@article{kittle_leonard_knauer_almond_2023, title={Comparison of Ammonia Concentrations Between Flush and Pull-Plug Waste Management Systems in Wean-Finish Swine Barns.}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.139}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kittle, J. and Leonard, Suzanne M. and Knauer, Mark and Almond, Glen}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{peppmeier_leonard_knauer_2023, title={Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Daily Feeding Behavior in Swine}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.010}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Peppmeier, Zack and Leonard, Suzanne M. and Knauer, Mark}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{peppmeier_howard_knauer_leonard_2023, title={Estimating backfat depth, loin depth, and intramuscular fat percentage from ultrasound images in swine}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1751-732X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100969}, DOI={10.1016/j.animal.2023.100969}, abstractNote={Fast, accurate, and reliable estimates of backfat depth, loin depth, and intramuscular fat percentage in swine breeding stock are used to increase genetic improvement and farm profitability. The objective of this study was to develop an equation-based model for the estimation of swine backfat depth, loin depth, and intramuscular fat percentage estimates obtained from longitudinal ultrasound images. Images were collected from purebred Duroc (n = 230), purebred Large White (n = 154), and commercial (n = 190) pigs born in January 2021 at three farms located in North Carolina. An Exapad ultrasound machine captured longitudinal images across the 10th to 13th ribs at 182 (±12.8 SD) days of pig age. The total number of images processed for Duroc, Large White, and commercial pigs was 1 385, 928, and 1 168 images, respectively. To establish a standard measurement for model comparison, trained personnel following standard company procedures using the BioSoft Toolbox (v4.0.1.2; Biotronics Inc., Ames, IA) obtained backfat and loin depth measurements from the images. Longissimus muscle intramuscular fat percentage was predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy at approximately 22 h postmortem. Backfat and loin depth estimation were conducted only for commercial pigs (n = 190) while intramuscular fat estimation was conducted on all pigs (n = 574). Average backfat depth, loin depth, and intramuscular fat percentage were 14.6 (±2.6 SD) mm, 63.7 (±5.5 SD) mm, and 2.21 (±0.82 SD) %. Image analysis and estimation model development were conducted in MATLAB R2021a. Edge detection via the image gradient was applied to segment ultrasound images into backfat, loin, and rib regions. Segmented images were used to estimate backfat depth, loin depth, and loin intramuscular fat percentage. After image quality control and filtering, the image inclusion rate for each breed-trait combination ranged from 76 to 97%. All Duroc and commercial pigs and 97% of Large White pigs were represented by at least one image for trait estimation. Coefficient of determination of models for the estimation of backfat depth, loin depth, and intramuscular fat percentage were 0.58, 0.57, and 0.56, respectively. Root mean square error of backfat depth, loin depth, and intramuscular fat estimation were 1.65 mm, 3.58 mm, and 0.54%, respectively. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using ultrasound image gradient and an equation-based approach to estimate swine backfat and loin depth, and intramuscular fat percentage. This equation-based approach to estimate carcass traits in live swine can enhance genetic improvement.}, number={10}, journal={ANIMAL}, author={Peppmeier, Z. C. and Howard, J. T. and Knauer, M. T. and Leonard, S. M.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{martinez_leonard_heugten_wilcock_rosero_2023, title={Impact of Amount and Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During Late Gestation and During the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow Serum Chemistry and Piglet Vitality Index}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.356}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Martinez, Gabriela E. and Leonard, Suzanne and Heugten, Eric and Wilcock, Pete and Rosero, David S.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={313–314} }
 @article{knauer_peppmeier_leonard_2023, title={Sow Location Within Farrowing Room Impacts Reproduction During Heat Stress.}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.013}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Knauer, Mark and Peppmeier, Zack and Leonard, Suzanne M.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{boston_wang_lin_leonard_kim_mckilligan_fellner_odle_2022, title={Gruel Creep Feeding Accelerates Growth and Alters Intestinal Health of Young Pigs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/18/2408}, DOI={10.3390/ani12182408}, abstractNote={To combat the stress of weaning, we utilized novel gruel creep feeders to supplement suckling pigs with divergent soluble (n = 6 litters) versus insoluble (n = 6) diets compared with un-supplemented controls (n = 6). Post-weaning, pigs were fed a common phase 1 diet. Average daily weight gains of pigs fed soluble and insoluble creep diets were 53% and 17% greater than control pigs, respectively (p < 0.01). Creep intake was higher (82%) for pigs fed the soluble diet, and the accompanying weight increase was sustained post-weaning (p < 0.02). Villus measures were prematurely altered in soluble-creep-fed pigs (p < 0.01), with decreases in villi length, crypt depth, and villus area pre-weaning. No effects of treatment were detected for VFA concentrations and pH in the cecum. There was an interaction between treatment and age for several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.01), where soluble-creep-fed pigs had increased cytokine levels with age, whereas cytokine levels in the insoluble and control groups decreased over time. We conclude that a soluble creep diet fed in a gruel state during the pre-weaning period has a positive impact on weaning weight that is sustained post-weaning, and is accompanied by alterations in the intestinal health of young pigs.}, number={18}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Boston, Timothy E. and Wang, Feng and Lin, Xi and Leonard, Suzanne and Kim, Sung Woo and McKilligan, Denny and Fellner, Vivek and Odle, Jack}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{ramirez_hayes_condotta_leonard_2022, title={Impact of housing environment and management on pre-/post-weaning piglet productivity}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac142}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac142}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ramirez, Brett C. and Hayes, Morgan D. and Condotta, Isabella C. F. S. and Leonard, Suzanne M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{peppmeier_knauer_howard_leonard_2021, title={Automating ultrasound measurements of back fat and loin depth in swine}, author={Peppmeier, Z. and Knauer, M. and Howard, J. and Leonard, S.M.}, year={2021} }
 @article{leonard_ramirez_2021, title={Effect of stall size, number of heat lamps during farrowing: Part 1}, journal={National Hog Farmer}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Ramirez, B.C.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{leonard_ramirez_2021, title={Effect of stall size, number of heat lamps during farrowing: Part 2}, journal={National Hog Farmer}, publisher={National Hog Farmer}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Ramirez, B.C.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{leonard_ramirez_2021, title={Effect of stall size, number of heat lamps during farrowing: Part 3}, journal={National Hog Farmer}, publisher={National Hog Farmer}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Ramirez, B.C.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_johnson_dutta_rohrer_2021, title={Effects of farrowing stall layout and number of heat lamps on sow and piglet behavior}, volume={239}, ISSN={0168-1591}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105334}, DOI={10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105334}, abstractNote={Farrowing stalls are used in the United States swine industry to reduce pre-weaning piglet mortality, enable efficient individual animal management, and decrease facility construction and operating costs. The quantity and quality of space provided for sows and piglets in farrowing stalls are important economic and welfare considerations. To further explore the impacts of farrowing stall space allocation, a large-scale field study was conducted to compare sow and piglet behavior when housed in three farrowing stall layouts (TSL – traditional stall layout, ECSL – expanded creep area stall layout, ESCSL – expanded sow and creep area stall layout) with either one or two heat lamps (1HL and 2HL, respectively). A computer vision system classified posture budgets and behaviors of 322 sows and piglet location for 324 litters. Linear mixed models were developed to compare behavior and piglet pre-weaning mortality metrics between experimental treatments. Results show sows in ESCSL spent more time lying compared to sows in ECSL (p = 0.028) and less time sitting compared to sows in TSL and ECSL (p < 0.01). Sows with the 2HL treatment had an increase in percentage lying (p = 0.017) and a decrease in percentage standing (p = 0.045) compared to sows with the 1HL treatment. Number of piglets, parity, and batch also influenced sow postural behavior (p < 0.05). Sow lying orientation was not impacted by HL treatment. Sow postures and behaviors were influenced by day of lactation (p < 0.001). Piglets with 2HL treatment spent more time in the heated region and less time in the creep and sow regions for all stall layouts on all days of lactation observed (p < 0.001). In the ESCSL, piglets had a greater percentage of time in the sow region compared to ECSL piglets (p < 0.004). Piglets did not spend equal percentages of time between the two creep or two HL regions (p < 0.001), and piglet location was correlated with sow lying orientation for most of the creep regions analyzed (p < 0.01). Increases in piglet pre-weaning mortality were correlated with increases in sow lying (p = 0.027) and decreases in standing (p = 0.025) and feeding (p < 0.001). However, correlations with sow posture were likely due to the impacts of day of lactation (p < 0.001). No correlations were found between piglet location and pre-weaning mortality (p> 0.05). Results can guide producers to consider wider sow areas in farrowing stalls to better meet sow behavioral needs and to include larger heated areas to meet piglet behavioral needs during lactation.}, journal={Applied Animal Behaviour Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Leonard, Suzanne M. and Xin, Hongwei and Brown-Brandl, Tami M. and Ramirez, Brett C. and Johnson, Anna K. and Dutta, Somak and Rohrer, Gary A.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={105334} }
 @article{anderson_leonard_2021, title={Farrowing pen design is focus of precision farming study; Big data enables easier pig behaviour research}, journal={Ontario Farmer}, author={Anderson, F. and Leonard, S.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{leonard_xin_ramirez_stinn_dutta_liu_brown-brandl_2021, title={Static and Dynamic Space Usage of Late-Gestation Sows}, volume={64}, ISSN={2151-0040}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14002}, DOI={10.13031/trans.14002}, abstractNote={Highlights}, number={1}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Leonard, Suzanne M. and Xin, Hongwei and Ramirez, Brett C. and Stinn, John P. and Dutta, Somak and Liu, Kai and Brown-Brandl, Tami M}, year={2021}, pages={151–159} }
 @misc{leonard_ramirez_weyer_2021, title={Thermal Properties of Concrete Slats During Preheating of Empty Swine Facilities}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202100241}, DOI={10.13031/aim.202100241}, abstractNote={<b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> <b>Providing appropriate thermal conditions for young piglets is critical to growth and welfare, especially during stressful periods after transportation and relocation. When preheating an empty facility prior to the arrival of piglets, raising the air temperature to the desired setpoint can be achieved relatively quickly but heating of other barn components, namely the concrete slat flooring, requires additional time and heat input. In this study, the heat transfer rates to concrete slats in a bench-scale model commercial facility environment were measured under high temperature heating conditions. Temperatures were recorded in multiple locations, including air above the slats, pit head space below the slats, and inside the slats. Results from this study can advise producers on the time and heating input required to preheat facilities prior to piglet arrival to reduce piglet stress and discomfort.</b>}, journal={2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 12-16, 2021}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Leonard, Suzanne M and Ramirez, Brett C and Weyer, Sara E}, year={2021} }
 @inproceedings{fayne_hodges_leonard_2021, title={Understanding and predicting sow behavior at farrowing}, author={Fayne, B. and Hodges, R. and Leonard, S.M.}, year={2021} }
 @article{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_dutta_rohrer_2020, title={Effects of Farrowing Stall Layout and Number of Heat Lamps on Sow and Piglet Production Performance}, volume={10}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020348}, DOI={10.3390/ani10020348}, abstractNote={Most farrowing facilities in the United States use stalls and heat lamps to improve sow and piglet productivity. This study investigated these factors by comparing production outcomes for three different farrowing stall layouts (traditional, expanded creep area, expanded sow area) and use of one or two heat lamps. Data were collected on 427 sows and their litters over one year. Results showed no statistical differences due to experimental treatment for any of the production metrics recorded, excluding percent stillborn. Parity one sows had fewer piglets born alive (p < 0.001), lower percent mortality (p = 0.001) and over-lay (p = 0.003), and a greater number of piglets weaned (p < 0.001) with lower average daily weight gain (ADG) (p < 0.001) and more uniform litters (p = 0.001) as compared to higher parity sows. Farrowing turn, associated with group/seasonal changes, had a significant impact on most of the production metrics measured. Number of piglets born influenced the percent stillborn (p < 0.001). Adjusted litter size had a significant impact on percent mortality (p < 0.001), percent over-lay (p < 0.001), and number of piglets weaned (p < 0.001). As the number of piglets weaned per litter increased, both piglet ADG and litter uniformity decreased (p < 0.001). This information can be used to guide producers in farrowing facility design.}, number={2}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Leonard, Suzanne M. and Xin, Hongwei and Brown-Brandl, Tami M. and Ramirez, Brett C. and Dutta, Somak and Rohrer, Gary A.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={348} }
 @inproceedings{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_dutta_2020, title={Effects of piglet creep floor area on sow behavior and litter productivity in farrowing stalls}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Xin, H. and Brown-Brandl, T. and Ramirez, B.C. and Dutta, S.}, year={2020} }
 @inproceedings{ramirez_brown_leonard_weyer_2020, title={Initial phases for conducting high temperature and high humidity depopulation research}, author={Ramirez, B.C. and Brown, J.T. and Leonard, S.M. and Weyer, S.E.}, year={2020} }
 @article{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_stinn_johnson_liu_2019, title={Characterization of a machine vision system to assess gestating sow space usage}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201900782}, DOI={10.13031/aim.201900782}, abstractNote={Physical space allocation for animals is an important consideration when designing animal production facilities. This physical space is defined by the length, width, and height of a volume designated to an individual animal. Animals require static space when stationary, but additional space is needed to perform dynamic postural transitions. Inadequate space to perform basic behaviors and postural adjustments can reduce productivity and welfare. Conversely, excess space introduces inefficiencies, resulting in production losses and unnecessary construction expenses. The most commonly used sow space guidelines were published in the 1980s. Therefore, modern commercial sow’s static and dynamic space requirements must be studied to provide evidence-based guidelines for current producers. Such information can be accurately assessed with the use of time-of-flight depth image sensors. A process to develop calibration equations to convert the depth image pixel measurements into physical dimensions was developed and error was assessed. Sample data collected on structurally sound commercial sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) in late gestation (11-15 weeks) of various parities is described. Length, width, and height of the space utilized by sows were calculated for static positions defined as standing and lateral lying, as well as dynamic sequences defined as standing up and lying down. Results can be used to develop relationships between sow body weight and three dimensional static and dynamic space requirements. This information can be used to inform gestation housing design decisions.}, journal={2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Leonard, Suzanne M and Xin, Hongwei and Brown-Brandl, Tami M. and Ramirez, Brett C. and Stinn, John P. and Johnson, Anna and Liu, Kai}, year={2019} }
 @article{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_2019, title={Development and application of an image acquisition system for characterizing sow behaviors in farrowing stalls}, volume={163}, ISSN={0168-1699}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.104866}, DOI={10.1016/j.compag.2019.104866}, abstractNote={Animal behavior can be an indicator of animal productivity and well-being, and thus an indicator of how animals respond to changes in their biophysical environment. This study monitored the behaviors of sows and piglets in a commercial setting utilizing an autonomous machine vision system. The objectives of this research were to: (1) implement a digital and time-of-flight depth imaging system, (2) develop a process with minimal user input to analyze the collected images, and (3) calculate the hourly and daily posture and behavior budgets of sows housed in individual farrowing stalls. Depth sensors were centered above each stall in three farrowing rooms (20 sows per room) and controlled by mini-PCs, acquiring images continuously at 0.2 FPS. Data files were transmitted via Ethernet cable to a switch, then to a 50 TB disk station for storage. Recorded image data were subsequently analyzed to quantify sow posture budgets and behaviors using a computer processing algorithm. Algorithm classifications were compared to those of trained human labelers with sow posture classified correctly >99.2% (sitting: 99.4%, standing: 99.2%, kneeling: 99.7%, lying: 99.9%). Specificity and sensitivity parameters for posture classifications were >84.6%, with the exception of lower specificity for kneeling (20.5%). When lying, direction (sow lying on left or right side of body) was classified with an accuracy of 96.2%. Sows that were not lying were also labeled with a behavior, including feeding (97.0% accuracy), drinking behavior (96.8% accuracy), and other behavior (95.5% accuracy). Each non-lying behavior label had specificity >88.3% and sensitivity >77.4%. This autonomous system enables acquisition of a large amount of replicated data to evaluate the effects of changing the farrowing environment on sow behavior and potentially well-being.}, journal={Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Xin, H. and Brown-Brandl, T.M. and Ramirez, B.C.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={104866} }
 @inproceedings{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_dutta_2019, title={Effects of one or two heat lamps on sow behavior and piglet performance in farrowing stalls}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Xin, H. and Brown-Brandl, T. and Ramirez, B.C. and Dutta, S.}, year={2019} }
 @article{leonard_smith_ramirez_2019, title={Emerging technologies for monitoring sow health and welfare}, journal={National Hog Farmer}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Smith, B.C. and Ramirez, B.C.}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hess_leonard_2019, title={If one heat lamp is good, is two better?}, journal={National Hog Farmer}, author={Hess, A. and Leonard, S.M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_stinn_johnson_2019, title={Implication of modern sow’s static and dynamic space usage on gestation stall design}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Xin, H. and Brown-Brandl, T. and Ramirez, B.C. and Stinn, J.P. and Johnson, A.K.}, year={2019} }
 @article{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_2018, title={An Image Acquisition System for Studying Behaviors of Sows and Piglets in Farrowing Barns}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/iles.18-018}, DOI={10.13031/iles.18-018}, abstractNote={Behavior studies in commercial swine farrowing room environments often need to monitor each set of sow and piglets individually and simultaneously. Autonomous computer imaging systems can overcome this challenge. The system presented here utilizes a time of flight depth sensor and a digital camera to capture depth and digital images of each sow and litter, housed in individual farrowing stalls. Depth sensors were centered above the stalls on a triangular truss spanning the length of the farrowing room and mounted in waterproof boxes with attached lids, enabling them to easily be waterproofed when cleaning the farrowing room. Each depth sensor was controlled by a mini-PC housed in a waterproof box located on the wall behind the sow for protection of the electronics. Each box also contained a small display monitor for operator ease of access. Images were acquired continuously at 0.2 fps. Data files were transmitted via Ethernet cable to a switch, then to a disk station for storage. This system was implemented in three farrowing rooms, with each room housing 20 sows. Recorded image data were subsequently analyzed to quantify behaviors of the sows and piglets (future work) as affected by dimensions and layout of the farrowing stalls.}, journal={10th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X)}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Leonard, Suzanne M. and Xin, Hongwei and Brown-Brandl, Tami and Ramirez, Brett C.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_ramirez_2018, title={An image acquisition system for studying behaviors of sows and piglets in farrowing barns}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075907421&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.13031/iles.ILES18-018}, booktitle={10th International Livestock Environment Symposium, ILES 2018}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Xin, H. and Brown-Brandl, T. and Ramirez, B.C.}, year={2018} }
 @misc{wang_li_leonard_shi_xin_chai_li_2018, title={Spatial and Diurnal Variations of Particulate Matter Concentration of a Pilot-Scale Aviary Layer House in Winter}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/iles.18-141}, DOI={10.13031/iles.18-141}, abstractNote={Abstract. Laying hen production plays an important role in particulate matter (PM) emissions which potentially cause air pollution and adverse health effect on animals and workers. Aviary cage-free (CF) egg production systems have been attracting increasing attention due to concerns over animal welfare and increased market demand. While studies have been conducted to characterize PM concentrations and emissions of aviary CF houses with litter floor, few reports are available of this information for aviary CF layer houses equipped with slat floor. In this study, PM concentrations – both spatial and diurnal patters inside a pilot-scale aviary CF layer house (1,800 laying hens, LxWxH of 28.2 x 9.0 x 3.0 m) in northern China were measured under winter conditions. Daily mean PM2.5, PM10, and TSP levels were found to be 0.19±0.11, 1.05±0.65, 2.90±2.07 mg/m3, respectively, which were considerably lower than those reported in previous studies of aviary CF houses with litter floor in cold weather. Daytime PM concentrations were significantly higher than those at night primarily due to differences in animal activity and feed supply. The average PM10 and TSP concentrations during light period (5:00-21:00 h) were 1.34 mg/m3 and 3.75 mg/m3, amounting to 279% and 304% of those during the dark period (21:00-5:00h), respectively. Spatial variations for PM10 and TSP were observed in the experimental hen house due to non-uniform distribution of ventilation air and localized generation of the constituents. Higher TSP concentrations (4.26 mg/m3) were found at worker respiratory level (2.0 m) as compared to floor level (0.5 m, 3.00 mg/m3). TSP concentration at one end of the house (west) was found to be 28.3% and 86.9% higher than the middle and the opposite (east) end. This spatial variation characteristic points out the importance of multi-location sampling when assessing indoor air quality and aerial emissions (for cross ventilation). Data from this study will be useful for future improvement of the housing ventilation design and operation. Future study should also assess PM concentrations of the housing style under warm seasons.}, journal={10th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X)}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Wang, Yu and Li, Dapeng and Leonard, Suzanne M and Shi, Zhengxiang and Xin, Hongwei and Chai, Lilong and Li, Baoming}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{wang_li_leonard_shi_xin_chai_li_2018, title={Spatial and diurnal variations of particulate matter concentration of a pilot-scale aviary layer house in winter}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075889067&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.13031/iles.ILES18-141}, booktitle={10th International Livestock Environment Symposium, ILES 2018}, author={Wang, Y. and Li, D. and Leonard, S. and Shi, Z. and Xin, H. and Chai, L. and Li, B.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{leonard_xin_brown-brandl_stinn_johnson_liu_2017, title={Quantification of static and dynamic spaces for sows}, author={Leonard, S.M. and Xin, H. and Brown-Brandl, T. and Stinn, J. and Johnson, A. and Liu, K.}, year={2017} }