@article{anderson_bernhardt_domec_ury_emanuel_wright_ardon_2024, title={Leaf Physiological Responses and Early Senescence Are Linked to Reflectance Spectra in Salt-Sensitive Coastal Tree Species}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/9/1638}, DOI={10.3390/f15091638}, abstractNote={Salt-sensitive trees in coastal wetlands are dying as forests transition to marsh and open water at a rapid pace. Forested wetlands are experiencing repeated saltwater exposure due to the frequency and severity of climatic events, sea-level rise, and human infrastructure expansion. Understanding the diverse responses of trees to saltwater exposure can help identify taxa that may provide early warning signals of salinity stress in forests at broader scales. To isolate the impacts of saltwater exposure on trees, we performed an experiment to investigate the leaf-level physiology of six tree species when exposed to oligohaline and mesohaline treatments. We found that species exposed to 3–6 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity had idiosyncratic responses of plant performance that were species-specific. Saltwater exposure impacted leaf photochemistry and caused early senescence in Acer rubrum, the most salt-sensitive species tested, but did not cause any impacts on plant water use in treatments with <6 ppt. Interestingly, leaf spectral reflectance was correlated with the operating efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in A. rubrum leaves before leaf physiological processes were impacted by salinity treatments. Our results suggest that the timing and frequency of saltwater intrusion events are likely to be more detrimental to wetland tree performance than salinity concentrations.}, number={9}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Anderson, Steven M. and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Domec, Jean-Christophe and Ury, Emily A. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Wright, Justin P. and Ardon, Marcelo}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{anderson_murillo_womble_gibbs_harrell_watanabe_2022, title={Case Report: Novel Disseminated Paecilomyces formosus Infection in a Dog}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.878327}, abstractNote={A 2.5-year-old, 25.5 kg, spayed female Australian Shepherd dog had a 2-month history of shifting leg lameness in all limbs, tetraparesis, progressive lethargy, and severe pain. On the physical examination, fever (40.61°C), tachycardia, tachypnea, mild diffuse pelvic limb muscular atrophy, left prescapular and right popliteal lymphadenomegaly were observed. Due to the poor prognosis and difficult pain management, humane euthanasia was elected. Macroscopic and histological findings revealed multifocal to coalescing granulomas with central areas of lytic necrosis within the right femur, left humerus, left scapula, left biceps brachii, right semimembranosus muscle, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The necrotic areas contained myriad intralesional, intracellular, and extracellular negatively stained, non-pigmented, septate acute angle branching hyphae with parallel walls measuring 3–6 μm in width with polar bulbous projections measuring 7–13 μm in width. Fresh samples of the liver were submitted for fungal culture. Panfungal PCR targeting the major conserved genes-ITS, TUB, CAL-confirmed Paecilomyces formosus. Paecilomyces spp. are members of anamorphic fungi classified under the phylum Ascomycota. Paecilomycosis is an uncommon fungal infection caused by Paecilomyces spp with a disease reported in humans and animals ranging from superficial to systemic clinical forms affecting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. In dogs, disseminated paecilomycosis has been reported, but the species of fungi are not always determined. To our knowledge, this is the first case of disseminated paecilomycosis caused by P. formosus infection in a dog.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, Stephanie and Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes and Womble, Mandy and Gibbs, Nicole and Harrell, Karyn and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{anderson_ury_taillie_ungberg_moorman_poulter_ardón_bernhardt_wright_2021, title={Salinity thresholds for understory plants in coastal wetlands}, volume={223}, ISSN={1385-0237 1573-5052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01209-2}, DOI={10.1007/s11258-021-01209-2}, abstractNote={The effects of sea level rise and coastal saltwater intrusion on wetland plants can extend well above the high-tide line due to drought, hurricanes, and groundwater intrusion. Research has examined how coastal salt marsh plant communities respond to increased flooding and salinity, but more inland coastal systems have received less attention. The aim of this study was to identify whether ground layer plants exhibit threshold responses to salinity exposure. We used two vegetation surveys throughout the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula (APP) of North Carolina, USA to assess vegetation in a low elevation landscape (≤ 3.8 m) experiencing high rates of sea level rise (3–4 mm/year). We examined the primary drivers of community composition change using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and used Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) to detect thresholds of compositional change based on indicator taxa, in response to potential indicators of exposure to saltwater (Na, and the Σ Ca + Mg) and elevation. Salinity and elevation explained 64% of the variation in community composition, and we found two salinity thresholds for both soil Na+ (265 and 3843 g Na+/g) and Ca+ + Mg+ (42 and 126 µeq/g) where major changes in community composition occur on the APP. Similar sets of species showed sensitivity to these different metrics of salt exposure. Overall, our results showed that ground layer plants can be used as reliable indicators of salinity thresholds in coastal wetlands. These results can be used for monitoring salt exposure of ecosystems and for identifying areas at risk for undergoing future community shifts.}, number={3}, journal={Plant Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Anderson, Steven M. and Ury, Emily A. and Taillie, Paul J. and Ungberg, Eric A. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Poulter, Benjamin and Ardón, Marcelo and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Wright, Justin P.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={323–337} }
 @article{perrotta_simonin_back_anderson_avellan_bergemann_castellon_colman_lowry_matson_et al._2020, title={Copper and Gold Nanoparticles Increase Nutrient Excretion Rates of Primary Consumers}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.0c02197}, abstractNote={Freshwater ecosystems are exposed to engineered nanoparticles through municipal and industrial wastewater-effluent discharges and agricultural non-point source runoff. Because previous work has shown that engineered nanoparticles from these sources can accumulate in freshwater algal assemblages, we hypothesized that nanoparticles may affect the biology of primary consumers by altering the processing of two critical nutrients associated with growth and survivorship, nitrogen and phosphorus. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the excretion rates of nitrogen and phosphorus of Physella acuta, a ubiquitous pulmonate snail that grazes heavily on periphyton, exposed to either copper or gold engineered nanoparticles for six months in an outdoor wetland mesocosm experiment. Chronic nanoparticle exposure doubled nutrient excretion when compared to the control. Gold nanoparticles increased nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rates more than copper nanoparticles but overall, both nanoparticles led to higher consumer excretion, despite contrasting particle stability and physio-chemical properties. Snails in mesocosms enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus had overall higher excretion rates than ones in ambient (no nutrients added) mesocosms. Stimulation patterns were different between nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, which could have implications for the resulting nutrient ratio in the water column. These results suggest that low concentrations of engineered nanoparticles could alter the metabolism of consumers and increase consumer-mediated nutrient recycling rates, potentially intensifying eutrophication in aquatic systems, e.g. the increased persistence of algal blooms as observed in our mesocosm experiment.}, number={16}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Perrotta, Brittany G. and Simonin, Marie and Back, Jeffrey A. and Anderson, Steven M. and Avellan, Astrid and Bergemann, Christina M. and Castellon, Benjamin T. and Colman, Benjamin P. and Lowry, Gregory V and Matson, Cole W. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={10170–10180} }
 @article{avellan_simonin_anderson_geitner_bossa_spielman-sun_bernhardt_castellon_colman_cooper_et al._2020, title={Differential Reactivity of Copper- and Gold-Based Nanomaterials Controls Their Seasonal Biogeochemical Cycling and Fate in a Freshwater Wetland Mesocosm}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.9b05097}, abstractNote={Reliable predictions of the environmental fate and risk of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) require a better understanding of ENM reactivity in complex, biologically active systems for chronic low-concentration exposure scenarios. Here, simulated freshwater wetland mesocosms were dosed with ENMs to assess how their reactivity and seasonal changes in environmental parameters influence ENM fate in aquatic systems. Copper-based ENMs (Kocide), known to dissolve in water, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), stable against dissolution in the absence of specific ligands, were added weekly to mesocosm waters for 9 months. Metal accumulation and speciation changes in the different environmental compartments were assessed over time. Copper from Kocide rapidly dissolved likely associating with organic matter in the water column, transported to terrestrial soils and deeper sediment where it became associated with organic or sulfide phases. In contrast, Au accumulated on/in the macrophytes where it oxidized and transferred over time to surficial sediment. A dynamic seasonal accumulation and metal redox cycling were found between the macrophyte and the surficial sediment for AuNPs. These results demonstrate the need for experimental quantification of how the biological and chemical complexity of the environment, combined with their seasonal variations, drive the fate of metastable ENMs.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Avellan, Astrid and Simonin, Marie and Anderson, Steven M. and Geitner, Nicholas K. and Bossa, Nathan and Spielman-Sun, Eleanor and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Castellon, Benjamin T. and Colman, Benjamin P. and Cooper, Jane L. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={1533–1544} }
 @article{ury_anderson_peet_bernhardt_wright_2020, title={Succession, regression and loss: does evidence of saltwater exposure explain recent changes in the tree communities of North Carolina's Coastal Plain?}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1095-8290"]}, DOI={10.1093/aob/mcz039}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Coastal plant communities globally are highly vulnerable to future sea-level rise and storm damage, but the extent to which these habitats are affected by the various environmental perturbations associated with chronic salinization remains unclear. In this study, we examine the relationship between North Carolina wetland tree community composition and basal area change and indicators of salinization such as soil salt ion content and elevation.


METHODS
We surveyed 34 forest plots in forested, freshwater wetlands across the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula. A subset of our study sites had been sampled during the previous decade as part of the Carolina Vegetation Survey, enabling us to investigate the environmental effects on current community structure, and community change over time.


KEY RESULTS
Multi-variate (ordination) analysis and linear regression models of tree community composition revealed that elevation and soil salt content were correlated with changes in total site tree basal area. Shifts in tree community composition were, however, only weakly correlated with indicators of salinization, specifically elevation, soil sulphate and sodium, but not chloride. While the majority of plots experienced gains in basal area over the past decade, consistent with secondary succession, sites with high soil salt content or low elevation experienced basal area (biomass) loss during the same period.


CONCLUSIONS
The key factors associated with chronic saltwater intrusion (soil ion content) likely explain recent changes in tree biomass, and potential shifts in community composition in low-elevation sites along the North Carolina coast. Not only is it probable that other coastal forest ecosystems worldwide will experience similar stressors and shifts in community biomass and structure as sea levels rise, but the ability of these habitats to deliver key ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and flood defence will be compromised as a result.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF BOTANY}, author={Ury, Emily A. and Anderson, Steven M. and Peet, Robert K. and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Wright, Justin P.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={255–263} }