@article{gajewski_mcemurray_wojdak_mcgregor_zeller_cooper_belden_hopkins_2024, title={Nonrandom foraging and resource distributions affect the relationships between host density, contact rates and parasite transmission}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1461-0248"]}, DOI={10.1111/ele.14385}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGY LETTERS}, author={Gajewski, Zachary and McEmurray, Philip and Wojdak, Jeremy and McGregor, Cari and Zeller, Lily and Cooper, Hannah and Belden, Lisa K. and Hopkins, Skylar}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{taylor_allf_hopkins_irwin_jewell_nevo_nichols_rodríguez valerón_evans_sörensen_et al._2023, title={Nature's chefs: Uniting the hidden diversity of food making and preparing species across the tree of life}, volume={73}, ISSN={0006-3568 1525-3244}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad026}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biad026}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={BioScience}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Taylor, Brad W and Allf, Bradley and Hopkins, Skylar R and Irwin, Rebecca E and Jewell, Michelle and Nevo, Omer and Nichols, Lauren M and Rodríguez Valerón, Nabila and Evans, Joshua D and Sörensen, Pia M and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={408–421} }
 @article{hopkins_kwak_2023, title={New IUCN Species Survival Commission Parasite Specialist Group launched in 2023}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1365-3008"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0030605323000169}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the 'Save PDF' action button.}, number={3}, journal={ORYX}, author={Hopkins, Skylar and Kwak, Mackenzie}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={283–283} }
 @article{hopkins_jones_buck_leboa_kwong_jacobsen_rickards_lund_nova_macdonald_et al._2022, title={Environmental Persistence of the World's Most Burdensome Infectious and Parasitic Diseases}, volume={10}, ISSN={2296-2565}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.892366}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2022.892366}, abstractNote={Humans live in complex socio-ecological systems where we interact with parasites and pathogens that spend time in abiotic and biotic environmental reservoirs (e.g., water, air, soil, other vertebrate hosts, vectors, intermediate hosts). Through a synthesis of published literature, we reviewed the life cycles and environmental persistence of 150 parasites and pathogens tracked by the World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease study. We used those data to derive the time spent in each component of a pathogen's life cycle, including total time spent in humans versus all environmental stages. We found that nearly all infectious organisms were “environmentally mediated” to some degree, meaning that they spend time in reservoirs and can be transmitted from those reservoirs to human hosts. Correspondingly, many infectious diseases were primarily controlled through environmental interventions (e.g., vector control, water sanitation), whereas few (14%) were primarily controlled by integrated methods (i.e., combining medical and environmental interventions). Data on critical life history attributes for most of the 150 parasites and pathogens were difficult to find and often uncertain, potentially hampering efforts to predict disease dynamics and model interactions between life cycle time scales and infection control strategies. We hope that this synthetic review and associated database serve as a resource for understanding both common patterns among parasites and pathogens and important variability and uncertainty regarding particular infectious diseases. These insights can be used to improve systems-based approaches for controlling environmentally mediated diseases of humans in an era where the environment is rapidly changing.}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Jones, Isabel J. and Buck, Julia C. and LeBoa, Christopher and Kwong, Laura H. and Jacobsen, Kim and Rickards, Chloe and Lund, Andrea J. and Nova, Nicole and MacDonald, Andrew J. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jul}, pages={892366} }
 @article{hopkins_lafferty_wood_olson_buck_de leo_fiorella_fornberg_garchitorena_jones_et al._2022, title={Evidence gaps and diversity among potential win–win solutions for conservation and human infectious disease control}, volume={6}, ISSN={2542-5196}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00148-6}, DOI={10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00148-6}, abstractNote={As sustainable development practitioners have worked to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all” and “conserve life on land and below water”, what progress has been made with win–win interventions that reduce human infectious disease burdens while advancing conservation goals? Using a systematic literature review, we identified 46 proposed solutions, which we then investigated individually using targeted literature reviews. The proposed solutions addressed diverse conservation threats and human infectious diseases, and thus, the proposed interventions varied in scale, costs, and impacts. Some potential solutions had medium-quality to high-quality evidence for previous success in achieving proposed impacts in one or both sectors. However, there were notable evidence gaps within and among solutions, highlighting opportunities for further research and adaptive implementation. Stakeholders seeking win–win interventions can explore this Review and an online database to find and tailor a relevant solution or brainstorm new solutions.}, number={8}, journal={The Lancet Planetary Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R and Lafferty, Kevin D and Wood, Chelsea L and Olson, Sarah H and Buck, Julia C and De Leo, Giulio A and Fiorella, Kathryn J and Fornberg, Johanna L and Garchitorena, Andres and Jones, Isabel J and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={e694–e705} }
 @article{hopkins_mcgregor_belden_wojdak_2022, title={Host preferences inhibit transmission from potential superspreader host species}, volume={289}, ISSN={["1471-2954"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0084}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2022.0084}, abstractNote={Host species that are particularly abundant, infectious and/or infected tend to contribute disproportionately to symbiont (parasite or mutualist) maintenance in multi-host systems. Therefore, in a facultative multi-host system where two host species had high densities, high symbiont infestation intensities and high infestation prevalence, we expected interspecific transmission rates to be high. Instead, we found that interspecific symbiont transmission rates to caged sentinel hosts were an order of magnitude lower than intraspecific transmission rates in the wild. Using laboratory experiments to decompose transmission rates, we found that opportunities for interspecific transmission were frequent, where interspecific and intraspecific contact rate functions were statistically indistinguishable. However, most interspecific contacts did not lead to transmission events owing to a previously unrecognized transmission barrier: strong host preferences. During laboratory choice experiments, the symbiont preferred staying on or dispersing to its current host species, even though the oligochaete symbiont is a globally distributed host generalist that can survive and reproduce on many snail host species. These surprising results suggest that when managing symbiont transmission, identifying key host species is still important, but it may be equally important to identify and manage transmission barriers that keep potential superspreader host species in check.}, number={1971}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and McGregor, Cari M. and Belden, Lisa K. and Wojdak, Jeremy M.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hopkins_hoyt_white_kaarakka_redell_depue_scullon_kilpatrick_langwig_2021, title={Continued preference for suboptimal habitat reduces bat survival with white-nose syndrome}, volume={12}, ISBN={2041-1723}, ISSN={2041-1723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20416-5}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-020-20416-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Hoyt, Joseph R. and White, J. Paul and Kaarakka, Heather M. and Redell, Jennifer A. and DePue, John E. and Scullon, William H. and Kilpatrick, A. Marm and Langwig, Kate E.}, year={2021}, pages={166} }
 @article{jones_sokolow_chamberlin_lund_jouanard_bandagny_ndione_senghor_schacht_riveau_et al._2021, title={Schistosome infection in Senegal is associated with different spatial extents of risk and ecological drivers for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pntd.0009712}, abstractNote={Schistosome parasites infect more than 200 million people annually, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, where people may be co-infected with more than one species of the parasite. Infection risk for any single species is determined, in part, by the distribution of its obligate intermediate host snail. As the World Health Organization reprioritizes snail control to reduce the global burden of schistosomiasis, there is renewed importance in knowing when and where to target those efforts, which could vary by schistosome species. This study estimates factors associated with schistosomiasis risk in 16 villages located in the Senegal River Basin, a region hyperendemic for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni. We first analyzed the spatial distributions of the two schistosomes’ intermediate host snails (Bulinus spp. and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, respectively) at village water access sites. Then, we separately evaluated the relationships between human S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections and (i) the area of remotely-sensed snail habitat across spatial extents ranging from 1 to 120 m from shorelines, and (ii) water access site size and shape characteristics. We compared the influence of snail habitat across spatial extents because, while snail sampling is traditionally done near shorelines, we hypothesized that snails further from shore also contribute to infection risk. We found that, controlling for demographic variables, human risk for S. haematobium infection was positively correlated with snail habitat when snail habitat was measured over a much greater radius from shore (45 m to 120 m) than usual. S. haematobium risk was also associated with large, open water access sites. However, S. mansoni infection risk was associated with small, sheltered water access sites, and was not positively correlated with snail habitat at any spatial sampling radius. Our findings highlight the need to consider different ecological and environmental factors driving the transmission of each schistosome species in co-endemic landscapes.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, author={Jones, Isabel J. and Sokolow, Susanne H. and Chamberlin, Andrew J. and Lund, Andrea J. and Jouanard, Nicolas and Bandagny, Lydie and Ndione, Raphael and Senghor, Simon and Schacht, Anne-Marie and Riveau, Gilles and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={e0009712} }
 @article{carlson_hopkins_bell_doña_godfrey_kwak_lafferty_moir_speer_strona_et al._2020, title={A global parasite conservation plan}, volume={250}, ISSN={0006-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108596}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108596}, abstractNote={Found throughout the tree of life and in every ecosystem, parasites are some of the most diverse, ecologically important animals on Earth—but in almost all cases, the least protected by wildlife or ecosystem conservation efforts. For decades, ecologists have been calling for research to understand parasites' important ecological role, and increasingly, to protect as many species from extinction as possible. However, most conservationists still work within priority systems for funding and effort that exclude or ignore parasites, or treat parasites as an obstacle to be overcome. Our working group identified 12 goals for the next decade that could advance parasite biodiversity conservation through an ambitious mix of research, advocacy, and management.}, journal={Biological Conservation}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carlson, Colin J. and Hopkins, Skylar and Bell, Kayce C. and Doña, Jorge and Godfrey, Stephanie S. and Kwak, Mackenzie L. and Lafferty, Kevin D. and Moir, Melinda L. and Speer, Kelly A. and Strona, Giovanni and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={108596} }
 @article{hopkins_sokolow_buck_de leo_jones_kwong_leboa_lund_macdonald_nova_et al._2020, title={How to identify win–win interventions that benefit human health and conservation}, volume={4}, ISSN={2398-9629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00640-z}, DOI={10.1038/s41893-020-00640-z}, abstractNote={To reach the Sustainable Development Goals, we may need to act on synergies between some targets while mediating trade-offs between other targets. But what, exactly, are synergies and trade-offs, and how are they related to other outcomes, such as ‘win–win’ solutions? Finding limited guidance in the existing literature, we developed an operational method for distinguishing win–wins from eight other possible dual outcomes (lose–lose, lose–neutral and so on). Using examples related to human health and conservation, we illustrate how interdisciplinary problem-solvers can use this framework to assess relationships among targets and compare multi-target interventions that affect people and nature. Reaching the Sustainable Development Goals requires recognizing trade-offs and synergies among targets. Focusing on conservation and human health, this Perspective suggests how to productively distinguish win–wins from other outcomes.}, number={4}, journal={Nature Sustainability}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Sokolow, Susanne H. and Buck, Julia C. and De Leo, Giulio A. and Jones, Isabel J. and Kwong, Laura H. and LeBoa, Christopher and Lund, Andrea J. and MacDonald, Andrew J. and Nova, Nicole and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={298–304} }
 @article{jones_macdonald_hopkins_lund_liu_fawzi_purba_fankhauser_chamberlin_nirmala_et al._2020, title={Improving rural health care reduces illegal logging and conserves carbon in a tropical forest}, volume={117}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2009240117}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={45}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Jones, Isabel J. and MacDonald, Andrew J. and Hopkins, Skylar R. and Lund, Andrea J. and Liu, Zac Yung-Chun and Fawzi, Nurul Ihsan and Purba, Mahardika Putra and Fankhauser, Katie and Chamberlin, Andrew J. and Nirmala, Monica and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={28515–28524} }
 @article{hopkins_fleming‐davies_belden_wojdak_2020, title={Systematic review of modelling assumptions and empirical evidence: Does parasite transmission increase nonlinearly with host density?}, volume={11}, ISSN={2041-210X 2041-210X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13361}, DOI={10.1111/2041-210x.13361}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Methods in Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Fleming‐Davies, Arietta E. and Belden, Lisa K. and Wojdak, Jeremy M.}, editor={Golding, NickEditor}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={476–486} }
 @article{wood_sokolow_jones_chamberlin_lafferty_kuris_jocque_hopkins_adams_buck_et al._2019, title={Precision mapping of snail habitat provides a powerful indicator of human schistosomiasis transmission}, volume={116}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903698116}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1903698116}, abstractNote={Recently, the World Health Organization recognized that efforts to interrupt schistosomiasis transmission through mass drug administration have been ineffective in some regions; one of their new recommended strategies for global schistosomiasis control emphasizes targeting the freshwater snails that transmit schistosome parasites. We sought to identify robust indicators that would enable precision targeting of these snails. At the site of the world’s largest recorded schistosomiasis epidemic—the Lower Senegal River Basin in Senegal—intensive sampling revealed positive relationships between intermediate host snails (abundance, density, and prevalence) and human urogenital schistosomiasis reinfection (prevalence and intensity in schoolchildren after drug administration). However, we also found that snail distributions were so patchy in space and time that obtaining useful data required effort that exceeds what is feasible in standard monitoring and control campaigns. Instead, we identified several environmental proxies that were more effective than snail variables for predicting human infection: the area covered by suitable snail habitat (i.e., floating, nonemergent vegetation), the percent cover by suitable snail habitat, and size of the water contact area. Unlike snail surveys, which require hundreds of person-hours per site to conduct, habitat coverage and site area can be quickly estimated with drone or satellite imagery. This, in turn, makes possible large-scale, high-resolution estimation of human urogenital schistosomiasis risk to support targeting of both mass drug administration and snail control efforts.}, number={46}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Wood, Chelsea L. and Sokolow, Susanne H. and Jones, Isabel J. and Chamberlin, Andrew J. and Lafferty, Kevin D. and Kuris, Armand M. and Jocque, Merlijn and Hopkins, Skylar and Adams, Grant and Buck, Julia C. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={23182–23191} }
 @article{hopkins_mcgregor_belden_wojdak_2018, title={Handling times and saturating transmission functions in a snail–worm symbiosis}, volume={188}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4206-3}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-018-4206-3}, abstractNote={All dynamic species interaction models contain an assumption that describes how contact rates scale with population density. Choosing an appropriate contact-density function is important, because different functions have different implications for population dynamics and stability. However, this choice can be challenging, because there are many possible functions, and most are phenomenological and thus difficult to relate to underlying ecological processes. Using one such phenomenological function, we described a nonlinear relationship between field transmission rates and host density in a common snail-oligochaete symbiosis. We then used a well-known contact function from predator-prey models, the Holling Type II functional response, to describe and predict host snail contact rates in the laboratory. The Holling Type II functional response accurately described both the nonlinear contact-density relationship and the average contact duration that we observed. Therefore, we suggest that contact rates saturate with host density in this system because each snail contact requires a non-instantaneous handling time, and additional possible contacts do not occur during that handling time. Handling times and nonlinear contact rates might also explain the nonlinear relationship between symbiont transmission and snail density that we observed in the field, which could be confirmed by future work that controls for other potential sources of seasonal variation in transmission rates. Because most animal contacts are not instantaneous, the Holling Type II functional response might be broadly relevant to diverse host-symbiont systems.}, number={1}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and McGregor, Cari M. and Belden, Lisa K. and Wojdak, Jeremy M.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={277–287} }
 @article{lafferty_hopkins_2018, title={Unique parasite aDNA in moa coprolites from New Zealand suggests mass parasite extinctions followed human-induced megafauna extinctions}, volume={115}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722598115}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1722598115}, abstractNote={Having split early from Gondwana, Zealandia (now modern New Zealand) escaped discovery until the late 13th century, and therefore remains an important glimpse into a human-free world. Without humans or other land mammals, diverse and peculiar birds evolved in isolation, including several flightless moa species, the giant pouakai eagle ( Harpagornis moorei ), the kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ), and the kakapo parrot ( Strigops habroptila ). This unique community has fascinated paleoecologists, who have spent almost two centuries devising new ways to glean information from ancient bird remains. In PNAS, Boast et al. (1) apply one recent technological advance, ancient DNA (aDNA) metabarcoding, to confirm previous discoveries and report new details about moa and kakapo diets, parasites, and niches. Their efforts confirm Zealandia was a lot different before humans arrived.

Zealandia’s most diverse avian oddities were the moa. Moa research goes back to the early 1800s, when the Māori told legends to colonizing Europeans about giant birds and showed them fossilized moa bones in caves. Those fossils belonged to at least nine moa species ranging from 1 to 4 m tall, some with notable sexual dimorphism (2). The moa species have different fossil distributions, morphology, and gizzard contents, suggesting they partitioned Zealandia’s resources into distinct ecological niches. To better understand how moas coexisted and interacted with other species, paleontologists have turned to another abundant deposit that moas left behind: coprolites (fossilized dung). The 2,000 moa coprolites that have been collected thus far contain plants, fungi, microbes, and intestinal parasites (3), a priceless resource for creating ecological snapshots from Zealandia. Until the aDNA revolution, however, these snapshots were blurry (4).

Sequencing aDNA allows paleontologists to identify dung-encased organisms at finer resolution than they see with a microscope. Studying aDNA is nerve-wracking, because it degrades over time … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: klafferty{at}usgs.gov.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1}, number={7}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Lafferty, Kevin D. and Hopkins, Skylar R.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={1411–1413} }
 @article{hopkins_wojdak_belden_2017, title={Defensive Symbionts Mediate Host–Parasite Interactions at Multiple Scales}, volume={33}, ISSN={1471-4922}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.003}, abstractNote={Protection mutualisms, such as cleaning symbioses, are often perceived as biological curiosities. However, defensive symbionts that protect their hosts from parasites are taxonomically and functionally diverse and ubiquitous. Defensive symbionts can have surprisingly large effects on individual to community-level host and parasite ecology, and ultimately impact disease dynamics. The magnitude, and even the direction, of the effects of defensive symbionts on host fitness vary with environmental and biological contexts. Placing protection mutualisms in the framework of the mutualism–parasitism continuum can help us to understand and predict the context-dependent outcomes of these interactions. In protection mutualisms, defensive symbionts protect their hosts from natural enemies, including parasites. Protection mutualisms were historically considered rare ecological relationships, but recent examples demonstrate that defensive symbionts are both quite common and diverse. Defensive symbionts can have surprisingly large effects on host and parasite ecology at the individual, population, guild, and community scales. However, the highly context-dependent nature of protection mutualisms makes it difficult to identify and quantify the roles that defensive symbionts play in host–parasite systems. The mutualism–parasitism continuum framework can be used to understand and predict the outcomes of these interactions under variable environmental and ecological contexts. Embracing and expanding this theory will improve future research, and may better prepare us to use defensive symbionts as biocontrol agents. In protection mutualisms, defensive symbionts protect their hosts from natural enemies, including parasites. Protection mutualisms were historically considered rare ecological relationships, but recent examples demonstrate that defensive symbionts are both quite common and diverse. Defensive symbionts can have surprisingly large effects on host and parasite ecology at the individual, population, guild, and community scales. However, the highly context-dependent nature of protection mutualisms makes it difficult to identify and quantify the roles that defensive symbionts play in host–parasite systems. The mutualism–parasitism continuum framework can be used to understand and predict the outcomes of these interactions under variable environmental and ecological contexts. Embracing and expanding this theory will improve future research, and may better prepare us to use defensive symbionts as biocontrol agents. one type of defensive symbiosis, where a typically smaller species (the cleaner) removes parasites, dead tissue, mucus, debris, and/or other particulates from the larger species (the client). Also see Figure 1. populations of species living in the same location at the same time. a symbiosis where a typically larger host species is protected from natural enemies (i.e., herbivores, parasite, parasitoids, predators) by a typically smaller species that lives on or in close association with the host. a host species that indirectly reduces the risk of parasite transmission to other host species. Defensive symbionts can cause defended hosts to become dilution hosts by killing many parasites, influencing parasite search efficiencies, or causing hosts to be poor at transmitting the parasite when they become infected. in the case of facultative symbiosis, a relationship in which a partner can survive and/or reproduce without its symbiotic partner, as opposed to an obligate symbiosis. in the case of generalist symbionts, a species that can participate in symbiotic relationships with many alternative partner species, as opposed to specialist symbionts. a level of ecological organization where all species share a common resource or natural enemy, as when many parasite species use the same host species (parasite guild) or many host species are used by the same parasite species (host guild). direct interactions between individuals that require access to the same limited resources. ecological interaction where species that share a common resource also may consume each other. in the case of obligate symbiosis, a relationship in which a partner can survive and/or reproduce without its symbiotic partner, as opposed to a facultative symbiosis. in the case of specialist symbionts, a species that participates in symbiotic relationships with only a single, specific partner species. a close association between organisms of two or more species, where one organism lives on, in, or close to the other. Defensive Symbionts Mediate Host–Parasite Interactions at Multiple Scales: (Trends in Parasitology , 53–64; 2017)Hopkins et al.Trends in ParasitologyJanuary 20, 2017In BriefDue to an oversight in the preparation of this Review article, full details were not provided for references 83 and 84. The corrected references follow and are available in the article online. Full-Text PDF}, number={1}, journal={Trends in Parasitology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Wojdak, Jeremy M. and Belden, Lisa K.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={53–64} }
 @article{hopkins_ocampo_wojdak_belden_2016, title={Host community composition and defensive symbionts determine trematode parasite abundance in host communities}, volume={7}, ISSN={2150-8925 2150-8925}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1278}, DOI={10.1002/ecs2.1278}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Ecosphere}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Ocampo, Jancarla M. and Wojdak, Jeremy M. and Belden, Lisa K.}, editor={Drake, J.Editor}, year={2016}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hopkins_boyle_belden_wojdak_2015, title={Dispersal of a defensive symbiont depends on contact between hosts, host health, and host size}, volume={179}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3333-3}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-015-3333-3}, abstractNote={Symbiont dispersal is necessary for the maintenance of defense mutualisms in space and time, and the distribution of symbionts among hosts should be intricately tied to symbiont dispersal behaviors. However, we know surprisingly little about how most defensive symbionts find and choose advantageous hosts or what cues trigger symbionts to disperse from their current hosts. In a series of six experiments, we explored the dispersal ecology of an oligochaete worm (Chaetogaster limnaei) that protects snail hosts from infection by larval trematode parasites. Specifically, we determined the factors that affected net symbiont dispersal from a current "donor" host to a new "receiver" host. Symbionts rarely dispersed unless hosts directly came in contact with one another. However, symbionts overcame their reluctance to disperse across the open environment if the donor host died. When hosts came in direct contact, net symbiont dispersal varied with both host size and trematode infection status, whereas symbiont density did not influence the probability of symbiont dispersal. Together, these experiments show that symbiont dispersal is not a constant, random process, as is often assumed in symbiont dispersal models, but rather the probability of dispersal varies with ecological conditions and among individual hosts. The observed heterogeneity in dispersal rates among hosts may help to explain symbiont aggregation among snail hosts in nature.}, number={2}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Boyle, Lindsey J. and Belden, Lisa K. and Wojdak, Jeremy M.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={307–318} }
 @article{hopkins_2014, title={Fitness cost of ampicillin resistance in Escherichia coli}, volume={85}, ISSN={0005-3155 1943-6289}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1893/0005-3155-85.1.1}, DOI={10.1893/0005-3155-85.1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract. A long-standing hypothesis regarding antibiotic resistance assumes that the evolution of resistant genotypes comes at a fitness cost to individuals. This predicts that resistance will disappear from populations when antibiotic stress is removed because susceptible individuals can then outcompete resistant individuals. However, recent studies have shown that low fitness costs and the evolution of fitness compensation cause very low levels of reversion to susceptibility in some situations. This study evaluated the fitness parameters associated with ampicillin resistance in Escherichia coli under optimal, temperature stressed, and nutrient limited conditions by comparing optical density values between resistant and susceptible individuals. Unexpectedly, the ampicillin resistant population grew faster than the susceptible population under optimal and limited nutrient conditions and experienced no fitness cost under temperature stress conditions. Though ampicillin is not used in clinical settings and E. coli may have different fitness parameters for other antibiotics, using ampicillin as a model suggests that reversion to susceptibility may be unlikely under both optimal growing conditions and stressful conditions. This study illustrates the need for greater understanding of each species' fitness parameters for individual antibiotics and the development of antibiotics that have higher fitness costs and low probabilities of compensation evolution.}, number={1}, journal={BIOS}, publisher={Beta Beta Biological Society}, author={Hopkins, Skylar}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{hopkins_wyderko_sheehy_belden_wojdak_2013, title={Parasite predators exhibit a rapid numerical response to increased parasite abundance and reduce transmission to hosts}, volume={3}, ISSN={2045-7758}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.634}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.634}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={13}, journal={Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hopkins, Skylar R. and Wyderko, Jennie A. and Sheehy, Robert R. and Belden, Lisa K. and Wojdak, Jeremy M.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={4427–4438} }