@article{baby_michielsen_wu_2021, title={Effects of yarn size and blood drop size on wicking and bloodstains in textiles}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1556-4029"]}, DOI={10.1111/1556-4029.14702}, abstractNote={Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) for stains found on non‐porous surfaces has matured into a powerful forensic science tool based on fluid mechanics principles. The same cannot be said when bloodstains are found on porous substrates, such as textiles. This is partially due to the complex nature of textiles with tens of thousands of different materials in addition to unknown wear characteristics. In this study, three single jersey knit fabrics were manufactured from 100% cotton ring‐spun yarns of linear densities of 12, 20, and 30 Ne (492, 295, and 197 dtex, respectively) and nearly identical twist multipliers. Single drops of porcine blood of 2, 10, 30, and 60 µL were allowed to fall 1 cm (to eliminate the impact of blood velocity) onto each fabric to understand the effects of yarn size on wicking and bloodstains. The size of the stain was then measured and compared for different fabrics and blood drop sizes. Wicking of blood into the fabric was fastest for the largest yarn fabrics, but more extensive wicking occurred on finer yarn fabrics resulting in much larger stains. All stains were highly altered due to wicking of blood. The findings from this paper might help the forensic scientists in understanding wicking in textiles and comparing stains on different textiles to gain a better understanding of bloodstains on textiles.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Baby, Ruksana and Michielsen, Stephen and Wu, Jiaying}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={1246–1256} }
 @article{wang_gallardo_michielsen_fang_2021, title={Fundamental study of porcine drip bloodstains on fabrics: Blood droplet impact and wicking dynamics}, volume={318}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110614}, abstractNote={The underlying physics in bloodstain formation on fabrics is not well understood, despite its importance in bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA). This paper presents a fundamental study of the formation of drip bloodstains on fabrics, by focusing on blood droplet impact and wicking dynamics. The bloodstains were created on plain woven fabric by the perpendicular impact of a single blood drop with seven different impact velocities. The whole droplet impact and wicking processes were captured by multiple cameras. Fabric properties were characterized in detail at different levels. The bloodstain formation process was classified into distinct stages, including the inertial impact, initial absorption, first wicking and second wicking stages. The subsequent wicking process greatly alters the impact-induced bloodstains, in terms of bloodstain area. The dimensionless impact-induced stain factor (βi,e) is strongly dependent on the impact velocity while the final stain factor (βf,e) after the second wicking stage is not. The contribution of the subsequent wicking in altering the stain factor (or stain area) is quantified and found to decrease with increasing impact velocity. The blood wicking dynamics on the fabric in the majority of the first wicking stage can be well described by a simple scaling: (βe-βi,e)/βi,e=C[t-ti/ti]1/2, where ti marks the end of the inertial impact stage. The wicking coefficient C, which represents the influence of droplet impact on the subsequent droplet wicking, is found to scale as C∼We-0.34. In the end, brief comments are provided regarding (1) the influence of the evaporation on the blood drop post-impact wicking dynamics and (2) the shape of bloodstains formed on fabrics, with a few suggested research directions for future work.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Wang, Fujun and Gallardo, Vanessa and Michielsen, Stephen and Fang, Tiegang}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_denhartog_2021, title={Wicking in textiles at rates comparable to human sweating}, volume={622}, ISSN={0927-7757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126726}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126726}, abstractNote={To understand liquid transport mechanisms in textiles for thermal comfort, the textile field has developed standard test methods, such as vertical wicking or a droplet test. However, experience has shown that these tests can give contradictory results. Here we try to understand how liquid moves along capillary channels in textiles by simulating realistic human sweating generated from each sweat gland pore. The SWEAT test mimics realistic human sweating by supplying a continuous microfluidic flow to only a single yarn at a single point within the fabric substrate at a similar flow rate to a single sweat gland. We compare the results of typical test methods with either infinite liquid reservoirs or limited, but large amounts of liquid with those of a new test method, the SWEAT test. In the SWEAT test, we found transfer of liquid from one capillary channel to another occurred only at contact points between the yarns and not through the space between yarns. Additionally, we observed a wicking lengthtime superposition: liquid wicked within a single yarn initially, subsequently it spilled over to adjacent yarns, and the initial wicking rate in adjacent yarns was the same as the initial course yarn but with a time offset.}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kim, Hey-sang and Michielsen, Stephen and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={126726} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_denhartog_2020, title={New wicking measurement system to mimic human sweating phenomena with continuous microfluidic flow}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-2461 1573-4803}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04543-4}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-020-04543-4}, number={18}, journal={Journal of Materials Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kim, Hey-sang and Michielsen, Stephen and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={7816–7832} }
 @article{li_powell_michielsen_2020, title={Print clarity on digitally printed textiles - a quantitative evaluation}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1622273}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2019.1622273}, abstractNote={Abstract Print clarity of a digitally printed product has great impact on the final esthetic appearance and performance of the printed products. Print clarity on various textile substrates is considered as image sharpness in this research. The current standard test method is a subjective test where a printed fabric is evaluated visually by one or more human subjects. To advance digital printing of textiles further, it is critical to create a quantitative evaluation method for testing print clarity (sharpness), as has been done with paper. In this paper, a quantitative evaluation of the print clarity (sharpness) of a digitally printed test pattern on textiles was created. Different colors, directions, and fabrics (substrates) were considered in the design of experiment. Eight similar weight and structure woven polyester samples along with a paper substrate were printed with MS JP7 printers using nano-pigments and printed in two directions. The resulting prints were scanned with an EPSON Expression 11000XL Photo Scanner. Several software packages, including Image-Pro and MatLab, were used to process data to analyze and compare image contrast of the test pattern under different conditions. Improved print clarity in digital printing on polyester woven fabric was explored. The newly developed test method is a quantitative test method that makes optimization of the print quality (sharpness) easier and more accurate.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Li, Xingyu and Powell, Nancy B. and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={108–121} }
 @article{sun_zhang_lee_michielsen_2019, title={Equilibrium clamshell drops on conical surfaces: effect of curvature and gravity}, volume={572}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.074}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.074}, abstractNote={Although extensive research has been performed on barrel shaped drops on fibers and cones, little research has been reported for clamshell shaped drops on curved surfaces with a gradient in the curvature. In this article, equilibrium clamshell shaped drops have been simulated on conical fiber sections via finite-element simulation. The equilibrium drop shape, Gibbs free energy, and curvature-induced force along the cone of the equilibrium clamshell drops were obtained using a series of Surface Evolver (SE) simulations including the unique wetting behavior caused by the significant circumferential spreading near the apex of the cone. This series also incorporated the effect of drop volume, cone half-angle and contact angle. Furthermore, the effect of gravity was simulated based on the difference between sessile and pendant drops on the conical surface.}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Zhang, Wenwen and Lee, Hoon Joo and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={203–210} }
 @article{wu_michielsen_baby_2019, title={Impact Spatter Bloodstain Patterns on Textiles}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1556-4029"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13951}, DOI={10.1111/1556-4029.13951}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Wu, Jiaying and Michielsen, Stephen and Baby, Ruksana}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={702–710} }
 @article{vu_michielsen_2019, title={Near room temperature dyeing of m-aramid fabrics}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48190}, DOI={10.1002/app.48190}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Due to their high crystallinity and inertness, the coloration of meta‐aramid fiber has been widely confirmed to be difficult. Though substantial improvements have been achieved, the dyeing of this fiber still requires high temperature and long duration for good color strength and shade. In this article, grafting poly(acrylic acid), a polyelectrolyte, onto meta‐aramind fibers followed by dyeing via conventional pad‐dry‐cure technique resulted in good dyeing and a decrease the dyeing time and temperature. Dyed samples that possess industrially acceptable K/S values were produced in 15 minutes at room temperature (25–27 °C) under neutral pH. Dyed samples had good dry and wet crockfastness. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 48190.}, number={45}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vu, Nguyen and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{feng_michielsen_attinger_2018, title={Impact of carpet construction on fluid penetration: The case of blood}, volume={284}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.009}, abstractNote={Bloodstains and bloodstain patterns are often observed at crime scenes and their analysis through bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) can assist in reconstructing crime scenes. However, most published work related to BPA only deals with hard, non-porous surfaces and none of the studies have carefully characterized carpets. Soft and porous carpets are often encountered at crime scenes since they are common in American homes accounting for 51% of total U.S. flooring market; this has motivated the research described herein. To assess fluid penetration into tufted carpers, a new method for determining porosity and pore size distribution in tufted carpets has been developed for bloodstains on carpet. In this study, three kinds of nylon carpet were used: a low, a medium and a high face-weight carpet. Each carpet had an antistain treatment, which was removed from half of each carpet by steam-cleaning with a pH 12 NaOH solution. This resulted in six carpet samples. Yarn twist, carpet weight, pile height, water contact angles on carpets, water contact angles on individual fibers, and fiber cross-sectional shapes were characterized. Porosity and pore size distribution were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Porcine blood was used as a human blood substitute at three liquid volumes (30μL, 10μL, and 2μL). Analysis showed that porous carpet construction and antistain finishing both affected penetration. The depth of blood penetration decreased with the increase of carpet face-weight but increased with increased drop height. The removal of antistain treatment increased blood penetration into the carpets and changed the pore size distribution. Effects of antistain treatment, porosity and pore size distribution of tufted carpet, and blood wicking behaviors on carpets were found to strongly affect blood penetration into the carpets.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Feng, Chengcheng and Michielsen, Stephen and Attinger, Daniel}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={184–193} }
 @article{sun_lee_michielsen_wilusz_2018, title={Profile of capillary bridges between two vertically stacked cylindrical fibers under gravitational effect}, volume={441}, ISSN={["1873-5584"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.109}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.109}, abstractNote={Although profiles of axisymmetric capillary bridges between two cylindrical fibers have been extensively studied, little research has been reported on capillary bridges under external forces such as the gravitational force. This is because external forces add significant complications to the Laplace–Young equation, making it difficult to predict drop profiles based on analytical approaches. In this paper, simulations of capillary bridges between two vertically stacked cylindrical fibers with gravitational effect taken into consideration are studied. The asymmetrical structure of capillary bridges that are hard to predict based on analytical approaches was studied via a numerical approach based on Surface Evolver (SE). The axial and the circumferential spreading of liquids on two identical fibers in the presence of gravitational effects are predicted to determine when the gravitational effects are significant or can be neglected. The effect of liquid volume, equilibrium contact angle, the distance between two fibers and fiber radii. The simulation results were verified by comparing them with experimental measurements. Based on SE simulations, curves representing the spreading of capillary bridges along the two cylindrical fibers were obtained. The gravitational effect was scaled based on the difference of the spreading on upper and lower fibers.}, journal={APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Xiaohang and Lee, Hoon Joo and Michielsen, Stephen and Wilusz, Eugene}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={791–797} }
 @article{li_lee_michielsen_2017, title={Design of abrasion resistant super-antiwetting nylon surfaces}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1369-9261"]}, DOI={10.1039/c7nj02807e}, abstractNote={Abrasion resistant super-antiwetting nylon surface designed through a three-step wet chemistry steps}, number={22}, journal={NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY}, author={Li, Guoqing and Lee, Hoon Joo and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={13593–13599} }
 @article{li_li_michielsen_2017, title={Effect of yarn structure on wicking and its impact on bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) on woven cotton fabrics}, volume={276}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.011}, abstractNote={Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) of bloodstains on hard, non-porous surfaces has found widespread use in crime scene analysis and reconstruction for violent crimes in which bloodshed occurs. At many violent crime scenes, bloody clothing is also found and may be analyzed. However, to date, there are no definitive methods for analyzing bloodstains on textiles, even for simple drip stains. There are two major classes of textiles used for apparel and household textiles, weaves and knits. In this article, drip stains on two 100% cotton plain weave fabrics representative of bed sheets are analyzed. Since it is common practice in the manufacture of bed sheeting to use different types of yarn in the warp and weft direction to reduce cost, custom weaves were made from yarns produced by each of the three most common staple yarn production techniques to control this variable. It was found that porcine blood wicked into the fabrics made with ring spun yarn, but not into those made with open end or vortex spun yarns. The uneven wicking of blood into the different yarns resulted in elliptical-shaped stains on commercial bed sheeting that can be misleading when performing bloodstain pattern interpretation based on the stain morphology. This surprising result demonstrates that it is not sufficient to analyze the structure of the fabric, but one must also characterize the yarns from which the fabric is made. This study highlights the importance of a deeper characterization of the textile structure, even down to the yarn level, for BPA on textiles.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Li, Xingyu and Li, Jingyao and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={41–50} }
 @article{lim_powell_lee_michielsen_2017, title={Geometric impact of void space in woven fabrics on oil resistance or repellency}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1573-4803"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1022-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-017-1022-9}, number={13}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lim, Jihye and Powell, Nancy and Lee, Hoonjoo and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={8149–8158} }
 @article{li_li_michielsen_2016, title={Alternative method for determining the original drop volume of bloodstains on knit fabrics}, volume={263}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.018}, abstractNote={Bloodstains are often observed at violent crime scenes and on the skin and clothing of persons involved. The diameters of the blood drops that created these stains are related to the force or energy that caused these drops to become airborne. This has resulted in several attempts to determine the diameter of the original drops, beginning with the methods reported in the pioneering work of Henry Lee [6]. However, his methods destroyed the bloodstain during the measurement. Other methods described in the literature cannot be applied to bloodstains on textiles. A new, rapid, reliable, non-destructive method for determining the diameter of the original drop of blood that results in a stain has been developed for bloodstains on cotton single jersey knit (tee-shirt) fabrics, which is one of the most common fabrics analyzed for BPA both at crime scenes and in forensic laboratories. In this method, a drop of known volume of an appropriate artificial blood substitute is applied to a region similar to the stained region but in an area away from any stains/areas of interest. The areas of the original stain and the artificial blood substitute stain are determined, from which the original drop diameter can be calculated. Errors in the drop diameters, the Reynolds numbers and the Weber numbers resulting from this procedure are less than approximately 6%. This procedure has only been verified on cotton single jersey knit fabrics with 30μL≤drop volume≤80μL. It should not be applied to other materials.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Li, Jingyao and Li, Xingyu and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={194–203} }
 @article{chang_michielsen_2016, title={Effect of fabric mounting method and backing material on bloodstain patterns of drip stains on textiles}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1437-1596"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1314-z}, DOI={10.1007/s00414-015-1314-z}, abstractNote={Textiles may provide valuable bloodstain evidence to help piece together events or activities at violent crime scenes. However, in spite of over 75 years of research, there are still difficulties encountered in many cases in the interpretation and identification of bloodstains on textiles. In this study, we dripped porcine blood onto three types of fabric (plain woven, single jersey knit, and denim) that are supported in four different ways (hard, taut, loose, and semi-hard, i.e., fabric laid on denim). These four mounting methods represent different ways in which a textile may be present when blood from a violent act lands on it. This study investigates how the fabric mounting method and backing material affect the appearance of drip stains on textiles. We found that bloodstain patterns formed on fabric lying flat on a hard surface were very different from when the same fabric was suspended loosely. We also found that bloodstains formed on the technical back of single jersey knit were vastly different from those on the technical face. Interestingly, some drip stains showed blood passing through the textile and leaving a stain behind it that resembled insect stains. By observing, recording, and describing how a blood stained textile is found or presented at the scene, the analyst may be able to better understand bloodstains and bloodstain patterns on textiles, which could be useful to confirm or refute a witness's account of how blood came to be where it was found after a bloodshed event.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Chang, J. Y. M. and Michielsen, S.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={649–659} }
 @article{williams_dodds_taylor_li_michielsen_2016, title={Impact dynamics of porcine drip bloodstains on fabrics}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.037}, abstractNote={As a passive blood drop impacts a hard surface, it is observed to collapse and spread laterally, then retract and settle. During the spreading phase, the edge of the drop may rise forming a crown extending into spines and breaking up into secondary drops. When a similar drop falls onto a textile surface these same processes may occur, but the process of blood wicking into the fabric complicates stain formation. These processes are described within for passive drip stains collected under controlled conditions using anticoagulated porcine blood. Three stages of this impact process were identified and could be separated into distinct time zones: (1) spreading (time t ≤ 2.5 ms) and (2) retraction (2.5 ≤ t ≤ 12 ms) on the surface with potential splashing at the periphery, and (3) wicking (30 ms ≤ t ≤ 30 min) of the blood into the fabric. Although wetting and wicking may also occur for t < 30 ms, the vast majority of wetting and wicking occur after this time and thus the short-time wicking can be ignored. In addition, the number of satellite stains correlates with the surface roughness with the number of satellites for jersey knit > plain-woven > cardboard. Conversely, the size of the satellite stains correlates with the amount of wicking in the fabric with the satellite stain size for plain-woven > jersey knit > cardboard.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Williams, Elisabeth M. P. and Dodds, Margaret and Taylor, Michael C. and Li, Jingyao and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={66–72} }
 @article{lim_powell_lee_michielsen_2016, title={Integration of yarn compression in modeling structural geometry of liquid resistant-repellent fabric surfaces and its impact on liquid behavior}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1573-4803"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-016-0001-x}, number={15}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Lim, Jihye and Powell, Nancy and Lee, Hoonjoo and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={7199–7210} }
 @article{luo_mazer_guo_zhang_weiner_hu_2016, title={Nitrogen:phosphorous supply ratio and allometry in five alpine plant species}, volume={6}, ISSN={2045-7758}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ECE3.2587}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.2587}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={24}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Luo, Xi and Mazer, Susan J. and Guo, Hui and Zhang, Nan and Weiner, Jacob and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={8881–8892} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_2016, title={Synthesis of Antifungal Agents from Xanthene and Thiazine Dyes and Analysis of Their Effects}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2079-4991"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6120243}, DOI={10.3390/nano6120243}, abstractNote={Indoor fungi growth is an increasing home health problem as our homes are more tightly sealed. One thing that limits durability of the antifungal agents is the scarcity of reactive sites on many surfaces to attach these agents. In order to increase graft yield of photosensitizers to the fabrics, poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene sulfonic acid-co-vinyl benzyl rose bengal or phloxine B) were polymerized and then grafted to electrospun fabrics. In an alternative process, azure A or toluidine blue O were grafted to poly(acrylic acid), which was subsequently grafted to nanofiber-based and microfiber-based fabrics. The fabrics grafted with photosensitizers induced antifungal effects on all seven types of fungi in the order of rose bengal > phloxine B > toluidine blue O > azure A, which follows the quantum yield production of singlet oxygen for these photoactive dyes. Their inhibition rates for inactivating fungal spores decreased in the order of P. cinnamomi, T. viride, A. niger, A. fumigatus, C. globosum, P. funiculosum, and M. grisea, which is associated with lipid composition in membrane and the morphology of fungal spores. The antifungal activity was also correlated with the surface area of fabric types which grafted the photosensitizer covalently on the surface as determined by the bound color strength.}, number={12}, journal={NANOMATERIALS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kim, Joo Ran and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2016}, month={Dec} }
 @article{zhang_vinueza_datta_michielsen_2015, title={Functional dye as a comonomer in a water-soluble polymer}, volume={53}, ISSN={0887-624X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/POLA.27592}, DOI={10.1002/POLA.27592}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT In many applications, a functional additive is blended into a polymer matrix to enhance its properties. However, when the polymer and functional additive are applied to a surface, the functional molecule may be easily lost. In favorable cases, it may be possible to incorporate the additive directly into the polymer as a comonomer. In this study, a functionalized polymer has been obtained through the combination of linking a photodynamic, antimicrobial dye, Rose Bengal, to vinyl benzyl chloride via etherification and then polymerizing this into a water‐soluble polymer using chain growth copolymerization. Characterization of the efficiency of synthesis, solubility of the final product, and singlet oxygen production rate has been performed. Dialysis was used to determine the extent of incorporation of the dye into the polymer. The chemical structure of the intermediate produced through etherification has been verified. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53 , 1594–1599}, number={13}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zhang, Wenwen and Vinueza, Nelson R. and Datta, Preeta and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={1594–1599} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_2015, title={Photodynamic activity of nanostructured fabrics grafted with xanthene and thiazine dyes against opportunistic fungi}, volume={150}, ISSN={["1011-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.019}, abstractNote={Fungi are an important class of human pathogens for which considerable research has gone into defeating them. The photodynamic effects of rose bengal (RB), phloxine B (PB), azure A (AA), and toluidine blue O (TBO) dyes to inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, and Chaetomium globosum were investigated grafted to nano- and micro-structured fabrics. Three antifungal tests conducted: broth microdilution test of free dyes, zone of inhibition and quantitative antifungal assays on fabrics grafted with dyes. In the broth microdilution test, free RB displayed the lowest MIC at 32 μM to inhibit visible hyphal growth and germination but the antifungal ability of MIC for other photosensitizers below 63 μM was insignificant. RB and PB showed lower MIC than AA and TBO. In the inhibition zone tests, nanostructured fabrics grafted with RB and PB did not display fungal growth on the surface. Most microstructured fabrics grafted with AA and TBO showed little inhibition. In quantitative antifungal assay, nanostructured fabrics grafted with RB has the largest inhibition rate on T. viride and the lowest inhibition rate on P. funiculosum and the results showed the increasing inhibition rate in the order of AA < TBO < PB < RB.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kim, Joo Ran and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={50–59} }
 @article{kim_michielsen_2015, title={Photodynamic antifungal activities of nanostructured fabrics grafted with rose bengal and phloxine B against Aspergillus fumigatus}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.42114}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={26}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Kim, Joo Ran and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @article{akyildiz_michielsen_2013, title={Improving water solubility of poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) copolymers by adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer}, volume={129}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000319275700064&KeyUID=WOS:000319275700064}, DOI={10.1002/app.38933}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Akyildiz, Halil I. and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={2208–2215} }
 @article{yilmaz_powell_banks-lee_michielsen_2013, title={Multi-fiber needle-punched nonwoven composites: Effects of heat treatment on sound absorption performance}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1530-8057"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000324590000006&KeyUID=WOS:000324590000006}, DOI={10.1177/1528083712452899}, abstractNote={ Nonwovens have been increasingly used in car interiors for noise reduction. Most of these nonwovens are subjected to thermal treatments to give the nonwovens their final three-dimensional forms. Therefore, it became crucial to investigate the effects of thermal treatment on sound absorption characteristics of nonwovens. In this study, the effects of the material and treatment parameters on airflow resistivity and normal-incidence sound absorption coefficient of thermally treated three-layered nonwoven composites have been studied. The material parameters included fiber size and porosity. The treatment factors included the temperature and duration. The thermally treated three-layered nonwoven composites are classified into three types based on the material content and fiber blend. Sandwich structures consisting of polylactide/hemp/polylactide and polypropylene/glassfiber/polypropylene layers were called LHL and PGP, respectively. The sample which consisted of three layers of an intimate blend of polypropylene-glassfiber was named as PGI. Both temperature and duration of thermal treatment have been found to affect air flow resistivity and sound absorption. An increase in air flow resistivity and a decrease in sound absorption have been detected with heat treatment. A similarity has been observed between the thermal behaviors of PGP and PGI, which included the same thermoplastic polymer fiber. Variation in air flow resistivity of sandwich structure nonwoven composites increased with the increase in temperature, which was not observed in the intimate blend ones. The air flow resistivity of heat-treated nonwovens followed a steeper trend compared to unheated nonwovens per change in material parameters. In terms of treatment parameters, the difference between the thermal treatment and the melting point of the thermoplastics constituent of the nonwoven composite was found to be a significant factor on sound absorption. This effect of treatment temperature on sound absorption changed with treatment duration. The sound absorptive characteristic of the nonwoven composites in terms of sound frequency underwent a change with thermal treatment due to the structural changes with exposure to high temperature. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES}, author={Yilmaz, Nazire Deniz and Powell, Nancy B. and Banks-Lee, Pamela and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={231–246} }
 @article{wang_michielsen_lee_2013, title={Symmetric and Asymmetric Capillary Bridges between a Rough Surface and a Parallel Surface}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1520-5827"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000326128900008&KeyUID=WOS:000326128900008}, DOI={10.1021/la401324f}, abstractNote={Although the formation of a capillary bridge between two parallel surfaces has been extensively studied, the majority of research has described only symmetric capillary bridges between two smooth surfaces. In this work, an instrument was built to form a capillary bridge by squeezing a liquid drop on one surface with another surface. An analytical solution that describes the shape of symmetric capillary bridges joining two smooth surfaces has been extended to bridges that are asymmetric about the midplane and to rough surfaces. The solution, given by elliptical integrals of the first and second kind, is consistent with a constant Laplace pressure over the entire surface and has been verified for water, Kaydol, and dodecane drops forming symmetric and asymmetric bridges between parallel smooth surfaces. This solution has been applied to asymmetric capillary bridges between a smooth surface and a rough fabric surface as well as symmetric bridges between two rough surfaces. These solutions have been experimentally verified, and good agreement has been found between predicted and experimental profiles for small drops where the effect of gravity is negligible. Finally, a protocol for determining the profile from the volume and height of the capillary bridge has been developed and experimentally verified.}, number={35}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Wang, Yongxin and Michielsen, Stephen and Lee, Hoon Joo}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={11028–11037} }
 @article{yilmaz_michielsen_banks-lee_powell_2012, title={Effects of Material and Treatment Parameters on Noise-Control Performance of Compressed Three-Layered Multifiber Needle-Punched Nonwovens}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000297932300024&KeyUID=WOS:000297932300024}, DOI={10.1002/app.34712}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Yilmaz, Nazire Deniz and Michielsen, Stephen and Banks-Lee, Pamela and Powell, Nancy B.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={2095–2106} }
 @article{yilmaz_powell_banks-lee_michielsen_2012, title={Hemp-fiber Based Nonwoven Composites: Effects of Alkalization on Sound Absorption Performance}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1875-0052"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000309249900015&KeyUID=WOS:000309249900015}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-012-0915-0}, number={7}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Yilmaz, Nazire Deniz and Powell, Nancy B. and Banks-Lee, Pamela and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={915–922} }
 @article{saraf_lee_michielsen_owens_willis_stone_wilusz_2011, title={Comparison of three methods for generating superhydrophobic, superoleophobic nylon nonwoven surfaces}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0022-2461"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000291359700020&KeyUID=WOS:000291359700020}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-011-5530-8}, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Saraf, Rahul and Lee, Hoon Joo and Michielsen, Stephen and Owens, Jeffery and Willis, Colin and Stone, Corinne and Wilusz, Eugene}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={5751–5760} }
 @article{yilmaz_banks-lee_powell_michielsen_2011, title={Effects of Porosity, Fiber Size, and Layering Sequence on Sound Absorption Performance of Needle-Punched Nonwovens}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000291598100069&KeyUID=WOS:000291598100069}, DOI={10.1002/app.33312}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Yilmaz, Nazire Deniz and Banks-Lee, Pamela and Powell, Nancy B. and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={3056–3069} }
 @article{michielsen_zhang_du_lee_2011, title={Gibbs Free Energy of Liquid Drops on Conical Fibers}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000295187300020&KeyUID=WOS:000295187300020}, DOI={10.1021/la202952e}, abstractNote={Small drops can move spontaneously on conical fibers. As a drop moves along the cone, it must change shape to maintain a constant volume, and thus, it must change its surface energy. Simultaneously, the exposed surface area of the underlying cone must also change. The associated surface energies should balance each other, and the drop should stop moving when it reaches a location where the free energy is a minimum. In this paper, a minimum Gibbs free energy analysis has been performed to predict where a drop will stop on a conical fiber. To obtain the Gibbs free energies of a drop at different locations of a conical fiber, the theoretical expressions for the shape of a droplet on a conical fiber are derived by extending Carroll's equations for a drop on a cylindrical fiber. The predicted Gibbs free energy exhibits a minimum along the length of the cone. For a constant cone angle, as the contact angle between the liquid and the cone increases, the drop will move toward the apex of the cone. Likewise, for a constant contact angle, as the cone angle increases, the drop moves toward the apex. Experiments in which water and dodecane were placed on glass cones verify these dependencies. Thus, the final location of a drop on a conical fiber can be predicted on the basis of the geometry and surface energy of the cone, the surface tension and volume of the liquid, and the original location where the drop was deposited.}, number={19}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Michielsen, Stephen and Zhang, Jinlin and Du, Jinmei and Lee, Hoon Joo}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={11867–11872} }
 @article{du_michielsen_lee_2011, title={Profiles of Liquid Drops at the Bottom of Cylindrical Fibers Standing on Flat Substrates}, volume={28}, ISSN={0743-7463 1520-5827}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la2036407}, DOI={10.1021/la2036407}, abstractNote={Based on Carroll's derivation that describes a symmetric liquid drop sitting on an infinite cylindrical fiber and the shape of the drop, we have extended the derivation to describe a drop located at the bottom of cylindrical fibers standing on flat substrates. According to our derivation, the shape of the drop forms a bell as predicted by Carroll but is cut off by the flat substrate. This theoretical prediction was verified experimentally using water, ethylene glycol, and Kaydol drops on glass, nylon and polypropylene cylindrical fibers, and on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyester (PET) flat substrates. We found that only four parameters are required to obtain agreement between the theoretical shape and the observed shape: the drop volume, the fiber radius, the liquid-fiber contact angle, and liquid-flat substrate contact angle.}, number={1}, journal={Langmuir}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Du, Jinmei and Michielsen, Stephen and Lee, Hoon Joo}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={722–728} }
 @article{yoon_king_michielsen_el-shafei_johnson_2010, title={Influence of surface modification on the adhesion between Nitinol wire and fluoropolymer films}, volume={8}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000280079000002&KeyUID=WOS:000280079000002}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics}, author={Yoon, H. and King, M. W. and Michielsen, S. and El-Shafei, A. and Johnson, E.}, year={2010}, pages={7–13} }
 @article{du_michielsen_lee_2010, title={Profiles of Liquid Drops at the Tips of Cylindrical Fibers}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000282936700041&KeyUID=WOS:000282936700041}, DOI={10.1021/la1031448}, abstractNote={In 1976, B. J. Carroll derived the equation to show that a symmetric liquid droplet sitting on a thin cylindrical fiber would acquire a bell shape at equilibrium. We have extended his derivation to describe a drop located at the top end of a vertical, cylindrical fiber. By minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the drop at the fiber tip, it was found that the drop consists of two portions, a spherical cap on the fiber tip and a full, symmetrical bell located on the fiber body adjacent to the fiber tip. The experimental verification of the predicted shapes was performed using water, ethylene glycol, and Kaydol drops on nylon cylindrical fibers. Only four parameters are required to obtain agreement between the theoretical shape and the observed shape: the drop volume, the fiber radius, the surface tension of the liquid, and the Young contact angle of the liquid on a flat surface of the same composition as the fiber.}, number={20}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Du, Jinmei and Michielsen, Stephen and Lee, Hoon Joo}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={16000–16004} }
 @article{michielsen_jain_2010, title={Thermal Bonding of Nonwovens as Simulated by Polypropylene Films: Effect of Time, Temperature, and Molecular Weight}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000279958200028&KeyUID=WOS:000279958200028}, DOI={10.1002/app.31220}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Michielsen, Stephen and Jain, Siddharth}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={3322–3330} }
 @article{begenir_michielsen_pourdeyhimi_2009, title={Crystallization Behavior of Elastomeric Block Copolymers: Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Polyether-block-Amide}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000261660200013&KeyUID=WOS:000261660200013}, DOI={10.1002/app.29082}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Begenir, Asli and Michielsen, Stephen and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={1246–1256} }
 @article{begenir_michielsen_pourdeyhimi_2009, title={Melt-Blowing Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Polyether-Block-Amide Elastomers: Effect of Processing Conditions and Crystallization on Web Properties}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1548-2634"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000267579200010&KeyUID=WOS:000267579200010}, DOI={10.1002/pen.21244}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE}, author={Begenir, Asli and Michielsen, Stephen and Pourdeyhimi, Behnam}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={1340–1349} }
 @book{jain_michielsen_donghua_2009, title={Thermal Bonding of Polypropylene}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000270540900019&KeyUID=WOS:000270540900019}, journal={Proceedings of the Fiber Society 2009 Spring Conference, Vols I and Ii}, author={Jain, S. and Michielsen, S. and Donghua, University}, year={2009}, pages={66–67} }
 @article{michielsen_lee_2007, title={Design of a superhydrophobic surface using woven structures}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000246456700026&KeyUID=WOS:000246456700026}, DOI={10.1021/la063157z}, abstractNote={The relationship between surface tension and roughness is reviewed. The Cassie-Baxter model is restated in its original form, which better describes the most general cases of surface roughness. Using mechanical and chemical surface modification of nylon 6,6 woven fabric, an artificial superhydrophobic surface was prepared. A plain woven fabric mimicking the Lotus leaf was created by further grafting 1H,1H-perfluorooctylamine or octadecylamine to poly(acrylic acid) chains which had previously been grafted onto a nylon 6,6 woven fabric surface. Water contact angles as high as 168 degrees were achieved. Good agreement between the predictions based on the original Cassie-Baxter model and experiments was obtained. The version of the Cassie-Baxter model in current use could not be applied to this problem since the surface area fractions in this form is valid only when the liquid is in contact with a flat, porous surface. The angle at which a water droplet rolls off the surface has also been used to define a superhydrophobic surface. It is shown that the roll-off angle is highly dependent on droplet size. The roll-off angles of these superhydrophobic surfaces were less than 5 degrees when a 0.5 mL water droplet was applied.}, number={11}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Michielsen, Stephen and Lee, Hoon J.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={6004–6010} }
 @article{lee_michielsen_2007, title={Preparation of a superhydrophobic rough surface}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000243414800002&KeyUID=WOS:000243414800002}, DOI={10.1002/polb.21036}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Lee, Hoon Joo and Michielsen, Stephen}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={253–261} }
 @article{satcher_gorga_rinaldi_michielsen_barrera_fedorova_hinestroza_chhaparwal_dondero_ghosh_et al._2007, title={Textile Nanotechnologies}, DOI={10.1201/9781420007848.ch21}, journal={Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, Second Edition}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Satcher, Melinda and Gorga, Russell and Rinaldi, Carlos and Michielsen, Stephen and Barrera, Carola and Fedorova, N and Hinestroza, Juan and Chhaparwal, Saurabh and Dondero, William and Ghosh, Tushar and et al.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={21–1-21–66} }
 @article{michielsen_2006, title={Device for measuring sliding friction on highloft nonwovens}, volume={1}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000204405100002&KeyUID=WOS:000204405100002}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={2006}, pages={23–31} }
 @article{michielsen_2006, title={Guarded friction meter}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={2006} }
 @article{averett_realff_michielsen_neu_2006, title={Mechanical behavior of nylon 66 fibers under monotonic and cyclic loading}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1879-1050"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000239138700017&KeyUID=WOS:000239138700017}, DOI={10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.11.037}, abstractNote={The deformation and fracture behavior of partially oriented nylon 66 fibers with a diameter approximately 33 μm exposed to uniaxial monotonic and cyclic loading was studied using a unique test technique. Prior cyclic deformation resulted in a ratchet strain as well as a decrease in residual strength and ductility of the fibers. A description of the fracture process is hypothesized and supported by critical flaw size and energy calculations. The critical flaw size at fracture did not depend on the prior cyclic loading history.}, number={11-12}, journal={COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Averett, Rodney D. and Realff, Mary L. and Michielsen, Stephen and Neu, Richard W.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={1671–1681} }
 @article{thompson_michielsen_2006, title={Novel synthesis of N-substituted polyacrylamides: Derivatization of poly(acrylic acid) with amines using a triazine-based condensing reagent}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000234091800013&KeyUID=WOS:000234091800013}, DOI={10.1002/pola.21042}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Thompson, K and Michielsen, S}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={126–136} }
 @article{song_bhaumik_arai_bottomley_kramarz_bartling_pavlostathis_michielsen_2006, title={Photochemical decolorization of textile dyes}, volume={231}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000238125900242&KeyUID=WOS:000238125900242}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Song, C. K. and Bhaumik, P. and Arai, S. and Bottomley, L. A. and Kramarz, M. J. and Bartling, J. and Pavlostathis, S. G. and Michielsen, S.}, year={2006} }
 @article{zapletalova_michielsen_pourdeyhimi_2006, title={Polyether based thermoplastic polyurethane melt blown nonwovens}, volume={1}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000204405100005&KeyUID=WOS:000204405100005}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Zapletalova, T. and Michielsen, S. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2006}, pages={62–72} }
 @article{michielsen_pourdeyhimi_desai_2006, title={Review of thermally point-bonded nonwovens: Materials, processes, and properties}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000235099200069&KeyUID=WOS:000235099200069}, DOI={10.1002/app.22858}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Michielsen, S and Pourdeyhimi, B and Desai, P}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={2489–2496} }
 @article{lee_michielsen_2006, title={Technical note - Lotus effect: Superhydrophobicity}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0040-5000"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000242966000011&KeyUID=WOS:000242966000011}, DOI={10.1533/joti.2006.0271}, abstractNote={Abstract The relationships among contact angles, surface tensions, and surface roughness are reviewed. The various numerical formulae related to contact angles were used to predict the surface tension and wetting behavior of polymer surfaces. The apparent contact angle of a droplet deposited on a textured surface is presented, and the characteristics required for a superhydrophobic surface are described. This study also presents the effect of the sliding angles of liquid droplets on smooth and rough surfaces. The contact angle hysteresis was found to be very important in understanding the drop motion on a surface. Contact angle hystereses increased on a Wenzel-type surface, while a Cassie-Baxter type surface reduced the hystereses for the same surface roughness and surface tensions.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Lee, H. J. and Michielsen, S.}, year={2006}, pages={455–462} }
 @article{yang_michielsen_2004, title={Analysis of the 1030-cm(-1) band of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using polarized Raman microscopy}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000187214500006&KeyUID=WOS:000187214500006}, DOI={10.1002/polb.10678}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Yang, SY and Michielsen, S}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={47–52} }
 @inbook{michielsen_2004, place={New York}, title={Tribology in Textile Manufacturing and Use}, booktitle={Mechanical Tribological: Materials, Characterizations, and Applications}, author={Michielsen, S.}, editor={Totten, George E. and Liang, Hong and Dekker, MarcelEditors}, year={2004}, pages={375–395} }
 @article{michielsen_2003, title={Effect of surface charge on acid dye uptake by nylon-6,6}, volume={225}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000187918002875&KeyUID=WOS:000187918002875}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={2003}, pages={U558} }
 @article{sherrill_michielsen_stojiljkovic_2003, title={Grafting of light-activated antimicrobial materials to nylon films}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000179974500005&KeyUID=WOS:000179974500005}, DOI={10.1002/pola.10556}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Sherrill, J and Michielsen, S and Stojiljkovic, I}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={41–47} }
 @article{michielsen_yang_2003, title={Orientation distribution function for PET chains via Raman microspectroscopy}, volume={226}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000187062502757&KeyUID=WOS:000187062502757}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Michielsen, S. and Yang, S. Y.}, year={2003}, pages={U524} }
 @article{yang_michielsen_2003, title={Orientation distribution functions obtained via polarized Raman spectroscopy of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0024-9297"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000184943100030&KeyUID=WOS:000184943100030}, DOI={10.1021/ma034486q}, abstractNote={Polarized Raman microspectroscopy was used to analyze uniaxially oriented fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). A full analysis of bands at 1616, 998, and 1096 cm-1 is reported for cylindrically symmetric PET fibers. Average orientation and crystal orientation are obtained from the 1616 and 998 cm-1 band, respectively. Although both the 1096 and the 998 cm-1 bands are related to the crystallinity, the second Legendre polynomial of the 1096 cm-1 band, P2,1096, is substantially smaller than for the 998 cm-1 band, P2,998. In addition, P2,1096 is not related to the birefringence of the samples, and there is no simple relationship between P2,1096 and P2,998. The orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for these vibrations were obtained by assuming a Gaussian distribution with a tilt angle relative to the fiber axis and specific to each vibration. The 1616 cm-1 band has a tilt angle of 23 ± 4°, and the ODF becomes narrower as molecular orientation increases. The 998 cm-1 band has a tilt angle of appro...}, number={17}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Yang, SY and Michielsen, S}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={6484–6492} }
 @article{bozja_sherrill_michielsen_stojiljkovic_2003, title={Porphyrin-based, light-activated antimicrobial materials}, volume={41}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000184076500001&KeyUID=WOS:000184076500001}, DOI={10.1002/pola.10773}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={15}, journal={Journal of Polymer Science Part a-Polymer Chemistry}, author={Bozja, J. and Sherrill, J. and Michielsen, S. and Stojiljkovic, I.}, year={2003}, pages={2297–2303} }
 @article{michielsen_2003, title={Surface modification of fibers via graft-site amplifying polymers}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={2003}, pages={41–44} }
 @article{yang_michielsen_2002, title={Determination of the orientation parameters and the Raman tensor of the 998 cm(-1) band of poly(ethylene terephthalate)}, volume={35}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000180089100033&KeyUID=WOS:000180089100033}, DOI={10.1021/ma0206568}, abstractNote={Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the crystal orientation in uniaxially oriented fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The Raman tensor ratios and the second- (P2) and fourth-order (P4) Legendre polynomials of the orientation distribution function of the 998 cm-1 vibrational band are reported. We show that both P2 and P4 for this band increase more rapidly than the average chain orientation as determined by birefringence. In addition, they reach plateau values of P2 = 0.90 ± 0.06 and P4 = 0.55 ± 0.09 for birefringence values >0.05 in our drawn and annealed samples. Since this band has been assigned to the all-trans conformation of the glycol unit, we suggest that these P2 and P4 values correspond to the orientation of the crystalline units. This is the first time that the orientation parameters of the crystals of PET as determined by polarized Raman spectroscopy have been reported.}, number={27}, journal={Macromolecules}, author={Yang, S. Y. and Michielsen, S.}, year={2002}, pages={10108–10113} }
 @article{mcfarland_carr_michielsen_2002, title={Determining diffusion and convective mass transfer coefficients in dyeing a thin flat film}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000177915900002&KeyUID=WOS:000177915900002}, DOI={10.1177/004051750207200902}, abstractNote={A method based on laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) has been developed for simultaneously obtaining the diffusion coefficient D and the ratio of the convection mass transfer coefficient hmand the partition coefficient K. This new method, which is demonstrated for a nylon film dyed with a disperse dye, is nondestructive and much faster than previously used methods for obtaining D that neglect the boundary layer effects. Although based on the fluorescence of dyes, this technique is successfully used with real dyes (not model dyes) at industrially relevant concentrations. LSCM is used to quantita tively measure the relative concentration profiles of a dye through a film, and corrections are made for the strong absorption of the incident laser light as it passes through the film. The data are then modeled using known mass transfer relationships to simultaneously obtain D and the ratio hm/K. Since K is measured in a separate experiment, all three mass transfer parameters are determined.}, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={McFarland, EG and Carr, WW and Michielsen, S}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={756–763} }
 @article{tobiesen_michielsen_2002, title={Method for grafting poly(acrylic acid) onto nylon 6,6 using amine end groups on nylon surface}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000173818200009&KeyUID=WOS:000173818200009}, DOI={10.1002/pola.10149}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Tobiesen, FA and Michielsen, S}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={719–728} }
 @article{wang_michielsen_2002, title={Morphology gradients in thermally point-bonded poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwovens}, volume={72}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000175755700004&KeyUID=WOS:000175755700004}, DOI={10.1177/004051750207200504}, abstractNote={ In a previous article, a sharp change in the birefringence and density of polypropylene fibers was reported at the edge of thermal point bonds in nonwovens. In this article, similar results are shown for polyester nonwovens. First, in both isotactic polypropylene (ipp) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), the morphology of the fibers between the bond points is identical to that of the original feed fibers. Second, the morphology of the bond points is substantially different from that of the fibers. Third, there is a rapid change in the morphology going from the fiber into the bond at the bond edge. Fourth, the birefringence of the fibers decreases by approximately 50% going from the fibers into the bonds. The change in birefringence is a function of processing conditions. In PET, the density in the bond point is lower than in the bridging fibers, while in ipp, the density in the bond point is higher than in the bridging fiberts. This difference is readily understood based on the different crystallization rates of ipp and PET. }, number={5}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Wang, X. and Michielsen, S.}, year={2002}, pages={394–398} }
 @article{michielsen_wang_2002, title={Rapid morphology (property) changes at bond edge in thermal point bonded nonwovens}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Michielsen, S. and Wang, X.}, year={2002}, pages={35–38} }
 @article{michielsen_2002, title={The fracture toughness of single nylon 6,6 fibres}, volume={11}, journal={Journal of Materials Science Letters}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={2002}, pages={982–984} }
 @article{michielsen_2001, title={Aberrations in confocal spectroscopy of polymeric materials: Erroneous thicknesses and intensities, and loss of resolution}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000169271400012&KeyUID=WOS:000169271400012}, DOI={10.1002/app.1597}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Michielsen, S}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={1662–1669} }
 @inbook{michielsen_2001, title={Application of Raman spectroscopy to organic fibers and films}, volume={SERIES, 28}, booktitle={PRACTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SERIES 28, Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={2001}, pages={749–798} }
 @article{natarajan_michielsen_2001, title={Determination of density and birefringence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using Raman microscopy (vol 73, pg 943, 1999)}, volume={79}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000166230400022&KeyUID=WOS:000166230400022}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Natarajan, S. and Michielsen, S.}, year={2001}, pages={1540} }
 @article{wang_michielsen_2001, title={Isotactic polypropylene morphology-Raman spectra correlations}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000170884100004&KeyUID=WOS:000170884100004}, DOI={10.1002/app.1968}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Wang, XQ and Michielsen, S}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={1330–1338} }
 @article{wang_michielsen_2001, title={Morphology gradients in thermally point-bonded polypropylene nonwovens}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000169311200002&KeyUID=WOS:000169311200002}, DOI={10.1177/004051750107100602}, abstractNote={ Development of higher speed processes in thermal point bonded nonwovens and of models of the strength of these nonwovens are hampered by the lack of quantitative knowledge of the morphology of the fibers, the bond points, and the transition region between them within the nonwoven. The complex structure of these nonwovens has rendered useless most analytical techniques for measuring morphology. In this work, we use a recently developed method of polarized laser Raman microspectroscopy to measure the morphologies of these regions quantitatively. There are several surprising results as well as some expected ones. First, the morphology of the fibers between the bond points is identical to that of the original feed fibers. Second, there is a sharp gradient in the morphology going from the fiber into the bond. Third, the morphology of the bond points is substantially different from that of the fibers. Fourth, the morphology change within the bond points is directly related to the bonding conditions. In the case of an overbonded nonwoven, the birefringence decreases by almost 70% over a distance of only 30 μm. }, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Wang, XQ and Michielsen, S}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={475–480} }
 @inbook{michielsen_2001, title={Raman spectroscopy of polymeric fibers and films}, ISBN={9780824705572}, booktitle={Handbook of Raman spectroscopy: from the research laboratory to the process line}, publisher={New York: Marcel Dekker}, author={Michielsen, S.}, editor={I. R. Lewis and Edwards, H.G.M.Editors}, year={2001} }
 @article{mcfarland_michielsen_carr_2001, title={Use of a laser scanning confocal microscope to obtain concentration profiles of a diffusant in a polymer film}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0003-7028"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000168492600018&KeyUID=WOS:000168492600018}, DOI={10.1366/0003702011952000}, abstractNote={ The use of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to view textile substrates is a relatively new field. It has been used to determine fiber shapes and concentrations of a fluorescent dye in a fiber. However, this technique is limited to very low concentrations of strongly absorbing species. A new technique based on LSCM is developed for obtaining concentration profiles at much higher concentrations where the effects of absorption of the incident light cannot be ignored. Sample preparation is particularly simple. Although this new approach is specific to planar films, it permits the study of dye diffusion in polymers at normal dye concentrations and with dyes that are not traditionally considered fluorescent dyes. The concentration profiles are used to obtain the diffusion coefficient of C.I. Disperse Blue 3 in nylon 6,6 film. }, number={4}, journal={APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY}, author={McFarland, EG and Michielsen, S and Carr, WW}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={481–489} }
 @article{susarla_agarwal_michielsen_abhiraman_2000, title={Oriented crystallization of random copolymers}, volume={220}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000166091301994&KeyUID=WOS:000166091301994}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Susarla, P. and Agarwal, U. S. and Michielsen, S. and Abhiraman, A. S.}, year={2000}, pages={U347} }
 @article{michielsen_natarajan_1999, title={Correlation between the Raman spectra and the density and birefringence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers}, volume={217}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000079148201227&KeyUID=WOS:000079148201227}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Michielsen, S. and Natarajan, S.}, year={1999}, pages={U409} }
 @article{natarajan_michielsen_1999, title={Determination of density and birefringence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using raman microscopy}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990808)73:6<943::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-M}, abstractNote={Multiple regression analysis has been used to calibrate polarized Raman spectra of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in terms of density and birefringence. The calibration spans PET fibers having a wide range of density and birefringence values. The calibration required the Raman spectrum in only one polarization direction, that is, with the polarization directions of the incident and scattered light parallel to each other and to the fiber axis. The peak at 631 cm−1, which has been used previously as an internal standard band, could be used for the prediction of density, but not for the prediction of birefringence. The peak at 702 cm−1 was found to be a good internal standard band for both density and birefringence. Density could be predicted with a standard error of prediction of 0.003 g/cc using only the ratio of the intensity of the band at 996 cm−1 to that of 702 cm−1 and the full width at half maximum of the 1725-cm−1 band. Birefringence was predicted with a standard error of 0.01 using the ratios of the intensities of the bands at 996 and 1616 cm−1 to that of the 702-cm−1 band. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 943–952, 1999}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Natarajan, S and Michielsen, S}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={943–952} }
 @article{natarajan_michielsen_1999, title={Determination of density and birefringence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using raman microscopy}, volume={73}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000080600200011&KeyUID=WOS:000080600200011}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990808)73:6<943::aid-app11>3.0.co;2-m}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Natarajan, S. and Michielsen, S.}, year={1999}, pages={943–952} }
 @inbook{michielsen_1999, title={Specific Refractive Index Increments of Polymers in Dilute Solution}, ISBN={9780471166283}, booktitle={Polymer Handbook, 4th ed.}, publisher={New York: Wiley}, author={Michielsen, S.}, editor={J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut and Grulke, E.A.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{michielsen_tappi_1999, title={Structure gradients between fibers and thermal point bonds in polypropylene nonwovens}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000079627900033&KeyUID=WOS:000079627900033}, booktitle={Tappi Nonwovens Conference}, author={Michielsen, S. and Tappi}, year={1999}, pages={315–317} }
 @article{michielsen_1999, title={The effect of grafted polymeric lubricant molecular weight on the frictional characteristics of nylon 6,6 fibers}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990705)73:1<129::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-Z}, abstractNote={Boundary friction between two crossed nylon 6,6 fibers has been reduced up to 6× by grafting polymeric lubricants to the surface. A modified adhesion model of friction, accommodating multiple materials on the surface, explains the variation in the friction coefficient with the molecular weight of the lubricant. The friction coefficient is proportional to the fraction of the surface covered by the grafted chain, represented by πR G 2 /A, where A is the surface area per graft site, and R G is the radius of gyration of the lubricant. It is also shown that for larger the grafted chains, the appropriate surface area fraction depends on πR G 2 /3A. It is argued that if R G of the grafted lubricant is larger than half the distance between graft sites, the next nearest graft site is used due to steric blocking of the nearest graft site.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Michielsen, S}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={129–136} }
 @article{michielsen_1999, title={The effect of grafted polymeric lubricant molecular weight on the frictional characteristics of nylon 6,6 fibers}, volume={73}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000080299200015&KeyUID=WOS:000080299200015}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990705)73:1<129::aid-app15>3.0.co;2-z}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={1999}, pages={129–136} }
 @article{natarajan_michielsen_1999, title={Using confocal Raman microscopy to determine the structure and orientation of the PET interior of PET/PP core/shell fibers}, volume={69}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000084524800003&KeyUID=WOS:000084524800003}, number={12}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Natarajan, S. and Michielsen, S.}, year={1999}, pages={903–907} }
 @article{hong_king_michielsen_cheung_mary_guzman_guidoin_1998, title={Development of in vitro performance tests and evaluation of nonabsorbable monofilament sutures for cardiovascular surgery}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1538-943X"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000076881700004&KeyUID=WOS:000076881700004}, DOI={10.1097/00002480-199811000-00004}, abstractNote={There have been reports suggesting that polypropylene (PP) monofilament sutures are associated with mechanical failure. To overcome this problem, a new monofilament suture made from polyvinylidene fluoride, under the trade name of Teflene, has been developed. Few studies have measured the in vitro properties of Teflene sutures, and those that have, have been limited to a few tensile properties of the straight suture such as tensile strength, elongation, and creep behavior. The in vitro performance properties of Teflene sutures were evaluated and compared with those of commercial sutures made from PP such as Prolene and Surgilene in four sizes, 2-0, 3-0, 4-0, and 5-0. The performance properties of sutures included both the physical properties of straight sutures, such as suture diameter, tensile strength, elongation, surface roughness, coefficient of friction, bending stiffness, and tissue drag, and the knot characteristics, such as knot pull strength, knot rundown, and knot security. Existing standard test methods and testing instruments were used if available to measure certain suture properties such as diameter, tensile strength, knot pull strength, and some physical properties. The other novel test methods and unique accessory devices needed to perform the tests for measuring tissue drag, knot run-down, coefficient of friction, and knot security were developed in the authors' laboratories, and the comparative results are reported for the first time. From the test results, Teflene sutures were found in general to possess equivalent characteristics to those of existing PP commercial sutures, but some differences also were observed, such as greater elongation and less knot run-down. These differences may give them a unique feel and handling performance, especially in terms of making a knot, sliding it into position, and causing less damage to adjacent tissue.}, number={6}, journal={ASAIO JOURNAL}, author={Hong, T and King, MW and Michielsen, S and Cheung, LWK and Mary, C and Guzman, R and Guidoin, R}, year={1998}, pages={776–785} }
 @article{michielsen_1998, title={Fracture energy release rate in nylon fibers}, volume={67}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980228)67:9<1541::AID-APP5>3.3.CO;2-D}, abstractNote={The effect of relative humidity on the fracture energy release rate, GIc, for single nylon 6,6 fibers has been determined previously. In this article, it is shown that GIc is independent of relative humidity for moisture contents of > 2.3% once the plastic zone correction is made. GIc is compared with various proposed mechanisms to account for fracture energy. It is shown that the energy required to disrupt or “melt” the crystals in the plastic zone accounts for the majority of the energy required to break the specimen, and should be considered explicitly in future analyses of fracture in semicrystalline polymers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1541–1544, 1998}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={1998}, pages={1541–1544} }
 @article{michielsen_1998, title={Fracture energy release rate in nylon fibers}, volume={67}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000071774200005&KeyUID=WOS:000071774200005}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980228)67:9<1541::aid-app5>3.0.co;2-d}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={1998}, pages={1541–1544} }
 @article{noui_hearle_michielsen_1995, title={ADVANCES IN THE DESIGN OF A THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYZER FOR FIBERS .1. INSTRUMENTAL FEATURES}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0034-6748"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1995RD21900038&KeyUID=WOS:A1995RD21900038}, DOI={10.1063/1.1145480}, abstractNote={A detailed description of new developments of the flexible thermomechanical analyzer for fibers (FTMA) is presented. The advances consist of a data acquisition system; an improved drive system, with potential for closed loop operation; a single tension transducer for slow and fast changes; reduction of mechanical vibration; use of fast thermocouples. A thorough investigation of the instrument included characterization of the temperature and tension sensing systems, and determination of their detection limits. Comparisons between FTMA performances before and after the introduction of changes clearly illustrate the improvements achieved. The combination of turbulence and inadequate mixing of hot and cold air causes temperature fluctuations, which need to be reduced. Other developments are planned.}, number={6}, journal={REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS}, author={NOUI, L and HEARLE, JWS and MICHIELSEN, S}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={3634–3641} }
 @article{michielsen_1994, title={EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND ORIENTATION ON THE FRACTURE OF NYLON 6,6 FIBERS}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1994NH49400009&KeyUID=WOS:A1994NH49400009}, DOI={10.1002/app.1994.070520809}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={MICHIELSEN, S}, year={1994}, month={May}, pages={1081–1089} }
 @article{michielsen_1992, title={THE FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS OF SINGLE NYLON-6,6 FIBERS}, volume={11}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1992JF49700008&KeyUID=WOS:A1992JF49700008}, DOI={10.1007/bf00729900}, number={14}, journal={Journal of Materials Science Letters}, author={Michielsen, S.}, year={1992}, pages={982–984} }
 @article{michielsen_merer_rice_novak_freed_hamada_1981, title={A STUDY OF THE ROTATIONAL STATE DEPENDENCE OF PREDISSOCIATION OF A POLYATOMIC MOLECULE - THE CASE OF CIO2}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1089-7690"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1981LJ34700001&KeyUID=WOS:A1981LJ34700001}, DOI={10.1063/1.441520}, abstractNote={This paper reports extensive measurements of the linewidths of rotational transitions in the Ã 2A2←X̃ 2B1 absorption of ClO2. It is found that: (1) The rate of predissociation is independent of the state of rotation of the initially excited molecule, (2) the rate of predissociation depends on the spin state prepared, being greater for the F1(J = N+1/2) state than for the F2(J = N−1/2) state, (3) for v1<3 the rate of predissociation from the states (v100) is independent of v1, but for v1≳3 the rate increases with v1, and (4) the bending mode is a promoting mode for the predissociation. It is argued that spin–orbit coupling is the dominant interaction between the prepared 2A2 state and the intermediate manifold in this indirect predissociation. Analysis of a model of this process leads to the prediction that, if the prepared and intermediate states have nearly the same geometry, whether the intermediate state is real or nascent, the rate of predissociation should be independent of initial rotational state. Furthermore, it is suggested that the spin–rotation interaction mixes the F1 and F2 states; using a two state analysis, the predicted ratio of rates of dissociation G(F1)/G(F2) = 1.2 is in qualitative agreement with that observed, and the lack of dependence of the ratio on N explained.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS}, author={MICHIELSEN, S and MERER, AJ and RICE, SA and NOVAK, FA and FREED, KF and HAMADA, Y}, year={1981}, pages={3089–3101} }
 @article{hamada_merer_michielsen_rice_1981, title={ROTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF BANDS AT THE LONG-WAVELENGTH END OF THE A2A2-X2B1 ELECTRONIC-TRANSITION OF CLO2}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0022-2852"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1981LJ37000019&KeyUID=WOS:A1981LJ37000019}, DOI={10.1016/0022-2852(81)90297-6}, abstractNote={The rotational structures of the longest wavelength bands of the Ã2A2-X̃2B1 electronic transition of ClO2 have been investigated from high-dispersion plates taken with separated 35ClO2 at dry ice temperature. Complete analyses have been obtained for the 000-000 and 002-000 bands, and partial analyses have been obtained for the 010-000 band and bands of the v100-000 progression with v′1 = 1–5. The levels of the v100 series are all perturbed, more or less strongly, by vibrational Coriolis effects within the Ã2A2 state. The centrifugal distortion constants and the inertial defect of the zero-point level, together with the positions of the Coriolis perturbations, show that the antisymmetric stretching fundamental of the Ã2A2 state lies near 426 cm−1; since the overtone level of this vibration is observed at 1583 cm−1 there is strong evidence for a double minimum potential function in the Q3 coordinate of the Ã2A2 state, with barrier height about 1250 cm−1. The upper state geometric structure for the symmetrical configuration is r(ClO) = 1.6270 Å, ∠OClO = 106.18°. An interesting variation of the predissociation linewidths with K and the spin state has been found: for all vibrational levels of the upper state that can be analyzed the F1 spin component levels (N = J − 12) are wider than the F2 levels (N = J + 12), and the difference in width becomes larger with decreasing K so that the F1 component lines are essentially missing below K = 4 even though the F2 component lines remain comparatively sharp.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY}, author={HAMADA, Y and MERER, AJ and MICHIELSEN, S and RICE, SA}, year={1981}, pages={499–525} }
 @article{michielsen_pecora_1981, title={SOLUTION DIMENSIONS OF THE GRAMICIDIN DIMER BY DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0006-2960"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MS62500033&KeyUID=WOS:A1981MS62500033}, DOI={10.1021/bi00527a033}, abstractNote={Gramicidin is thought to form dimeric helical rods in alcohol solutions. In addition, there is evidence that the rod dimensions change upon addition of potassium ions. The present work reports values for the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of gramicidin in methanol and 95% ethanol and in these same solvents with added KSCN. Solution dimensions are calculated from the diffusion coefficients. The results suggest that gramicidin exists primarily as dimers in these solutions and that the gramicidin rod does indeed become shorter upon addition of potassium ion. These results are consistent with those obtained from X-ray studies on single crystals grown from alcohol solutions.}, number={24}, journal={BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={MICHIELSEN, S and PECORA, R}, year={1981}, pages={6994–6997} }