@article{muruganandam_israel_robarge_2009, title={Activities of Nitrogen-Mineralization Enzymes Associated with Soil Aggregate Size Fractions of Three Tillage Systems}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2008.0231}, abstractNote={Nitrogen mineralization occurring near the soil surface of agroecosystems determines the quantity of plant‐available N, and soil enzymes produced by microorganisms play significant roles in the N mineralization process. Tillage systems may influence soil microbial communities and N mineralization enzymes through alterations in total soil C and N. Soil aggregates of different sizes provide diverse microhabitats for microorganisms and therefore influence soil enzyme activities. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that activities of N mineralization enzymes increase with aggregate size and in no‐till compared with tilled systems. Potential activities of N‐acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG), arylamidase, l‐glutaminase, and l‐asparaginase were measured in five aggregate size fractions (<0.25, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, and 2–4 mm) obtained from soils of three long‐term (22‐yr) tillage systems (no‐till, chisel plow, and moldboard plow). All enzyme activities were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in no‐till than in tilled systems and positively correlated (P < 0.005) with potential N mineralization. Potential activities of NAG, l‐glutaminase, and arylamidase were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the intermediate (0.5–1‐mm) aggregate size than in other size fractions. All enzyme activities were positively correlated with total soil C (P < 0.0001), N (P < 0.05), and microbial biomass C (P < 0.05). Aggregate size had significant effects on NAG, arylamidase, and l‐glutaminase activities but the magnitudes were small. Fungal biomarkers (18:2ω6c and 16:1ω5c) determined by the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method were significantly greater in the no‐till than in tilled systems and positively correlated with all enzyme activities. This suggests that no‐till management enhances activities of N mineralization enzymes by enhancing the proportion of fungal organisms in the soil microbial community.}, number={3}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Muruganandam, Subathra and Israel, Daniel W. and Robarge, Wayne P.}, year={2009}, pages={751–759} }
 @article{shi_muruganandam_bowman_2006, title={Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen dynamics in a turfgrass chronosequence: A short-term response to turfgrass clipping addition}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0038-0717"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.005}, abstractNote={A mechanistic understanding of soil microbial biomass and N dynamics following turfgrass clipping addition is central to understanding turfgrass ecology. New leaves represent a strong sink for soil and fertilizer N, and when mowed, a significant addition to soil organic N. Understanding the mineralization dynamics of clipping N should help in developing strategies to minimize N losses via leaching and denitrification. We characterized soil microbial biomass and N mineralization and immobilization turnover in response to clipping addition in a turfgrass chronosequence (i.e. 3, 8, 25, and 97 yr old) and the adjacent native pines. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the impacts of indigenous soil and microbial attributes associated with turf age and land use on the early phase decomposition of turfgrass clippings and (2) to estimate mineralization dynamics of turfgrass clippings and subsequent effects on N mineralization of indigenous soils. We conducted a 28-d laboratory incubation to determine short-term dynamics of soil microbial biomass, C decomposition, N mineralization and nitrification after soil incorporation of turfgrass clippings. Gross rates of N mineralization and immobilization were estimated with 15N using a numerical model, FLAUZ. Turfgrass clippings decomposed rapidly; decomposition and mineralization equivalent to 20–30% of clipping C and N, respectively, occurred during the incubation. Turfgrass age had little effect on decomposition and net N mineralization. However, the response of potential nitrification to clipping addition was age dependent. In young turfgrass systems having low rates, potential nitrification increased significantly with clipping addition. In contrast, old turfgrass systems having high initial rates of potential nitrification were unaffected by clipping addition. Isotope 15N modeling showed that gross N mineralization following clipping addition was not affected by turf age but differed between turfgrass and the adjacent native pines. The flush of mineralized N following clipping addition was derived predominantly from the clippings rather than soil organic N. Our data indicate that the response of soil microbial biomass and N mineralization and immobilization to clipping addition was essentially independent of indigenous soil and microbial attributes. Further, increases in microbial biomass and activity following clipping addition did not stimulate the mineralization of indigenous soil organic N.}, number={8}, journal={SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Shi, Wei and Muruganandam, Subathra and Bowman, Daniel}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={2032–2042} }