={Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: Important challenges to consider}, volume={205}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.022}, abstractNote={Interventional radiology (IR) involves the use of contemporary imaging modalities to gain access to different structures in order to deliver materials for therapeutic purposes. Veterinarians have been expanding the use of these minimally invasive techniques in animals with a variety of conditions involving all of the major body systems. Interventional oncology (IO) is a growing subspecialty of IR in human medicine used (1) to restore patency to malignant obstructions through endoluminal stenting, (2) to provide dose escalations to tumors without increasing systemic chemotherapy toxicities via superselective transarterial chemotherapy delivery, (3) to stop hemorrhage or reduce blood flow to tumors via transarterial embolization or chemoembolization, and (4) to provide therapies for those cancers with no safe or effective alternative options.This review provides a brief introduction to a few of the techniques currently available to veterinarians for cancer treatment. For each technique, the concept for improved palliation, patient quality of life, or tumor control is presented, followed by the most current veterinary clinical information available. Although promising, more studies will be necessary to determine if veterinary IO will provide the same benefits as has already been demonstrated in oncology care in humans.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Nolan, Michael W. and Gieger, Tracy L. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={126–127} }
 @misc{lascelles_gruen_vaden_hansen_roe_hardie_2014, title={Chronic kidney disease in cats}, volume={244}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gruen, M. and Vaden, S. and Hansen, B. and Roe, S. and Hardie, L.}, year={2014}, pages={775–776} }
 @article{marino_lascelles_vaden_gruen_marks_2014, title={Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13511446}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x13511446}, abstractNote={ Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and degenerative joint disease are both considered common in older cats. Information on the co-prevalence of these two diseases is lacking. This retrospective study was designed to determine the prevalence of CKD in two cohorts of cats: cats randomly selected from four evenly distributed age groups (RS group) and cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies (DJD group), and to evaluate the concurrence of CKD and DJD in these cohorts. The RS group was randomly selected from four age groups from 6 months to 20 years, and the DJD group comprised cats recruited to four previous DJD studies, with the DJD group excluding cats with a blood urea nitrogen and/or serum creatinine concentration >20% (the upper end of normal) for two studies and cats with CKD stages 3 and 4 for the other two studies. The prevalence of CKD in the RS and DJD groups was higher than expected at 50% and 68.8%, respectively. CKD was common in cats between 1 and 15 years of age, with a similar prevalence of CKD stages 1 and 2 across age groups in both the RS and DJD cats, respectively. We found significant concurrence between CKD and DJD in cats of all ages, indicating the need for increased screening for CKD when selecting DJD treatments. Additionally, this study offers the idea of a relationship and causal commonality between CKD and DJD owing to the striking concurrence across age groups and life stages. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, publisher={Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England}, author={Marino, Christina L. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={465–472} }
 @article{hutchins_vaden_jacob_harris_bowles_wood_bailey_2014, title={Vaginal Microbiota of Spayed Dogs with or without Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12299}, abstractNote={BackgroundLimited information is available regarding the vaginal microbiota of normal spayed dogs and spayed dogs with recurrent UTIs. Vaginal lactic acid‐producing bacteria (LAB) have been associated with decreased frequency of recurrent urinary tract infection in women and may have a protective role within the urinary tract of female dogs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hutchins, R. G. and Vaden, S. L. and Jacob, M. E. and Harris, T. L. and Bowles, K. D. and Wood, M. W. and Bailey, C. S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={300–304} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_gerber_langston_polzin_2013, title={Consensus Guidelines for Immunosuppressive Treatment of Dogs with Glomerular Disease Absent a Pathologic Diagnosis}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12222}, abstractNote={BackgroundIn certain situations, veterinarians must decide whether or not to recommend immunosuppressive therapy for dogs with suspect glomerular disease in the absence of renal biopsy‐derived evidence that active immune mechanisms are contributing to glomerular injury. The purpose of this report is to provide guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs under these conditions.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Pressler, B. and Vaden, S. and Gerber, B. and Langston, C. and Polzin, D.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={S55–S59} }
 @article{brown_elliott_francey_polzin_vaden_2013, title={Consensus Recommendations for Standard Therapy of Glomerular Disease in Dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12230}, abstractNote={Standard therapy forms the basic foundation for care of dogs with glomerular disease, as it is herein recommended for use in all affected animals regardless of causation of the disease. Consensus recommendations target the evaluation and management of proteinuria, inhibition of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, modification in dietary intake with special consideration for those nutrients with renal effects, diagnosis and treatment of systemic hypertension, and evaluation and management of body fluid volume status in dogs with glomerular disease.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Brown, S. and Elliott, J. and Francey, T. and Polzin, D. and Vaden, S.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={S27–S43} }
 @misc{vaden_littman_cianciolo_2013, title={Familial renal disease in soft-coated wheaten terriers}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1479-3261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12027}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Littman, Meryl P. and Cianciolo, Rachel E.}, year={2013}, pages={174–183} }
 @article{lennon_hanel_walker_vaden_2013, title={Hypercoagulability in Dogs with Protein-Losing Nephropathy as Assessed by Thromboelastography}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12067}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) are at risk of thromboembolic disease, but the mechanism leading to hypercoagulability and the population of dogs at risk are unknown.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Hanel, R. M. and Walker, J. M. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, pages={462–468} }
 @article{dicicco_fetzer_secoura_jermyn_hill_chalhoub_vaden_2013, title={Management of bilateral idiopathic renal hematuria in a dog with silver nitrate}, volume={54}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={DiCicco, M.F. and Fetzer, T. and Secoura, P.L. and Jermyn, Kieri and Hill, T. and Chalhoub, S. and Vaden, S.}, year={2013}, pages={761–764} }
 @article{hutchins_messenger_vaden_2013, title={Suspected carprofen toxicosis caused by coprophagia in a dog}, volume={243}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.243.5.709}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hutchins, Rae G. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={709–711} }
 @article{hutchins_bailey_jacob_harris_wood_saker_vaden_2013, title={The Effect of an Oral Probiotic Containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus Species on the Vaginal Microbiota of Spayed Female Dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12174}, abstractNote={BackgroundRecurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often difficult to treat. Vaginal colonization with lactic acid‐producing bacteria (LAB) is associated with reduced frequency of recurrent UTIs in women. Oral probiotics might help increase the prevalence of vaginal LAB and decrease the frequency of recurrent UTIs in dogs.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hutchins, R. G. and Bailey, C. S. and Jacob, M. E. and Harris, T. L. and Wood, M. W. and Saker, K. E. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1368–1371} }
 @article{baxter_levy_edinboro_vaden_tompkins_2012, title={Renal Disease in Cats Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00871.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundFeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection cause similar clinical syndromes of immune dysregulation, opportunistic infections, inflammatory diseases, and neoplasia. Renal disease is the 4th most common cause of death associated with HIV infection.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Baxter, K. J. and Levy, J. K. and Edinboro, C. H. and Vaden, S. L. and Tompkins, M. B.}, year={2012}, pages={238–243} }
 @article{wood_nordone_vaden_breitschwerdt_2011, title={Assessment of urine solute and matrix effects on the performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of interleukin-6 in dog urine}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063871102300219}, abstractNote={Measurement of cytokine concentrations within body fluids is a means of recognizing subclinical and/or unresolved, infectious and inflammatory states in patients. In the urinary tract, such information may be useful for identifying patients with pyelonephritis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, recurrent infections, and cystitis. One such cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), is recognized as a primary cytokine that is produced following exposure of the urothelium to bacterial virulence factors. Complicating reliable testing for this and other cytokines is the nature of urine itself. Urine varies widely in its composition as indicated by the range of pH and urine specific gravity (USG) observed in healthy patients. An additional variable is the protein and carbohydrate matrix capable of hindering immunologic testing modalities, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of urine pH, USG, and matrix while optimizing a canine-specific chemiluminescent ELISA for the measurement of IL-6 in the urine of dogs. Urine spiked with IL-6 obtained maximal IL-6 quantitative recoveries of only 55 ± 10% (mean ± 1 standard deviation) when an ELISA optimized for cell culture supernatants was used. The urine matrix and variations in USG were determined to by contributing to this poor IL-6 recovery. Using specific matrix inhibitors and optimal dilutions improved the IL-6 quantitative recovery to 91 ± 5%. Urine pH (5.5–9.5) had no effect. The current work underscores the importance of critically optimizing testing modalities for biomarkers, particularly if they are immunologic in origin.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Wood, Michael W. and Nordone, Sushila K. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={316–320} }
 @article{klosterman_moore_galvao_dibartola_groman_whittemore_vaden_harris_byron_dowling_et al._2011, title={Comparison of Signalment, Clinicopathologic Findings, Histologic Diagnosis, and Prognosis in Dogs with Glomerular Disease with or without Nephrotic Syndrome}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0669.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops most commonly in people with glomerular diseases associated with marked albuminuria. Hypernatremia, hypertension, and progressive renal failure are more prevalent in nephrotic than nonnephrotic human patients.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Klosterman, E. S. and Moore, G. E. and Galvao, J. F. de Brito and DiBartola, S. P. and Groman, R. P. and Whittemore, J. C. and Vaden, S. L. and Harris, T. L. and Byron, J. K. and Dowling, S. R. and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={206–214} }
 @misc{vaden_2011, title={Glomerular Disease}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1946-9837"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.tcam.2011.04.003}, abstractNote={Glomerular diseases are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in dogs but seem to be less common in cats. Glomerular diseases are diverse, and a renal biopsy is needed to determine the specific glomerular disease that is present in any animal. Familial glomerulopathies occur in many breeds of dogs. However, most dogs with glomerular disease have acquired glomerular injury that is either immune-complex mediated or due to systemic factors, both of which are believed to be the result of a disease process elsewhere in the body (i.e., neoplastic, infectious, and noninfectious inflammatory disorders). A thorough clinical evaluation is indicated in all dogs suspected of having glomerular disease and should include an extensive evaluation for potential predisposing disorders. Nonspecific management of dogs with glomerular disease can be divided into 3 major categories: (1) treatment of potential predisposing disorders, (2) management of proteinuria, and (3) management of uremia and other complications of glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease. Specific management of specific glomerular diseases has not been fully studied in dogs. However, it may be reasonable to consider immunosuppressive therapy in dogs that have developed a form of glomerulonephritis secondary to a steroid-responsive disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or have immune-mediated lesions that have been documented in renal biopsy specimens. Appropriate patient monitoring during therapy is important for maximizing patient care. The prognosis for dogs and cats with glomerular disease is variable and probably dependent on a combination of factors. The purpose of this article is to discuss the general diagnosis and management of dogs with glomerular disease.}, number={3}, journal={TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={128–134} }
 @article{atkins_vaden_arther_ciszewski_davis_ensley_chopade_2011, title={Renal effects of Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally and naturally infected cats}, volume={176}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.016}, abstractNote={Canine heartworm infection has been associated with glomerular disease and proteinuria. We hypothesized that proteinuria, likely due to glomerular damage, would also be found in cats experimentally and naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Two populations of cats were evaluated, including 80 that were each experimentally infected with 60 infective heartworm larvae as part of a drug safety study, and 31 that were naturally infected with D. immitis. Each had a control population with which to be compared. In the experimentally infected group, we evaluated urine from 64 cats. Ten of these cats were shown to have microalbuminuria 8 months post infection. No cat refractory to infection with larvae and no cats from the control group demonstrated microalbuminuria. All 10 microalbuminuric cats were shown to have significant proteinuria, as measured by the urine protein:creatinine ratio. There was a subtle, but significant, association between worm burden and proteinuria, and although the presence of adult heartworms was required for the development of proteinuria, both microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic cats were affected. Neither the presence of circulating heartworm antibodies and antigen nor the presence of antigenuria predicted the development of proteinuria. Both heavily infected cats (5–25 adult heartworms) and cats with worm burdens compatible with natural infections (1–4 adult heartworms) developed proteinuria, and the relative numbers of cats so affected were similar between heavily and more lightly infected cats. Naturally infected cats, for which only dipstick protein determinations were available, were shown to have a significantly greater incidence of proteinuria (90% vs 35%) than did those in an age- and gender-matched control population. Additionally, the proteinuria in heartworm-infected cats was 3- to 5-fold greater in severity. We conclude that cats infected with mature adult heartworms are at risk for developing proteinuria and that this is recognized relatively soon after infection. While heavier infections may predispose cats to developing proteinuria, this complication is seen in naturally infected cats and experimental cats with worm burdens similar to those seen in natural infections (i.e., “clinically appropriate” worm burdens). The clinical relevance of heartworm-associated proteinuria is yet to be determined.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Atkins, C. E. and Vaden, S. L. and Arther, R. G. and Ciszewski, D. K. and Davis, W. L. and Ensley, S. M. and Chopade, N. H.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={317–323} }
 @article{lyon_sanderson_vaden_lappin_jensen_grauer_2010, title={Comparison of urine dipstick, sulfosalicylic acid, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and species-specific ELISA methods for detection of albumin in urine samples of cats and dogs}, volume={236}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.236.8.874}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Lyon, Shane D. and Sanderson, Michael W. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Lappin, Michael R. and Jensen, Wayne A. and Grauer, Gregory F.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={874–879} }
 @article{gookin_mcwhorter_vaden_posner_2010, title={Outcome assessment of a computer-animated model for learning about the regulation of glomerular filtration rate}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1043-4046"]}, DOI={10.1152/advan.00012.2010}, abstractNote={ The regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a particularly important and challenging concept for students to integrate into a memorable framework for building further knowledge and solving clinical problems. In this study, 76 first-year veterinary students and 19 veterinarians in clinical specialty training (house officers) participated in separate online exercises to evaluate the use of a computer-animated model of GFR regulation ( www.aamc.org/mededportal ) on learning outcome. Students were randomly allocated to study either the animated model or written materials before completion of a 10-question multiple-choice quiz. House officers completed a 35-question test before and after study of the animated model. Both groups completed a survey about the learning exercise. The ability of the model to enhance learning was demonstrated by a significant improvement ( P < 0.001) in the test performance of house officers after studying the model. The model performed similarly to written materials alone in affecting the subsequent quiz performance of the students. The majority of students and house officers agreed or strongly agreed that the animated model was easy to understand, improved their knowledge and appreciation of the importance of GFR regulation, and that they would recommend the model to peers. Most students [63 of 76 students (83%)] responded that they would prefer the use of the animated model alone over the study of written materials but acknowledged that a combination of hardcopy written notes and the animated model would be ideal. A greater applicability of the model to more advanced students and an introduction in a didactic setting before individual study were suggested by the house officers. The results of this study suggest that the animated model is a useful, effective, and well-received tool for learning and creating a visual memory of the regulatory mechanisms of GFR. }, number={2}, journal={ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and McWhorter, Dan and Vaden, Shelly and Posner, Lysa}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={97–105} }
 @article{olby_mackillop_cerda-gonzalez_moore_munana_graffinger_osborne_vaden_2010, title={Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957900958&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0567.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Dogs with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) have similar risk factors for UTI when compared with human SCI patients and have a high perioperative prevalence of UTI.


OBJECTIVES
Determine the prevalence of UTI in dogs for 3 months after surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE and identify risk factors for development of UTI.


ANIMALS
Twenty-five dogs treated surgically for 26 acute disc extrusions.


METHODS
Prospective study. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed perioperatively. At home, owners monitored urine with dipsticks every 48 hours for 1 month then once a week until 3 months. Dogs returned for assessment of motor function, urinalysis, and urine culture at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Presence of UTI over the 3-month period was correlated to potential risk factors.


RESULTS
Ten dogs (38%) developed 12 UTIs over the 3-month period, with the majority occurring between weeks 1 and 6; 60% of the UTIs were occult. Hematuria in the absence of pyuria or UTI was a common finding in the perioperative period. Sex, breed, and ambulatory status influenced the risk of developing a UTI.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
There is a high prevalence of UTIs, many of which are occult, in the 3 months after surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE. These dogs should be routinely monitored for UTI with urine culture regardless of urinalysis results.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Olby, N.J. and MacKillop, E. and Cerda-Gonzalez, S. and Moore, S. and Munana, K.R. and Graffinger, M. and Osborne, J.A. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={1106–1111} }
 @article{vaden_turman_harris_marks_2010, title={The prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats in an ICU or recovering from anesthesia}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00584.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Turman, Coral A. and Harris, Tonya L. and Marks, Steven L.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={479–487} }
 @article{levine_zhang_harris_vaden_2010, title={The use of pooled vs serial urine samples to measure urine protein:creatinine ratios}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00167.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Evaluation of serial urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratios is important in prognosticating chronic kidney disease and monitoring response to therapeutic interventions. Owing to random biologic variation in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria, multiple determinations of UPC ratios often are recommended to reliably assess urine protein loss. This can be cost‐prohibitive.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={LeVine, Dana N. and Zhang, Daowen and Harris, Tonya and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={53–56} }
 @book{blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, canine & feline_2009, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell}, year={2009} }
 @article{cruse_vaden_mathews_hill_robertson_2009, title={Use of Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning and Colorectal New Methylene Blue Infusion in Evaluation of an English Bulldog with a Rectourethral Fistula}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0320.x}, abstractNote={Rectourethral fistulas are uncommonly reported in veterinary medicine having only been reported in 13 dogs.1-11 Seven were English Bulldogs and 3 were Miniature Poodles. The diagnosis of a rectourethral fistula is challenging. Survey radiography, double contrast cystography, pneumocystography, and colonoscopy are unreliable modalities for the diagnosis of a fistula.6-9 Four of the 13 previously reported dogs required more than 1 contrast imaging study to confirm the presence of a rectourethral fistula.2, 4, 7, 9 In 1 affected dog, 4 contrast cystourethrograms were performed over a 7-year period before identifying the fistula.4 To date, no case report in the veterinary literature has described use of computed tomography (CT) scanning or new methylene bluea as alternate methods for the diagnosis of rectourethral fistulas. Most rectourethral fistulas in people are acquired secondary to trauma, pelvic surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, or malignancy.12 The diagnosis can be made by witnessing fecaluria or by using advanced diagnostic procedures. Some physicians prefer the aid of contrast cystourethrography13, 14 whereas others have reported the usefulness of CT scanning for both establishing the diagnosis and for surgical planning.15 CT scanning for the detection of anorectal anomalies was first described in infants and has since become a valuable diagnostic tool.16, 17 To date, the most commonly utilized diagnostic techniques in people include cystourethroscopy, advanced imaging such as CT scanning or magnetic resonance imaging, and radiographic contrast imaging.13-19 This report describes the successful use of CT and cystourethrography to diagnose a rectourethral fistula in an English Bulldog. Whereas cystourethrography was used to determine that a fistula was present, the exact anatomic location could not be verified. In contrast, the CT scan was very useful in establishing an accurate anatomic localization of the fistula and surgical planning for repair. In addition, this report describes a technique of colorectal infusion of new methylene blue during cystourethroscopy, which may be a useful adjunctive procedure to verify the presence of an abnormal communication between the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. A 1-year-old 26.1 kg male castrated English Bulldog was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NCSU-VTH) with a 4-month history of recurrent urinary tract infections. The owner reported pollakiuria, stranguria, and hematuria. Upon initial presentation to the referring veterinarian, gross hematuria, bacteriuria, and pyuria were detected in a voided urine sample. Clinical signs transiently abated after treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acidb (15 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Approximately 21 days after initial presentation, a urine sample collected by cystocentesis grew Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis that were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Although abdominal radiographs were unremarkable, small cystoliths, bilateral renal mineralization, and a thickened bladder wall were detected on abdominal ultrasonography. Urinary crystalline material analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Centerc was identified as magnesium ammonium phosphate. Ninety days after initial presentation, urinalysis of a catheterized sample indicated hematuria and bacteriuria. Microbial culture of the same sample resulted in growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. Based on susceptibility test results, the dog was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (14 mg/kg PO q12h for 6 weeks) and marbofloxacin (8 mg/kg PO q24h for 6 weeks). At presentation to the NCSU-VTH, no abnormalities were detected during physical examination. Results of a CBC and biochemical profile were unremarkable. Urinalysis of a sample collected by cystocentesis indicated urine specific gravity of 1.014, urine pH of 8.0, trace bacteruria, and 0–5 white blood cells per high-power field. An aliquot of the same urine sample was submitted for microbial culture and resulted in light growth of a resistant strain of Enterococcus faecium. Abdominal ultrasonography identified a thickened irregular urinary bladder wall and small cystic calculi. A hyperemic bladder and urethral mucosa consistent with urinary tract inflammation, as well as particulate matter were identified during cystourethroscopy. Analysis of the particulate matter by the Minnesota Urolith Center identified a gelatinous material not consistent with urinary calculi, but rather a conglomerate of fungal hyphae, bacterial rods and cocci, and cellular material. A positive contrast retrograde urethrocystogram was performed after cystourethroscopy with fluoroscopic guidance. Approximately 20 mL of iohexold (240 mg/mL diluted with 0.9% saline to a concentration of 120 mg/mL) was infused over a 3–5-minute period through an 8-french Foley catheter placed into the urethra. The catheter balloon was positioned and inflated approximately 1 in. distal to the ischiatic tuberosity. At the level of the prostate gland, contrast medium exited the urethra within a tract that extended caudally and emptied into the rectum, indicating the presence of a rectourethral fistula. The dog represented 7 days later for surgical correction of the rectourethral fistula. Based on the owner's desire for a minimally invasive approach, initially laparoscopy was performed. Laparoscopic exploration of the area dorsal to the urethra failed to identify an obvious fistula, and the procedure was converted to a standard ventral midline laparotomy. A red rubber urinary catheter was placed to fill the bladder with saline. Pressure was applied to the urinary bladder while digitally obstructing the urethra in an attempt to force saline into the fistula as an aid to its identification. No abnormal tissue could be identified. Because of the potential risk to neurovascular structures associated with further dissection, and the potential morbidity associated with pelvic osteotomies, the decision was made to recover the animal from anesthesia and attempt to further characterize the anatomic location of the fistula with additional diagnostic techniques at a future date. The dog was discharged from the hospital the next day with instructions to be given amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (14 mg/kg PO q12h for 10 days). Thirty days after the initial surgery, colonoscopy was performed using a 1,680 mm length flexible Olympuse colonoscope with an outer diameter of 12.2 mm in an attempt to locate the fistula. Patient preparation consisted of a combination of a 24-hour fast, oral polyethylene glycol solution,f and warm water enemas. During colonoscopy, many small raised areas consistent with lymphoid follicles were noted, but a fistula was not visualized. After colonoscopy, cystourethroscopy was performed with a 600 mm length flexible Storzg cystoscope with an outer diameter of 3.8 mm. In another attempt to identify the location of the fistula, new methylene blue was instilled into the colon during urethroscopsy. A 24-french Foley catheter was advanced approximately 10 in. aborally into the descending colon. A 2nd 24-french Foley catheter was positioned in at the level of the rectum. The balloon of each catheter was filled with 30 mm 0.9% saline. Thirty milliliters of new methylene blue was diluted 1 : 1 with 0.9% saline to a total volume of 60 mm and instilled through the distal catheter, over a period of 10–15 seconds, into the space between the 2 catheter balloons where the fistula was believed to be located. The urine in the urethra became blue-tinged within minutes confirming translocation of the new methylene blue from the colon into the urethra. At the level of the prostatic urethra, several small depressions of the urethral mucosa were noted (Fig 1). Although the largest of these depressions was believed to be associated with the fistula, there was no definitive evidence of new methylene blue entering the urethra through these areas. Thus, the new methylene blue was useful in confirming the presence of the fistula but did not identify its location. (A) Cystourethroscopy before new methylene blue infusion. There are several small depressions and one larger depression in the urethral mucosa. The larger depression is believed to be associated with the fistula. (B) Cystourethroscopy after new methylene blue infusion. The urine became blue-tinged consistent with passage of new methylene blue from the colon to the urethra. 101 × 76 mm (300 × 300 DPI). After cystourethroscopy, CTh scanning was performed in conjunction with a positive contrast retrograde urethrogram. Iohexol was diluted and administered at a concentration of 80 mg of iodine per milliliter through an 8-french Foley catheter placed in the urethra. Contrast medium was present within the urethra, urinary bladder, colon, and rectum. A fistulous tract oriented in a caudodorsal direction connecting the urethra to the rectum immediately caudal to the prostate was readily apparent (2, 3). Retrograde urography. One millimeter transverse image of intrapelvic urethra and rectum immediately cranial to the coxofemoral joints. The white arrow is the urethra. The black arrow is the fistulous tract extending caudodorsally on the right. Contrast medium within the terminal colon is readily apparent. 101 × 76 mm (300 × 300 DPI). Sagittal CT reconstruction. There is contrast medium within the tract between the urethra and rectum. White arrows are urethra. Black arrows are the fistulous tract. 101 × 76 mm (300 × 300 DPI). The CT scan allowed more accurate anatomic localization and the dog was returned to surgery in a 2nd attempt to ligate the fistula, this time using a perineal approach. A lumen was identified and catheterized with an 8-french red rubber catheter directed toward the urethra. Both the rectal end and urethral end of the fistula were ligated and oversewn. A total of 6 urine samples were obtained by cystocentesis and submitted for microbial culture over the next year while the dog was not receiving antibiotics. All were negative for bacterial growth. A 1-year follow-up conversation with the owner indicated that the dog no longer had any clinical signs related to the lower urinary tract. Rectourethral fistulas are persistent communications between the rectum and urethra. Of the 13 dogs reported with rectourethral fistulas, 11 were suspected to be congenital in nature.2-10 The exact embryologic formation of a rectourethral fistula is not known. During normal canine development, the urorectal fold contacts the cloacal membrane, which subsequently ruptures, resulting in separate urogenital and digestive orifices. The caudal portion of the urogenital orifice further differentiates into the urethra. Fistulas can occur either secondary to failure of the urorectal septum to separate the cloaca into ventral urethrovesical and dorsal rectal segments or due to rupture of the cloacal membrane before contacting the urorectal fold.3, 20 Additionally, infectious or inflammatory processes can occur in utero that could lead to perforation of the rectum and subsequent fistula formation.10 In both humans and dogs with rectourethral fistulas, the most common presenting clinical signs are caused by recurrent cystitis and include dysuria, hematuria, pollakiuria, or stranguria.3-10, 13, 21 Ten of the 13 canine rectourethral fistulas reports included aerobic urine culture results. Aerobic culture yielded growth of ≥ 2 bacterial species in 6 of these reports.2, 4, 6, 8-10 The most common bacterial organisms reported were E. coli and Proteus spp.1-10 Neither of the dogs with acquired fistulas had positive aerobic urine cultures.1, 11 In 1 study of dogs with recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections, approximately 25% of the urine specimens yielded the growth of ≥ 2 bacterial species by aerobic bacterial culture, as was noted in the dog of this report.12 The presence of multiple organisms on urine culture specimen may raise clinical suspicion of systemic immunocompromise, anatomic defects along the lower urinary tract, or external contamination of the urine sample. Rectourethral fistula is an uncommon anatomic defect that can lead to recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections. In this dog, the fistula was oriented in a cranioventral to caudodorsal direction running between the prostatic urethra and the caudoventral rectum. This orientation made identification of the fistula at surgery difficult because it was closely associated with the dorsal aspect of the urethra cranioventrally. After CT scan, a different surgical approach was used and resulted in successful repair of the fistula. To the authors' knowledge, this is the 1st report of CT scanning and colorectal infusion of new methylene blue during cystourethroscopy for the evaluation of rectourethral fistulas in a dog, although these techniques have been described in humans.18, 22 Since evaluating the dog of this case report, we have performed colorectal infusion of new methylene blue in 2 additional young dogs that were presented for evaluation of recurrent urinary tract infections. Neither of these dogs had any discoloration of the urine after infusion with new methylene blue nor did they have fistulas. The infusion is an easily performed technique that can be incorporated into cystourethroscopy to identify if there is an abnormal communication between the urethra and rectum or colon. Specific patient preparation for this technique includes enemas to evacuate the descending colon and the placement of 2 Foley catheters. Although the location of the fistula may not be readily identifiable, a color change of the urine indicates the presence of an abnormal communication between the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. In the dog of this report, advanced imaging was needed for precise anatomical localization. CT scanning may be useful to accurately localize the fistula, which can aid surgical planning and successful repair. aNew Methylene Blue 1% solution, Taylor Pharmaceuticals, Decatur, IL bClavamox; Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA cUniversity of Minnesota, St Paul, MN dOmnipaque 240 mg/mL, GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ eOlympus America Inc, Center Valley, PA fGoLYTELY (PEG-3350 and electrolytes), Braintree Laboratories Inc, Braintree, MA gKarl Storz Endoscope, Roswell, GA hSiemens Sensation 16, Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc, Malvern, PA This study was not supported by a grant.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Cruse, A. M. and Vaden, S. L. and Mathews, K. G. and Hill, T. L. and Robertson, I. D.}, year={2009}, pages={931–934} }
 @article{hill_breitschwerdt_cecere_vaden_2008, title={Concurrent Hepatic Copper Toxicosis and Fanconi's Syndrome in a Dog}, volume={22}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0040.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0040.x}, abstractNote={A3-year-old male castrated West Highland White Terrier was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at North Carolina State University with a 1-week history of intermittent vomiting, polyuria and polydypsia, progressive anorexia, and lethargy. No treatment was administered by the primary veterinarian before referral. The dog was adopted as a puppy and had lived exclusively in North Carolina. The dog received no other medications and had no previous illnesses, except for a transient decrease in appetite 1 year earlier. On physical examination, the dog weighed 8.2 kg, had a body condition score of 6/9, but was approximately 5% dehydrated. Hematologic abnormalities included neutrophilia (14,293 cells/μL, reference range 2,529–12,876 cells/μL) with a left shift (642 band neutrophils/μL) and immature granulocytes (161/μL). Biochemical abnormalities included increased ALT activity (456 U/L; reference range, 16–73 U/L), hyperbilirubinemia (0.3 mg/dL; reference range, 0–0.2 mg/dL), hypokalemia (3.8 mEq/L; reference range, 3.9–5.2 mEq/L), hyperchloremia (121 mEq/L; reference range, 104–117 mEq/L), and increased lipase activity (715 U/L; reference range, 22–216 U/L). Urinalysis findings included a specific gravity of 1.022, pH of 8, 2+ proteinuria, 2+ ketones, 2+ blood, 4+ glucose, 0–2 coarse granular casts/hpf, 0–5 white cells/hpf, and 5–10 red cells/hpf. The urine protein : creatinine ratio was 1.7. A urine sample submitted for bacterial culture yielded no growth. There was mild metabolic acidemia (blood pH 7.26; reference range, 7.36–7.47), bicarbonate 16.2 mEq/L (reference range, 19.8–26.2 mEq/L), and PCO2 36 mmHg (reference range, 30–40 mmHg), on a venous blood sample. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings included periportal lymph node enlargement, microhepatica, and mildly hyperechoic kidneys bilaterally. Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations were within reference range. The dog was treated with an IV infusion of lactated Ringer's solution containing 30 mEq/L KCl for dehydration, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Within 48 hours of hospitalization, sodium bicarbonate at 3 mEq/kg/d was administered as a continuous rate infusion to correct the persistent metabolic acidosis. In addition, the dog was treated with a metoclopramide constant rate infusion of 1 mg/kg/d and famotidine 0.5 mg/kg IV q12h. During the 1st 48 hours of hospitalization, the dog remained anorexic and frequently vomited bile; dolasetron 0.6 mg/kg IV q24h and sucralfate 500 mg PO q8h were administered. The dog was supplemented nutritionally by nasoesophageal feeding a liquid diet (Perativea), the continuous rate of which was adjusted to minimize vomiting. Serial assessment of urine dipstick tests and serum glucose measurements indicated that the dog was persistently ketonuric and glucosuric, with normal serum glucose concentrations. Despite a metabolic acidosis, urine pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.0. The findings of proteinuria, glucosuria with normoglycemia, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine supported a diagnosis of Fanconi's syndrome. Results of a urine metabolic profile, performed at the University of Pennsylvania, also were consistent with Fanconi's syndrome with severe generalized amino aciduria and marked glucosuria. By the 4th day of hospitalization, the dog became febrile (103.6°F). An abdominal ultrasound examination indicated mild thickening of the gallbladder wall. Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ampicillin and sulbactam (Unasyn,b 30 mg/kg IV q8h); the fever resolved within 36 hours. Because of the dog's refractory vomiting and unknown underlying hepatic pathology, an exploratory laparotomy was performed on the 5th day of hospitalization. Biopsy specimens were taken of the liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and left kidney. The gallbladder was aspirated and 1 aliquot of bile was submitted for cytologic analysis; another aliquot was submitted for aerobic microbial culture. Gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes were placed. Recovery from surgery was uneventful. Perativea liquid diet was administered continuously through the jejunostomy tube throughout the remainder of hospitalization without incident. The volume administered was gradually increased to basal energy requirements. Ketonuria resolved within 24 hours after feeding basal energy requirements. Dexamethasone (0.08 mg/kg IV q24h), s-adenosylmethionine (22 mg/kg PO q24h), and ursodeoxycholic acid (15 mg/kg PO q24h) were administered on day 5 postoperatively. Within 24 hours, steady improvement was observed; the vomiting ceased, the dog was more active and alert, and began eating. IV bicarbonate supplementation was necessary to maintain a near normal serum pH. The bile fluid was cytologically unremarkable and bacterial growth was not observed. Lymphofollicular gastritis, which was attributed to refractory vomiting, and mild lymphocytic enteritis were observed histologically on full-thickness stomach and intestinal biopsy specimens. Centrilobular pyogranulomatous hepatitis, characterized by infiltrates of neutrophils, macrophages, and fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells associated with single cell hepatocyte necrosis, was present in liver wedge biopsy specimens. Abundant copper accumulation was present within centrilobular hepatocytes and macrophages (Fig 1). Copper was quantified at 1186 ppm dry weight. Histopathologic abnormalities in the kidney included diffuse mild to moderate tubular atrophy, multifocal tubular epithelial vacuolation, and tubular regeneration. Additionally, there was evidence of abnormal copper accumulation within vacuolated renal tubular epithelium (Fig 2). Liver, dog. (A) Centrilobular zone with individual hepatocellular necrosis (arrow) and infiltrates of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. H&E stain. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Same section as A with numerous well-demarcated, red–brown copper-containing granules present in the cytoplasm of macrophages and hepatocytes. Rhodanine stain. Scale bar = 50 μm. Kidney, dog. (A) Tubules lined by plump vacuolated epithelial cells (arrow) or mildly atrophied epithelium (arrowhead). H&E stain. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Renal tubular epithelial cells containing multiple cytoplasmic well-demarcated, red–brown copper-containing granules. Rhodanine stain. Scale bar = 20 μm. The dog gradually was transitioned to oral medications administered through the gastrotomy tube, including 971 mg of bicarbonate q12h, s-adenosylmethionine, ursodeoxycholic acid, prednisone 0.6 mg/kg q12h that was tapered over the next 4 weeks, famotidine 0.6 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid 12 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, ciprofloxacin 8 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks, and Marinc 1 medium dog tablet daily for 2 months. d-Penicillamine was given at a dosage of 10 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 months, with no reported adverse effects. After 2 weeks of treatment, the dog was no longer proteinuric, glucosuric, or ketonuric. Venous pH was 7.36 and bicarbonate was 26.6 mEq/L. ALT activity had decreased from 456 to 81 U/L. Ursodeoxycholic acid, s-adenosylmethionine, Marin, bicarbonate, and d-penicillamine therapy were continued. Monthly venous blood gas analysis disclosed normal pH while receiving oral bicarbonate supplementation. At the 3-month recheck examination, the bicarbonate dosage was reduced by half and d-penicillamine was discontinued. Repeat biopsies of the liver and kidney were declined by the owner. Zinc acetate was prescribed (10 mg/kg orally q12h); s-adenosylmethionine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and Marin were continued. Three weeks after decreasing the oral bicarbonate supplementation, venous pH was 7.4 and bicarbonate was 27.9 mEq/L and bicarbonate supplementation was discontinued, but zinc acetate supplementation was continued indefinitely. Thirteen months after initial diagnosis and treatment, the dog was doing well with no clinical signs reported. Copper storage diseases (CSDs) have been described in several breeds, including the Bedlington Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Skye Terrier, Doberman Pinscher, Labrador Retriever, and Dalmatian, as well as other species, including humans, rats, and sheep. With CSD, copper accumulates in the liver, leading to hepatitis and eventually cirrhosis of the hepatic parenchyma.1 As yet, the genetic basis of CSD has been elucidated only in the Bedlington Terrier, where it is related to a defect in the MURR-1 gene.2 CSD in the Bedlington Terrier results in copper accumulation in the liver as well as renal cortical tissue in some patients.3 We describe a West Highland White Terrier with CSDand concurrent Fanconi's syndrome, which resolved after copper chelation therapy. A genetic mutation that causes abnormal copper accumulation has yet to be identified in West Highland White Terrier. Unlike the Bedlington Terrier, there does not seem to be a correlation between age and hepatic copper concentration in the West Highland White Terrier. In addition, the total hepatic copper concentration is lower in the majority of affected West Highland White Terriers; most West Highland White Terriers have copper concentrations <1,500 ppm dry weight.4, 5 Copper concentrations up to 500 ppm dry weight may occur in normal dogs.6 Thornburg describes the histopathologic lesions of copper toxicosis in West Highland White Terriers as being characterized by multifocal centrilobular hepatitis and cirrhosis. In this dog, the findings were consistent with previous reports, including multifocal centrilobular hepatitis and a copper concentration of 1,186 ppm. It is unclear whether copper toxicosis was the direct cause of Fanconi's syndrome in this dog, because several medical therapies, including antibiotics, steroids, and penicillamine, may have contributed to resolution of Fanconi's syndrome regardless of treating copper toxicosis. The presence of copper in the renal tubules and resolution of Fanconi's syndrome after copper chelation therapy suggest that copper toxicosis may be a cause of Fanconi's syndrome in dogs. In other reports, dogs with copper toxicosis had abnormalities indicative of proximal tubular dysfunction.7, 8 In a study of 10 Dalmatians with copper toxicosis, 3 dogs had proteinuria without pyuria, 2 had glucosuria with normoglycemia, and 1 had renal tubular necrosis with granular casts.7 In a separate report, a 1.5-year-old Dalmatian had copper toxicosis with a positive metabolic screen for Fanconi's syndrome.8 This dog was euthanized because the dog continued to decline clinically. In the dog reported here, glucosuria, metabolic acidosis, amino aciduria, and copper accumulation in the renal tubules were documented with resolution of Fanconi's syndrome after copper chelation therapy. Wilson's disease is a CSD in humans in which copper accumulates to toxic concentrations in the liver and secondarily in the central nervous system and kidneys because of a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which normally allows for copper excretion into the bile and for production of ceruloplasmin. As a result, patients with Wilson's disease have copper accumulation in the liver and in other tissues, including the brain, kidney, red blood cells, and eye. Neurologic signs develop including speech disorders and dysphagia, abnormal and uncoordinated gait, and tremors.9 Renal complications, including urolithiasis and Fanconi's syndrome, have been reported in human patients with Wilson's disease.10, 11 As is reported in association with Wilson's disease in human patients, this dog may represent a subset of patients with copper storage disease that have concurrent renal tubular dysfunction in association with copper accumulation in the proximal tubular epithelium. Several types of proximal renal tubular dysfunction have been described in association with Wilson's disease in humans: failure of renal acidification, amino aciduria, glucosuria, and phosphaturia.11-15 Resolution of proximal tubular dysfunction also may occur after treatment for copper toxicosis with penicillamine.11, 13-15 A renal biopsy in 1 patient, with prior documentation of renal tubular copper accumulation, demonstrated normal proximal tubular ultrastructure 2 years after initiation of penicillamine therapy. Penicillamine therapy was discontinued because of adverse effects, including glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Eighteen months later, the patient again showed signs of Wilson's disease, and a renal biopsy was repeated. Electron-dense bodies, consistent with copper-bound metalloprotein, were evident in the subapical cytoplasm of the tubular cells, although copper quantification was not performed to confirm increased copper concentrations in the kidney.11 The effect of copper loading has been examined in the rat kidney as a model for copper toxicosis in humans and other species. Rats supplemented with excessive copper, either by injection or by dietary supplementation, develop copper staining in the liver and in the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium.16-18 Haywood demonstrated an increase in copper content of the kidney in rats fed excess copper as well as copper staining granules confined to the proximal tubule. There also were degenerative changes of the tubular cells as well as copper-staining debris in the tubular lumen, suggesting active exocytosis of copper-bound metallothionein.17 A later report of copper loading in the rat kidney described increased copper in renal tubular lysosomes. With time and increased copper concentrations, there was progressive nuclear degeneration in proximal tubular cells and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane.18 These findings are consistent with the observation that copper acts as a prooxidant, disrupting cell membranes and damaging DNA. Eventually, the rats extruded copper-stained lysosomes and copper-laden pinocytotic vesicles into the tubular lumen. After this time point, the copper concentration in the kidney began to decrease and the tubular epithelium recovered to nearly normal. The localization of copper to the renal tubular epithelium, later exocytosis of copper-bound organelles, and recovery of the tubular epithelium suggest a mechanism by which the rat seems able to cope with increased dietary copper intake. Copper also may alter the function of Na-K-ATPase in the proximal tubular epithelium. In vitro, for both rat kidney tissue homogenate and rat synaptic plasma membrane, copper has an inhibitory effect on the function of this important enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner.19, 20 As copper stores accumulate in the canine liver, the kidney may attempt exocytosis of excess copper as occurs in the copper-loaded rat. Exocytosis of copper-bound organelles in the canine and human kidney may be less effective than in the rat, because tubular debris is not described in any published reports of copper-stained kidneys from rats. Because copper accumulates in the kidney as well as the liver, it then may have several effects that ultimately lead to proximal tubular dysfunction and Fanconi's syndrome: necrosis and apoptosis of epithelial cells because copper acts as a pro-oxidant, disrupting mitochondrial membranes and DNA, inducing inflammation that may affect epithelial function, and inhibiting the function of Na-K-ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner that would alter transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule. These effects all may lead to decreased reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, phosphate, and bicarbonate from the tubular lumen. These may be the mechanisms by which copper toxicosis in this West Highland White Terrier resulted in proximal tubular dysfunction characterized as Fanconi's syndrome. Few controlled studies are available in human and canine medicine that describe renal pathology with copper toxicosis or the effect of copper chelation therapy. Additional study is needed to definitively confirm a link between Fanconi's syndrome and copper storage disease in dogs as suggested by this dog, and to elucidate the nature of that association. In dogs with suspected copper storage disease and evidence of tubular dysfunction that are undergoing liver biopsy, it may be warranted to perform a renal biopsy to allow for histopathologic examination of the renal parenchyma, as well as renal copper quantification, which was not performed here. Sequential urine metabolic screening or urinalyses with protein quantification may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring tool in those patients with evidence of tubular dysfunction. Additionally, liver and kidney biopsies after 3 months of d-penicillamine therapy may have been informative to document the histological response to treatment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the veterinarians involved in the treatment and referral of the dog. Our appreciation is extended to Dr Herman Jeffers, Dr Karyn Harrell, and Dr Sally Bissett. aPerative Specialized Nutrition, Abbot Laboratories, Ross Products Division, Columbus, OH bUnasyn, Pfizer Roerig, Pfizer Inc, New York cMarin, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, MD}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hill, T.L. and Breitschwerdt, E.B. and Cecere, T. and Vaden, S.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={219–222} }
 @article{allenspach_lomas_wieland_harris_pressler_mancho_lees_vaden_2008, title={Evaluation of perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies as an early marker of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1301}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Allenspach, Karin and Lomas, Bethany and Wieland, Barbara and Harris, Tonya and Pressler, Barrak and Mancho, Carolina and Lees, George E. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1301–1304} }
 @article{puskar_lemons_papich_vaden_birkenheuer_2007, title={Antibiotic-resistant Corynebacterium jeikeium urinary tract infection in a cat}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0430061}, abstractNote={A 10-year-old, castrated male, domestic longhaired cat with a history of urinary tract disease and perineal urethrostomy was presented for evaluation of persistent urinary tract inflammation. Prior to referral, diphtheroid organisms had been cultured from a urine sample obtained by cystocentesis, and they were interpreted as sample contamination. Subsequent urine culture and gene sequencing identified Corynebacterium jeikeium, which was resistant to antibiotics and appeared to be the cause of the urinary tract infection.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Puskar, Michelle and Lemons, Carol and Papich, Mark G. and Vaden, Shelley L. and Birkenheuer, Adam}, year={2007}, pages={61–64} }
 @article{wood_vaden_cerda-gonzalez_keene_2007, title={Cystoscopic-guided balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in a female dog}, volume={48}, number={7}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Wood, M. W. and Vaden, S. and Cerda-Gonzalez, S. and Keene, B.}, year={2007}, pages={731–733} }
 @article{allenspach_vaden_harris_grone_doherr_griot-wenk_bischoff_gaschen_2006, title={Evaluation of colonoscopic allergen provocation as a diagnostic tool in dogs with proven food hypersensitivity reactions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0022-4510"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00007.x}, abstractNote={Objective:To evaluate the colonoscopic allergen provocation (COLAP) test as a new tool for the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Allenspach, K and Vaden, SL and Harris, TS and Grone, A and Doherr, MG and Griot-Wenk, ME and Bischoff, SC and Gaschen, F}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{lees_brown_elliott_grauer_vaden_2005, title={Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM forum consensus statement (small animal)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[377:AAMOPI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Emerging data indicate that more attention should be given to the detection, evaluation, monitoring, and treatment of dogs and cats with proteinuria. The purposes of this consensus statement are to describe an appropriate approach for accomplishing these tasks and to provide specific recommendations for assessing and managing dogs and cats with proteinuria based on data that are currently available. Because proteinuria and albuminuria have numerous possible causes, they must be assessed appropriately to determine their implications for the patient. This assessment involves localization of the origin of the proteinuria as well as determination of its persistence and magnitude. Because persistent renal proteinuria usually indicates presence of chronic kidney disease, which sometimes is a progressive disorder, its detection identifies dogs and cats that have increased risk for adverse health outcomes. Thus, urine testing that will detect proteinuria should be a component of the clinical evaluations of dogs and cats under all circumstances that prompt their veterinarians to also perform comprehensive hematologic and serum biochemical evaluations. At a minimum, this testing should consist of a complete urinalysis that includes a satisfactorily accurate semiquantitative test for protein, and positive reactions should be properly followed with further testing. The appropriate response to persistent renal proteinuria depends on the magnitude of proteinuria and the status of the patient. The recommended response generally involves continued monitoring, further investigation, and therapeutic intervention, which should be implemented as an escalating series of inclusive, stepwise responses.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lees, GE and Brown, SA and Elliott, J and Grauer, GE and Vaden, SL}, year={2005}, pages={377–385} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_wooden_adin_stone_gregory_mathews_cowgill_vaden_nyland_et al._2005, title={Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.932}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={932–936} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_wooden_adin_stone_gregory_mathews_cowgill_vaden_nyland_et al._2005, title={Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.937}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={937–944} }
 @article{vaden_2005, title={Renal biopsy of dogs and cats}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1096-2867"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.ctsap.2004.12.003}, abstractNote={Renal diseases are common in dogs and cats. Renal biopsy may be required during the evaluation of the patient to establish a definitive diagnosis, determine the severity of the lesion and formulate an optimal treatment plan. Renal biopsy specimens can be collected via several methods. Percutaneous techniques are performed with ultrasound guidance in both dogs and cats or blindly in cats. If ultrasound guidance is not available, the keyhole technique can be used in dogs. Biopsy can also be performed using laparoscopy or surgery. While complications can arise with any of these techniques, complications are less frequent when an experienced operator uses proper technique. Renal biopsy specimens must be processed and evaluated appropriately if consistent and accurate diagnoses are to be rendered. The article summarizes patient selection and evaluation, renal biopsy techniques, expected complications of renal biopsy, and appropriate processing and evaluation of the renal biopsy specimen.}, number={1}, journal={CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Vaden, SL}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={11–22} }
 @article{vaden_levine_lees_groman_grauer_forrester_2005, title={Renal biopsy: A retrospective study of methods and complications in 283 dogs and 65 cats}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[794:RBARSO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Renal biopsy often is required to establish a definitive diagnosis in dogs and cats with renal disease. In this retrospective study, we determined the complications of renal biopsy as well as factors that may be associated with development of complications and procurement of adequate renal biopsy specimens in 283 dogs and 65 cats. Data extracted from medical records at 4 institutions were evaluated using logistic regression. Proteinuria was the most common indication for renal biopsy in dogs. Complications were reported in 13.4 and 18.5% of dogs and cats, respectively. The most common complication was severe hemorrhage; hydronephrosis and death were uncommon. Dogs that developed complications after renal biopsy were more likely to have been 4 to < 7 years of age and > 9 years, to weigh < or = 5 kg, and to have serum creatinine concentrations > 5 mg/dL. The majority of biopsies from both dogs (87.6%) and cats (86.2%) were considered to be of satisfactory quality. Biopsies from dogs were more likely to be of high quality if they were obtained when the patient was under general anesthesia and more likely to contain only renal cortex if they were obtained by surgery. We concluded that renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure, with a low frequency of severe complications. Hospital practices and patient variables have the potential to impact both the quality of the specimen obtained and the rate of complications.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, SL and Levine, JE and Lees, GE and Groman, RP and Grauer, GE and Forrester, SD}, year={2005}, pages={794–801} }
 @article{pressler_gookin_sykes_wolf_vaden_2005, title={Urinary tract manifestations of protothecosis in dogs}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<115:UTMOPI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Records of 13 dogs with systemic infection with Prototheca sp. from 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed. Acute renal failure secondary to disseminated infection with Prototheca zopfii was diagnosed in 2 dogs. In 1 dog, acute renal failure developed during administration of immunosuppressive drugs for treatment of anterior uveitis. During diagnostic evaluation of this dog, Prototheca sp. organisms were noted in urine sediment and renal biopsy specimens. In the 2nd dog, acute renal failure was diagnosed after treatment for bacterial cystitis. After diagnosis of protothecosis, organisms were successfully isolated by aerobic urine culture. Both dogs with acute renal failure did not respond to conventional medical therapy. In total, Prototheca sp. was noted in urine sediment in 4 of 8 dogs and successfully cultured from urine in 5 of 7 dogs. Four of 5 dogs had organisms noted in the kidneys on histopathologic examination. In all dogs, the species identified was P zopfii. Sensitivity testing of 3 isolates revealed wide differences in in vitro drug resistance. Examination and culture of urine is recommended as a practical method for diagnosis of systemic infection with Prototheca sp.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Pressler, BM and Gookin, JL and Sykes, JE and Wolf, AM and Vaden, SL}, year={2005}, pages={115–119} }
 @article{lane_dru forrester_vaden_2004, title={Clinical nephrology and urology}, volume={34}, ISSN={0195-5616}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.012}, abstractNote={Toll-like receptors (TLR) are known to play a role in chronic pain, from animal models and limited research in humans, but their role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is unknown. Similarly, alterations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis have been reported in some pain conditions. Our objectives were to identify inflammatory processes that might distinguish individuals with IC/BPS from healthy controls (HC) and to examine their associations with IC/BPS symptoms. Female participants (58 IC/BPS patients and 28 HCs) completed pain and urinary symptom questionnaires and collected saliva for cortisol as part of the Multidisciplinary Approach to Pelvic Pain study. Inflammatory cytokines were assayed in plasma, and in TLR-2− and TLR-4–stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Controlling for BMI and negative affect, between-group differences were analyzed by general linear models, and relationships between symptoms and inflammatory variables were analyzed by regression. Compared to HCs, IC/BPS patients had higher levels of plasma interleukin-6 (P = .040), greater interleukin-1β responsive to TLR-2 stimulation (P = .040), and flatter diurnal cortisol slopes (P = .010), indicating inflammatory dysregulation. In IC/BPS patients, inflammation after TLR-4 stimulation was associated with multiple symptoms, including genitourinary pain (P = .010), sexual pain (P = .002), and marginally with urinary symptoms (P = .068). Genitourinary pain severity (P = .008), frequency (P = .001), and pain with intercourse (P = .002) were strongly associated with TLR-4 inflammatory response. TLR-4 appears to play a central role in painful symptoms of IC/BPS patients, which may be linked to poor endogenous inflammatory control. These findings may help to identify new mechanisms in IC/BPS and lead to new therapeutic approaches.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lane, India F. and Dru Forrester, S. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={xi-xii} }
 @article{lane_forrester_vaden_2004, title={Clinical nephrology and urology - Preface}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.102}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice}, author={Lane, I. F. and Forrester, S. D. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2004}, pages={XI-} }
 @article{kircher_spaulding_vaden_lang_doherr_gaschen_2004, title={Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal hemodynamics in food hypersensitivities: A canine model}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<605:DUEOGH>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Chronic enteropathy due to food hypersensitivity is a common complaint in dogs and humans, and definitive diagnosis and identification of offending allergens remains challenging. Doppler waveform analysis of the celiac artery (CA) and the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) of 8 dogs with proven food hypersensitivity was performed in the fasting state and at 20, 40, 60, and 90 minutes after feeding their regular daily diet, and at 2 and 4 days after feeding 4 different allergens. Resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and the percentage differences between these measurements were calculated and compared statistically. The maximal decrease in RI and PI after feeding the regular diet was reached at 40 minutes after ingestion in both vessels (CA: RI = -6%, PI = -23%; CMA: RI = -9%, PI = -30%). After this trough, the resistance in both vessels rose nearly to baseline after 90 minutes (CA: RI = -1%, PI = -13%; CMA: RI = -3%, PI = -14%). When fed an allergen-containing meal the percentage changes at the trough were significantly greater (CA: RI = -10%, PI = -32%; CMA: RI = - 14%, PI = -40 %; p < 0.05) compared to those seen after feeding the maintenance diet. Also, RI and PI values were significantly (P < .05) lower at 90 minutes on days 2 and 4 of the challenge period. During the challenge period, dogs did not show overt signs of gastrointestinal disease. Significant postprandial hemodynamic alterations in response to food allergens in dogs with food hypersensitivities can be shown noninvasively with Doppler ultrasound.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Kircher, PR and Spaulding, KA and Vaden, S and Lang, J and Doherr, M and Gaschen, L}, year={2004}, pages={605–611} }
 @article{vaden_pressler_lappin_jensen_2004, title={Effects of urinary tract inflammation and sample blood contamination on urine albumin and total protein concentrations in canine urine samples}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00343.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Urinary tract inflammation and hemorrhage are believed to be common causes of proteinuria in dogs based on results of studies that measured total urine protein concentration. A method to quantify urine albumin (UAlb) concentration in dogs recently has become available; however, the effect of inflammation on albuminuria is unknown.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Vaden, SL and Pressler, BM and Lappin, MR and Jensen, WA}, year={2004}, pages={14–19} }
 @article{pressler_mohammadian_li_vaden_levine_mathews_robertson_2004, title={In vitro prediction of canine urolith mineral composition using computed tomographic mean beam attenuation measurements}, volume={45}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x}, abstractNote={Determination of urolith mineral composition is critical for management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Using computed tomography, urolith physical density, and hence chemical composition, can be quantified using mean beam attenuation measurements (Hounsfield units; HU). This study was designed to establish in vitro reference ranges for three types of compositionally pure uroliths retrieved from dogs. Sixty‐six canine uroliths (22 uric acid, 21 calcium oxalate, 14 struvite, nine mixed or compound) were placed in a phantom array. Uroliths were scanned at 120 kVp, 200 mA, and 80 kVp, 200 mA. The region of interest (ROI) for mean HU calculation was determined using two techniques, and reference ranges were calculated for each kVp using either ROI technique. HU for urolith types of pure composition were statistically different (Wilcoxon's two‐sample test, P<0.0083 [Bonferonni correction with six comparisons for total P<0.05]) using both ROI techniques at either kVp. Struvite uroliths were not statistically different from mixed or compound uroliths. The accuracy for determination of composition of pure uroliths ranged from 86% to 93%; the prediction accuracy for each urolith mineral type and for all uroliths in general was highest when the ROI was hand‐drawn just within the visible urolith border at 80 kVp. Technique of ROI determination and kVp that yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values varied for each urolith type. Therefore, in this study, HU could be used to differentiate three types of uroliths of pure mineral composition in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine the predictive value of HU in vivo.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pressler, Barrak M. and Mohammadian, Lenore A. and Li, Erning and Vaden, Shelly L. and Levine, Jay F. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Robertson, Ian D.}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={189–197} }
 @article{vaden_2004, title={Renal biopsy: methods and interpretation}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.010}, abstractNote={Renal biopsy most often is indicated in the management of dogs and cats with glomerular disease or acute renal failure. Renal biopsy can readily be performed in dogs and cats via either percutaneous or surgical methods. Care should be taken to ensure that proper technique is used. When proper technique is employed and patient factors are properly addressed, renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure that minimally affects renal function. Patients should be monitored during the post biopsy period for severe hemorrhage, the most common complication. Accurate diagnosis of glomerular disease, and therefore, accurate treatment planning,requires that the biopsy specimens not only be evaluated by light microscopy using special stains but by electron and immunofluorescent microscopy.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Vaden, SL}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={887-+} }
 @article{bunch_ford_hawkins_jackson_vaden_breitschwerdt_2004, title={The Clinician Investigator Program in Companion Animal Internal Medicine at North Carolina State University}, volume={31}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.4.425}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.31.4.425}, abstractNote={ A retrospective study was conducted to describe the development and evolution of the combined internal medicine/PhD program, the Clinician Investigator (CI) Program, at North Carolina State University. Separate survey instruments were developed for individuals who had committed to completing both the residency and PhD components and for graduate advisors of individuals who were granted the PhD degree. Results are summarized here. Most CIs reported believing that each component of the program (clinical training and research training) provided mutual benefits and that their teaching skills were enhanced, particularly as a result of instructing students in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Opinions among both the CIs and the graduate advisors were divided about the benefits of a combined program compared with a sequential program; however, all but one of 11 CIs who completed the survey would enroll in the combined program again. The graduate advisors were overwhelmingly positive about the CIs they had advised and indicated that they would welcome a CI as a PhD student in their laboratory again. Suggested areas for improvement included guaranteed salary/stipend support for the average time to completion (six years) instead of for five years, as well as more emphasis on and guidance in identifying a graduate advisor earlier in the CI program so as to smooth the transition between the clinical and research training components of the program. It is hoped that other training programs will benefit from the summary of our experience with this program. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Bunch, Susan E. and Ford, Richard B. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Jackson, Mark W. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={425–434} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_lane_cowgill_dye_2003, title={Candida spp. urinary tract infections in 13 dogs and seven cats: Predisposing factors, treatment, and outcome}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0390263}, abstractNote={Records from 20 animals (13 dogs, seven cats) with Candida spp. urinary tract infections were reviewed. Six Candida spp. were isolated; Candida albicans was the most common isolate. Concurrent diseases or nonantifungal drugs administered within 1 month of isolation included antibiotics (n=16), corticosteroids (n=6), diabetes mellitus (n=4), nonurogenital neoplasia (n=3), and noncandidal urogenital disease (n=14). All animals had sources of local or systemic immune compromise that likely predisposed to infection. Of five animals with resolution of infection, three did not receive specific antifungal treatment. The authors conclude that correction of predisposing conditions is likely critical for management of Candida spp. urinary tract infection.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Pressler, BM and Vaden, SL and Lane, IF and Cowgill, LD and Dye, JA}, year={2003}, pages={263–270} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_2003, title={Managing renal amyloidosis in dogs and cats}, volume={98}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Pressler, B. M. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2003}, pages={320-} }
 @article{seguin_vaden_altier_stone_levine_2003, title={Persistent urinary tract infections and reinfections in 100 dogs (1989-1999)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0622:PUTIAR>2.3.CO;2}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Seguin, MA and Vaden, SL and Altier, C and Stone, E and Levine, JF}, year={2003}, pages={622–631} }
 @article{pressler_vaden_jensen_simpson_2002, title={Detection of canine microalbuminuria using semiquantitative test strips designed for use with human urine}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00280.x}, abstractNote={Background —  Commercial testing for microalbuminuria in human urine is often performed with point‐of‐care semiquantitative test strips followed by quantitative testing when indicated. An ELISA that quantifies canine urine albumin concentration has been developed, but semiquantitative test strips for use in the dog are not available.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Pressler, BM and Vaden, SL and Jensen, WA and Simpson, D}, year={2002}, pages={56–60} }
 @article{shinozaki_sellon_cantor_besser_mealey_vaden_2002, title={Fecal polymerase chain reaction with 16S ribosomal RNA primers can detect the presence of gastrointestinal Helicobacter in dogs}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0426:FPCRWR>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Questions about pathogenesis and therapy for Helicobacter infections in dogs could be answered with a simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific diagnostic test. We hypothesized that a fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay would detect Helicobacter and could be useful for assessing therapeutic responses. Paired gastric biopsies and fecal samples were obtained from 39 random source dogs (group 1). Gastric biopsies from each of these dogs had histologic evidence of gastric spiral bacteria, and paired gastric tissue and fecal samples produced a 375-base pair (bp) product when amplified by PCR with Helicobacter-specific primers. Specificity of the PCR product was confirmed by detection of expected 60-, 119-, and 196-bp products following Hinfl digestion. Direct sequencing of amplicons from paired PCR products from gastric biopsy and fecal samples from 8 group I dogs showed that gastric products had the highest homologies with known gastric Helicobacter species, whereas fecal products had the highest homologies with intestinal species. Healthy mixed-breed dogs (group II; n = 8) with histologically confirmed spiral bacteria infection were treated with a 21-day course of metronidazole, amoxicillin, and famotidine. Fecal samples were collected from group II dogs twice before and within 3 days of completion of treatment. The PCR results correctly identified 15/16 pretreatment samples as positive: 1 pretreatment sample was negative. PCR results identified 8/8 posttreatment samples as Helicobacter negative. Fecal PCR is a useful test for detecting Helicobacter infection in dogs. This assay may be useful as a screening test for infection and could be used to address questions relevant to pathogenesis and therapy.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Shinozaki, JK and Sellon, RK and Cantor, GH and Besser, TE and Mealey, KL and Vaden, SL}, year={2002}, pages={426–432} }
 @inbook{vaden_riviere_2001, title={Penicillins and related beta-Lactam antibiotics}, ISBN={0813817439}, booktitle={Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (8th ed.)}, publisher={Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press}, author={Vaden, S. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={2001}, pages={818–827} }
 @inbook{vaden_2000, title={Differentiation of acute from chronic renal failure}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Vaden, S. L.}, year={2000}, pages={856} }
 @article{grauer_greco_getzy_cowgill_vaden_chew_polzin_barsanti_2000, title={Effects of enalapril versus placebo as a treatment for canine idiopathic glomerulonephritis}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0526:EOEVPA>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={A blinded, multicenter, prospective clinical trial assessed the effects of enalapril (EN) versus standard care in dogs with naturally occurring, idiopathic glomerulonephritis (GN). Twenty-nine adult dogs with membranous (n = 16) and membranoproliferative (n = 13) GN were studied. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either EN (0.5 mg/kg PO q12-24h; n = 16) or placebo (n = 14) for 6 months (1 dog was treated first with the placebo and then with EN). All dogs were treated with low-dose aspirin (0.5-5 mg/kg PO q12-24h) and fed a commercial diet. At baseline, serum creatinine (SrCr), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and glomerular histologic grade were not different between groups, but the urine protein/creatinine ratio (UP/C) was greater in the EN group compared with the placebo group (8.7 +/- 4.4 versus 4.7 +/- 2.3). After 6 months of treatment, the change in UP/C from baseline was significantly different between groups (EN = -4.2 +/- 1.4 versus 1.9 +/- 0.9 in the placebo group). When data were adjusted for changes in SrCr (SrCr X UP/C) a similar significant reduction was noted ( 2.2 +/- 15.2 versus 8.4 +/- 10.1). The change in SBP after 6 months of treatment also was significantly different between groups (EN = -12.8 +/- 27.3 versus 5.9 +/- 21.5 mm Hg in the placebo group). Response to treatment was categorized as improvement (assigned a value of 2), no progression (assigned a value of 1), and progression (assigned a value of 0). Response was significantly better in the EN group (1.4 +/- 0.8) compared with the placebo group (0.3 +/- 0.5). These results suggest that EN treatment is beneficial in dogs with naturally occurring idiopathic GN.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Grauer, GF and Greco, DS and Getzy, DM and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, SL and Chew, DJ and Polzin, DJ and Barsanti, JA}, year={2000}, pages={526–533} }
 @article{vaden_sellon_melgarejo_williams_trogdon_vancamp_argenzio_2000, title={Evaluation of intestinal permeability and gluten sensitivity in Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers with familial protein-losing enteropathy, protein-losing nephropathy, or both}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.518}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Vaden, SL and Sellon, RK and Melgarejo, LT and Williams, DA and Trogdon, MM and VanCamp, SD and Argenzio, RA}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={518–524} }
 @article{littman_dambach_vaden_giger_2000, title={Familial protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers: 222 cases (1983-1997)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0068:FPLEAP>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Records and pedigrees of Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWT) with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) were studied retrospectively. Criteria for inclusion were defined based on analysis of blood (panhypoproteinemia for PLE, hypoalbuminemia for PLN) and urine (proteinuria for PLN) and histopathologic examination of tissue. Two hundred twenty-two affected dogs (female:male ratio = 1.6, P < .001) were clinically identified. Dogs were diagnosed with PLE earlier (P < .005; mean +/- SD age: 4.7+/-2.6 years, n = 76) than with PLN (6.3+/-2.0 years, n = 84) or with both diseases (5.9+/-2.2 years, n = 62). Clinical signs included vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, pleural and peritoneal effusions, and less commonly thromboembolic disease. Dogs with PLE generally had panhypoproteinemia and hypocholesterolemia; intestinal lesions included inflammatory bowel disease, dilated lymphatics, and lipogranulomatous lymphangitis. Dogs with PLN generally had hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, hypercholesterolemia, and azotemia; renal lesions typically showed chronic glomerulonephritis/glomerulosclerosis, and less commonly endstage renal disease. Dogs with combined PLE/PLN had intermediate mean values (P < .001) for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol but had a higher mean urine protein:creatinine ratio than did PLN dogs (P < .05); intestinal and renal lesions in these dogs were similar to those in the other groups. Two dogs had incidental mild renal dysplasia. Pedigree analysis from 188 dogs demonstrated a common male ancestor, although the mode of inheritance is unknown. Both PLE and PLN are common diseases in this small breed population. The prognosis is poor. Compared with previously reported intestinal and renal diseases in dogs, a new, distinctive familial predisposition for both PLE and PLN has been recognized in the SCWT breed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Littman, MP and Dambach, DM and Vaden, SL and Giger, U}, year={2000}, pages={68–80} }
 @article{vaden_hammerberg_davenport_orton_trogdon_melgarejo_vancamp_williams_2000, title={Food hypersensitivity reactions in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers with protein-losing enteropathy or protein-losing nephropathy or both: Gastroscopic food sensitivity testing, dietary provocation, and fecal immunoglobulin E}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0060:FHRISC>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) affected with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) or both for allergy to food. We performed gastroscopic food-sensitivity testing, a provocative dietary trial, and measurement of fecal immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 6 SCWTs affected with PLE or PLN or both. Positive gastroscopic food-sensitivity test reactions were noted in 5 of 6 dogs. Positive reactions were found to milk in 4 dogs, to lamb in 2 dogs, and to wheat and chicken each in 1 dog. Adverse reactions to food (diarrhea, vomiting, or pruritus) were detected in all 6 dogs during the provocative dietary trial. Adverse reactions were found to corn in 5 dogs, to tofu in 3 dogs, to cottage cheese in 2 dogs, to milk in 2 dogs, to farina cream of wheat in 2 dogs, and to lamb in 2 dogs. Serum albumin concentrations significantly decreased and fecal alpha1-protease inhibitor concentration significantly increased 4 days after the provocative trial when compared with baseline values. Antigen-specific fecal IgE varied throughout the provocative trial, with peak levels following ingestion of test meals. We conclude that food hypersensitivities are present in SCWTs affected with the syndrome of PLE/PLN. Mild inflammatory bowel disease was already established in the 6 SCWTs of this report at the time of study, making it impossible to determine if food allergies were the cause or result of the enteric disease.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Vaden, SL and Hammerberg, B and Davenport, DJ and Orton, SM and Trogdon, MM and Melgarejo, LT and VanCamp, SD and Williams, DA}, year={2000}, pages={60–67} }
 @article{savary_price_vaden_2000, title={Hypercalcemia in cats: A retrospective study of 71 cases (1991-1997)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0184:HICARS>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={A retrospective study was conducted to characterize the diseases, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic findings associated with hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration >11 mg/dL) in 71 cats presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The 3 most common diagnoses were neoplasia (n = 21), renal failure (n = 18), and urolithiasis (n = 11). Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats. Lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. Calcium oxalate uroliths were diagnosed in 8 of 11 cats with urolithiasis. Cats with neoplasia had a higher serum calcium concentration (13.5 +/- 2.5 mg/dL) than cats with renal failure or urolithiasis and renal failure (11.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dL; P < .03). Serum phosphorus concentration was higher in cats with renal failure than in cats with neoplasia (P < .004). Despite the fact that the majority of cats with uroliths were azotemic, their serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity differed from that of cats with renal failure. Additional studies are warranted to determine the underlying disease mechanism in the cats we identified with hypercalcemia and urolithiasis. We also identified a small number of cats with diseases that are not commonly reported with hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to determine whether an association exists between these diseases and hypercalcemia, as well as to characterize the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for each disease process.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Savary, KCM and Price, GS and Vaden, SL}, year={2000}, pages={184–189} }
 @article{hurley_vaden_1998, title={Evaluation of urine protein content in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism}, volume={212}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hurley, K. J. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={1998}, pages={369–373} }
 @article{hughes_vaden_manaugh_price_hudson_1998, title={Modulation of doxorubicin concentration by cyclosporin A in brain and testicular barrier tissues expressing P-glycoprotein in rats}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1573-7373"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005900908540}, abstractNote={P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an inducible transmembrane protein that functions as an ATP-dependent efflux pump. Pgp is normally expressed in two types of cells: specialized epithelial cells with secretory/excretory functions (e.g., proximal renal tubules) and specialized endothelial cells (e.g., the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier). In normal tissues, Pgp could exert a cytoprotective effect by facilitating excretion of drugs. It follows that inhibition of Pgp would alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs, like doxorubicin, in cells that express Pgp. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not inhibition of Pgp by cyclosporin A (CsA) facilitated the transport of certain drugs across the blood tissue barriers of the brain and testes (barriers tissues expressing Pgp). 120 retired male breeder CD Fisher rats were randomly assigned to groups of 4 rats each. They were given either CsA, CsA vehicle, or saline followed by doxorubicin (Dox), cisplatin (CDDP), Evan's blue (EB), sodium fluorescein (NaF), or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). There was a CsA dose dependent increase in the tissue concentration of doxorubicin in brain and testes, but platinum (Pt) concentrations, derived from CDDP, were unaffected. Unlike CDDP, Dox, can be effluxed by Pgp. These increases in Dox concentrations were not due to altered vascular permeability as a result of CsA treatment as determined by lack of EB. NaF, or HRP in brain parenchyma. Modulation of Pgp function may prove to be useful for improving chemotherapy efficacy for patients with malignancies affecting tissues with blood-tissue barriers.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY}, author={Hughes, CS and Vaden, SL and Manaugh, CA and Price, GS and Hudson, LC}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={45–54} }
 @article{vaden_levine_breitschwerdt_1997, title={A Retrospective Case-Control of Acute Renal Failure in 99 Dogs}, volume={11}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00074.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00074.x}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate retrospectively demographic and clinicopathologic factors that may be associated with the diagnosis and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) in dogs presented to a large referral hospital. Medical records of dogs presented to the hospital were searched for a diagnosis of ARF. The diagnosis of ARF was based on clinical signs, renal imaging findings, and clinicopathologic data and, in most cases, was confirmed by histopathology, prior serum creatinine concentrations, response to therapy, and known recent nephrotoxin exposure or ischemic event. Demographics, selected clinicopathologic findings, and concurrent disorders that may have been associated with development of ARF were extracted from these records. A reference population was derived from 481 dogs presenting to the same hospital. Demographic data also were collected from these medical records. The demographic factors associated with a diagnosis of ARF and the factors associated with outcome of ARF were assessed by reviewing a series of multiple logistic regression models. Conclusions from this study were as follows: (1) Intact male dogs and nonsporting dogs were more likely to develop ARF and be admitted to the teaching hospital. (2) Dogs with severe azotemia (serum creatinine concentration > 10 mg/dL), hypocalcemia (<8.6 mg/ dL), and proteinuria were less likely to survive ARF and be discharged from the hospital. (3) Dogs that survived in the hospital for more than 5 days were more likely to recover and be discharged from the hospital.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Levine, Jay and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={58–64} }
 @article{hammerberg_bevier_deboer_olivry_orton_gebhard_vaden_1997, title={Auto IgG anti-IgE and IgG x IgE immune complex presence and effects on ELISA-based quantitation of IgE in canine atopic dermatitis, demodectic acariasis and helminthiasis.}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031565919&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00119-0}, abstractNote={Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic disease manifestation in dogs; however, there is no correlation between clinical disease and detectable total serum IgE. Auto antibodies of the IgG subclass against IgE may affect the detection of serum IgE by immunoassay and may be important in the regulation of IgE production by B cells. ELISA were developed to detect serum antibodies specific for IgE using a newly available canine monoclonal IgE of known antigen specificity, generated from a canine × murine heterohybridoma. To test for correlation of auto IgG anti-IgE levels with manifestation of atopic dermatitis, the sera from 101 atopic dogs were compared with sera from non-atopic dogs of various breeds, foxhounds manifesting clinical signs of demodectic acariasis and helminth parasitized random bred dogs for quantities of IgG anti-IgE measured in units/ml compared to a high titer standard serum. To test for serum effects on quantitation of IgE, known amounts of canine monoclonal IgE were added to various sera and measured by capture ELISA with detecting monoclonal antibodies specific for heat labile or heat stabile epitopes. Unheated sera from dogs manifesting clinical atopic dermatitis and helminth parasitized dogs had levels of IgG anti-IgE that were significantly lower than various breeds of dogs not manifesting dermatologic lesions and foxhounds manifesting demodectic acariasis. Heating sera at 56°C for 3 h to denature the high affinity binding site on the IgE heavy chain caused a marked increase over non-heated sera in detectable IgG angi-IgE in almost all dogs. This increase was most profound in helminth-infected dogs and foxhounds manifesting demodectic mange with 7 fold increases each, respectively, and in atopic dogs with a 5 fold increase compared to 3 fold increases for clinically-normal springer spaniels and all soft coated wheaten terriers. The terriers demonstrated an association of lower heated serum values of IgG anti-IgE with manifestation of a familial syndrome of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy. The ability of mouse anti-canine IgE monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stabile epitopes to detect canine monoclonal IgE added to sera in known amounts varied from serum to serum and at different concentrations of the same serum, but did not correlate with IgG anti-IgE values for these sera. The range of absolute levels of serum IgE in dogs showing little or no inhibition of detection of added IgE was < 0.5 ng/ml to 2 μg/ml. It was concluded that the increase in detectable IgG anti-IgE after heating sera indicates that IgG × IgE immune complexes are normally present in most dogs; however, the increase over uncomplexed IgG anti-IgE was most pronounced in dogs manifesting atopic dermatitis and demodectic acariasis. A quantitative comparison of IgG anti-IgE or IgG × IgE to total serum IgE was not made because the ability of monoclonal antibodies specific for either heat labile or heat stable epitopes on the IgE heavy chain to detect IgE added to serum, as well as innate serum IgE, was highly variable in different dilutions of serum from individual to individual.}, number={1-2}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hammerberg, B and Bevier, D and DeBoer, DJ and Olivry, T and Orton, SM and Gebhard, D and Vaden, SL}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={33–46} }
 @article{vaden_1997, title={Cyclosporine and tacrolimus}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0882-0511"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-2867(97)80028-X}, abstractNote={Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are potent immunosuppressant agents that have been used extensively in humans, primarily for prevention of transplant rejection but also for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Both agents have similar mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic profiles. However, the expected toxicity of the agents is dissimilar. Although cyclosporine usage in veterinary medicine is limited, it has been used enough for therapeutic guidelines to be established. Tacrolimus, however, has undergone limited use in veterinary medicine. The drug is too toxic in dogs for its use to be recommended in most clinical situations. This article reviews the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, expected drug interactions and toxicities, and clinical usage of cyclosporine and tacrolimus in veterinary medicine.}, number={3}, journal={SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY-SMALL ANIMAL}, author={Vaden, SL}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={161–166} }
 @article{vaden_heit_hawkins_manaugh_riviere_1997, title={Fluconazole in cats: Pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid}, volume={20}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00093.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00093.x}, abstractNote={The pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration and the penetration of fluconazole into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs were evaluated in adult male cats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from serum concentration‐time data obtained following i.v. and p.o. administration of 50 mg per cat using a cross‐over study design. Fluconazole concentrations were measured using a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. Mean total body clearance of fluconazole was 37.7 mL/h.kg, mean volume of distribution at steady state was 1.14 L/kg, mean residence time was 31.0 h and mean half‐life of elimination was 25 h as derived by non‐compartmental analysis of data. Absorption was complete. Mean ratios of fluid:serum fluconazole concentrations following administration of 50 mg fluconazole per day for 8 days were as follows: cerebrospinal fluid, 0.88; aqueous humour 0.79; ELF, 1.20. Fluconazole concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and ELF exceeded reported minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole for pathogenic fungi. Results of this study suggest fluconazole can effectively be administered to cats at 50 mg per cat per day.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Heit, M. C. and Hawkins, E. C. and Manaugh, C. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={181–186} }
 @article{lewbart_vaden_deen_manaugh_whitt_doi_smith_flammer_1997, title={Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) after intramuscular, oral and bath administration}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00814.x}, abstractNote={The intramuscular (i.m.), oral (p.o.), and bath immersion disposition of enrofloxacin were evaluated following administration to a cultured population of red pacu. The half‐life for enrofloxacin following i.m. administration was 28.9 h, considerably longer than values calculated for other animals such as dogs, birds, rabbits, and tortoises. The 4 h maximum concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 μg/mL following a single 5.0 mg/kg dosing easily exceeds the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 20 bacterial organisms known to infect fish. At 48 h post i.m. administration, the mean plasma enrofloxacin concentration was well above the MIC for most gram‐negative fish pathogens. The gavage method of oral enrofloxacin administration produced a Cmax of 0.94 μg/mL at 6–8 h. This Cmax was well above the reported in vitro MIC. A bath immersion concentration of 2.5 mg/L for 5 h was used in this study. The Cmax of 0.17 μg/mL was noted on the 2 hour post‐treatment plasma sample. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin exceeded published in vitro MIC’s for most fish bacterial pathogens 72 h after treatment was concluded. Ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected and measured after all methods of drug administration. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in the red pacu using p.o., i.m., and bath immersion administration. The i.m. route is the most predictable and results in the highest plasma concentrations of the drug.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Lewbart, G and Vaden, S and Deen, J and Manaugh, C and Whitt, D and Doi, A and Smith, T and Flammer, K}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={124–128} }
 @article{vaden_gookin_trogdon_langston_levine_cowgill_1997, title={Use of carbamylated hemoglobin concentration to differentiate acute from chronic renal failure in dogs}, volume={58}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Gookin, Jody L. and Trogdon, Maureen M. and Langston, C. E. and Levine, J. and Cowgill, L. D.}, year={1997}, pages={1193–1196} }
 @article{hadrick_vaden_geoly_cullen_douglass_1996, title={Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis With Eosinophiluria in a Dog}, volume={10}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02024.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02024.x}, abstractNote={s are being solicited for the Comparative Respiratory Society’s 14th Scientific Meeting, scheduled for January 1213, 1996 in Orlando, Florida in conjunction with the North American Veterinary Conference. The theme for this year’s meeting is “The Role of the T Cell in Pulmonary Immunology.” For registration material or additional information, please contact Dr Robert R. King, President, Comparative Respiratory Society, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610. ACVIM FORUM SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM 1996 CALL FOR ABSTRACTS The ACVIM invites submission of abstracts for short research communications at the 1996 ACVIM Scientific Program, May 23-26, 1996 in San Antonio, Texas. ACVIM diplomates, candidates of the College, members of other specialty groups, and those working in areas related to veterinary internal medicine are especially encouraged to submit abstracts. Abstracts will be published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine as well as the 1996 ACVIM Forum proceedings. Two types of communications will be available. One will be the conventional oral presentation limited strictly to 10 minutes with 3 minutes for questions. The second forum with be 4’ X 8’ posters presented during “poster sessions.” The posters will be available for viewing and during a specific 2 hour period should be attended by one or more of the authors to answer specific questions. Deadline for receipt of manuscript is Monday January 8, 1996. Abstracts should be mailed directly to the ACVIM office listed below. Abstracts will not be accepted after that date. Abstracts must conform to the specific guidelines outlined for authors. The abstract must be submitted on the official Abstract Form (blue lined paper) along with three photocopies and a 3y or 5: computer disc on a DOS-based word processing program using either Microsoft Word or Word Perfect. Abstracts must fit in the 47/8‘‘ wide by 6 long rectangular space on the official Abstract Form. Abstracts failing to meet the specified guidelines will not be accepted. For specific guidelines and official Abstract forms contact:s must conform to the specific guidelines outlined for authors. The abstract must be submitted on the official Abstract Form (blue lined paper) along with three photocopies and a 3y or 5: computer disc on a DOS-based word processing program using either Microsoft Word or Word Perfect. Abstracts must fit in the 47/8‘‘ wide by 6 long rectangular space on the official Abstract Form. Abstracts failing to meet the specified guidelines will not be accepted. For specific guidelines and official Abstract forms contact: Jill M. Gaschler ACVIM 7175 West Jefferson Ave., Suite 2125 Lakewood, Colorado 80235-2320 Telephone (800) 245-908 1 or (303) 980-7 136 EMAIL: ACVIM@AOL.COM Awards will be given for the best abstracts presented by residents. FAX (303) 980-7137 Journal of Veterinary lnternal Medicine, Vol 10, No I (January-February), 1996: p p 49-50 49}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hadrick, Mark K. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Geoly, Frank J. and Cullen, John M. and Douglass, James P.}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={45–47} }
 @article{vaden_page_riviere_1996, title={An in vitro-in vivo validation of the isolated perfused tumor and skin flap preparation as a model of cisplatin delivery to tumors}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1056-8719"]}, DOI={10.1016/1056-8719(96)00044-5}, abstractNote={The isolated perfused tumor and skin flap (IPTSF) is a unique model system in which drug disposition is evaluated in tumor tissue and surrounding normal tissue, both of which are supplied by the same vascular system. We compared tissue Pt concentrations obtained following systemic administration of cisplatin (CDDP) to whole pigs bearing tumored skin flaps with data obtained from IPTSF treated similarly. During the in vivo study, CDDP was administered intravenously to six pigs that had tumor and skin flaps. IPTSF were created in four pigs and isolated in a perfusion chamber and perfused with medium containing CDDP for 180 min. Venous plasma or perfusate samples were serially collected throughout perfusion. Tissue samples were collected after perfusion was complete. All samples were assayed for Pt by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Area under the curve of Pt profiles from IPTSF and in vivo perfused flaps were not significantly different. Pt concentrations were significantly higher in tumor samples from in vivo perfused flaps than in samples from IPTSF. Pt concentrations in skin and subcutaneous tissue were not significantly different. When consideration is given to all of the potential variables that were operative in these experiments, the results of this study demonstrate that Pt distribution within the IPTSF was comparable to that obtained in vivo.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL METHODS}, author={Vaden, SL and Page, RL and Riviere, JE}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={173–177} }
 @article{smith_vaden_stone_spaulding_miller_1996, title={Management and complications following trigonal-colonic anastomosis in a dog: five-year evaluation}, volume={32}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-1-29}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-32-1-29}, abstractNote={Urinary diversion procedures in the dog have been described for both benign and malignant processes involving the bladder, urethra, or both. These procedures are performed rather infrequently, primarily because of the potential complications associated with urinary diversion into an intact gastrointestinal system. A case managed for five years following trigonal-colonic anastomosis for lymphocytic-plasmacytic urethritis is presented, along with a review of urinary diversion techniques. Postoperative management recommendations following urinary diversion are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Smith, JD and Vaden, SL and Stone, EA and Spaulding, K and Miller, RT}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={29–35} }
 @article{kyles_vaden_hardie_stone_1996, title={Vestibulovaginal stenosis in dogs: 18 cases (1987-1995)}, volume={209}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Kyles, A.E. and Vaden, S.L. and Hardie, L.M. and Stone, E.A.}, year={1996}, pages={1889–1893} }
 @article{duesberg_nelson_feldman_vaden_scott-moncrieff_1995, title={Adrenalectomy for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in cats: 10 cases (1988-1992)}, volume={207}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Duesberg, C.A. and Nelson, R.W. and Feldman, E.C. and Vaden, S.L. and Scott-Moncrieff, J.C.R.}, year={1995}, pages={1066–1070} }
 @inbook{riviere_vaden_1995, title={Drug therapy during renal disease and renal failure}, ISBN={0683066668}, booktitle={Canine and feline nephrology and urology}, publisher={Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins}, author={Riviere, J. E. and Vaden, S.}, year={1995}, pages={555–572} }
 @inbook{vaden_riviere_1995, title={Penicillins and related beta-Lactam antibiotics}, ISBN={0813817412}, booktitle={Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics (7th ed.)}, publisher={Ames: Iowa State University Press}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1995}, pages={774–783} }
 @article{vaden_cullen_riviere_1995, title={Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in woodchucks and Pekin ducks}, volume={18}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00547.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00547.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (Cy) in woodchucks (Marmota monax) and Pekin ducks. These data are needed to design rational dosing regimens. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from blood concentration‐time data obtained following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight to woodchucks and Pekin ducks. Whole blood samples were collected in EDTA and assayed using a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit that employs a monoclonal antibody specific for Cy. The blood concentration‐time profile best Dtted an open, two‐compartmental model in Pekin ducks. Compartmental analysis of data in woodchucks did not adequately describe the data. When non‐compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the data was performed, the resulting mean (± SD) pharmacokinetic parameters in woodchucks and Pekin ducks, respectively, were as follows: volume of distribution at steady‐state, 2.9 (± 0.8) and 2.7 (± 0.2) L/kg; systemic clearance, 10.2 (± 2.8) and 28.6 (± 6.1) mL/kg/min; mean residence time, 4.8 (± 1.1) and 1.6 (± 0.3). These data suggest that Pekin ducks clear Cy at a faster rate than do woodchucks and that a greater dose of Cy should be administered to Pekin ducks in order to achieve adequate immunosuppression.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Cullen, J. M. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={30–33} }
 @article{finco_brown_vaden_ferguson_1995, title={Relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate in dogs}, volume={18}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00619.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00619.x}, abstractNote={Glomerula filtration rate (GFR), plasma creatinine concentration (CR), and plasma urea nitrogen concentration (BUN) were measured in 129 adult dogs with reduced renal mass. A preliminary examination of the relationship between CR and GFR was conducted, and the inverse model (GFR vs. 1/CR) was chosen for further evaluation. The slope of the regression of GFR on 1/CR which was computed from actual data was not statistically different from a theoretical regression line generated from the clearance equation.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Finco, D.R. and Brown, S.A. and Vaden, S.L. and Ferguson, D.C.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={418–421} }
 @article{hardie_vaden_spaulding_malarkey_1995, title={Splenic Infarction in 16 Dogs: A Retrospective Study}, volume={9}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x}, abstractNote={Sixteen dogs with splenic infarction due to causes other than splenic torsion were identified. Dogs with splenic infarction often had multiple concurrent diseases, and surgical management of splenic infarction was associated with high mortality. Splenic infarction occurred in dogs with hypercoagulable conditions associated with liver disease, renal disease, and hyperadrenocorticism, or as a consequence of uniform splenomegaly, neoplasia, or thrombosis associated with cardiovascular disease. Clinical signs and common laboratory findings generally reflected the underlying disease process. A variety of splenic abnormalities were detected by abdominal ultrasound in 15 dogs, with the ventral extremity of the spleen being most often abnormal. Four dogs were euthanized or died because of the presence of severe systemic disease, whereas 12 dogs underwent laparotomy. Complete splenectomy was performed in 9 dogs and partial splenectomy was performed in 2 dogs. Seven dogs died in the immediate postoperative period, 3 required chronic veterinary care, and 2 had uncomplicated long‐term recoveries. Splenic infarction should be regarded as a sign of altered blood flow and coagulation, rather than as a primary disease, and surgical management should be reserved for patients with life‐threatening complications such as hemoabdomen or sepsis.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Spaulding, Kathy and Malarkey, David E.}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={141–148} }
 @article{vaden_breitschwerdt_armstrong_correa_brown_polzin_brace_dibartola_barsanti_crowell_et al._1995, title={The Effects of Cyclosporine Versus Standard Care in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Glomerulonephritis}, volume={9}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01077.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01077.x}, abstractNote={Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a leading cause of chronic renal failure in dogs. However, little is known about the efficacy of available treatment options for GN in this species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclosporine (Cy) administration on the outcome of naturally occurring GN in dogs. Thirteen dogs from 4 institutions were included in the study. Randomization of dogs into placeboversus Cy‐treated groups was stratified according to initial morphological diagnosis and contributing institution. Seven and 6 dogs were assigned to be given placebo or Cy, respectively. The initial Cy dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 hours was adjusted to maintain 24‐hour trough, whole blood Cy concentrations between 250 and 400 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences between placebo‐and Cy‐treated groups with respect to serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and plasma protein concentrations; platelet count; urine protein‐creatinine ratio; endogenous creatinine clearance; 24‐hour urine protein concentrations; or 24‐hour urine protein—endogenous creatinine clearance ratio. However, PCV was significantly lower in the Cy‐treated group. Decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, involuntary shaking, and thrombocytopenia were noted in both treatment groups; however, clinical signs in Cy‐treated dogs subjectively were more severe. One Cy‐treated dog developed gingival hyperplasia. After entry into the study, the median survival times for placebo‐and Cy‐treated dogs were 16 and 11 months, respectively. Considering the expense and the frequency of adverse effects related to Cy administration, the use of Cy in the treatment of dogs with GN does not seem warranted.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Armstrong, P. Jane and Correa, Maria T. and Brown, Cathy and Polzin, David J. and Brace, James J. and DiBartola, Stephen P. and Barsanti, Jeanne A. and Crowell, Wayne and et al.}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={259–266} }
 @article{hudson_hughes_bold-fletcher_vaden_1994, title={Cerebrospinal fluid collection in rats: modification of a previous technique}, volume={44}, number={4}, journal={Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Hudson, L.C. and Hughes, C.S. and Bold-Fletcher, N.O. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={1994}, month={Aug}, pages={358–361} }
 @article{vaden_page_williams_riviere_1994, title={EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA ON CISPLATIN AND CARBOPLATIN DISPOSITION IN THE ISOLATED, PERFUSED TUMOR AND SKIN FLAP}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0265-6736"]}, DOI={10.3109/02656739409009358}, abstractNote={The effect of hyperthermia on the disposition of platinum (Pt) from cisplatin (CDDP) and carboplatin (CBDCA) in the isolated, perfused tumour and skin flap (IPTSF) was evaluated. Flaps (n = 4/treatment) were perfused with 3.0 micrograms CDDP or 15 micrograms CBDCA/ml perfusion medium at a rate of 1 ml/min for 3 h. Two-hour (CDDP experiments) or 3 h (CBDCA experiments) washout phases were then performed. The disposition kinetics of free Pt were characterized using a four-compartment, physiologically relevant, pharmacokinetic model. Hyperthermia (HT) may have enhanced the mobility of Pt but it did not increase total Pt mass in the tissue compartments in CDDP experiments. Conversely, HT significantly increased Pt mass in the fixed, non-tumour tissue compartment (p < 0.05) in CBDCA experiments. While a similar trend was noted in the fixed, tumour tissue compartment of CBDCA-treated flaps, the difference was not significant (p = 0.17). Total tissue Pt mass was significantly greater in CDDP compared with CBDCA experiments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, HT alters the disposition of Pt from CDDP and CBDCA under conditions of constant rate infusion. Further characterization of factors influencing drug disposition to non-tumour and tumour tissues can be systematically accomplished using the IPTSF.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYPERTHERMIA}, author={VADEN, SL and PAGE, RL and WILLIAMS, PL and RIVIERE, JE}, year={1994}, pages={563–572} }
 @inbook{riviere_vaden_1993, title={Antimicrobial prophylaxis}, ISBN={0812114914}, booktitle={Disease mechanisms in small animal surgery}, publisher={Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger}, author={Riviere, J. E. and Vaden, S.}, year={1993}, pages={66–69} }
 @article{vaden_page_peters_cline_riviere_1993, title={Development and characterization of an isolated and perfused tumor and skin preparation for evaluation of drug disposition}, volume={53}, journal={Cancer Research}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Page, R. L. and Peters, B. P. and Cline, J. M. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1993}, pages={101–105} }
 @article{vaden_williams_page_riviere_1993, title={EFFECT OF TUMOR PRESENCE ON CISPLATIN AND CARBOPLATIN - DISPOSITION IN THE ISOLATED, PERFUSED TUMOR AND SKIN FLAP}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0344-5704"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00685873}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disposition of elemental platinum (Pt) derived from cisplatin (CDDP) or carboplatin (CBDCA) in the isolated, perfused tumor and skin flap (IPTSF). Flaps were perfused with either 3.0 micrograms CDDP/ml perfusion medium (n = 4 tumor, n = 4 control) or 15 micrograms CBDCA/ml (n = 4 tumor, n = 3 control) at a rate of 1 ml/min for 3 h. A 2-h (CDDP experiments) or 3-h (CBDCA experiments) washout phase using undosed medium was then performed. The disposition kinetics of free (ultrafilterable) Pt were characterized using a four-compartment physiologically relevant pharmacokinetic model. A tumor effect on the disposition of Pt was noted in that the Pt mass from CDDP in the central and mobile tissue compartments was greater in tumor flaps than in control flaps (P < 0.05). Similar trends were noted in CBDCA-treated flaps, but these were not significant. The Pt mass in the fixed tumor and non-tumor tissue compartments was significantly greater when Pt was derived from CDDP than when it was derived from CBDCA (P < 0.05). A linear relationship existed between the estimated micrograms of Pt in the flaps from both CDDP and CBDCA and the cross-sectional vascular resistance of the flaps at 30 (CDDP, r = 0.78; CBDCA, r = 0.89) and 60 min (CDDP, r = 0.65; CBDCA, r = 0.85) of perfusion. We conclude that the IPTSF is a useful model for evaluating the disposition of Pt drugs in tumor and non-tumor tissue and that tumor presence alters the disposition of CDDP.}, number={1}, journal={CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={VADEN, SL and WILLIAMS, PL and PAGE, RL and RIVIERE, JE}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{vaden_wood_ledley_cornwell_miller_page_1992, title={Cobalamin deficiency associated with methylmalonic acidemia in a cat}, volume={200}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Wood, P. A. and Ledley, F. D. and Cornwell, P. E. and Miller, R. T. and Page, R.}, year={1992}, pages={1101} }
 @article{vaden_breitschwerdt_henrikson_metcalf_cohn_craig_1991, title={Primary ciliary dyskinesia in Bichon Frise litter mates}, volume={27}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Henrikson, C. K. and Metcalf, M. R. and Cohn, L. and Craig, W. A.}, year={1991}, pages={633} }
 @article{riond_vaden_riviere_1990, title={Comparative pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in cats and dogs}, volume={13}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00797.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00797.x}, abstractNote={Riond, J.‐L., Vaden, S.L. & Riviere, J.E. Comparative pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in cats and dogs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.13, 415–424.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Riond, J. L. and Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={415–424} }
 @article{vaden_1990, title={Glomerulonephritis}, volume={9}, number={4}, journal={Kal Kan Forum}, author={Vaden, S. L.}, year={1990}, pages={3} }
 @article{vaden_riviere_1990, title={Isolated perfused tumored skin flap model}, volume={14}, journal={Veterinary Cancer Society Newsletter}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E}, year={1990}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{vaden_riviere_1990, title={Pharmacokinetics, inhibition of lymphoblast transformation and subacute oral toxicity of cyclosporine in swine}, volume={51}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1990}, pages={399–403} }
 @article{vaden_bunch_duncan_cullen_1988, title={Hepatotoxicosis associated with heartworm/hookworm preventative medication in a dog}, volume={192}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Vaden, S.L. and Bunch, S.E. and Duncan, D.E. and Cullen, J.M.}, year={1988}, pages={651–654} }
 @article{vaden_adams_1985, title={Inotropic, chronotropic and coronary vasodilator potency of forskolin}, volume={118}, ISSN={0014-2999}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(85)90671-5}, DOI={10.1016/0014-2999(85)90671-5}, abstractNote={The cardiodynamic profile of forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, was examined in an isovolumic left ventricular (LV) preparation of coronary-perfused guinea-pig hearts. Forskolin consistently induced concentration-dependent increases in LV systolic pressure development, increases in spontaneous beating frequency and decreases in coronary vascular resistance. However, the forskolin concentration required for one-half of the maximal effect (EC50) for coronary vasodilation (3.8 +/- 0.6 X 10(-8) M, n = 6) was 7- to 10-fold less than the EC50 for positive chronotropy (29.3 +/- 4.6 X 10(-8) M, P less than 0.01) and 17- to 20-fold less than the EC50 for positive inotropy (66.3 +/- 7.4 X 10(-8) M, P less than 0.001). The inotropic response to forskolin was not secondary to the concomitant increase in bearing frequency. Also, the coronary vasodilator response persisted in K+-depolarized non-beating hearts, and therefore did not depend on endogeneous coronary vascular autoregulation secondary to increased myocardial oxygen demand. We conclude that forskolin induces direct pharmacologic effects in ventricular muscle, pacemaker cells and the coronary vasculature, but add that the coronary vasculature is over one order of magnitude more sensitive to forskolin than is ventricular muscle. Perhaps adenylate cyclase systems in the heart exist as different subtypes with different affinity characteristics for forskolin-like drugs.}, number={1-2}, journal={European Journal of Pharmacology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Vaden, Shelly L. and Adams, H.Richard}, year={1985}, month={Nov}, pages={131–137} }