@book{moorman_grodsky_rupp_2019, place={Baltimore}, title={Renewable energy and wildlife conservation}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University Press}, year={2019} }
 @article{fritts_moorman_grodsky_hazel_homyack_farrell_castleberry_evans_greene_2017, title={Rodent response to harvesting woody biomass for bioenergy production}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.21301}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Fritts, Sarah R. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Grodsky, Steven M. and Hazel, Dennis W. and Homyack, Jessica A. and Farrell, Christopher B. and Castleberry, Steven B. and Evans, Emily H. and Greene, Daniel U.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1170–1178} }
 @article{grodsky_moorman_fritts_castleberry_wigley_2016, title={Breeding, Early-Successional Bird Response to Forest Harvests for Bioenergy}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0165070}, abstractNote={Forest regeneration following timber harvest is a principal source of habitat for early-successional birds and characterized by influxes of early-successional vegetation and residual downed woody material. Early-successional birds may use harvest residues for communication, cover, foraging, and nesting. Yet, increased market viability of woody biomass as bioenergy feedstock may intensify harvest residue removal. Our objectives were to: 1) evaluate effects of varying intensities of woody biomass harvest on the early-successional bird community; and (2) document early-successional bird use of harvest residues in regenerating stands. We spot-mapped birds from 15 April– 15 July, 2012–2014, in six woody biomass removal treatments within regenerating stands in North Carolina (n = 4) and Georgia (n = 4), USA. Treatments included clearcut harvest followed by: (1) traditional woody biomass harvest with no specific retention target; (2) 15% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (3) 15% retention with harvest residues clustered; (4) 30% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (5) 30% retention with harvest residues clustered; and (6) no woody biomass harvest (i.e., reference site). We tested for treatment-level effects on breeding bird species diversity and richness, early-successional focal species territory density (combined and individual species), counts of breeding birds detected near, in, or on branches of harvest piles/windrows, counts of breeding bird behaviors, and vegetation composition and structure. Pooled across three breeding seasons, we delineated 536 and 654 territories and detected 2,489 and 4,204 birds in the North Carolina and Georgia treatments, respectively. Woody biomass harvest had limited or short-lived effects on the early-successional, breeding bird community. The successional trajectory of vegetation structure, rather than availability of harvest residues, primarily drove avian use of regenerating stands. However, many breeding bird species used downed wood in addition to vegetation, indicating that harvest residues initially may provide food and cover resources for early-successional birds in regenerating stands prior to vegetation regrowth.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Grodsky, Steven M. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Fritts, Sarah R. and Castleberry, Steven B. and Wigley, T. Bently}, year={2016}, month={Oct} }
 @article{fritts_moorman_grodsky_hazel_homyack_farrell_castleberry_2016, title={Do biomass harvesting guidelines influence herpetofauna following harvests of logging residues for renewable energy?}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1890/14-2078}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Fritts, Sarah and Moorman, Christopher and Grodsky, Steven and Hazel, Dennis and Homyack, Jessica and Farrell, Chris and Castleberry, Steven}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={926–939} }
 @article{grodsky_moorman_fritts_hazel_homyack_castleberry_wigley_2016, title={Winter bird use of harvest residues in clearcuts and the implications of forest bioenergy harvest in the southeastern United States}, volume={379}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.045}, abstractNote={Increased market viability of harvest residues gleaned for forest bioenergy feedstocks may intensify downed wood removal, particularly in intensively managed forests of the Southeast. Downed wood provides food and cover for many wildlife species, including birds, yet we are aware of no study that has examined winter bird response to experimentally manipulated, operational-scale woody biomass harvests. Further, little research has investigated avian use of downed wood following timber harvests. As such, our objectives were to: (1) evaluate effects of varying intensities of woody biomass harvest on the winter bird community and (2) document spatial associations between winter bird species and available habitat structure, including downed wood, in regenerating stands. In January and February of 2012–2014, we surveyed birds using a modified version of spot-mapping in six woody biomass removal treatments in North Carolina, USA (n = 4 regenerating stands). Treatments included clearcut harvest followed by: (1) traditional woody biomass harvest with no biomass harvesting guidelines; (2) 15% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (3) 15% retention with harvest residues clustered; (4) 30% retention with harvest residues dispersed; (5) 30% retention with harvest residues clustered; and (6) no woody biomass harvest (i.e., reference). We tested for treatment-level effects on avian relative abundance (overall and individual species), species diversity and richness, and counts of winter birds detected near (∼1 m from pile), in, or on branches of downed wood piles and calculated proportional avian habitat use of harvest residues and vegetation in regenerating stands. In 69 visits over three winters, we observed 3352 birds in treatments. In 2013, counts of birds detected in piles were greater in the no biomass harvest and 30% clustered treatments than the no biomass harvesting guidelines treatment. In 2012 and 2013 combined, mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) had greater relative abundance in the no biomass harvest treatment compared to the 15% dispersed treatment and was more often detected within 1 m of downed wood piles than in vegetation. We counted more winter birds in and near adjacent forest edge than in treatment interiors each year. Overall, we detected minimal treatment effects on winter bird relative abundance and no effects on species diversity and richness. Relative abundance of winter birds increased over time as vegetative cover established in regenerating stands. Our results suggest woody biomass harvests in intensively managed pine forests had no effect on the winter bird community, but winter birds used harvest residues. Further, vegetation structure and composition, rather than availability of harvest residues, primarily influenced winter bird use of regenerating stands.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Grodsky, Steven M. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Fritts, Sarah R. and Hazel, Dennis W. and Homyack, Jessica A. and Castleberry, Steven B. and Wigley, T. Bently}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={91–101} }
 @article{fritts_grodsky_hazel_homyack_castleberry_moorman_2015, title={Quantifying multi-scale habitat use of woody biomass by southern toads}, volume={346}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2015.03.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.004}, abstractNote={Woody biomass extraction for use as a feedstock for renewable energy may remove woody debris that provides suitable micro-climates for amphibians. We examined habitat use of the southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) as an indicator of relationships between amphibians and woody biomass in pine plantations of the southeastern United States using a controlled enclosure experiment and a field-based radio-telemetry study. In the enclosure experiment, we recorded toad selection among four 16-m2 treatments that varied in area of ground surface covered by coarse woody debris (CWD) and spatial allocation of CWD. Treatments were: (1) ≈100% of the ground area covered by CWD in one large pile (volume of CWD = 1.10 m3, 100CWD); (2) ≈50% of the ground area covered with CWD in one large pile (volume of CWD = 0.60 m3, 50PILE); (3) ≈50% of the ground area covered with CWD dispersed throughout the treatment (volume of CWD = 0.25 m3, 50DISP); and (4) no CWD (0CWD). In the radio-telemetry study, we identified southern toad daytime refuge locations and compared habitat characteristics to paired random locations. From May to August 2013, toads (n = 47) did not use enclosure treatments randomly during nocturnal hours (P < 0.01), and ranking of treatments from most to least selected was 0CWD, 100CWD, 50DISP, 50PILE. When no rain events occurred, toads spent a greater proportion of time during nocturnal hours in 100CWD as temperature increased (P = 0.03). Toads used 100CWD 75% of the time for diurnal refuge. Radio-marked toads (n = 37) avoided grass (P < 0.01) and bare ground (P < 0.01) as diurnal refuge sites. Although radio-marked toads used CWD, other cover sources also were used as refuge sites and toads did not select CWD cover (P = 0.11) over other diurnal refuge types. Our results suggest woody biomass in recently harvested pine plantations is not an essential habitat characteristic during nocturnal hours and therefore may not be important for foraging. Yet, woody biomass may provide diurnal refuge for southern toads, and likely other amphibians, when desiccation risk is high (i.e., temperatures are high and rain does not occur). Additionally, southern toads may use woody biomass for diurnal refuge when other cover sources are not available, but can exhibit behavioral plasticity when cover sources such as vegetation are accessible.}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fritts, S.R. and Grodsky, S.M. and Hazel, D.W. and Homyack, J.A. and Castleberry, S.B. and Moorman, C.E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={81–88} }
 @article{drake_jennelle_liu_grodsky_schumacher_sponsler_2015, title={Regional analysis of wind turbine-caused bat mortality}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1733-5329"]}, DOI={10.3161/15081109acc2015.17.1.015}, abstractNote={Wind energy has been the fastest-growing renewable energy source in the world. Studies have estimated bat fatalities at wind facilities, but direct comparisons of results is difficult and can be misleading due to numerous differences in protocols and methods used. We had a unique opportunity to compare fatality estimates from three wind facilities in southeastern Wisconsin. These three facilities are located within two neighboring counties with similar land use and land cover, used similar post-construction study methodologies, have turbine models that are close in size and nameplate capacity, and all became operational within seven months of each other. Our objectives were to analyze bat mortality data across all three wind facilities to: 1) examine species composition; and 2) investigate whether select structural, habitat, and landscape features influence mortality at a fine and broad scale. Corrected estimates of bat mortality were higher than reported in most other previous research in Midwestern agricultural lands in the United States. Similarities within the data were shared by all three wind facilities, but differences across them included species composition of bat mortalities and raw and corrected number of bat carcasses recovered. Our analysis suggested that select habitat and landscape features were among the predictor variables that explained bat mortality at the broad scale. Given heterogeneity in mortality estimates within the upper Midwest region, we recommend that individual wind facilities conduct project-specific pre- and postconstruction monitoring rather than infer mortality effects based on published results from other wind facilities.}, number={1}, journal={ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA}, author={Drake, David and Jennelle, Christopher S. and Liu, Jian-Nan and Grodsky, Steven M. and Schumacher, Susan and Sponsler, Mike}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={179–188} }
 @article{grodsky_iglay_sorenson_moorman_2015, title={Should Invertebrates Receive Greater Inclusion in Wildlife Research Journals?}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.875}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Grodsky, Steven M. and Iglay, Raymond B. and Sorenson, Clyde E. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={529–536} }
 @article{fritts_moorman_grodsky_hazel_homyack_farrell_castleberry_2015, title={Shrew response to variable woody debris retention: Implications for sustainable forest bioenergy}, volume={336}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2014.10.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.009}, abstractNote={Shrews are integral components of forest food webs and may rely on downed woody debris to provide microhabitats that satisfy high moisture and metabolic requirements. However, woody biomass harvests glean downed woody debris to use as a bioenergy feedstock. Biomass Harvesting Guidelines (BHGs) provide guidance on the amount and distribution of downed woody debris retained after harvest to ensure ecological sustainability of woody biomass harvesting and limit detrimental effects on wildlife. However, the success of Biomass Harvesting Guidelines at reaching sustainability goals, including conservation of wildlife habitat, has not been tested in an operational setting. Thus, we compared shrew captures among six woody biomass harvesting treatments in pine plantations in North Carolina, USA from April to August 2011–2014 (n = 4) and Georgia, USA from April to August 2011–2013 (n = 4). Treatments included: (1) woody biomass harvest with no BHGs; (2) 15% retention with woody biomass dispersed; (3) 15% retention with woody biomass clustered; (4) 30% retention with woody biomass dispersed; (5) 30% retention with woody biomass clustered; and (6) no woody biomass harvested. We sampled shrews with drift fence arrays and compared relative abundance of shrews among treatments using analysis of variance. Additionally, we used general linear regression models to evaluate the influence of downed woody debris volume and vegetation structure on shrew capture success at each drift fence for species with >100 captures/state/year. In 53,690 trap nights, we had 1,712 shrew captures representing three species, Cryptotis parva, Blarina carolinensis, and Sorex longirostris. We did not detect consistent differences in shrew relative abundance among woody biomass harvest treatments, but relative abundance of all species increased over time as vegetation became established. In North Carolina, total shrew capture success was negatively related to volume of downed woody debris within 50 m of the drift fence array (P = 0.05) in 2013 and positively related to bare groundcover in 2013 (P = 0.02) and 2014 (P < 0.01). In Georgia, total shrew capture success was negatively related to herbaceous groundcover (P < 0.01) and leaf litter groundcover (P = 0.02) and positively related to woody vegetation groundcover (P < 0.01) and vertical vegetation structure (P = 0.03) in 2013. Our results suggest that shrews in our study area were associated more with vegetation characteristics than downed woody debris and that woody biomass harvests may have little influence on shrew abundances in the southeastern United States Coastal Plain.}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fritts, S.R. and Moorman, C.E. and Grodsky, S.M. and Hazel, D.W. and Homyack, J.A. and Farrell, C.B. and Castleberry, S.B.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={35–43} }
 @article{grodsky_jennelle_drake_2013, title={BIRD MORTALITY AT A WIND-ENERGY FACILITY NEAR A WETLAND OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1938-5129"]}, DOI={10.1525/cond.2013.120167}, abstractNote={Abstract. Wind turbines provide a source of renewable energy to meet increasing human demand and offset the costs of fossil fuel usage and nuclear power generation. Birds are killed and displaced at wind facilities, so increased understanding of the drivers of mortality and displacement will assist planners considering the future placement and use of wind facilities. Our objectives were to assess the effect on birds of a wind facility in southeastern Wisconsin by (1) recording the species composition of recovered bird carcasses, (2) estimating mortality rates, and (3) identifying variables correlated with fatalities. We found 20 bird carcasses during scheduled searches. On this basis, we estimated that over two springs and two autumns of study from 2008 to 2010, 607 birds (0.026 per turbine per day, 0.017 per megawatt per day) were killed over 277 days of searching at this facility containing 86 turbines. Nocturnally migrating passerines accounted for 50% of the birds found killed. We found a significant negative relationship between bird fatalities and northward movement of birds through the wind facility. Despite the close proximity of Horicon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, a wetland of international importance, we found no relationship between distance to Horicon Marsh and bird fatalities. Our study provides a timely assessment of fatal bird collisions with turbines at a wind facility in agricultural lands, uniquely located near a large wetland at which migrating birds stage.}, number={4}, journal={CONDOR}, author={Grodsky, Steven M. and Jennelle, Christopher S. and Drake, David}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={700–711} }