@misc{mao_he_2024, title={A high-resolution regional data-assimilative ocean modeling output near Cape Hatteras in 2017}, url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.280gb5mxr}, DOI={10.5061/DRYAD.280GB5MXR}, publisher={Dryad}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{mao_he_2024, title={A high-resolution regional data-assimilative ocean modeling output near Cape Hatteras in 2018}, url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.dv41ns260}, DOI={10.5061/DRYAD.DV41NS260}, publisher={Dryad}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mao_shropshire_he_2024, title={Quantifying Surface Shelf Water Export in the Southern Middle Atlantic Bight Using a Lagrangian Particle Tracking Approach}, volume={129}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020752}, DOI={10.1029/2023JC020752}, abstractNote={Abstract Shelf water is influenced by atmospheric forcing, river outflows, and the open ocean. Studying its variability is crucial for understanding anthropogenic impacts on coastal oceans and their transport to the open ocean. In the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), the interaction of the Gulf Stream with shelf/slope circulation leads to some of the complex exchanges between the shelf and open ocean along the U.S. East Coast. This study employs a Lagrangian particle tracking approach, grounded in a high‐resolution, data‐assimilative ocean reanalysis, to examine the export pathways of surface shelf water in the MAB. We analyzed over 700 daily images of simulated particle distributions using image clustering techniques. This revealed three distinct export patterns: abrupt entrainment to the Gulf Stream, gradual entrainment, and southern transport. Each pattern was observed roughly equally during the study period from January 2017 to December 2018. The observed export patterns are closely linked to the coastal circulation dynamics near Cape Hatteras. Understanding the timing and duration of these patterns is vital for assessing water quality and predicting the settlement of species that spawn in the region. Our study further underscores the influence of tropical cyclones, including Hurricanes Jose, Maria, and Chris, on these export patterns. These extreme weather events lead to significant shifts in coastal circulation near Cape Hatteras.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Mao, Shun and Shropshire, Taylor and He, Ruoying}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{mao_he_bane_gawarkiewicz_todd_2023, title={A data-assimilative modeling investigation of Gulf Stream variability}, volume={211}, ISSN={["1879-0100"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105319}, DOI={10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105319}, abstractNote={An advanced data-assimilative ocean circulation model is used to investigate Gulf Stream (GS) variability during 2017–2018. The modeling system applies a strong-constraint, 4D variational data assimilation algorithm. It assimilates satellite-based sea surface height and sea surface temperature measurements and in situ temperature and salinity profiles. Model skill assessment metrics along with comparisons of GS position and GS's three-dimensional mean kinetic energy with historical observations are applied to validate the data-assimilative model. The resulting time- and space-continuous ocean state estimates are used to diagnose eddy kinetic energy conversion and cross-stream eddy heat and salt fluxes over the two-year study period. The processes leading to kinetic energy conversion are primarily due to GS meanders. Significant inverse energy cascading (EKE→MKE and EKE→EPE) can occur during GS-eddy interactions, particularly during onshore intrusions or offshore meanderings of the GS. Throughout the two-year study period, the cross-stream eddy heat and salt fluxes off Cape Hatteras were predominantly positive (onshore). Both GS offshore meandering (occurring 44% of the time and associated with shelf/slope water export) and GS intrusion (occurring 56% of the time) contribute to onshore heat and salt transport. Improved understanding of these processes and dynamics requires strong integration of an advanced observational infrastructure that combines remote sensing; fixed, mobile, and shore-based observing components; and high-resolution data assimilative models.}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying and Bane, John and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Todd, Robert E.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{mao_he_2023, title={High-resolution 4DVAR-based Gulf Stream data-assimilative model product}, url={https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.8w9ghx3rx}, DOI={10.5061/DRYAD.8W9GHX3RX}, publisher={Dryad}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{mao_he_andres_2023, title={Modes of North Atlantic Western boundary current variability at 36° N}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45889-4}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-45889-4}, abstractNote={AbstractThe surface-intensified, poleward-flowing Gulf Stream (GS) encounters the equatorward-flowing Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) at 36° N off Cape Hatteras. In this study, daily output from a data-assimilative, high-resolution (800 m), regional ocean reanalysis was examined to quantify variability in the velocity structure of the GS and DWBC during 2017–2018. The validity of this reanalysis was confirmed with independent observations of ocean velocity and density that demonstrate a high level of realism in the model’s representation of the regional circulation. The model’s daily velocity time series across a transect off Cape Hatteras was examined using rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis, and analysis suggests three leading modes that characterize the variability of the western boundary currents throughout the water column. The first mode, related to meandering of the GS current, accounts for 55.3% of the variance, followed by a “wind-forced mode”, which accounts for 12.5% of the variance. The third mode, influenced by the DWBC and upper-ocean eddies, accounts for 7.1% of the variance.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying and Andres, Magdalena}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{seim_chapel hill_savidge_andres_bane_edwards_gawarkiewicz_he_todd_muglia_et al._2022, title={OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESSES DRIVING EXCHANGE AT CAPE HATTERAS(PROGRAM)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1042-8275"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.205}, DOI={10.5670/oceanog.2022.205}, abstractNote={The Processes driving Exchange At Cape Hatteras (PEACH) program seeks to better understand seawater exchanges between the continental shelf and the open ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. This location is where the Gulf Stream transitions from a boundary-trapped current to a free jet, and where robust along-shelf convergence brings cool, relatively fresh Middle Atlantic Bight and warm, salty South Atlantic Bight shelf waters together, forming an important and dynamic biogeographic boundary. The magnitude of this convergence implies large export of shelf water to the open ocean here. Background on the oceanography of the region provides motivation for the study and gives context for the measurements that were made. Science questions focus on the roles that wind forcing, Gulf Stream forcing, and lateral density gradients play in driving exchange. PEACH observational efforts include a variety of fixed and mobile observing platforms, and PEACH modeling included two different resolutions and data assimilation schemes. Findings to date on mean circulation, the nature of export from the southern Middle Atlantic Bight shelf, Gulf Stream variability, and position variability of the Hatteras Front are summarized, together with a look ahead to forthcoming analyses.}, number={2}, journal={OCEANOGRAPHY}, publisher={The Oceanography Society}, author={Seim, Harvey and Chapel Hill, University and Savidge, Dana and Andres, Magdalena and Bane, John and Edwards, Catherine and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and He, Ruoying and Todd, Robert E. and Muglia, Michael and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={6–17} }