@article{mao_he_bane_gawarkiewicz_todd_2023, title={A data-assimilative modeling investigation of Gulf Stream variability}, volume={211}, ISSN={["1879-0100"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105319}, DOI={10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105319}, abstractNote={An advanced data-assimilative ocean circulation model is used to investigate Gulf Stream (GS) variability during 2017–2018. The modeling system applies a strong-constraint, 4D variational data assimilation algorithm. It assimilates satellite-based sea surface height and sea surface temperature measurements and in situ temperature and salinity profiles. Model skill assessment metrics along with comparisons of GS position and GS's three-dimensional mean kinetic energy with historical observations are applied to validate the data-assimilative model. The resulting time- and space-continuous ocean state estimates are used to diagnose eddy kinetic energy conversion and cross-stream eddy heat and salt fluxes over the two-year study period. The processes leading to kinetic energy conversion are primarily due to GS meanders. Significant inverse energy cascading (EKE→MKE and EKE→EPE) can occur during GS-eddy interactions, particularly during onshore intrusions or offshore meanderings of the GS. Throughout the two-year study period, the cross-stream eddy heat and salt fluxes off Cape Hatteras were predominantly positive (onshore). Both GS offshore meandering (occurring 44% of the time and associated with shelf/slope water export) and GS intrusion (occurring 56% of the time) contribute to onshore heat and salt transport. Improved understanding of these processes and dynamics requires strong integration of an advanced observational infrastructure that combines remote sensing; fixed, mobile, and shore-based observing components; and high-resolution data assimilative models.}, journal={DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying and Bane, John and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Todd, Robert E.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mao_he_andres_2023, title={Modes of North Atlantic Western boundary current variability at 36° N}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-45889-4}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Mao, Shun and He, Ruoying and Andres, Magdalena}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }