@article{kunkel_yin_sun_champion_stevens_johnson_2022, title={Extreme Precipitation Trends and Meteorological Causes Over the Laurentian Great Lakes}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2624-9375"]}, DOI={10.3389/frwa.2022.804799}, abstractNote={Trends in extreme precipitation and their causes were analyzed for events within the Laurentian Great Lakes for several periods: 1908–2020, 1949–2020, 1980–2019, and 1980–2020. Upward trends in extreme precipitation were found for multiple metrics, including the number of exceedances of return period thresholds for several durations and average recurrence intervals (ARI), the number of extreme basin-average 4-day precipitation totals, and the annual maximum daily station precipitation. The causes of extreme events were classified into 5 meteorological categories: fronts of extratropical cyclones (ETC-FRT), extratropical cyclones but not proximate to the fronts (ETC-NFRT), mesoscale convective systems (MCS), tropical cyclones (TC), and air mass convection (AMC). For daily events exceeding the threshold for 5-yr ARI, ETC-FRTs account for 78% of all events, followed by ETC-NFRTs (12%), MCSs (6%), TCs (2%), and AMC (1%). Upward trends in the number of events by cause were found for all categories except AMC. An examination of basin-wide 4-day extreme events (40 largest events during 1980–2019) found that all events were caused by ETC-FRTs (85%) or ETC-NFRTs (15%).}, journal={FRONTIERS IN WATER}, author={Kunkel, Kenneth E. and Yin, Xungang and Sun, Liqiang and Champion, Sarah M. and Stevens, Laura E. and Johnson, Katharine M.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{kunkel_champion_2019, title={An Assessment of Rainfall from Hurricanes Harvey and Florence Relative to Other Extremely Wet Storms in the United States}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1944-8007"]}, DOI={10.1029/2019GL085034}, abstractNote={AbstractThe top 100 largest area‐averaged, multiday precipitation events in the U.S. historical record for the period 1949–2018 were identified by calculating box‐average precipitation using a network of observing stations with minimal missing data. Hurricane Harvey was the single largest event for an area sized 50,000 km2 and a duration of 4 days. Rainfall associated with Hurricane Florence ranked seventh. Almost all of the top 100 events occurred in the southeastern United States or along the Pacific coast. The predominant meteorological cause (in 59% of the events) was fronts associated with extratropical cyclones, including 15% that were also associated with atmospheric rivers. Tropical cyclones were a significant cause, representing 25% of all events. The spatial locations, the seasonal distribution, and the spectrum of meteorological causes of these events are characteristics of the precipitation climatology that could be used as metrics to evaluate climate models.}, number={22}, journal={GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Kunkel, Kenneth E. and Champion, Sarah M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={13500–13506} }
 @article{waple_champion_kunkel_tilmes_2016, title={Innovations in information management and access for assessments}, volume={135}, DOI={10.1007/s10584-015-1588-7}, abstractNote={The third National Climate Assessment (NCA3) included goals for becoming a more timely, inclusive, rigorous, and sustained process, and for serving a wider variety of decision makers. In order to accomplish these goals, it was necessary to deliberately design an information management strategy that could serve multiple stakeholders and manage different types of information - from highly mature government-supported climate science data, to isolated practitioner-generated case study information - and to do so in ways that are consistent and appropriate for a highly influential assessment. Meeting the information management challenge for NCA3 meant balancing relevance and authority, complexity and accessibility, inclusivity and rigor. Increasing traceability of data behind figures and graphics, designing a public-facing website, managing hundreds of technical inputs to the NCA, and producing guidance for over 300 participants on meeting the Information Quality Act were all aspects of a deliberate, multi-faceted, and strategic information management approach that nonetheless attempted to be practical and usable for a variety of participants and stakeholders.}, number={1}, journal={Climatic Change}, author={Waple, A. M. and Champion, S. M. and Kunkel, K. E. and Tilmes, C.}, year={2016}, pages={69–83} }