@article{bohon_fang_2016, title={Performance and emission testing of a bi-fuel outboard spark-ignition engine}, volume={17}, ISSN={["2041-3149"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84966648727&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1468087415597095}, abstractNote={ With the increasing concern about the future availability of gasoline and continuously stringent engine emission regulatory standards, the need for an alternative to gasoline as a primary engine fuel is becoming increasingly important. One proposed alternative is to use natural gas due to its availability, low cost, and generally reduced engine emissions. However, due to volumetric efficiency losses, the conversion of a standard spark-ignition engine originally operating on gasoline to run on natural gas has been shown to produce considerable power reductions. Additionally, improperly tuned natural gas conversion kits could potentially increase certain emissions’ quantities compared to gasoline. This work reports the results of an experiment designed to characterize the performance and emissions of a commonly used gasoline outboard boat motor converted to run on natural gas. Reported are the comparisons between gasoline and natural gas for the widely used engine operating parameters for gauging engine performance related to power output and harmful emissions, including oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, for comparison of the two test fuels. The results indicate that operation on natural gas greatly reduces harmful hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions at the cost of reduced engine power output and potentially increased oxides of nitrogen emissions. }, number={5}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH}, author={Bohon, Steven and Fang, Tiegang}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={576–592} }
 @article{bohon_roberts_2013, title={NOx emissions from high swirl turbulent spray flames with highly oxygenated fuels}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1873-2704"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.064}, abstractNote={Combustion of fuels with fuel bound oxygen is of interest from both a practical and a fundamental viewpoint. While a great deal of work has been done studying the effect of oxygenated additives in diesel and gasoline engines, much less has been done examining combustion characteristics of fuels with extremely high mass fractions of fuel bound oxygen. This work presents an initial investigation into the very low NOx emissions resulting from the combustion of a model, high oxygen mass fraction fuel. Glycerol was chosen as a model fuel with a fuel bound oxygen mass fraction of 52%, and was compared with emissions measured from diesel combustion at similar conditions in a high swirl turbulent spray flame. This work has shown that high fuel bound oxygen mass fractions allow for combustion at low global equivalence ratios with comparable exhaust gas temperatures due to the significantly lower concentrations of diluting nitrogen. Despite similar exhaust gas temperatures, NOx emissions from glycerol combustion were up to an order of magnitude lower than those measured using diesel fuel. This is shown to be a result not of specific burner geometry, but rather is influenced by the presence of higher oxygen and lower nitrogen concentrations at the flame front inhibiting NOx production.}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE}, author={Bohon, Myles D. and Roberts, William L.}, year={2013}, pages={1705–1712} }