@article{liu_kim_joines_2023, title={Collaborative Writing in the Intelligence Community: Investigation of Analytic Collaborative Reporting Processes and Writing Strategies}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1548-3681"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.4018/IJeC.324110}, DOI={10.4018/IJeC.324110}, abstractNote={With new and evolving technology and ever-increasing remote collaboration, intelligence reporting processes are at a crossroads. Key questions about how best to collaboratively produce reports to get the right information to the right decision-makers in the right context are more important than ever. This research project has attempted to address one part of the puzzle: How can reports be produced collaboratively? In this article, throughout two studies, the researchers documented the processes of report generation and consumption as well as assessed three collaborative writing strategies to gain valuable research data and to aid analysts with collaborative reporting, improve collaboration, and advance reporting methodology within the Intelligence Community.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF E-COLLABORATION}, author={Liu, Hongyang and Kim, Byungsoo and Joines, Sharon}, year={2023} }
 @article{kim_joines_feng_2022, title={Technology-driven design process: teaching and mentoring technology-driven design process in industrial design education}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1573-1804"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10798-022-09739-0}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN EDUCATION}, author={Kim, Byungsoo and Joines, Sharon and Feng, Jing}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kapkin_joines_2021, title={The Design Brief as a Creativity Catalyst in Design Education: Priming through Problem Statement}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1476-8070"]}, DOI={10.1111/jade.12339}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION}, author={Kapkin, Engin and Joines, Sharon}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={126–145} }
 @article{sommerich_lavender_evans_sanders_joines_lamar_umar_yen_park_2020, title={Collaborating with radiographers to address their work-related musculoskeletal discomfort}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103069}, abstractNote={The prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms in radiographers is high, similar to other healthcare occupations that involve high levels of physical exertion (e.g. patient handling; grasping and moving equipment). Reports of interventions to reduce MSK discomfort in radiographers are limited. A participatory approach was used to investigate daily challenges, needs, and opportunities for developing interventions to address exposures to many of the risk factors that contribute to MSK symptoms in radiographers. In this paper, we present the expressed needs of experienced radiographers (including assistance with patient handling, security, supportive design of equipment and work spaces), along with their evaluations of several intervention concepts intended to address some of those needs. We also report results from tests of three prototype interventions stemming from this participatory process that demonstrate the potential for new engineering control concepts to reduce the physical effort associated with some of the most common tasks radiographers perform.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Sommerich, Carolyn M. and Lavender, Steven A. and Evans, Kevin D. and Sanders, Elizabeth B-N and Joines, Sharon and Lamar, Sabrina and Umar, Radin Zaid Radin and Yen, Wei-Ting and Park, SangHyun}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{kim_joines_2020, title={The Role of Design in Technology Driven Ergonomics Product Development}, volume={955}, ISBN={["978-3-030-20226-2"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-030-20227-9_1}, abstractNote={Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) have been considered in New Product Development (NPD) to develop solutions that are useable and useful while maintaining productivity. The importance of technology and design has increased at the intersection between NPD and HFE. Developing a new product driven by technology is known as a technology driven approach which can be infused into existing ergonomic product development processes and may result in the development of effective, new and innovative products. The purpose of this study is to instigate design methods and tools that can be applicable to the technology driven NPD process. The literature regarding existing design methods and tools used and potentially utilized in technology driven NPD process has been reviewed in this study. Also, the role of HFE experts in a technology driven NPD process is addressed in the discussion section. In addition, when to use the design methods and tools found in the literature in the front end of the technology driven NPD process is suggested in this paper to help develop new and innovative products.}, journal={ADVANCES IN ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN}, author={Kim, Byungsoo and Joines, Sharon}, year={2020}, pages={3–14} }
 @article{kapkin_joines_2018, title={An investigation into the relationship between product form and perceived meanings}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2018.05.009}, abstractNote={The product form is more than an enclosure of a product. Some studies suggest that product form, as a physical quality, informs the user of the meanings of functionality and utilitarian features (a bottom-up approach); however, some suggest product form is a communication medium dependent on the context. Others suggest form is a construction of meanings by evoking pleasure and emotion (a top-down approach). The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between perceived meanings (e.g., safety, elegance) and product form (roundness in multiple dimensions) in an experimental setting. Participants in the experiment interacted with nine hard drive and nine soap dispenser prototypes and provided Likert scale scores about meaning (similar to semantic differential method) for each prototype. The edge and/or corner roundness of these prototypes was manipulated from crisp 90° edges to round edges along two and three dimensions. Results suggest that physical quality of the form and the perceived meaning follow a pattern akin to Fechner's law of perception – mostly non-linear relationships. A small change in product form resulted in a large impact on meaning, and moderate manipulations in product form was more likely to confuse participants. Thus, this investigation underscores that product form should be managed carefully by product designers and companies. This study provides an empirical data which presents the relationship between product from and perceived meanings. The proposed approach reveals that this relationship is mostly non-linear; therefore, it is delicate and requires extra attention. Knowledge gained from the study is beneficial for product designers when communicating clearly with users via product forms, and as a result achieve commercial success. The study also provides evidence to support interactionist theoretical framework when describing meaning attribution process to product forms.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Kapkin, Engin and Joines, Sharon}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={259–273} }
 @article{sommerich_evans_lavender_sanders_joines_lamar_radin umar_yen_park_2018, title={Collaborating With Sonographers and Vascular Technologists to Develop Ergonomics Interventions to Address Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders}, volume={35}, ISSN={8756-4793 1552-5430}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479318810710}, DOI={10.1177/8756479318810710}, abstractNote={ For more than two decades, surveys of imaging technologists have consistently reported high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal discomfort (WRMSD). Yet, workplace intervention research involving sonographers is limited. In this study, a transdisciplinary team of researchers used a participatory approach to work with diagnostic medical sonographers (DMS) and vascular technologists (VT) to identify needs and opportunities for developing new approaches to work that will reduce sonographers’ exposures to WRMSD risk factors. In this paper, we describe the approach and the resulting identified needs. We also describe the prototyping and testing of two work approaches that target specific needs of DMS and VT, respectively. We would like designers, manufacturers, engineers, and ergonomists, in collaboration with sonographers and their managers, to recognize this area of opportunity and come together to apply their knowledge of biomechanics and design in developing useful and usable workplace interventions (solutions) to reduce sonographers’ WRMSD risk factor exposure. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Sommerich, Carolyn M. and Evans, Kevin D. and Lavender, Steven A. and Sanders, Elizabeth and Joines, Sharon and Lamar, Sabrina and Radin Umar, Radin Zaid and Yen, Wei-Ting and Park, SangHyun}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={23–37} }
 @inproceedings{goodell_dennis_joines_2018, title={Structures in Challenging Environments: Dynamics, Controls, Smart Structures, Health Monitoring, and Sensors}, ISBN={9780784481899}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481899.087}, DOI={10.1061/9780784481899.087}, abstractNote={Celestial body surface exploration benefits from efficient long-distance travel, precision inspection of objects-of-interest, and overall launch-to-landing weight reduction. Tensegrity structures can be inherently lightweight by using cable networks, while the impact resistance of these same structures may enable them to survive rough landings. This design aims to increase efficiency by taking on the form of a wheel.}, booktitle={Earth and Space 2018}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Goodell, I. Henry P. and Dennis, Robert and Joines, Sharon}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @article{kim_joines_flinchum_feng_2018, title={Usability study to improve interaction design for drivers in car-sharing system}, volume={13}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Usability Studies}, author={Kim, Byungsoo and Joines, Sharon and Flinchum, Russell and Feng, Jing}, year={2018}, pages={220–247} }
 @article{zhang_joines_2018, title={User-Centered Design and Theory of Innovation: Problem Solving Integration Approach for Ergonomic Product Design}, volume={588}, ISBN={["978-3-319-60581-4"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-60582-1_31}, abstractNote={To increase user satisfaction index and achieve rapid innovation in new ergonomic product development, a multidisciplinary model integrating method of User-Centered Design (UCD) and theory of innovation problem solving (TRIZ) eight evolutionary patterns for ergonomic product innovative design in the early design stages was proposed. The integrated model and the approach procedures consists three steps. In step 1, three ergonomic needs dimensions integrated with UCD are utilized for identifying thorough user needs (UNs). And 5-point liner numeric rating scale is used for establish the relative importance of UNs. The internal consistency reliability of UNs is tested with Cronbach’s coefficient alpha statistic. Then the final UNs is established as well as the UNs priority. In step 2, the Eight Patterns of Evolution of the TRIZ are selected to generate design idea, with the UNs priority. In step 3, innovative design alternative is generated by using design idea together with the ergonomic design principles. Finally, a case study of the electric moxibustion device innovative design is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model and approach.}, journal={ADVANCES IN ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN (AHFE 2017)}, author={Zhang, Fanglan and Joines, Sharon}, year={2018}, pages={314–320} }
 @article{vogel_jameson_tyler_joines_evans_rendon_2017, title={The Importance of Organizational Innovation and Adaptation in Building Academic–Industry–Intelligence Collaboration: Observations from the Laboratory for Analytic Sciences}, volume={19}, ISSN={2380-0992 2380-100X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23800992.2017.1384676}, DOI={10.1080/23800992.2017.1384676}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This article discusses the establishment and development of the Laboratory for Analytic Sciences (LAS), a unique site of academic–industry–intelligence collaboration, established in 2013 by the National Security Agency (NSA) and located on the campus of North Carolina State University. Since 2014, the authors have been participant-observers of LAS research teams. This article describes how inter-institutional, interdisciplinary collaboration has developed at LAS, drawing on multi-year data involving observations, surveys, and interviews that the authors have collected. LAS provides an opportunity to study the operationalization of an academic–intelligence collaboration and gather lessons learned in order to inform future collaborative efforts by the U.S. intelligence community. What this article reveals is the importance of organizational innovation and adaptation in light of various challenges that emerge in inter-institutional and interdisciplinary collaboration.}, number={3}, journal={The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Vogel, Kathleen M. and Jameson, Jessica Katz and Tyler, Beverly B. and Joines, Sharon and Evans, Brian M. and Rendon, Hector}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={171–196} }
 @inbook{joines_payne_2017, place={Edinburgh}, edition={7th}, title={Universal Design}, ISBN={9780702054464}, booktitle={Occupational Therapy for People Experiencing Illness, Injury or Impairment}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Joines, Sharon and Payne, Andrew}, editor={Curtin, Michael and Egan, Mary and Adams, JoEditors}, year={2017} }
 @article{sommerich_lavender_evans_sanders_joines_lamar_umar_yen_li_nagavarapu_et al._2016, title={Collaborating with cardiac sonographers to develop work-related musculoskeletal disorder interventions}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2015.1116613}, abstractNote={Abstract For more than two decades, surveys of imaging technologists, including cardiac sonographers, diagnostic medical sonographers and vascular technologists, have consistently reported high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal discomfort (WRMSD). Yet, intervention research involving sonographers is limited. In this study, we used a participatory approach to identifying needs and opportunities for developing interventions to reduce sonographers’ exposures to WRMSD risk factors. In this paper, we present some of those needs. We include descriptions of two interventions, targeted for cardiac sonographers, that were developed, through an iterative process, into functional prototypes that were evaluated in pilot tests by practicing sonographers. One of these interventions is now in daily use. We would like other engineers and ergonomists to recognise this area of opportunity to apply their knowledge of biomechanics and design in order to begin to address the high prevalence of WRMSDs in sonographers, by working with sonographers to develop useful and usable interventions. Practitioner Summary: This paper discusses needs, opportunities and methods for working with sonographers in order to develop interventions to reduce their exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal discomfort. Results from field tests of two novel interventions targeting cardiac sonographers are also presented.}, number={9}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Sommerich, Carolyn M. and Lavender, Steven A. and Evans, Kevin and Sanders, Elizabeth and Joines, Sharon and Lamar, Sabrina and Umar, Radin Zaid Radin and Yen, Wei-Ting and Li, Jing and Nagavarapu, Shasank and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1193–1204} }
 @article{sommerich_lavender_evans_sanders_joines_lamar_umar_yen_park_2016, title={Collaborating with mammographers to address their work-related musculoskeletal discomfort}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2016.1140815}, abstractNote={Abstract Mammographers are an understudied group of health care workers, yet the prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms in mammographers appears to be elevated, similar to many occupations in health care. In this study, we used a participatory approach to identify needs and opportunities for developing interventions to reduce mammographers’ exposures to risk factors that lead to the development of MSK symptoms. In this paper, we present a number of those needs and several intervention concepts along with evaluations of those concepts from experienced mammographers. We include findings from a preliminary field test of a novel intervention concept to reduce the need to adopt awkward postures while positioning patients for a screening or diagnostic mammogram. Practitioner Summary: This paper discusses needs, opportunities and methods for working with mammographers in order to develop interventions to reduce their exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal discomfort. Results from a field test of a novel intervention to reduce mammographers’ awkward work postures while positioning patients are presented.}, number={10}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Sommerich, Carolyn M. and Lavender, Steven A. and Evans, Kevin D. and Sanders, Elizabeth and Joines, Sharon and Lamar, Sabrina and Umar, Radin Zaid Radin and Yen, Wei-Ting and Park, SangHyun}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1307–1317} }
 @article{joines_james_liu_wang_dunn_cohen_2015, title={Adjustable task lighting: Field study assesses the benefits in an office environment}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1875-9270"]}, DOI={10.3233/wor-141879}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Lighting is a part of every work task in the office environment, yet it is often overlooked. Research links direct and indirect glare to increased risk of visual discomfort among office workers with symptoms ranging from dry eyes to blurry vision or headaches. Researchers have been primarily concerned with those characteristics of task lighting that cause glare including luminance level, position (line of sight), and control. It is unknown what the benefits of adjustable task lights are and whether or not their use has an effect on musculoskeletal comfort or posture. No comprehensive field evaluations of this type were found among peer-reviewed, indexed journals.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to assess the ergonomic and calculated utility power consumption benefits of adjustable LED task lighting in an office environment using a control/intervention experiment design.


METHODS
One hundred participants were originally recruited and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Self-reported data was collected on level of eye fatigue, perception of job content, intervention usability, and musculoskeletal discomfort. Data was also collected on workspace level of illumination and posture during standardized tasks (assessed using RULA).


RESULTS
Comparing baseline data to follow-up data for the intervention group, the use of the adjustable, LED task lights provided statistically significant, positive impacts on users' rating of discomfort, eye fatigue, perception of job content, and posture between baseline and the short-term follow up.


CONCLUSIONS
Significant benefits to musculoskeletal comfort, posture, and visual comfort were documented when participants used the adjustable task lights. Participants' assessments of the light's usability, usefulness and desirability were positive. There were no negative results found with adjustable task light use.}, number={3}, journal={WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT & REHABILITATION}, author={Joines, Sharon and James, Tamara and Liu, Siwen and Wang, Wenjiao and Dunn, Rebecca and Cohen, Shane}, year={2015}, pages={471–481} }
 @article{rhodes_laffitte_joines_2011, title={Aesthetic Judgment and Vision: Our Associated Emotional Response to Objects}, volume={5}, ISSN={1833-1874 2473-5736}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v05i04/38128}, DOI={10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v05i04/38128}, number={4}, journal={Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal—Annual Review}, publisher={Common Ground Research Networks}, author={Rhodes, Julie and Laffitte, Bryan and Joines, Sharon}, year={2011}, pages={607–622} }
 @article{wilson_joines_2011, title={Design and Obesity: The Effects of Tableware on Eating Behaviors}, volume={4}, ISSN={1833-1874 2473-5736}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v04i06/37996}, DOI={10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v04i06/37996}, number={6}, journal={Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal—Annual Review}, publisher={Common Ground Research Networks}, author={Wilson, Rachel and Joines, Sharon}, year={2011}, pages={97–114} }
 @inbook{joines_james_suarez_2010, title={Evaluation of an Intervention to Reduce Upper Extremity Pain in Ultrasound}, ISBN={9781439834978 9781439834985}, ISSN={2372-1944}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439834978-c16}, DOI={10.1201/ebk1439834978-c16}, booktitle={Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Joines, Sharon and James, Tamara and Suarez, Gisela}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{kim_joines_2010, title={Evaluation of an Obesity Simulation Suit: Subjective and Physiological Assessment}, volume={4}, ISSN={1833-1874 2473-5736}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v04i04/37921}, DOI={10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v04i04/37921}, number={4}, journal={Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal—Annual Review}, publisher={Common Ground Research Networks}, author={Kim, Hyunjee and Joines, Sharon}, year={2010}, pages={263–274} }
 @inbook{young_payne_joines_2010, place={New York}, edition={6th}, title={Towards Universal Design}, ISBN={9780080450841}, booktitle={Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction: enabling occupation}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Young, Leslie C. and Payne, Andrew Phillip and Joines, Sharon}, editor={Curtin, Michael and Molineux, Matthew and Supyk-Mellson, Jo-AnneEditors}, year={2010}, pages={431–452} }
 @article{anderson_mirka_joines_kaber_2009, title={Analysis of Alternative Keyboards Using Learning Curves}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720808329844}, abstractNote={Objective : To quantify learning percentages for alternative keyboards (chord, contoured split, Dvorak, and split fixed angle) and understand how physical, cognitive, and perceptual demand affect learning. Background: Alternative keyboards have been shown to offer ergonomic benefits over the conventional, single-plane QWERTY keyboard design, but productivity-related challenges may hinder their widespread acceptance. Method: Sixteen participants repeatedly typed a standard text passage using each alternative keyboard. Completion times were collected and subsequent learning percentages were calculated. Participants were asked to subjectively rate the physical, cognitive, and perceptual demands of each keyboard, and these values were then related to the calculated learning percentages. Results: Learning percentage calculations revealed the percentage for the split fixed-angle keyboard (90.4%) to be significantly different ( p < .05) from the learning percentages for the other three keyboards (chord, 77.3%; contour split, 76.9%; Dvorak, 79.1%). The average task completion time for the conventional QWERTY keyboard was 40 s, and the average times for the fifth trial on the chord, contoured split, Dvorak, and split fixed-angle keyboards were 346, 69, 181, and 42 s, respectively. Conclusions: Productivity decrements can be quickly regained for the split fixed-angle and contour split keyboard but will take considerably longer for Dvorak and chord keyboards. The split fixed-angle keyboard involved physical learning, whereas the others involved some combination of physical and cognitive learning, a result supported by the subjective responses. Application: Understanding the changes in task performance time that come with learning can provide additional information for a cost-benefit analysis when considering the implementation of ergonomic interventions.}, number={1}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Anderson, Allison M. and Mirka, Gary A. and Joines, Sharon M. B. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={35–45} }
 @article{joines_2009, title={Enhancing quality of life through Universal Design}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1053-8135"]}, DOI={10.3233/NRE-2009-0513}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
To inform clinicians, caregivers and researchers involved with assessing and treating individuals with neurological disabilities of the benefits of universal design in enhancing quality of life. The improvement of quality of life has the potential to benefit the individuals with neurological disabilities and those whose lives overlap and intersect with those individuals.


METHODS
Literature and design reviews are used as a foundation for a model for incorporating and leveraging universal design to the benefit of the patient's social sphere, which includes caregivers, family members and medical staff. By matching patients varied abilities with universal design solutions, the model of universal design benefitting the patients' social sphere will be demonstrated.


RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations are made for clinicians and researchers that they may use in their practices and investigations in three areas: 1) educating patients to the benefits of universal design, 2) helping inform patients how to leverage universally designed products and approaches in their lives and living spaces and 3) understanding how to incorporate universal design principles into research and clinical spaces as demonstration pieces for patients.}, number={3}, journal={NEUROREHABILITATION}, author={Joines, Sharon}, year={2009}, pages={155–167} }
 @article{joines_2009, title={Enhancing quality of life through Universal Design (vol 25, pg 155, 2009)}, volume={25}, number={4}, journal={Neurorehabilitation}, author={Joines, S.}, year={2009}, pages={313–326} }
 @article{joines_2009, title={Enhancing quality of life through universal design}, volume={25}, DOI={10.3233/NRE-2009-0539}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
To inform clinicians, caregivers and researchers involved with assessing and treating individuals with neurological disabilities of the benefits of universal design in enhancing quality of life. The improvement of quality of life has the potential to benefit the individuals with neurological disabilities and those whose lives overlap and intersect with those individuals.


METHODS
Literature and design reviews are used as a foundation for a model for incorporating and leveraging universal design to the benefit of the patient's social sphere, which includes caregivers, family members and medical staff. By matching patients varied abilities with universal design solutions, the model of universal design benefitting the patients' social sphere will be demonstrated.


RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations are made for clinicians and researchers that they may use in their practices and investigations in three areas: 1) educating patients about the benefits of universal design, 2) helping inform patients how to leverage universally designed products and approaches in their lives and living spaces and 3) understanding how to incorporate universal design principles into research and clinical spaces as demonstration pieces for patients.}, number={4}, journal={NeuroRehabilitation}, author={Joines, S.}, year={2009}, pages={313–326} }
 @article{joines_sommerich_mirka_wilson_moon_2006, title={Low-level exertions of the neck musculature: A study of research methods}, volume={16}, ISSN={1050-6411}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.09.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.09.007}, abstractNote={Musculoskeletal neck discomfort is prevalent in many occupations and has been the focus of much research employing surface electromyography (sEMG). Significant differences in experimental methods among researchers make comparisons across studies difficult. The goal of the current research was to use empirical methods to answer specific methodological questions concerning use of sEMG in evaluation of the neck extensor system. This was accomplished in two studies. In Experiment 1, ultrasound technology was used to: (a) determine accessibility of m. splenius and semispinalis capitis with surface electrodes, (b) identify appropriate electrode locations for these muscles/muscle groups, and (c) illustrate potential benefits of using ultrasound in locating muscles/placing electrodes. Experiment 2 sought to assess effects of posture when normalizing sEMG data. Results from Experiment 1 showed no direct access to semispinalis capitis for surface electrodes; their activity can only be sampled as part of a group of muscles. In most subjects, m. splenius was found to be accessible to surface electrodes. Electrode placement recommendations are provided. Results of Experiment 2 showed significant differences in normalized EMG data between a posture-specific technique and a reference posture technique. Posture-specific normalization is recommended for accurately assessing the relative intensity of contractions of these muscles.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Joines, Sharon M.B. and Sommerich, Carolyn M. and Mirka, Gary A. and Wilson, James R. and Moon, Samuel D.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={485–497} }
 @article{joines_sommerich_2001, title={Comparison of self-assessment and partnered-assessment as cost-effective alternative methods for office workstation evaluation}, volume={28}, ISSN={0169-8141}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8141(01)00039-7}, DOI={10.1016/s0169-8141(01)00039-7}, abstractNote={A study was conducted in order to determine if anthropometric and office workstation measurements could be accurately collected individually by the employees who worked as those stations, or alternatively by two-person teams consisting of the employee and a co-worker. An iterative process was used to develop a method that would: (1) require a minimum number of measurements to be made by the employees, (2) produce an acceptable level of accuracy, and (3) provide useful information for analyzing employee–workstation fit. Results of the study showed acceptable accuracy when using a combined assisted and unassisted data collection approach. Office workstation assessment can be a challenge for companies with large numbers of employees working in office settings, particularly if those settings are distributed across a country or the globe. Developing a formulaic method for accurately measuring those workstations by someone other than the company's expert (ergonomist or other) has several benefits, including: (1) ability to measure more workstations in the same time period; (2) freeing the expert to perform tasks and analyses that require his/her expertise; and (3) inducing active involvement of employees in the company's health and safety (or ergonomics) efforts.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Joines, Sharon M.B and Sommerich, Carolyn M}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={327–340} }
 @article{sommerich_joines_psihogios_2001, title={Effects of Computer Monitor Viewing Angle and Related Factors on Strain, Performance, and Preference Outcomes}, volume={43}, ISSN={0018-7208 1547-8181}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872001775992480}, DOI={10.1518/001872001775992480}, abstractNote={ A model of visual and musculoskeletal strain associated with computer monitor placement was developed. The main premise of which is that monitor placement decisions must take into consideration development of both visual and musculoskeletal strains. Certain factors in the model that were thought to affect one or both types of strain, or that were considered important to rule out for effect, were tested in a lab setting. These factors were viewing angle (eye level, midlevel, low level), monitor size (14 in., 19 in.), keyboard familiarity (touch typist, nontouch typist), and task (reading, mousing, typing). Outcomes included indicators of visual and musculoskeletal strain, preference, and performance. Muscle activity was generally greater for the low viewing angle, for the standard monitor (14 in.), and for non-touch typists. Participants preferred the midlevel placement. Task performance was slightly diminished with eye-level placement. Results are interpreted in relation to the model and to several hypotheses that were formed to focus the inquiry. Actual or potential applications of this research include monitor placement decisions in the design or modification of computer workstations }, number={1}, journal={Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Sommerich, Carolyn M. and Joines, Sharon M. B. and Psihogios, Jennie P.}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={39–55} }
 @article{lutz_starr_smith_stewart_monroe_joines_mirka_2001, title={Technical Note: The use of mirrors during an assembly task: a study of ergonomics and productivity}, volume={44}, ISSN={0014-0139 1366-5847}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130120518}, DOI={10.1080/00140130120518}, abstractNote={Industrial assembly tasks often require awkward, sustained neck and/or shoulder postures that can lead to increased musculoskeletal discomfort and reduced productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mirror and periscope visual aids as ergonomic interventions designed to eliminate awkward postures of the cervicobrachial region during assembly tasks. Participants simulated a simple assembly task by using a cordless screwdriver to drive screws into a pre-tapped aluminium block. Trials of 15 min were run for each of four distinct assembly workstation configurations: industry standard (in-line screwdriver, work at elbow height, no visual aid); pistol grip (pistol grip screwdriver, work at shoulder height, no visual aid); mirror (in-line screwdriver, work at elbow height, single mirror visual aid); and periscope (in-line screwdriver, work at elbow height, two-mirror visual aid system). Muscular activity, discomfort, body posture, productivity and operator subjective assessment were recorded to determine the effects of the visual aid interventions. The results show that when comparing the interventions to the industry standard condition, there was a 45% reduction in average cervical erector spinae activity, a 90% reduction in average neck flexion angle and a 72% reduction in neck discomfort with the interventions. When comparing these interventions to the pistol grip condition there was an 80% reduction in activity of the dominant side deltoid, a 92% reduction in shoulder flexion angle and an 81% decrease in shoulder discomfort with the interventions. Productivity was greatest in the industry standard configuration followed by the pistol grip (9% lower), the periscope (13% lower) and the mirror (23% lower) configurations. A follow-up study that compared the productivity of the periscope configuration with that of the industry standard configuration showed that within a 4-h work period this productivity differential decreased by over 33%.}, number={2}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lutz, Tim J. and Starr, Heather and Smith, Christy A. and Stewart, Aaron M. and Monroe, Mike J. and Joines, Sharon M. B. and Mirka, Gary A.}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={215–228} }
 @article{sommerich_joines_hermans_moon_2000, title={Use of surface electromyography to estimate neck muscle activity}, volume={10}, ISSN={1050-6411}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00033-x}, DOI={10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00033-x}, abstractNote={This paper reviews the literature concerning the use of surface electromyography (sEMG) for the study of the neck musculature in response to work and workplace design during light work and semi-static tasks. The paper also draws upon basic research and biomechanical modeling in order to provide methodological recommendations for the use of surface electromyography in this region of the body and to identify areas which require further investigation. The paper includes review and discussion of electrode site location, methods of normalization, data reliability, and factors that can affect sEMG signals from this region, including noise, physiologic artifact, stress, visual deficiencies, and pain. General guidance for maximum exertions with the neck musculature, for sEMG normalization or other purposes, is also included.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sommerich, Carolyn M and Joines, Sharon M.B and Hermans, Veerle and Moon, Samuel D}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={377–398} }
 @article{glasscock_turville_joines_mirka_1999, title={The Effect of Personality Type on Muscle Coactivation during Elbow Flexion}, volume={41}, ISSN={0018-7208 1547-8181}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872099779577318}, DOI={10.1518/001872099779577318}, abstractNote={ A great deal of interest has been generated recently regarding the influence that psychosocial factors may have on the reporting of and disability associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The current study considers the potential influence of one psychosocial factor - personality type - on basic neuromuscular control strategies and biomechanical loading. The study investigated the hypothesis that Type A people exhibit increased muscular antagonism relative to their Type B counterparts. Volunteers participated in an EMG-based biomechanical study to investigate the co-activation patterns of the major muscles that span the elbow joint during elbow flexion exertions. Results showed that, averaging across all conditions, the antagonist muscle activity was significantly higher for Type A individuals than for their Type B counterparts (10% of maximum for Type A, 5.5% of maximum for Type B). Although the study was somewhat limited in its size and scope, the results indicate that certain psychosocial factors may be more than a filter in postinjury response and may directly influence biomechanical loading. A potential application of this research is an increased awareness that certain individuals may be at greater risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. }, number={1}, journal={Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Glasscock, Naomi F. and Turville, Kristine L. and Joines, Sharon B. and Mirka, Gary A.}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={51–60} }