@article{ghimire_orellana_chowdhury_vermeer_patel_raymer_milla-lewis_buck_martinez-espinoza_bahri_2024, title={Assessing Biofungicides and Host Resistance against Rhizoctonia Large Patch in Zoysiagrass}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens13100864}, abstractNote={Rhizoctonia large patch (Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 LP) significantly reduces turfgrass quality, aesthetics, and playability. Synthetic fungicides are commonly used for managing this disease, but they present high costs, potential for fungicide resistance, and environmental concerns. We conducted in vitro assays to test the effectiveness of three biofungicides, seven synthetic fungicides, and ten combinations against R. solani. We then assessed seven spray programs that included Bacillus subtilis QST713 and propiconazole, either alone or tank-mixed, on zoysiagrass ‘El Toro’ in a growth chamber and in field trials. Biofungicide B. subtilis QST713 reduced pathogen growth by up to 100% in vitro. B. subtilis QST713 alone or combined with synthetic fungicides and/or in rotation was as effective as the standalone synthetic fungicide, reducing disease severity and AUDPC by 81 and 77% (growth chamber) and by 71 and 52% (field), respectively, while maintaining acceptable turfgrass quality. Additionally, we screened zoysiagrass genotypes and advanced breeding lines against three R. solani isolates in growth chamber studies. Five genotypes and two breeding lines demonstrated resistance to Rhizoctonia large patch across isolates, highlighting their potential for developing disease-resistant cultivars. Our findings suggest that integrating biofungicides, resistant cultivars with chemical controls offer sustainable and effective strategies for managing Rhizoctonia large patch}, number={10}, journal={PATHOGENS}, author={Ghimire, Bikash and Orellana, Rolando and Chowdhury, Shukti R. and Vermeer, Christopher Brian and Patel, Paige and Raymer, Paul and Milla-Lewis, Susana and Buck, James W. and Martinez-Espinoza, Alfredo D. and Bahri, Bochra A.}, year={2024}, month={Oct} }
 @article{milla-lewis_gouveia_kenworthy_zhang_chandra_miller_carbajal_schwartz_raymer_pudzianowska_et al._2024, title={Maximizing genetic gains across agronomic and consumer preference traits in St. Augustinegrass breeding}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21374}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.21374}, abstractNote={Abstract Combining large multi‐environment trial (MET) datasets to decide which genotypes to move forward in the breeding process can be challenging, especially when dealing with negatively correlated traits. The use of a selection index has long been identified as an effective strategy in these situations. However, the method has found limited application in turfgrass breeding. The objective of this study was to use MET data for St. Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] breeding lines evaluated across the southern United States to compare genetic gains achieved with the additive additive genetic index (AI) versus the turf performance index (TPI) incorporating agronomic as well as consumer preference traits. The use of either selection index produced more positive genetic gains across traits than direct selection even in the presence of negative correlations. However, the higher genetic gains obtained with AI versus TPI indicate that the use of an index that weighs traits according to their importance is a better approach for selection. Moreover, under a more stringent selection intensity, none of the best lines identified with AI would have been selected with TPI emphasizing the importance of choosing selection criteria that provide a more nuanced ranking of lines. Additionally, higher heritability values and gains from selection were obtained for turfgrass quality under stress (drought and shade) than under normal conditions indicating that selection under stress environments might be more efficient. Most of the evaluated St. Augustinegrass lines outperformed the checks, further supporting the value of cross‐institutional breeding collaborations.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Gouveia, Beatriz Tome and Kenworthy, Kevin and Zhang, Jing and Chandra, Ambika and Miller, Grady L. and Carbajal, Esdras M. and Schwartz, Brian and Raymer, Paul and Pudzianowska, Marta and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Oct} }
 @article{laat_leon_dale_gouveia_carbajal_schiavon_unruh_iannone iii_milla-lewis_2024, title={Molecular analysis of St. Augustinegrass cultivar mixtures composition over time and latitude}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21370}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.21370}, abstractNote={Abstract St. Augustinegrass [ Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is commonly planted in residential and commercial landscapes as a cultivar monoculture predisposing this lawn to pest invasion and high‐maintenance inputs. Researchers have suggested that increasing genetic diversity by growing cultivars in mixtures may increase turfgrass stress resilience. However, the stability and uniformity of those mixtures has not been studied. The present study was carried out to evaluate the stability of St. Augustinegrass cultivars mixtures over time and across three latitudes. The study was conducted in Citra and Fort Lauderdale, FL, and Jackson Springs, NC. Simple‐sequence repeats markers were used to genotype leaf samples of St. Augustinegrass cultivars planted in two‐ and four‐cultivar mixtures. Leaf samples were collected 1 and 3 years after establishment. In all locations, cultivar richness and evenness declined over time. Similarly, the relative abundance of the least persistent cultivars decreased approximately 50%–100% depending on cultivar and location. Differences in growth patterns among cultivars resulted in cultivar displacement and the predominance of a single cultivar. Cultivars that covered the ground faster or formed dense canopies early after establishment were dominant at the end of the study. Locally developed cultivars tended to be more dominant in their original latitude. The use of cultivar mixtures may help the identification of vigorous, competitive, and stress tolerant cultivars in turfgrass breeding programs. However, their commercial use remains challenging as if the patterns observed here for 3 years are representative of a continuous trend, and they do not persist over time.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Laat, Rocio and Leon, Ramon G. and Dale, Adam G. and Gouveia, Beatriz and Carbajal, Esdras M. and Schiavon, Marco and Unruh, J. Bryan and Iannone III, Basil and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kenworthy_quesenberry_aldrich_buhlman_rios_unruh_harmon_dale_milla‐lewis_schwartz_et al._2024, title={Registration of ‘FSA1602’ St. Augustinegrass}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20341}, DOI={10.1002/plr2.20341}, abstractNote={Abstract‘FSA1602’ (Reg. no. CV‐294, PI 704119) hybrid St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze] was developed and released by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida, in 2018. FSA1602 has a distinct olive blue‐green color and high levels of resistance to gray leaf spot, take‐all root rot, and excellent shade tolerance and turfgrass quality (TQ). It is targeted for use in residential and commercial lawns in the southern United States. FSA1602 has coarse textured leaves similar in width to ‘Floratam’ and leaf lengths similar to ‘SS‐100’ (Palmetto) but shorter than Floratam. FSA1602 stolon width is larger than Floratam or Palmetto but has a mean stolon internode length shorter than either Floratam or Palmetto. It produces a dense turfgrass with high TQ that is similar to or better than Floratam and with less winter kill than Floratam, which is the most widely used St. Augustinegrass for lawns in Florida.}, journal={Journal of Plant Registrations}, author={Kenworthy, Kevin and Quesenberry, Kenneth and Aldrich, Kendall and Buhlman, Jamie and Rios, Esteban and Unruh, Bryan and Harmon, Philip and Dale, Adam and Milla‐Lewis, Susana and Schwartz, Brian and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gouveia_chandra_kenworthy_raymer_schwartz_wu_milla-lewis_2024, title={Warm-season turfgrass species genotype-by-environment interaction for turfgrass quality under drought}, volume={210}, ISSN={["1439-037X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12681}, DOI={10.1111/jac.12681}, abstractNote={AbstractOne of the biggest challenges the turfgrass industry is currently facing is limitations of available water for irrigation of turfgrass areas. Efforts on breeding for drought resistance have increased over the past several years across the United States. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. Rich.), St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) breeding lines from five different breeding programs under drought and estimate genetic parameters in order to increase selection efficiency for drought resistance improvement in these breeding programs. The germplasm sources were bermudagrass from Oklahoma State University and University of Georgia (UGA); St. Augustinegrass from North Carolina State University, Texas A&M University System (TAMUS) and University of Florida (UF); zoysiagrass from UF and TAMUS; seashore paspalum from UGA. Field trials were conducted from 2016 to 2019 at research facilities in Citra, FL and Dallas, TX. The response variables evaluated were per cent living ground cover (%GC), and turfgrass quality under normal or non‐drought (TQND) and drought conditions (TQD). The genetic variance was significant for TQND and TQD in bermudagrass, TQD in St. Augustinegrass and all traits in zoysiagrass. The heritability estimates were higher for TQD than for TQND in bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass. Genetic correlation estimates showed that indirect selection can be effective to select drought‐resistant genotypes. Several genotypes performed better than all commercial cultivars in both St. Augustinegrass and zoysiagrass.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE}, author={Gouveia, Beatriz Tome and Chandra, Ambika and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Raymer, Paul L. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Wu, Yanqi Q. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{rockstad_austin_gouveia_carbajal_milla-lewis_2023, title={Assessing unmanned aerial vehicle-based imagery for breeding applications in St. Augustinegrass under drought and non-drought conditions}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21128}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.21128}, abstractNote={AbstractThe use of imagery collected from small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in turfgrass breeding has rapidly increased, as has the demand to develop drought‐resistant cultivars. However, prior to adopting UAVs to help guide turfgrass selection under drought stress conditions, a clear understanding of the value and predictive ability of imagery‐based turfgrass characterization is required. In St. Augustinegrass, a major warm‐season turfgrass species grown in the Southeastern United States, limited research has been published about characterizing drought stress using aerial imagery. Specifically, no efforts have compared the various vegetation indices (VIs) commonly used to evaluate vegetative health in other species and sought to identify the most useful index for phenotyping drought stress traits in St. Augustinegrass. In this study, traditional ground‐based approaches for measuring percent green cover (PGC) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were compared against their UAV‐derived counterparts as well as 13 VIs under drought and non‐drought conditions, and broad‐sense heritability (H2) was calculated. A population of 115 genotypes from a ‘‘Raleigh’’ × ‘‘Seville’’ cross were analyzed at two environmentally distinct field sites in North Carolina. At both sites, a significant relationship between ground‐based and UAV‐derived measurements for PGC and NDVI was observed before and during drought (r = 0.82 to 0.95) and suggests a clear advantage to using UAVs for phenotyping drought traits given the reduced time and labor costs compared to on‐ground efforts. Among all VIs compared, UAV‐derived NDVI (NDVI‐U) showed strong correlation with the PGC taken on the ground (r > 0.85), a similar trend over time, and a higher H2 estimate under drought conditions, suggesting that NDVI‐U has the potential to assist in the selection of St. Augustinegrass genotypes with the best phenotypic response to drought. Implementing UAV imagery‐based high‐throughput methods will allow breeders to evaluate germplasm with unbiased quantitative consistency, quickly and thoroughly, and with increased frequency—all without sacrificing the response to selection potential.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Rockstad, Greta B. G. and Austin, Robert E. and Gouveia, Beatriz T. and Carbajal, Esdras M. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{chandra_genovesi_meeks_segars_eads_hejl_floyd_wherley_straw_bowling_et al._2023, title={Registration of 'DALSA 1618' St. Augustinegrass}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.1002/plr2.20302}, abstractNote={Abstract‘DALSA 1618’ (Reg. no. CV‐291, PI 702594) is a first‐generation intraspecific St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] hybrid developed by Texas A&M AgriLife Research in Dallas, TX, from a cross between a drought‐resistant polyploid female parent, TAES 5384 (PI 300130, GRIN National Plant Germplasm System), and a semi‐dwarf shade‐tolerant diploid pollen donor, ‘Amerishade’. DALSA 1618 was formerly tested as ‘TAES 5896‐09’ and ‘TXSA‐156’. Superior performance and quality from 2010 to 2015 in space‐plant nurseries across multiple environments led to advancing DALSA 1618 to replicated trials in 10 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) locations across the southcentral and southeastern United States. DALSA 1618 was one of the top performers in the 2016 NTEP (2016–2020). It established faster than ‘CitraBlue’ and similarly to other tested commercial cultivars. DALSA 1618 exhibited high turfgrass quality in standard and ancillary trials and earlier spring greenup, which was generally better than ‘Floratam’. Drought resistance of DALSA 1618 was similar to Floratam (a drought‐resistant aneuploid). Tolerance to moderately dense shade was tested in Dallas, TX, from 2017 to 2020, where DALSA 1618 exhibited improved shade tolerance relative to Floratam. This array of environmental testing indicates DALSA 1618 possesses a unique combination of drought and shade tolerance that would allow its use across the southcentral and southeastern United States.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Chandra, Ambika and Genovesi, A. Dennis and Meeks, Meghyn and Segars, Chrissie A. and Eads, Justin and Hejl, Reagan and Floyd, Weston and Wherley, Benjamin and Straw, Chase and Bowling, Rebecca and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{melgar_miller_dunne_schwartz_milla‐lewis_2022, title={Evaluation of South African common bermudagrass germplasm for shade tolerance}, volume={4}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/its2.124}, DOI={10.1002/its2.124}, abstractNote={AbstractCommon bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) is a widely grown warm‐season turfgrass species characterized by a dense, deep‐rooted canopy and high levels of traffic tolerance. However, most cultivars have poor shade tolerance, which limits the use of these grasses in partly‐shaded areas. The identification of new sources of genetic resistance to shade will expand the germplasm pool available to breeders for developing improved bermudagrass cultivars. In this study, 24 common bermudagrass accessions recently introduced from South Africa were evaluated for their ability to persist under shade. Entries were established in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Field Lab (Raleigh, NC) in the spring of 2019. Following full green‐up in summer 2020, entries were evaluated for performance under full sun, and then a 63% shade cloth was installed over the plots. Traits evaluated under shade included: turfgrass quality, turfgrass density, genetic color, ground coverage, turfgrass regrowth and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). A turfgrass performance index (TPI) was calculated to identify the top performers across all traits. Under full sun, seven accessions had comparable performance with ‘Celebration’ and ‘TifTuf’ across traits. Under shade, ‘Stil03’, ‘Q 47620’, ‘TifGrand’, ‘WIN10F’, Celebration, and TifTuf exhibited the highest TPI. Accessions with superior shade tolerance identified in this study represent novel germplasm that can be used in future breeding efforts to improve shade tolerance in bermudagrass.}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Melgar, Esdras M. Carbajal and Miller, Grady L. and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Milla‐Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{miller_gragg_pinnix_mccauley_milla‐lewis_2022, title={Fall establishment of zoysiagrass on roadsides in the U.S. transition zone}, volume={5}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/its2.128}, DOI={10.1002/its2.128}, abstractNote={AbstractVegetation management around roadsides and guardrails is time‐consuming and expensive for a department of transportation. These organizations desire dense vegetation that has slow vertical growth and minimal weed invasion once established, and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is a suitable species for this use. The objective of this study was to compare fall versus spring plantings for establishing zoysiagrass on North Carolina roadsides. ‘Crowne’ (sprigs) and ‘Compadre’ (sprigs and seed) zoysiagrasses (Zoysia japonica Steud.) were planted in fall 2017 (September, October, November) and spring 2018 (March, April, May) in Lenoir and Yadkin Counties, NC. Data collection was initiated in summer of 2018 and continued through July 2019. The mean percentage of zoysiagrass cover was recorded individually for each establishment timing and method. Zoysiagrass planted with seed achieved coverage quicker than sprigging for all monthly plantings. In Yadkin, March and May seedings achieved 95 and 98% coverage in September 2018, respectively; whereas Compadre's sprigging coverage was 67%. In Lenoir, seed planted in November 2017 and March 2018 achieved 32 and 35% cover by September 2018, respectively, whereas sprig plantings showed <6% coverage. Coverage was faster for spring‐planted materials, but after one calendar year, fall and spring seed planting had similar coverage. The results from this research suggest that zoysiagrass can be established with minimal inputs in fall as well as spring on North Carolina roadsides.}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Miller, Grady and Gragg, Ben and Pinnix, Drew and McCauley, Ray and Milla‐Lewis, Susana}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{katuwal_jespersen_bhattarai_chandra_kenworthy_milla-lewis_schwartz_wu_raymer_2022, title={Multilocational screening identifies new drought-tolerant, warm-season turfgrasses}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20726}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20726}, abstractNote={AbstractDuring periods of drought, the irrigation needs of current warm‐season turfgrass cultivars and frequent municipal water use restrictions present a major challenge to the turfgrass industry. Turfgrass breeding programs have responded by placing more emphasis on improved drought response. During 2012–2013, 560 genotypes of four warm‐season turfgrass species developed by five southern breeding programs were evaluated for drought response in replicated field trials at seven locations. Breeders selected 35 genotypes as drought‐tolerant selections (DTS) for further evaluation. The objectives of this study were to verify superior drought response among DTS under short‐term drought conditions and to assess the effectiveness of this approach as a viable breeding strategy to improve drought response in warm‐season turfgrasses. Forty‐seven genotypes including standard commercial cultivars of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.), bermudagrass [Cynodon spp. (L.) Pers.], St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) were exposed to dry‐downs in three consecutive years by withholding irrigation and excluding rainfall. Significant differences in drought performance were seen across genotypes over the multiyear study. Statistical contrasts found that DTS of zoysiagrass, St. Augustinegrass, and seashore paspalum generally performed better than the standard cultivars. Top‐performing DTS zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass genotypes maintained >50% green cover longer than the average of the standard cultivars. Based on this research, multilocational screening for drought tolerance was effective in selection of new genotypes with superior performance to standard cultivars and continued screening of turfgrass germplasm to identify new drought‐tolerant genotypes is warranted.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Katuwal, Krishna B. and Jespersen, David and Bhattarai, Uttam and Chandra, Ambika and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Schwartz, Brian Matthew and Wu, Yanqi and Raymer, Paul}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{yu_lara_carbajal_milla-lewis_2022, title={QTL mapping of morphological characteristics that correlated to drought tolerance in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0268004}, abstractNote={St. Augustinegrass is a warm-season grass species widely utilized as turf in the southeastern U.S. It shows significant variation in plant growth and morphological characteristics, some of which are potentially associated with drought tolerance. However, the genetic basis of these variations is not well understood. Detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with morphological traits will provide a foundation for the application of genetic and molecular breeding in St. Augustinegrass. In this study, we report QTL associated with morphological traits, including leaf blade width (LW), leaf blade length (LL), canopy density (CD), and shoot growth orientation (SGO) in a St. Augustinegrass ‘Raleigh’ x ‘Seville’ mapping population containing 115 F1 hybrids. Phenotypic data were collected from one greenhouse and two field trials. Single and joint trial analyses were performed, finding significant phenotypic variance among the hybrids for all traits. Interval mapping (IM) and multiple QTL method (MQM) analysis detected seven QTL for CD, four for LL, five for LW, and two for SGO, which were distributed on linkage groups RLG1, RLG9, SLG3, SLG7, SLG8 and SLG9. In addition, three genomic regions where QTL colocalized were identified on Raleigh LG1 and Seville LG3. One genomic region on Seville LG3 overlapped with two previously reported drought-related QTL for leaf relative water content (RWC) and percent green cover (GC). Several candidate genes related to plant development and drought stress response were identified within QTL intervals. The QTL identified in this study represent a first step in identifying genes controlling morphological traits that might accelerate progress in selection of St. Augustinegrass lines with lower water usage.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Yu, Xingwang and Lara, Nicolas A. H. and Carbajal, Esdras M. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2022} }
 @article{graham_gouveia_carbajal_laat_milla-lewis_2022, title={Using base index for selection of St. Augustinegrass breeding lines evaluated in multienvironment trials for turfgrass quality traits and stress tolerance in North Carolina}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20755}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20755}, abstractNote={AbstractSt. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a warm‐season turfgrass primarily used for home lawns and commercial landscapes in the southern United States. New cultivars that possess desirable turfgrass quality (TQ) in combination with improved tolerance to diseases, drought and cold are needed to increase the sustainability of St. Augustinegrass production and maintenance in transitional zones. This study's objectives were to evaluate breeding lines in multienvironment trials across North Carolina to (a) assess relationships among economically important traits, and (b) select genotypes with stable performance across environments. Sixty‐one St. Augustinegrass genotypes and five commercial checks were established in replicated field trials at three locations across North Carolina. Entries were evaluated for rate of establishment, TQ, turfgrass stand density, genetic color, leaf texture, uniformity, winter survival, fall color, drought tolerance, and gray leaf spot resistance from 2017 to 2020. Best linear unbiased predictions were used to calculate a selection index to identify elite genotypes across traits. The 10 traits were clustered into three groups: winter survival and fall color; genetic color, leaf texture, and gray leaf spot resistance; and establishment rate, TQ, density, uniformity, and drought tolerance. Selection of the top 10 genotypes using the selection index resulted in positive estimated genetic gains for all 10 traits, indicating it is an effective method for simultaneous selection. Line XSA 14271 outperformed ‘Palmetto’, ‘Raleigh’, ‘Captiva’, and ‘Seville’, for several traits and was the top‐ranked line. It will be advanced to on‐farm trials to evaluate sod production traits to assess its potential for commercial release.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Graham, Sydney E. and Gouveia, Beatriz Tome and Carbajal, Esdras M. and Laat, Rocio and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{moseley_trappe_milla-lewis_chandra_kenworthy_liu_patton_2021, title={Characterizing the growth and winter survival of commercially available and experimental genotypes of St. Augustinegrass}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20445}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20445}, abstractNote={AbstractSt. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze] is a commonly used warm‐season turfgrass for lawns in warm‐humid to tropical climates. Efforts to breed improved cultivars with enhanced abiotic and biotic stress tolerance are ongoing, but additional data on their growth and adaptation are needed. Twenty‐one commercially available St. Augustinegrass cultivars and eight experimental genotypes were planted in the field in Fayetteville, AR, in both 2009 and 2010 to study their stolon, leaf, and establishment characteristics, as well as winter survival. ‘Floratam’, ‘Floralawn’, ‘FX‐10’, ‘FA‐40’ (Mercedes™), ‘B12’ (Sapphire®), and WS had the highest stolon growth rate (>8.9 mm d−1), whereas ‘TR 6‐10’ (Amerishade®), ‘6‐72‐99’ (Delmar™), ‘6‐72‐182’ (Jade™), ‘6‐72‐130’ (Sunclipse™), 106G3, 106T3, and SV27 had the lowest stolon growth rate (<5.1 mm d−1). Cultivars ‘Floraverde’, Floralawn, Floratam, B12 (Sapphire), and ‘Texas Common’ were the quickest to establish. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified that cultivars with similar ploidy levels had similar growth characteristics as increasing ploidy resulted in wider and longer leaves, as well as larger stolon diameter and internode length. Cultivars considered dwarf types with short stolons or narrow‐short leaves grouped separately from cultivars with long stolons or wide‐long leaves. Genotypes VNS (Classic™), GF, VNS (Majestic™), ‘SS‐100’ (Palmetto®), ‘Raleigh’, TAES 5714, and Texas Common showed the highest winter survival and associated coverage after winter in both years. Results from this study are intended to help turfgrass breeders, turf producers, practitioners, and homeowners make informed cultivar selection decisions. Planting well‐adapted cultivars will reduce reestablishment costs from winter‐kill and ultimately increase sustainability.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moseley, David O. and Trappe, Jon M. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Chandra, Ambika and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Liu, Wenwen and Patton, Aaron J.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3097–3109} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_dacosta_bernstein_lu_tuong_patton_dunne_arellano_et al._2020, title={Differences in proteome response to cold acclimation in Zoysia japonica cultivars with different levels of freeze tolerance}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20225}, abstractNote={AbstractZoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) are warm‐season turfgrasses primarily grown in the southern and transition zones of the United States. An understanding of the physiological and proteomic changes that zoysiagrasses undergo during cold acclimation may shed light on phenotypic traits and proteins useful in selection of freeze‐tolerant genotypes. We investigated the relationship between cold acclimation, protein expression, and freeze tolerance in cold acclimated (CA) and nonacclimated (NA) plants of Zoysia japonica Steud. cultivars Meyer (freeze‐tolerant) and Victoria (freeze‐susceptible). Meristematic tissues from the grass crowns were harvested for proteomic analysis. Freeze testing indicated that cold acclimation accounted for a 1.9‐fold increase in plant survival than nonacclimation treatment. Overall, proteomic analysis identified 62 protein spots differentially accumulated in abundance under cold acclimation. Nine and 22 unique protein spots were identified for Meyer and Victoria, respectively, with increased abundance or decreased abundance. In addition, 23 shared protein spots were found among the two cultivars in response to cold acclimation. Function classification revealed that these proteins were involved primarily in transcription, signal transduction and stress defense, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and protein and amino acid metabolism. Several proteins of interest for their association with cold acclimation were identified. Further investigation of these proteins and their functional categories may contribute to increase our understanding of the differences in freezing tolerance among zoysiagrass germplasm.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and DaCosta, Michelle and Bernstein, Rachael P. and Lu, Jefferson and Tuong, Tan D. and Patton, Aaron J. and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Arellano, Consuelo and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={2744–2756} }
 @article{gouveia_rios_rodrigues nunes_gezan_munoz_kenworthy_unruh_miller_milla-lewis_schwartz_et al._2020, title={Genotype-by-environment interaction for turfgrass quality in bermudagrass across the southeastern United States}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20260}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20260}, abstractNote={AbstractEstimation of genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI) is important in breeding programs because it provides critical information to guide selection decisions. In general, multienvironment trials exhibit heterogeneity of variances and covariances at several levels. Thus, the objectives of this study were (a) to find the best genetic covariance matrix to model GEI and compare changes in genotypic rankings between the best covariance structure against a compound symmetry structure, (b) to define mega‐environments for turfgrass performance across the southeastern United States, and (c) to estimate genetic correlations between drought or nondrought and growing or nongrowing conditions to determine the extent of GEI under specific environments. Three nurseries with 165, 164, and 154 genotypes were evaluated in 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014, respectively. These nurseries were conducted at eight locations (Citra, FL; Hague, FL; College Station, TX; Dallas, TX; Griffin, GA; Tifton, GA; Stillwater, OK; and Jackson Springs, NC). The response variables were averaged turfgrass quality (TQ), TQ under drought (TQD), nondrought TQ (TQND), TQ under actively growing months (TQG), and TQ under nongrowing months (TQNG). This study demonstrated that (a) the best variance structure varied among traits and seasons, and changes in genotype rankings were dependent on GEI; (b) considering TQ and TQND, mega‐environments formed between Jackson Springs and College Station, and between Citra, Dallas, and Griffin, whereas Stillwater, Hague, and Tifton represented unique environments across the southeastern United States; and (c) genetic correlations between drought or nondrought and growing or nongrowing conditions suggested that indirect selection can be efficient in multienvironment trials for contrasting environmental conditions.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gouveia, Beatriz Tome and Rios, Esteban Fernando and Rodrigues Nunes, Jose Airton and Gezan, Salvador A. and Munoz, Patricio R. and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Unruh, J. Bryan and Miller, Grady L. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Schwartz, Brian M. and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={3328–3343} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_tuong_schwartz_patton_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2021, title={Identification of QTL associated with cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Zoysia japonica}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20368}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20368}, abstractNote={AbstractZoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) are relatively low‐input and warm‐season turfgrasses which have grown in popularity in the United States since their introduction in the 1890s. Over 30 improved zoysiagrass cultivars were released in the past three decades, but many lack freezing tolerance and their use is limited to warm‐humid climates. Understanding the genetic controls of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance in zoysiagrass could considerably benefit the breeding efforts to increase tolerance to freezing stress. In the present study, controlled environment acclimation and freezing tests were used to evaluate a Meyer × Victoria zoysiagrass mapping population for post‐freezing surviving green tissue (SGT) and regrowth (RG). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping analysis identified nine QTL associated with SGT, eight QTL linked to RG, and 22 QTL common in both traits, accounting for between 6.4 and 12.2% of the phenotypic variation. Eleven regions of interest overlapped with putative winter injury QTL identified in a previous field study. Upon sequence analysis, homologs of several abiotic response genes were found underlying these overlapping QTL regions. The homologs of these gene encode transcription factors, cell wall modification‐related proteins, and defense signal transduction‐related proteins. After further validation, these QTL and their associated markers have potential to be used in future breeding efforts for the development of a broader pool of zoysiagrass cultivars capable of surviving in cold climates.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and Tuong, Tan D. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Patton, Aaron J. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3044–3055} }
 @article{carbajal_ma_zuleta_reynolds_arellano_tredway_milla-lewis_2021, title={Identification of sources of resistance to gray leaf spot in Stenotaphrum germplasm}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20371}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20371}, abstractNote={AbstractSt. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze] is a popular warm‐season turfgrass in the southern United States. Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Cavara, is one of the major diseases in St. Augustinegrass. Although previous studies have reported polyploid lines with resistance to GLS, no comprehensive evaluations of sources of resistance have been performed in the genus. Such evaluations will enable breeders to identify resistant parents for cultivar development. In this study, 58 genotypes of St. Augustinegrass and two genotypes of pembagrass [Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn.] were screened for resistance to three different P. oryzae sources of inoculum under controlled environmental conditions. The parameters evaluated were incubation period, number of leaves with lesions, mean lesion length, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and area under the lesion expansion curve (AULEC). Significant differences among genotypes were identified. Polyploid genotypes PI 365031, PI 290888, PI 300129, PI 300130, and cultivar ‘FX‐10’ and diploid genotype PI 410353 consistently showed high levels of resistance across trials, inoculum sources, and parameters. The identification of resistance genes in diploid genotypes is of great importance for future St. Augustinegrass breeding efforts, as this germplasm pool can be more readily exploited because of the lack of reproductive barriers with most commercial cultivars and plant introductions.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carbajal, Esdras M. and Ma, Bangya and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Reynolds, W. Casey and Arellano, Consuelo and Tredway, Lane P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3069–3079} }
 @article{gouveia_rios_nunes_gezan_munoz_kenworthy_unruh_miller_milla-lewis_schwartz_et al._2021, title={Multispecies genotype x environment interaction for turfgrass quality in five turfgrass breeding programs in the southeastern United States}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20421}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20421}, abstractNote={AbstractIn breeding programs, superior parental genotypes are used in crosses to generate novel genetic variability for new selection cycles. Genotypes are usually more adapted to environments where the breeding program is located, since selections are performed under specific agroecosystems. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of bermudagrass (Cynodon Rich. species), St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze], seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia Willd. species) breeding lines from five different breeding programs (North Carolina State University, Oklahoma State University, Texas A&M University System, University of Florida, and University of Georgia) across the southeastern United States. Three breeding nurseries for each species were evaluated for 2 yr at eight locations: Citra and Hague, FL; College Station and Dallas, TX; Griffin and Tifton, GA; Stillwater, OK; and Jackson Springs, NC. Turfgrass quality (TQ) was evaluated (rated on a 1–9 scale) across repeated measurements over time. Data were analyzed using mixed models, and principal component analyses were performed using predicted genotypic values. The narrowest range in variation for TQ performance was observed in seashore paspalum breeding lines, whereas greater variation was observed for St. Augustinegrass and zoysiagrasses. St. Augustinegrass presented the lowest genotype × environment interaction in all nurseries. Specific adaptability was not observed for the lines developed by different breeding programs, with the exception of the bermudagrass lines from Oklahoma State University in Nursery 3.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gouveia, Beatriz Tome and Rios, Esteban Fernando and Nunes, Jose Airton Rodrigues and Gezan, Salvador A. and Munoz, Patricio R. and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Unruh, J. Bryan and Miller, Grady L. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Schwartz, Brian M. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3080–3096} }
 @article{yu_mulkey_zuleta_arellano_ma_milla-lewis_2020, title={Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Gray Leaf Spot Resistance in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0905-RE}, abstractNote={ Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by Magnaporthe grisea, is a major fungal disease of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), causing widespread blighting of the foliage under warm, humid conditions. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling GLS resistance, an F1 mapping population consisting of 153 hybrids was developed from crosses between cultivar Raleigh (susceptible parent) and plant introduction PI 410353 (resistant parent). Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from genotyping-by-sequencing constituted nine linkage groups for each parental linkage map. The Raleigh map consisted of 2,257 SNP markers and spanned 916.63 centimorgans (cM), while the PI 410353 map comprised 511 SNP markers and covered 804.27 cM. GLS resistance was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions with measurements of final disease incidence and lesion length. Additionally, two derived traits, area under the disease progress curve and area under the lesion expansion curve, were calculated for QTL analysis. Twenty QTL were identified as being associated with these GLS resistance traits, which explained 7.6 to 37.2% of the total phenotypic variation. Three potential GLS QTL “hotspots” were identified on two linkage groups: P2 (106.26 to 110.36 cM and 113.15 to 116.67 cM) and P5 (17.74 to 19.28 cM). The two major effect QTL glsp2.3 and glsp5.2 together reduced 20.2% of disease incidence in this study. Sequence analysis showed that two candidate genes encoding β-1,3-glucanases were found in the intervals of two QTL, which might function in GLS resistance response. These QTL and linked markers can be potentially used to assist the transfer of GLS resistance genes to elite St. Augustinegrass breeding lines. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Yu, Xingwang and Mulkey, Steve E. and Zuleta, Maria C. and Arellano, Consuelo and Ma, Bangya and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2799–2806} }
 @article{yu_brown_graham_carbajal_zuleta_milla-lewis_2019, title={Detection of quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0224620}, abstractNote={St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) is a warm-season grass species commonly utilized as turf in the southeastern US. Improvement in the drought tolerance of St. Augustinegrass has significant value within the turfgrass industry. Detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with drought tolerance will allow for advanced breeding strategies to identify St. Augustinegrass germplasm with improved performance for this trait. A multi-year and multi-environment study was performed to identify QTL in a ‘Raleigh’ x ‘Seville’ mapping population segregating for phenotypic traits associated with drought tolerance. Phenotypic data was collected from a field trial and a two-year greenhouse study, which included relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (CHC), leaf firing (LF), leaf wilting (LW), green cover (GC) and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI). Significant phenotypic variance was observed and a total of 70 QTL were detected for all traits. A genomic region on linkage group R6 simultaneously harbored QTL for RWC, LF and LW in different experiments. In addition, overlapping QTL for GC, LF, LW and NDVI were found on linkage groups R1, R5, R7 and S2. Sequence alignment analysis revealed several drought response genes within these regions. The QTL identified in this study have potential to be used in the future to identify genes associated with drought tolerance and for use in marker-assisted breeding.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Yu, Xingwang and Brown, Jessica M. and Graham, Sydney E. and Carbajal, Esdras M. and Zuleta, Maria C. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{carbajal_zuleta_swayzer_schwartz_chavarro_ballen‐taborda_milla‐lewis_2019, title={Development of colchicine‐induced tetraploid St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) lines}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12742}, DOI={10.1111/pbr.12742}, abstractNote={AbstractSt. Augustinegrass is well suited for lawns and commercial landscapes. While many genotypes are cross‐fertile, all cultivars are propagated vegetatively in sod production. To ensure varietal purity, development of sterile triploid hybrids by crossing tetraploid and diploid genotypes has been successfully used in other warm‐season turfgrasses. Applying this model in St. Augustinegrass would be beneficial to sod producers and turf managers who require purity for certification and uniformity for performance, respectively. This study was conducted to develop colchicine‐induced tetraploid lines of St. Augustinegrass. Seeds of cultivar ‘Raleigh’ were treated with four colchicine concentrations at four exposure times. A non‐treated control was included among the treatments. Seedlings that germinated were screened for genome size changes using flow cytometry. Line DSA 13005 and two progeny lines derived through selfing, DSA 16001 and DSA 16016, were corroborated as tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36) through chromosome counts. These lines will be used in future breeding efforts to attempt development of sterile triploid cultivars of St. Augustinegrass.}, journal={Plant Breeding}, author={Carbajal, Esdras M. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Swayzer, Luellen and Schwartz, Brian M. and Chavarro, Maria Carolina and Ballen‐Taborda, A. Carolina and Milla‐Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{dunne_tuong_livingston_reynolds_milla-lewis_2019, title={Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Bermudagrass Germplasm for Cold Hardiness and Freezing Tolerance}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667}, abstractNote={Bermudagrass [Cynodon spp. (L.) Rich.] is a high‐quality, durable turfgrass with excellent heat and drought tolerance. However, its lack of freezing tolerance limits its use in the transition zone. The development of cultivars with enhanced freezing tolerance would constitute a significant improvement in the management of bermudagrass in this region and could extend its area of adaptation further north. There has been substantial work on screening of common‐type bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] germplasm for freezing tolerance, but not for the African (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy) germplasm. The purpose of this research was to conduct multiyear field testing and laboratory‐based freezing test evaluations of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance, respectively, of an African and common bermudagrass germplasm collection. A high level of cold hardiness was observed among the germplasm in this study. In field evaluations, plant introductions (PIs) PI 290905, PI 647879, PI 255447, PI 289923, and PI 615161 were the top performers, having consistently greater spring green‐up and reduced winterkill compared with ‘Patriot’, ‘Tifsport’, ‘Quickstand’, and ‘Tifway’, though not always significantly. A comparison between field‐based ratings and calculated lethal temperatures for 50% death (LT50) from laboratory‐based freezing tests showed significant correlations of −0.26 and −0.24 for spring green‐up and winterkill, respectively, suggesting that these controlled freeze experiments could be used to prescreen materials prior to field testing. Overall, results indicate that some of the PIs evaluated in this study can be used as additional sources of cold hardiness in bermudagrass breeding.}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Tuong, Tan D. and Livingston, David P. and Reynolds, W. Casey and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2019}, pages={392–399} }
 @article{khanal_dunne_schwartz_kim_milla-lewis_raymer_hanna_adhikari_auckland_rainville_et al._2019, title={Molecular Dissection of Quantitative Variation in Bermudagrass Hybrids (Cynodon dactylon x transvaalensis): Morphological Traits}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2160-1836"]}, DOI={10.1534/g3.119.400061}, abstractNote={AbstractBermudagrass (Cynodon (L.)) is the most important warm-season grass grown for forage or turf. It shows extensive variation in morphological characteristics and growth attributes, but the genetic basis of this variation is little understood. Detection and tagging of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting above-ground morphology with diagnostic DNA markers would provide a foundation for genetic and molecular breeding applications in bermudagrass. Here, we report early findings regarding genetic architecture of foliage (canopy height, HT), stolon (stolon internode length, ILEN and length of the longest stolon LLS), and leaf traits (leaf blade length, LLEN and leaf blade width, LW) in 110 F1 individuals derived from a cross between Cynodon dactylon (T89) and C. transvaalensis (T574). Separate and joint environment analyses were performed on trait data collected across two to five environments (locations, and/or years, or time), finding significant differences (P < 0.001) among the hybrid progeny for all traits. Analysis of marker-trait associations detected 74 QTL and 135 epistatic interactions. Composite interval mapping (CIM) and mixed-model CIM (MCIM) identified 32 main effect QTL (M-QTL) and 13 interacting QTL (int-QTL). Colocalization of QTL for plant morphology partially explained significant correlations among traits. M-QTL qILEN-3-2 (for ILEN; R2 = 11–19%), qLLS-7-1 (for LLS; R2 = 13–27%), qLEN-1-1 (for LLEN; R2 = 10–11%), and qLW-3-2 (for LW; R2 = 10–12%) were ‘stable’ across multiple environments, representing candidates for fine mapping and applied breeding applications. QTL correspondence between bermudagrass and divergent grass lineages suggests opportunities to accelerate progress by predictive breeding of bermudagrass.}, number={8}, journal={G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS}, author={Khanal, Sameer and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Kim, Changsoo and Milla-Lewis, Susana and Raymer, Paul L. and Hanna, Wayne W. and Adhikari, Jeevan and Auckland, Susan A. and Rainville, Lisa and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={2581–2596} }
 @article{schwartz_hanna_baxter_raymer_waltz_kowalewski_chandra_genovesi_wherley_miller_et al._2018, title={'DT-1', a Drought-tolerant Triploid Turf Bermudagrass}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI13083-18}, abstractNote={There are 20 million hectares of turfgrass managed in the United States, constituting the $40 billion turfgrass industry (National Turfgrass Federation, 2017). In most tropical and warm, temperate regions, bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is the foundation of the turfgrass industry (Taliaferro et al., 2004). Development of bermudagrass for turfgrass began in the early 1900s. Much of this development has involved the hybridization of Cynodon dactylon (L.), a tetraploid recognized as an invasive weed species in many regions, andC. transvaalensis (Burt-Davy), a more erect-growing diploid (de Wet and Harlan, 1970; Harlan and de Wet, 1969). Early turfgrass-breeding programs have aimed to develop better bermudagrasses to replace sand putting greens or seeded varieties (i.e., Burton, 1991). Today, the goal of many breeding programs is to create cultivars that are adapted to a broader range of environments and have improved drought tolerance. The latter is particularly important, as irrigation restrictions during drought events are becoming more common. Improved drought tolerance allows turfgrass to maintain growth and metabolic activities under water deficits through physiological processes, including osmotic adjustment, maintenance of root viability, and membrane stability (Huang et al., 2014; Nilsen and Orcutt, 1996). DT-1, an interspecific triploid (2n = 3x = 27) hybrid of C. transvaalensis and C. dactylon, was tested in 19 drought-stress trials in Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas before it was co-released from the University of Georgia and the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service in 2014 and commercially named ‘TifTuf’ (Hanna and Schwartz, 2016). Potential uses of DT-1 include sports turfgrass, home lawns, and golf course roughs, fairways, and tee boxes. DT-1 better withstands drought and traffic than previous commercial releases. In addition, it is generally faster growing than other bermudagrass cultivars and maintains turfgrass cover and green color longer into the fall. The objective of this manuscript is to summarize the performance, quality, and drought tolerance research leading to the release of DT-1.}, number={11}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Schwartz, Brian M. and Hanna, Wayne W. and Baxter, Lisa L. and Raymer, Paul L. and Waltz, F. Clint and Kowalewski, Alec R. and Chandra, Ambika and Genovesi, A. Dennis and Wherley, Benjamin G. and Miller, Grady L. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1711–1714} }
 @misc{buhlman_harmon_milla-lewis_rios_kenworthy_2018, title={Analysis of St. Augustinegrass cultivars using SSR markers and testing for the presence of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus}, author={Buhlman, J.L. and Harmon, P.F. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Rios, E.F. and Kenworthy, K.E.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{brown_holloway_tuong_yu_livingston_patton_arellano_schwartz_milla-lewis_2018, title={Controlled Freezing Tests and QTL Mapping in Cold-acclimated and Non-acclimated Zoysiagrass}, author={Brown, J.M. and Holloway, H.M. and Tuong, T. and Yu, X. and Livingston, D.P. and Patton, A.J. and Arellano, C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2018, title={From Classical to Molecular Approaches: Building a Turfgrass Breeding Program for the Transition Zone}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2018, title={From the breeder’s corner}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2018}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{yu_kimball_milla-lewis_2018, title={High-density genetic maps of St. Augustinegrass and applications to comparative genomic analysis and QTL mapping of turf quality traits}, volume={18}, ISSN={1471-2229}, url={https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-018-1554-4}, DOI={10.1186/s12870-018-1554-4}, abstractNote={St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a warm-season, perennial turfgrass species well adapted for home lawns and commercial landscapes with economic and ecological value. However, a lack of genomic resources in St. Augustinegrass has hindered the full utilization of genetic variance for maximizing genetic gain and limited our understanding of the species' evolution.In this study, we constructed the first high-density linkage map for St. Augustinegrass using a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach. The integrated linkage map consists of 2871 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and 81 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, spanning 1241.7 cM, with an average distance of 0.4 cM between markers, and thus represents the densest genetic map for St. Augustinegrass to date. Comparative genomic analysis revealed inter-chromosome arrangements and independent nested chromosome fusion events that occurred after St. Augustinegrass, foxtail millet, sorghum, and rice diverged from a common ancestor. Forty-eight candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected for turf quality-related traits, including overall turf quality, leaf texture, genetic color, and turf density. Three hot spot regions were identified on linkage groups LG3 and LG8, where multi-QTL for different traits overlapped. Several leaf development related genes were contained within these identified QTL regions.This study developed the first high-density genetic map and identified putative QTL related to turf quality, which provide valuable genetic resources for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in St. Augustinegrass.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Plant Biology}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Yu, X. and Kimball, J.A. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={346} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2018, title={Linkage analysis and identification of quantitative trait loci associated with freeze tolerance and turf quality traits in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={38}, ISSN={1380-3743, 1572-9788}, url={http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, number={5}, journal={Molecular Breeding}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tanduy D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={67} }
 @article{mccamy_holloway_yu_dunne_schwartz_patton_arellano_milla-lewis_2018, title={A SNP-based high-density linkage map of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and its use for the identification of QTL associated with winter hardiness}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1572-9788"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-017-0763-0}, number={1}, journal={MOLECULAR BREEDING}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={McCamy, H. and Holloway, P. and Yu, Xingwang and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Patton, Aaron J. and Arellano, Consuelo and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2018}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{yu_milla-lewis_2017, title={A high-density genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of drought-related traits in St. Augustinegrass using genotype by sequencing}, author={Yu, X. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chandra_milla-lewis_yu_2017, title={An Overview of Molecular Advances in Zoysiagrass}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.09.0822}, abstractNote={Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) is a perennial warm‐season grass adapted to the tropical and southern temperate regions of the world. Species of Zoysia and their interspecific hybrids are recognized for their low cultural requirements and tolerance to a wide array of biotic and abiotic stresses, and are widely used as turfgrass on golf courses, athletic fields, home lawns, and other recreational sites. Plant breeders predominantly use conventional breeding methods involving hybridization and phenotypic selection to make genetic improvements in zoysiagrass. Zoysia spp. are cross compatible, limiting phenotype‐based classification and identification. Zoysiagrass is also an open‐pollinated and polyploid species, which makes it a difficult molecular target. However, the recent influx of powerful molecular biology tools, genome sequencing, and genetic transformation will enable breeders to make more efficient, accurate, and targeted improvements. Compared with major agricultural crops such as wheat (Triticum spp. L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.), as well as cool‐season turf or forage grasses such as ryegrass (Lolium spp. L.) and fescues (Festuca spp. L.), slow but recognizable molecular advancements have been made in zoysiagrasses, which will be covered in this article. Commitment by public and private sector to increased funding for molecular and genomic research in turfgrasses will enable researchers to take advantage of these new technologies to make more targeted and efficient genetic improvements in a reasonable period of time.}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Chandra, Ambika and Milla-Lewis, Susana and Yu, Qingyi}, year={2017} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={Applied Plant Genetics and Genomics for Turf Improvement}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: II. acclimation treatment effects}, volume={213}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-2074-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-2074-2}, number={12}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze-tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: temperature response and evaluation methods}, volume={213}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-1899-z}, number={5}, journal={Euphytica}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={Breeding Turfgrasses for stress tolerance and pest resistance in the transition zone}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={Developing Turfgrasses with Improved Stress Tolerance and Pest Resistance for North Carolina}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{carbajal_zuleta_swayzer_schwartz_milla-lewis_2017, title={Development and Characterization of colchicine-induced tetraploid lines of St. Augustinegrass}, author={Carbajal, E.M. and Zuleta, M.C. and Swayzer, L. and Schwartz, B.M. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={Development and application of genomic tools for warm-season grasses}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{rios_rucker_dubeux jr._saha_schneider-canny_castillo_milla-lewis_anderson_schwartz_inosroza_et al._2017, title={Genotype by environment interaction in Cynodon germplasm for biomass yield across the southeastern USA}, author={Rios, E.F. and Rucker, A.M. and Dubeux Jr., J.C.B. and Saha, M.C. and Schneider-Canny, R. and Castillo, M.S. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Anderson, W.F. and Schwartz, B.M. and Inosroza, L. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{yu_pruitt_milla-lewis_2017, title={Genoytpe-by-Sequencing in Zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass}, author={Yu, X. and Pruitt, M.H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={Making the Grass Greener in North Carolina}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={Mejoramiento Vegetal en N. C. State University}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_miller_2017, title={Pastos Ornamentales: Usos, beneficios y ventajas}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Miller, G.L.}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{pruitt_bernstein_lu_dacosta_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, place={Tampa, FL}, title={Proteomic analysis of cold acclimation in zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Pruitt, H.M. and Bernstein, R. and Lu, J. and DaCosta, M. and Tuong, T. and Arellano, C. and Livingston, D.P. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chandra_fry_genovesi_meeks_engelke_zhang_okeyo_moss_ervin_xiong_et al._2017, title={Registration of 'KSUZ 0802' Zoysiagrass}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2016.03.0010crc}, abstractNote={KSUZ 0802 (Reg. No. CV‐282, PI 678793) is a fine‐textured, cold‐tolerant zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) hybrid co‐developed and jointly released by Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Dallas, TX, and the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, KS. KSUZ 0802 is an F1 interspecific hybrid developed in 2001 from a cross between Zoysia matrella (L). Merr. ‘Cavalier’ and an ecotype of Z. japonica Steud. named Anderson 1, a derivative of ‘Chinese Common’. After years of testing (2004 –2008) for turf quality and winter survival at Manhattan, KS, KSUZ 0802 was advanced to a nine location test (2009 –2012) in the transition zone (Wichita and Manhattan, KS, Columbia, MO, Fletcher and Jackson Springs, NC, Stillwater, OK, Knoxville, TN, Virginia Beach and Blacksburg, VA, and Dallas, TX. The freezing tolerance, spring green‐up, and fall color retention of KSUZ 0802 is equivalent to ‘Meyer’, but KSUZ 0802 has a finer leaf texture. KSUZ 0802 is also superior to Meyer for turf quality and resistance to bluegrass billbug damage. KSUZ 0802 is well suited for use on golf course fairways and tees, home lawns, and other recreational areas in the transition zone.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Chandra, A. and Fry, J. D. and Genovesi, A. D. and Meeks, M. and Engelke, M. C. and Zhang, Q. and Okeyo, D. and Moss, J. Q. and Ervin, E. and Xiong, Xi and et al.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={100–106} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2017, title={S.R. Breeder’s Report Winter 2017}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{moore_reynolds_wu_schwartz_kenworthy_milla-lewis_2017, title={SSR allelic diversity of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivars released from 1936 to 2016}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.06.0452}, abstractNote={Selection during varietal improvement has been shown to reduce genetic diversity in several different crop species. A reduction in genetic diversity can be detrimental to future breeding efforts and increase susceptibility to biotic stresses. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in levels of allelic diversity at the gene and population levels in 40 zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) cultivars released between 1910 and 2016 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Fifty‐six SSR primer pairs were used to determine whether allelic diversity has changed among cultivars released over a century of modern plant breeding. While no significant differences were observed for total numbers of alleles or genetic similarity values between the initial and most recent time periods, our results demonstrate that genetic diversity among zoysiagrass cultivars has fluctuated over time. Allelic diversity declined during the 1990s and then recovered during 2000s. STRUCTURE analysis revealed five subpopulations with varying levels of admixture and that, for the most part, good representation of these subpopulations has been maintained over the different decades of release. These findings illustrate that plant breeding has not resulted in a substantial decline in zoysiagrass genetic diversity, but also that the potential exists for increasing diversity through future germplasm collections and the inclusion of less‐used Zoysia species to create new combinations of alleles.}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Moore, K.A. and Reynolds, W.C. and Wu, Y. and Schwartz, B.M. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{dunne_miller_arellano_brandenburg_schoeman_milla-lewis_2017, title={Shade response of bermudagrass accessions under different management practices}, volume={26}, ISSN={1618-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.011}, abstractNote={The development of cultivars ‘TifGrand’ and ‘Celebration’ has shown potential increases in shade tolerance compared to previous industry standards of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). Based on the literature, further improvements in shade tolerance can be attained through changes in nitrogen fertility rates, mowing heights, and the application of plant growth regulators. In this study, two South African hybrid (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) bermudagrass accessions (‘WIN10F’ and ‘STIL03’) and three standard cultivars (Celebration, Tifgrand, and ‘Tifway’) were compared for their ability to persist under 63% shade, two mowing heights, two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treatments, and two nitrogen fertility rates. The experimental design was a strip-strip-split plot and digital image analysis was used to measure percent turfgrass cover, percent turfgrass spread after cup-cutter removal, and percent turfgrass re-growth after divot formation. Turf quality was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Differences among genotypes, TE treatments, and mowing heights were observed across all response variables in 2014 and 2015. Differences in fertility treatments were observed in NDVI, percent turfgrass growth, and percent turfgrass recovery within and across years. Significant differences were observed for the interactions between entry by plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments, entry by mowing height, and mowing height by PGR. These results suggest shade management recommendations should be dependent on genotype and site-specific considerations. The development and implementation of specific management plans for certain bermudagrass varieties will contribute to the more widespread use of Cynodon spp. in shaded environments.}, journal={Urban Forestry & Urban Greening}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Miller, Grady L. and Arellano, Consuelo and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Schoeman, A. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={169–177} }
 @article{milla-lewis_youngs_arrellano_cardoza_2017, title={Tolerance in St. Augustinegrass Germplasm against Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae)}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.05.0361}, abstractNote={St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a widely used lawn grass in the southern United States due to its stoloniferous growth habit and shade tolerance. However, St. Augustinegrass is prone to thatch accumulation, which is conducive to pest problems, with the southern chinch bug (Blissus insularis Barber, SCB) being the most economically important one. Previous work to identify additional sources of SCB resistance reported genotypes with comparatively high numbers of recovered insects but low damage ratings. This study was conducted (i) to evaluate the performance of these materials in response to varying SCB feeding densities, and (ii) to determine feeding and oviposition under no‐choice scenarios. Genotypes exposed to 0, 10, or 30 adult SCBs were evaluated after 4 wk for damage and insect survival. Significant differences were observed among genotypes. Across infestation levels, while recovered insect numbers for susceptible check ‘Seville’ and plant introductions 509038 and 509039 were not significantly different, damage ratings were significantly lower for the latter, indicating that these materials were tolerant to SCB feeding. In the no‐choice experiments, survival levels of both males and females on week 4 were significantly lower for resistant check ‘Fx10’, PI 365031, and PI 289729. These genotypes, along with PIs 291594, 300129, and 647924, showed significantly lower SCB oviposition and feeding compared with Seville. Our study was able to confirm that two PIs display tolerance to SCB feeding, and five additional PIs have antibiosis activity against adult SCB (likely antibiosis), representing sources of SCB resistance for future St. Augustinegrass breeding efforts.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Youngs, Katharine M. and Arrellano, Consuelo and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2017}, pages={S26–S36} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2016, title={Breeding improved turfgrasses for North Carolina and the transition zone}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2016, title={Breeding turfgrasses for stress tolerance and pest resistance in the transition zone}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kimball_isleib_reynolds_zuleta_milla-lewis_2016, title={Combining ability for winter survival and turf quality traits in st. augustinegrass}, volume={51}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Kimball, J. A. and Isleib, T. G. and Reynolds, W. C. and Zuleta, M. C. and Milla-Lewis, S. R.}, year={2016}, pages={810–815} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2016, title={Development and application of genomic tools for warm-season grasses}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{dunne_tuong_livingston_milla-lewis_2016, title={Field and laboratory evaluation of African bermudagrass germplasm for freezing tolerance}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Tuong, T.D. and Livingston, D.P. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{moore_gannon_castillo_ranney_touchell_milla-lewis_2016, title={Greenhouse evaluation of Miscanthus and Arundo accessions for nutrient uptake ability}, author={Moore, K.A. and Gannon, T.G. and Castillo, M.S. and Ranney, T.G. and Touchell, D.H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{zuleta_gomez_arellano_flor_harmon_kenworthy_milla-lewis_2016, place={Algarve, Portugal}, title={Identification of zoysiagrass genotypes with resistance to large patch under controlled environmental conditions}, booktitle={Journal of European Turfgrass Society, Proceedings of 5th ETS Conference}, author={Zuleta, M.C. and Gomez, S.P. and Arellano, C. and Flor, N. and Harmon, P.F. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={157–158} }
 @inproceedings{yu_dunne_pruitt_milla-lewis_2016, place={Phoenix, AZ}, title={Optimization of SNP identification by genotype by sequencing (GBS) in polyploid zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg}, author={Yu, X. and Dunne, J.C. and Pruitt, M.H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{pruitt_milla-lewis_livingston_tuong_arellano_2016, place={Phoenix, AZ}, title={Proteomics of cold acclimation in zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Pruitt, M.H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Livingston, D.P. and Tuong, T.D. and Arellano, C.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{pruitt_milla-lewis_schwartz_patton_c_2016, place={Phoenix, AZ}, title={Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of freezing tolerance in zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Pruitt, M.H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Schwartz, B.M. and Patton, A.J. and C, Arellano}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{pruitt_dunne_schwartz_patton_c._milla-lewis_2016, title={Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of winter survival in zoysiagrass}, author={Pruitt, M.H. and Dunne, J.C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Patton, A.J. and C., Arellano and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{chandra_fry_genovesi_meeks_engelke_zhang_okeyo_moss_ervin_xiong_et al._2016, place={Phoenix, AZ}, title={Release of KSUZ0802 zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Chandra, A. and Fry, J.D. and Genovesi, A.D. and Meeks, M. and Engelke, M.C. and Zhang, Q. and Okeyo, D. and Moss, J.Q. and Ervin, E.H. and Xiong, X. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_pruitt_dunne_zuleta_schwartz_patton_arellano_2016, place={Algarve, Portugal}, title={Use of genotype by sequencing to develop a high density SNP-based linkage map in zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proceedings of 5th ETS Conference}, publisher={Journal of European Turfgrass Society}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pruitt, H.M. and Dunne, J.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Patton, A.J. and Arellano, C.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={19–20} }
 @inproceedings{dunne_reynolds_arellano_miller_milla-lewis_2016, place={Algarve, Portugal}, title={Varying management practices for the improvement of bermudagrass accessions under low light conditions}, booktitle={Proceedings of 5th ETS Conference}, publisher={Journal of European Turfgrass Society}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Reynolds, W.C. and Arellano, C. and Miller, G.L. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={27–28} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2015, title={Breeding for cold tolerance in NC.}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_copeland_hollowell_pattee_milla-lewis_shew_2015, title={Comparison of Bailey virginia-type cultivar with high-oleic backcross derivatives}, volume={47}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Copeland, S.C. and Hollowell, J.E. and Pattee, H.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Shew, B.B.}, year={2015}, pages={106} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_dunne_2015, title={Developing improved bermudagrass cultivars for the transition zone}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Dunne, J.C.}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2015, title={Developing improved turfgrass cultivars for the transition zone}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_carbajal_zuleta_schwartz_chavarro_ballen-taborda_2015, title={Development of colchicine-induced tetraploid St. Augustinegrass}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Carbajal, E.M. and Zuleta, M.C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Chavarro, C. and Ballen-Taborda, A.C.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @article{patel_milla-lewis_zhang_templeton_reynolds_richardson_biswas_zuleta_dewey_qu_et al._2015, title={Drought tolerance in both pasture and turf types of perennial ryegrass by overexpressing its ubiquitin-like modifier LpHUB1 gene}, volume={13}, number={5}, journal={Plant Biotechnology Journal}, author={Patel, M. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zhang, W.J. and Templeton, K. and Reynolds, W.C. and Richardson, K. and Biswas, M. and Zuleta, M.C. and Dewey, R.E. and Qu, R. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={689–699} }
 @misc{muñoz_kenworthy_chandra_wu_martin_schwartz_raymer_milla-lewis_2015, title={Effect of drought on genotype-by-environment interaction on warm-season turfgrasses}, author={Muñoz, P. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Chandra, A. and Wu, Y.Q. and Martin, D.L. and Schwartz, B.M. and Raymer, P.L. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{kimball_milla-lewis_tuong_livingston_arellano_2015, title={Freeze tests in St. Augustinegrass : evaluation of acclimation effects}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Tuong, T.D. and Livingston, D.P. and Arellano, C.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{kimball_milla-lewis_zuleta_mulkey_arellano_tuong_livingston_2015, title={Genetic components associated with cold tolerance and turf quality-related traits in St. Augustinegrass}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Mulkey, S.E. and Arellano, C. and Tuong, T.D. and Livingston, D.P.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{hancock_isleib_copeland_hollowell_milla-lewis_shew_2015, title={Genetic gain in reduction of four peanut diseases in the North Carolina State University peanut breeding program}, volume={47}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Hancock, W.G. and Isleib, T.G. and Copeland, S.C. and Hollowell, J.W. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Shew, B.B.}, year={2015}, pages={103} }
 @article{dunne_reynolds_miller_arellano_brandenburg_schoeman_yelyerton_milla-lewis_2015, title={Identification of South African bermudagrass germplasm with shade tolerance}, volume={50}, number={10}, journal={HortScience}, author={Dunne, J. C. and Reynolds, W. C. and Miller, G. L. and Arellano, C. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Schoeman, A. and Yelyerton, F. H. and Milla-Lewis, S. R.}, year={2015}, pages={1419–1425} }
 @misc{dunne_khanal_milla-lewis_schwartz_hanna_paterson_2015, title={Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flowering and seed-head characteristics in a hybrid bermudagrass population}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Khanal, S. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Schwartz, B.M. and Hanna, W.W. and Paterson, A.H.}, year={2015}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{martin_miller_chandra_unruh_moss_milla-lewis_waltz_reynolds_schwartz_kenworthy_et al._2015, place={Mtg., Minneapolis, MN}, title={Outreach education achievements from a 2011-2015 project focused on improving drought and salinity tolerance in warm-season turfgrasses}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann}, author={Martin, D.L. and Miller, G.L. and Chandra, A. and Unruh, J.B. and Moss, J.Q. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Waltz, F.C. and Reynolds, W.C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Kenworthy, K.E. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{pruitt_schwartz_patton_arellano_milla-lewis_2015, place={Minneapolis, MN}, title={Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of freezing tolerance in zoysiagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Pruitt, H.M. and Schwartz, B.M. and Patton, A.J. and Arellano, C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{dunne_khanal_schwartz_milla-lewis_paterson_2015, place={Minneapolis, MN}, title={Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed head characteristics in bermudagrass}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Khanal, S. and Schwartz, B.M. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Paterson, A.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{copeland_isleib_pattee_milla-lewis_hollowell_hancock_shew_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2015, title={Release of ‘Emery’ high-oleic large-seeded virginia-type peanut}, volume={47}, booktitle={Proc. Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc.}, author={Copeland, S.C. and Isleib, T.G. and Pattee, H.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Hollowell, J.E. and Hancock, W.G. and Shew, B.B. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={107} }
 @misc{dunne_arellano_miller_milla-lewis_2015, title={Shade Response of Bermudagrass accessions under varying management practices}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Arellano, C. and Miller, G.L. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{dunne_milla-lewis_arellano_2014, title={Beyond ANOVA... exploratory statistical analysis for a germplasm evaluation under shade}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Arellano, C.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2014, title={Breeding for combined shade and cold tolerance in bermudagrass}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2014, title={Breeding turfgrasses for pest and stress resistance}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{harris-shultz_milla-lewis_patton_kenworthy_chandra_waltz_hodnett_stelly_2014, title={Detection of DNA and ploidy variation within vegetatively propagated zoysiagrass cultivars}, volume={139}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Harris-Shultz, K. R. and Milla-Lewis, S. and Patton, A. J. and Kenworthy, K. and Chandra, A. and Waltz, F. C. and Hodnett, G. L. and Stelly, D. M.}, year={2014}, pages={547–552} }
 @misc{kimball_tuong_livingston_milla-lewis_2014, title={Development of screening methodologies for cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in St. Augustinegrass}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Tuong, T.D. and Livingston, D.P. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2014}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_dunne_reynolds_2014, place={Long Beach, CA}, title={Evaluation of African bermudagrass (Cynodon trasnvaalensis) germplasm for cold tolerance}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Agronomy International Annual Meeting}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Dunne, J.C. and Reynolds, W.C.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{patel_puthigae_zhang_templeton_reynolds_richardson_biswas_zuleta_milla-lewis_dewey_et al._2014, title={Improvement of genetic transformation of perennial ryegrass and introduction of important agronomic traits}, author={Patel, M. and Puthigae, S. and Zhang, W. and Templeton, K. and Reynolds, C. and Richardson, K. and Biswas, M. and Zuleta, M.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Dewey, R. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Jun} }
 @article{patel_milla-lewis_zhang_templeton_reynolds_richardson_biswas_zuleta_dewey_qu_et al._2015, title={Overexpression of ubiquitin-like LpHUB1 gene confers drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1467-7652"]}, DOI={10.1111/pbi.12291}, abstractNote={SummaryHUB1, also known as Ubl5, is a member of the subfamily of ubiquitin‐like post‐translational modifiers. HUB1 exerts its role by conjugating with protein targets. The function of this protein has not been studied in plants. A HUB1 gene, LpHUB1, was identified from serial analysis of gene expression data and cloned from perennial ryegrass. The expression of this gene was reported previously to be elevated in pastures during the summer and by drought stress in climate‐controlled growth chambers. Here, pasture‐type and turf‐type transgenic perennial ryegrass plants overexpressing LpHUB1 showed improved drought tolerance, as evidenced by improved turf quality, maintenance of turgor and increased growth. Additional analyses revealed that the transgenic plants generally displayed higher relative water content, leaf water potential, and chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rate when subjected to drought stress. These results suggest HUB1 may play an important role in the tolerance of perennial ryegrass to abiotic stresses.}, number={5}, journal={PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Patel, Minesh and Milla-Lewis, Susana and Zhang, Wanjun and Templeton, Kerry and Reynolds, William C. and Richardson, Kim and Biswas, Margaret and Zuleta, Maria C. and Dewey, Ralph E. and Qu, Rongda and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={689–699} }
 @article{chandra_genovesi_wherley_metz_reinert_wu_skulkaew_engelke_hargey_nelson_et al._2015, title={Registration of DALSA 0605 St. Augustinegrass}, volume={9}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2014.05.0036crc}, abstractNote={‘DALSA 0605’ (Reg. No. CV-274, PI 671959) is an embryo rescue-derived interploid hybrid of St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] resulting from a cross between TAES 5382 (African triploid PI 291594) and ‘Palmetto’ (diploid). DALSA 0605 was evaluated under the designation TAES 5471-18 and TXSA 19 and was approved for release as a new cultivar by Texas A&M AgriLife in 2014. DALSA 0605 is a vegetatively propagated, genetically stable, and uniform cultivar. It is distinguished from other cultivars of St. Augustinegrass for traits and characteristics that include (i) tolerance to gray leaf spot disease (caused by Magnaporthe grisea Couch), (ii) significantly reduced levels of fecundity and juvenile development of southern chinch bugs (Blissus insularis Barber) as compared to ‘Raleigh’ and ‘Texas Common’, and (iii) superior drought resistance conferred through a combination of tolerance to drying soil, deep rooting potential, and rapid recovery following drought. In addition, DALSA 0605 exhibited percentage rates of establishment and turfgrass quality ratings (normal and drought-stress conditions) comparable to commercial checks in multilocation (seven) and multiyear (two) field evaluations. DALSA 0605 is well suited for use on residential and commercial lawns, as well as other recreational sites, throughout the southern and southeastern United States.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Chandra, A. and Genovesi, A.D. and Wherley, B.G. and Metz, S.P. and Reinert, J.A. and Wu, Y.Z. and Skulkaew, P. and Engelke, M.C. and Hargey, D. and Nelson, L.R. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={27–34} }
 @article{isleib_milla-lewis_pattee_copeland_zuleta_shew_hollowell_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2015, title={Registration of ‘Sugg’ peanut}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2013.09.0059crc}, abstractNote={‘Sugg’ (Reg. No. CV-125, PI 666112) is a large-seeded virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with partial resistance to four diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia–Carolina production area: early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori, Cylindrocladium black rot caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas, Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger, and tomato spotted wilt caused by the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Sugg was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple disease resistance funded by growers, seed dealers, shellers, and processors. Sugg was tested under the experimental designation N03091T and released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2009. Sugg was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA–ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Sugg has alternate branching pattern, intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia-type seeds. It has seeds with pink testa averaging 957 mg seed−1, approximately 40% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, and extra-large kernel content of ∼47%. Sugg is named in honor of Norfleet “Fleet” Sugg and the late Joseph “Joe” Sugg, cousins who served consecutively as executive directors of the North Carolina Peanut Growers Association from 1966 through 1993.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pattee, H.E. and Copeland, S.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={44–52} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_mulkey_zuleta_ma_arellano_tredway_2014, title={SSR development and linkage mapping in St. Augustinegrass}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Ma, B. and Arellano, C. and Tredway, L.P.}, year={2014}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{dunne_milla-lewis_2014, title={Shade tolerance evaluation of South African bermudagrass germplasm}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @article{youngs_milla-lewis_brandenburg_cardoza_2014, title={St. Augustinegrass Germplasm Resistant to Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae)}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec14044}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze) is an economically important turfgrass in the southeastern United States. However, this turf species is prone to southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Heteroptera: Blissidae) outbreaks. This insect is the most destructive pest of St. Augustinegrass wherever this turfgrass is grown. Host plant resistance has historically been an effective management tool for southern chinch bug. Since 1973, the ‘Floratam’ St. Augustinegrass cultivar effectively controlled southern chinch bug in the southeast. However, southern chinch bug populations from Florida and Texas have now circumvented this resistance, through mechanisms still unknown. Therefore, identifying and deployingnewcultivars with resistance to the southern chinch bug is imperative to combat this pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. Currently, the number of cultivars with resistance against southern chinch bug is limited, and their efficacy, climatic adaptability, and aesthetic characters are variable. Hence, the main focus of this study is the identification of alternative sources of resistance to southern chinch bugs in previously uncharacterized St. Augustinegrass plant introductions (PIs) and its closely related, crossbreeding species, Pembagrass (Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongniart). The PIs exhibited a wide range of responses to southern chinch bug feeding, as indicated by damage ratings. Damage ratings for seven PIs grouped with our resistant reference cultivars. Moreover, nine PIs exhibited antibiosis, based on poor development of southern chinch bug neonates, when compared with our susceptible reference cultivars. Altogether our study has produced strong support to indicate these materials are good candidates for future southern chinch bug resistance breeding in St. Augustinegrass.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Youngs, Katharine M. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1688–1694} }
 @misc{kimball_tuong_livingston_milla-lewis_2014, title={St. Augustinegrass freezing protocol development for diversity assessments}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Tuong, T.D. and Livingston, D.P. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @article{youngs_milla-lewis_brandenburg_cardoza_2014, title={St. Augustinegrass germplasm resistant to southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae)}, volume={107}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Youngs, K.M. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Brandenburg, R.L. and Cardoza, Y.J.}, year={2014}, pages={1688–1694} }
 @misc{nelson_chandra_wherley_martin_miller_milla-lewis_kenworthy_raymer_schwartz_wu_2014, title={Turf quality and transition of annual and intermediate ryegrass lines in southern USA in 2011-12}, author={Nelson, L. and Chandra, A. and Wherley, B. and Martin, D. and Miller, G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Kenworthy, K. and Raymer, P. and Schwartz, B. and Wu, Y.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @article{schwartz_harris-shultz_contreras_hans_hanna_milla-lewis_2013, title={Creation of artificial triploid and tetraploid centipedegrass using colchicine and breeding}, volume={12}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Schwartz, B.M. and Harris-Shultz, K.R. and Contreras, R.N. and Hans, C.S. and Hanna, W.W. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, pages={327–334} }
 @article{mulkey_zuleta_keebler_schaff_milla-lewis_2014, title={Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze)}, volume={54}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2013.04.0246}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTIllumina sequencing data was used to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze], an economically important warm‐season turfgrass. Polymorphism was observed in 190 of 215 designed SSR markers among a panel of eight diverse germplasm accessions. Of these, 94 were subsequently used to assess levels of diversity within a diverse collection of S. secundatum and pembagrass [Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (L.) Brongn.] germplasm. A total of 982 alleles ranging in size from 63 to 250 bp were amplified. Levels of polymorphism were high, with number of alleles amplified per loci ranging from 5 to 23 (μ = 10) and with polymorphic information content values ranging from 0.09 to 0.83 (μ = 0.54). Cluster and principal coordinate analyses of S. secundatum and S. dimidiatum accessions showed groupings based primarily on ploidy level. Analysis of population structure identified six subpopulations with some admixture present among them. Additionally, the ability of these newly developed SSR markers to uniquely identify specific cultivars was assessed. A set of five SSR markers were capable of producing unique banding patterns for all but two cultivars. These markers, the first developed for the species, should be useful for linkage mapping, diversity and pedigree analyses, accurate varietal identification, and marker‐assisted selection in St. Augustinegrass.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Keebler, J.E. and Schaff, J.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2014}, pages={401–412} }
 @inproceedings{dunne_reynolds_miller_arellano_brandenburg_schoeman_yelverton_milla-lewis_2013, place={Tampa, FL}, title={Evaluation of South African bermudagrass germplasm for shade tolerance}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Agronomy International Annual Meeting}, author={Dunne, J.C. and Reynolds, W.C. and Miller, G.L. and Arellano, C. and Brandenburg, R. and Schoeman, A. and Yelverton, F. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @article{milla-lewis_kimball_tuong_claure_livingston_2013, title={Freezing tolerance and the histology of recovering nodes in St Augustinegrass}, volume={12}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Kimball, J.A. and Tuong, T.D. and Claure, T.E. and Livingston, D.P.}, year={2013}, pages={523–530} }
 @article{mulkey_zuleta_van esbroeck_lu_kenworthy_milla-lewis_2013, title={Genetic analysis of a St. Augustinegrass germplasm collection using AFLP markers and flow cytometry}, volume={12}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Van Esbroeck, G.A. and Lu, H.J. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, pages={281–291} }
 @misc{harris-shultz_milla-lewis_patton_kenworthy_chandra_waltz_2013, title={Genetic and ploidy variability within six vegetatively propagated zoysiagrass cultivars}, author={Harris-Shultz, K.R. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Patton, A.J. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Chandra, A. and Waltz, F.C.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{hassell_tallury_isleib_milla-lewis_copeland_shew_2013, title={Historical progress of leaf spot resistance in cultivar releases of NCSU peanut breeding program}, volume={44}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Hassell, L.E. and Tallury, S.P. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Copeland, S.C. and Shew, B.B.}, year={2013}, pages={40} }
 @article{chandi_jordan_york_milla-lewis_burton_culpepper_whitaker_2013, title={Interference and control of glyphosate-resistant and –susceptible Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) populations under greenhouse conditions}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-12-00063.1}, abstractNote={Interference for 40 d after emergence (DAE) of corn, cotton, peanut, and snap bean by four glyphosate-resistant (GR) and four glyphosate-susceptible (GS) Palmer amaranth populations from Georgia and North Carolina was compared in the greenhouse. Greater interference from Palmer amaranth, measured as crop height and fresh weight reduction, was noted in cotton and peanut compared with corn or snap bean. Crop height 15 to 40 DAE was reduced similarly by GR and GS populations. Crop fresh weight, however, was reduced 25 and 19% in the presence of GS and GR populations, respectively. Measured as percent reduction in fresh weight, GR and GS populations of Palmer amaranth were controlled similarly by glufosinate, lactofen, paraquat, and trifloxysulfuron applied POST. Atrazine and dicamba controlled GR populations more effectively than GS populations.}, number={2}, journal={Weed Science}, publisher={Weed Science Society}, author={Chandi, A. and Jordan, D.L. and York, A.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Burton, J.D. and Culpepper, A.S. and Whitaker, J.R.}, year={2013}, pages={259–266} }
 @article{quesenberry_kenworthy_crow_harmon_lu_milla-lewis_2013, title={Lance nematode effects on rooting of two St. Augustinegrass cultivars}, volume={12}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Quesenberry, K.H. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Crow, W.T. and Harmon, P.F. and Lu, H.J. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, pages={357–361} }
 @article{kimball_zuleta_kenworthy_lu_milla-lewis_2013, title={Molecular markers enable the identification of contaminants in production fields of ‘Captiva’ St. Augustinegrass}, volume={12}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Lu, H.J. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, pages={267–273} }
 @inproceedings{copeland_isleib_milla-lewis_dong_hollowell_shew_pattee_balota_2013, title={Performance of release candidates in the NCSU peanut breeding program}, volume={44}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc.}, author={Copeland, S.C. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Dong, W.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Shew, B.B. and Pattee, H.E. and Balota, M.}, year={2013}, pages={16} }
 @inproceedings{mulkey_zuleta_ma_arellano_milla-lewis_2013, place={Tampa, FL}, title={Resistance to gray leaf spot in St. Augustinegrass: Characterization and Mapping}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Ma, B. and Arellano, C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, month={Nov} }
 @article{chandi_jordan_york_burton_milla-lewis_spears_whitaker_wells_2013, title={Response of Herbicide-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Accessions to Drought Stress}, volume={2013}, DOI={10.1155/2013/823913}, abstractNote={Palmer amaranth is a very problematic weed in several crops in the southern USA due to its competitive ability and resistance to herbicides representing different mechanisms of action. Variation in growth and subsequent interference of North Carolina Palmer amaranth accessions has not been examined. A greenhouse experiment determined response of 15 North Carolina Palmer amaranth accessions to drought stress beginning 15 days after seedling emergence (DAE) for a duration of 3, 5, 7, and 9 days. Following exposure to drought, plants were grown under optimal moisture conditions until harvest at 30 DAE. Five accessions each of glyphosate-resistant (GR), acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant (ALSR), and acetolactate synthase inhibitor-susceptible and glyphosate-susceptible (ALSS/GS) were compared. Variation in response to drought stress, based on height and dry weight reduction relative to nonstressed controls, was noted among accessions. Stress for 3 or more days affected height and dry weight. Height and dry weight of GR and ALSR accession groups were reduced less by drought than the ALSS/GS accession group. Results suggest a possible relationship between herbicide resistance and ability of Palmer amaranth to withstand drought stress and thus a possible competitive advantage for resistant accessions under limited moisture availability.}, journal={International Journal of Agronomy}, publisher={Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, author={Chandi, Aman and Jordan, David L. and York, Alan C. and Burton, Jim and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Spears, Jan and Whitaker, Jared R. and Wells, Randy}, year={2013}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{isleib_milla-lewis_dong_copeland_shew_arellano_2013, title={Stability analysis of incidence to tomato spotted wilt in virginia-type peanut cultivars and breeding lines}, volume={40}, DOI={10.3146/ps12-17.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
               Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) has become a serious constraint to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in the Virginia-Carolina production area. Regression stability analysis was applied to TSW incidence data collected in 64 trials conducted over 17 years to determine if an array of 31 virginia-type cultivars and breeding lines exhibited variation in their reactions to increasing levels of general TSW intensity compared with the standard field-resistant cultivar Georgia Green and hirsuta-type line PI 576636. Eight cultivars (NC 7, NC 9, NC 10C, NC-V 11, NC 12C, Perry, Phillips, and Brantley) had mean effects greater than zero (P<0.01) while Bailey, four Bailey siblings, and N96076L, Bailey's resistant parent, all had mean effects less than zero (P<0.01). The deviations of the slope of regression on environmental index (β̂k) for four of the eight susceptible cultivars were greater than zero, indicating greater than average reaction to increased levels of TSW. The β̂k for Bailey indicated that its response to increasing levels of TSW was flat. PI 576636 was confirmed as a highly field-resistant line. The slopes of Georgia Green, the standard TSWV-resistant runner-type cultivar, the Bailey siblings and N96076L did not differ from the average of all lines. The correlation between mean effect and β̂k was r  =  0.693, indicating that approximately half the variation in β̂k could be explained by mean effects. However, the regression analysis provided information useful in describing the TSW reactions of the lines and cultivars.}, number={1}, journal={Peanut Science}, publisher={American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Dong, W.B. and Copeland, S.C. and Shew, B.B. and Arellano, C.}, year={2013}, pages={24–30} }
 @inproceedings{dong_isleib_milla-lewis_copeland_2013, title={Stability analysis of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus Incidence in virginia-type peanut cultivars}, volume={44}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Dong, W.B. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Copeland, S.C.}, year={2013}, pages={14–15} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_milla-lewis_w.b._s.c_2013, title={Stability of pod brightness among cultivars and advanced lines in the NCSU peanut breeding program}, volume={44}, url={http://apresinc.com/publications/}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and W.B., Dong and S.C, Copeland}, year={2013}, pages={17} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2013, title={Turfgrass breeding at NCSU: Year 4}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @article{chandi_milla-lewis_jordan_york_burton_zuleta_whitaker_culpepper_2013, title={Use of AFLP Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Populations from North Carolina and Georgia}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/ws-d-12-00053.1}, abstractNote={Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth is a serious problem in southern cropping systems. Much phenotypic variation is observed in Palmer amaranth populations with respect to plant growth and development and susceptibility to herbicides. This may be related to levels of genetic diversity existing in populations. Knowledge of genetic diversity in populations of Palmer amaranth may be useful in understanding distribution and development of herbicide resistance. Research was conducted to assess genetic diversity among and within eight Palmer amaranth populations collected from North Carolina and Georgia using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Pair-wise genetic similarity (GS) values were found to be relatively low, averaging 0.34. The highest and the lowest GS between populations were 0.49 and 0.24, respectively, while the highest and the lowest GS within populations were 0.56 and 0.36, respectively. Cluster and principal coordinate (PCO) analyses grouped individuals mostly by population (localized geographic region) irrespective of response to glyphosate or gender of individuals. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results when populations were nested within states revealed significant variation among and within populations within states while variation among states was not significant. Variation among and within populations within state accounted for 19 and 77% of the total variation, respectively, while variation among states accounted for only 3% of the total variation. The within population contribution towards total variation was always higher than among states and among populations within states irrespective of response to glyphosate or gender of individuals. These results are significant in terms of efficacy of similar management approaches both in terms of chemical and biological control in different areas infested with Palmer amaranth.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Weed Science Society}, author={Chandi, Aman and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Jordan, David L. and York, Alan C. and Burton, James D. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Whitaker, Jared R. and Culpepper, A. Stanley}, year={2013}, pages={136–145} }
 @article{kimball_zuleta_kenworthy_lehman_milla-lewis_2012, title={Assessment of genetic diversity in Zoysiagrass germplasm using AFLP markers}, volume={52}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Lehman, V.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2012}, pages={383–392} }
 @article{kimball_zuleta_martin_kenworthy_chandra_milla-lewis_2012, title={Assessment of molecular variation within 'Raleigh' St. Augustinegrass using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers}, volume={47}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.47.7.839}, abstractNote={St. augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a popular turfgrass in the southern United States as a result of its superior shade tolerance and relatively low input requirements. However, it is the least cold-tolerant of commonly used warm-season turfgrass species. ‘Raleigh’, released in 1980, has superior cold tolerance and is adapted and widely used in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 8 to 9. More than 25 years after its release, ‘Raleigh’ is still the industry’s standard in terms of cold tolerance. However, the original foundation and breeder stock fields of the cultivar have been lost, placing the integrity of the cultivar at risk. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether current ‘Raleigh’ production fields across the southern United States are true to the original source. In this study, 15 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations were used to assess levels of genetic variability among three original stocks of ‘Raleigh’ and 46 samples obtained from sod farms and universities in six states. Genetic similarities among the original stocks were Sij = 1, whereas similarities between this group and all other samples ranged from 0.24 to 1.0. Results based on cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed separation between original stocks of ‘Raleigh’ and some commercial samples. Results from this study offer further evidence that molecular markers provide a useful and powerful technique for identity preservation of clonally propagated cultivars and the detection of genetic variants in sod production fields and turfgrass breeding programs.}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Kimball, J. A. and Zuleta, M. C. and Martin, M. C. and Kenworthy, K. E. and Chandra, A. and Milla-Lewis, S. R.}, year={2012}, pages={839–844} }
 @article{milla-lewis_zuleta_van esbroeck_quesenberry_kenworthy_2013, title={Cytological and Molecular Characterization of Genetic Diversity in Stenotaphrum}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2012.04.0234}, abstractNote={St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a warm‐season turfgrass broadly distributed across the southern United States. Here, we investigated genetic diversity and ploidy levels in publicly available plant introductions and cultivars of St. Augustinegrass as an aid to more effective use of these materials in breeding programs. Ploidy assignment of genotypes was problematic in some cases because of a lack of agreement between flow cytometry–inferred ploidy level and chromosome counts indicating that DNA content of higher ploidy genotypes was not a simple multiple of the diploid genome. Cytological investigations indicated five different ploidy levels (diploid, triploid, aneuploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid) with chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 2x = 18 to 2n = 6x = 54. Principal coordinate and cluster analyses separated genotypes into distinct groups that were mostly congruent with ploidy levels. Moreover, analysis of molecular variance results based on amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping indicated that 46% of the total variation could be explained by differences between ploidy levels. A clear positive correlation was observed between ploidy level and number of scored bands, with polyploids showing an increased number of bands. Variation in chromosome number is an important source of genetic variation in S. secundatum, and knowledge of the genetic relationships among accessions of this species can be an important consideration for the proper utilization of this germplasm in applied cultivar development.}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Van Esbroeck, George A. and Quesenberry, Kenneth H. and Kenworthy, Kevin E.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={296–308} }
 @article{kimball_zuleta_kenworthy_lehman_harris-shultz_milla-lewis_2013, title={Genetic Relationships in Species and the Identification of Putative Interspecific Hybrids Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers and Inflorescence Traits}, volume={53}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2012.04.0218}, abstractNote={Zoysia Willd. are warm‐season turfgrasses used throughout the southern United States and upward into the transition zone for their superior heat and drought tolerances and their relatively low input requirements. Understanding the population structure present within Zoysia germplasm can assist plant breeders in exploiting available variation. The objectives of this study were to assess simple sequence repeat (SSR) allelic diversity within and among Zoysia spp., evaluate the genetic constitution of putative interspecific hybrids, and determine if Zoysia spp. and hybrids can be differentiated by inflorescence traits. Sixty‐two Zoysia accessions selected as a subset of genotypically and phenotypically diverse genotypes were evaluated with 50 SSR markers and six inflorescence traits. Both an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) phylogram and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) analysis revealed a continuum of genetic variation present within and among the species. The model‐based program STRUCTURE revealed two distinct subpopulations within Z. japonica Steud. as well as a distinct Z. matrella (L.) Merr. subpopulation. Based on SSR analysis, 23 Zoysia accessions evaluated had evidence of admixture. Six inflorescence phenotypes also revealed a continuous range of variation. This study was able to verify the presence of hybrids between Z. japonica and Z. matrella and provided further evidence for the hypothesis that Zoysia spp. are subpopulations or ecotypes within one species and not separate species.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Lehman, Virginia G. and Harris-Shultz, Karen R. and Milla-Lewis, Susana}, year={2013}, pages={285} }
 @misc{kenworthy_unruh_chandra_nelson_schwartz_raymer_miller_milla-lewis_wu_martin_et al._2012, title={Genotype by environment interaction in zoysiagrass}, author={Kenworthy, K.E. and Unruh, J.B. and Chandra, A. and Nelson, L. and Schwartz, B.M. and Raymer, P. and Miller, G.L. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Wu, Y.Q. and Martin, D.L. and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{carbajal_mulkey_ma_zuleta_arellano_milla-lewis_Oct. 17-19, 2012, title={Identificación de resistencia al tizón foliar causado por M. grisea en genotipos diploides de cesped San Agustin [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze]}, author={Carbajal, E.M. and Mulkey, S.E. and Ma, B. and Zuleta, M.C. and Arellano, C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={Oct. 17-19, 2012}, month={Oct. 17-19, 2012} }
 @article{chandi_milla-lewis_giacomini_westra_preston_jordan_york_burton_whitaker_2012, title={Inheritance of Evolved Glyphosate Resistance in a North Carolina Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotype}, volume={2012}, ISSN={1687-8159, 1687-8167}, url={http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2012/176108/}, DOI={10.1155/2012/176108}, abstractNote={Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in a Palmer amaranth biotype from North Carolina was studied. Glyphosate rates for 50% survival of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotypes were 1288 and 58 g ha−1, respectively. These values for F1 progenies obtained from reciprocal crosses (GR×GSandGS×GRwere 794 and 501 g ha−1, respectively. Dose response of F1 progenies indicated that resistance was not fully dominant over susceptibility. Lack of significant differences between dose responses for reciprocal F1 families suggested that genetic control of glyphosate resistance was governed by nuclear genome. Analysis of F1 backcross (BC1F1) families showed that 10 and 8 BC1F1 families out of 15 fitted monogenic inheritance at 2000 and 3000 g ha−1glyphosate, respectively. These results indicate that inheritance of glyphosate resistance in this biotype is incompletely dominant, nuclear inherited, and might not be consistent with a single gene mechanism of inheritance. Relative 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) copy number varied from 22 to 63 across 10 individuals from resistant biotype. This suggested that variableEPSPScopy number in the parents might be influential in determining if inheritance of glyphosate resistance is monogenic or polygenic in this biotype.}, journal={International Journal of Agronomy}, publisher={Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, author={Chandi, Aman and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Giacomini, Darci and Westra, Philip and Preston, Christopher and Jordan, David L. and York, Alan C. and Burton, James D. and Whitaker, Jared R.}, year={2012}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{chandi_jordan_york_milla-lewis_burton_culpepper_whitaker_2012, title={Interference of Selected Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes in Soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={2012}, ISSN={1687-8159, 1687-8167}, url={http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2012/168267/}, DOI={10.1155/2012/168267}, abstractNote={Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.) has become difficult to control in row crops due to selection for biotypes that are no longer controlled by acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides and/or glyphosate. Early season interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] for 40 days after emergence by three glyphosate-resistant (GR) and three glyphosate-susceptible (GS) Palmer amaranth biotypes from Georgia and North Carolina was compared in the greenhouse. A field experiment over 2 years compared season-long interference of these biotypes in soybean. The six Palmer amaranth biotypes reduced soybean height similarly in the greenhouse but did not affect soybean height in the field. Reduction in soybean fresh weight and dry weight in the greenhouse; and soybean yield in the field varied by Palmer amaranth biotypes. Soybean yield was reduced 21% by Palmer amaranth at the established field density of 0.37 plant m−2. When Palmer amaranth biotypes were grouped by response to glyphosate, the GS group reduced fresh weight, dry weight, and yield of soybean more than the GR group. The results indicate a possible small competitive disadvantage associated with glyphosate resistance, but observed differences among biotypes might also be associated with characteristics within and among biotypes other than glyphosate resistance.}, journal={International Journal of Agronomy}, publisher={Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, author={Chandi, Aman and Jordan, David L. and York, Alan C. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Burton, James D. and Culpepper, A. Stanley and Whitaker, Jared R.}, year={2012}, pages={1–7} }
 @misc{mulkey_zuleta_ma_tredway_milla-lewis_2012, title={Mapping gray leafspot resistance genes in St. Augustinegrass}, author={Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Ma, B. and Tredway, L.P. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{kimball_zuleta_harris-shultz_kenworthy_lehman_milla-lewis_2012, place={Cincinnati, OH}, title={Patterns of genetic variation suggest introgression between Zoysia species based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and inflorescence traits}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Harris-Shultz, K.R. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Lehman, V.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_zuleta_ma_kenworthy_tredway_2012, place={Cincinnati, OH}, title={Phytotron evaluation of zoysiagrass germplasm for large patch resistance}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Soc. Agron. Intl. Ann. Mtg.}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Ma, B. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Tredway, L.P.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @article{harris-shultz_milla-lewis_brady_2012, title={Transferability of SSR and RGA Markers Developed in Cynodon spp. to Zoysia spp.}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1572-9818"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11105-012-0417-7}, number={5}, journal={PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER}, publisher={Springer Science \mathplus Business Media}, author={Harris-Shultz, Karen R. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Brady, Jeff A.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1264–1269} }
 @article{kimball_zuleta_kenworthy_lehman_milla-lewis_2012, title={Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers}, volume={52}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2011.05.0252}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTZoysia spp. are warm‐season turfgrass species widely used in the transition zone and southern regions of the United States for their superior heat tolerance and relatively low input requirements. A better understanding of the levels of genetic diversity present in Zoysia germplasm could aid in the utilization of these materials in future breeding efforts. The objective of this study was to compare levels of molecular diversity within and among Zoysia spp. {Z. japonica Steud., Z. matrella (L.) Merr., Z. machrostachya Franch. & Sav., Z. minima (Colenso) Zotov, Z. pacifica (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & Kuroki [syn. Z. matrella (L.) Merr. var. pacifica Goudswaard], and Z. sinica Hance} and germplasm types (cultivars, plant introductions, and collections). Two hundred and forty‐one Zoysia accessions from public and private sources were genotyped with 12 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs. Five hundred and fifty‐two polymorphic AFLP loci were scored. Genetic similarity values (Sij) among genotypes ranged from 0.60 to 0.81, with the average being 0.68. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results indicated that 28 and 54% of the total AFLP variation could be explained by differences among and within species, respectively. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) identified high levels of similarity among all genotypes. Analyses revealed that individuals from the same species type occasionally failed to cluster into one distinct group, reflecting a predominantly outcrossing mating system and high levels of gene flow among the species types studied. Understanding the distribution of genetic diversity within and among Zoysia spp. may enhance cultivar development efforts.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Kenworthy, Kevin E. and Lehman, Virginia G. and Milla-Lewis, Susana}, year={2012}, pages={360} }
 @misc{kimball_zuleta_milla-lewis_2011, title={Characterization of warm-Season turfgrass germplasm using transferred cereal SSR markers}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{mulkey_zuleta_kenworthy_lu_milla-lewis_2011, title={Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze)}, author={Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Lu, H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @article{harris-shultz_milla-lewis_zuleta_schwartz_hanna_brady_2012, title={Development of SSR markers and the analysis of genetic diversity and ploidy level in a centipedegrass collection}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2011.03.0151}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTLittle is known about the genetic variability of centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] and few genetic tools have been available for this species. In this study, 69 unique Eremochloa sequences were generated by using a compound simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based cloning method. Twenty‐nine of these clones contained an internal SSR and 30 specific primer pairs were developed that produced suitable amplification. The level of genetic diversity was assessed using 55 centipedegrass accessions and one Eremochloa zeylanica Hack. accession using primer pairs developed from the compound SSR‐based cloning technique. Twenty‐four polymorphic fragments could be scored and unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed that the Eremochloa accessions clustered into two groups: a large cluster of E. ophiuroides accessions and a group containing the single E. zeylanica accession. Principle coordinate analysis further divided the centipedegrass accessions into three groups. Ploidy analysis revealed all centipedegrass accessions were diploid while the single E. zeylanica accession was found to be a putative tetraploid. Furthermore, many of these markers can be used for other species belonging to the subfamily Panicoideae. The division of the centipedegrass accessions into groups and analysis of ploidy level provides information that will aid in the effective use of this germplasm in breeding programs.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Harris-Shultz, K.R. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Hanna, W.W. and Brady, J.A.}, year={2012}, pages={360–370} }
 @article{chandi_milla-lewis_zuleta_jordan_burton_york_culpepper_2011, title={Elucidating the inheritance of evolved resistance to glyphosate in populations of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri (S. Wats.)) from North Carolina}, journal={Weed Society of America}, author={Chandi, A. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Jordan, D.L. and Burton, J.D. and York, A.C. and Culpepper, S.}, year={2011}, pages={95} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_ma_arellano_zuleta_reynolds_tredway_2011, place={San Antonio, TX}, title={Evaluation of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) germplasm for gray leaf spot resistance}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Agronomy International Annual Meeting}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Ma, B. and Arellano, C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Reynolds, W.C. and Tredway, L.P.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{mulkey_zuleta_kenworthy_lu_milla-lewis_2011, place={San Antonio, TX}, title={Genetic analysis of a St. Augustinegrass germplasm collection based on AFLP markers}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Agronomy International Annual Meeting}, author={Mulkey, S.E. and Zuleta, M.C. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Lu, H. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{claure_livingston_tuong_milla-lewis_2011, title={Histological analysis of pre- and post-freezing nodal structure of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze)}, author={Claure, T.E. and Livingston, D.P. and Tuong, T.D. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{chandi_jordan_york_burton_milla-lewis_spears_whitaker_2011, title={Recovery of selected Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) biotypes from drought stress}, volume={64}, booktitle={Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc.}, author={Chandi, A. and Jordan, D.L. and York, A.C. and Burton, J.D. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Spears, J.F. and Whitaker, J.}, year={2011}, pages={234} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2011, title={Turfgrass breeding at NCSU: the first two years}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2011}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{chandi_milla-lewis_zuleta_jordan_burton_york_culpepper_2011, title={Use of AFLP markers to assess genetic diversity in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri (S. Wats.)) populations from North Carolina and Georgia}, booktitle={Abstracts of the Weed Science Society of America}, author={Chandi, A. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Jordan, D.L. and Burton, J.D. and York, A.C. and Culpepper, S.}, year={2011} }
 @misc{kimball_zuleta_martin_kenworthy_chandra_milla-lewis_2011, title={Use of molecular markers for identity preservation in St. Augustinegrass: elucidating the authenticity of ‘Raleigh’ samples from sod farms across the Southeastern United States}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Martin, M. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Chandra, A. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2011}, month={Oct} }
 @article{milla-lewis_harris-shultz_zuleta_kimball_schwartz_hanna_2012, title={Use of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers for comparing levels of genetic diversity in centipedegrass germplasm}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1573-5109"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10722-011-9780-8}, number={7}, journal={Genetic Resources and Crop Evaluation}, publisher={Springer Science \mathplus Business Media}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Harris-Shultz, K.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Kimball, J.A. and Schwartz, B.M. and Hanna, W.W.}, year={2012}, pages={1517–1526} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_harris_zuleta_schwartz_hanna_2010, title={Assessing genetic diversity in centipedegrass germplasm with sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Harris, K.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Schwartz, B.M. and Hanna, W.W.}, year={2010}, month={Jan} }
 @article{milla-lewis_zuleta_isleib_2010, title={Assessment of Genetic Diversity among U.S. Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2010.04.0223}, abstractNote={The scientific community has long assumed that plant breeding activities decrease genetic diversity in crop species. To determine the influence of plant breeding on peanut, this study was designed to assess allelic diversity changes among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars of the runner market type using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. All runner‐type cultivars released to date were included with the exception of ten cultivars released in the 2000s. Thirty‐four SSR primer pairs amplified a total of 154 alleles. The results indicated that (i) at the gene level, allelic diversity has increased significantly through decades of breeding, (ii) at the population level, genetic diversity was at its lowest during the pre‐1980s time period and gradually increased in each subsequent decade, and (iii) most of the observed SSR variation occurred within, rather than among time periods. A principal coordinate analysis (PCO) clearly demonstrated increases in the variation present in each subsequent breeding decade, reaching its maximum in the 2000s. Therefore, it appears that runner‐type peanut breeders have been successful at developing improved peanut cultivars while increasing levels of diversity in the last three decades of breeding. In addition, genetic relationships among cultivars reported in this study might be of use for peanut breeders when selecting parents for establishment of breeding populations.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Milla-Lewis, Susana R. and Zuleta, M. Carolina and Isleib, T. G.}, year={2010}, pages={2396–2405} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_zuleta_isleib_2010, title={Assessment of genetic diversity changes in U.S. runner-type peanut cultivars released between 1943 and 2009 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2010}, pages={21} }
 @misc{kimball_zuleta_kenworthy_lehman_milla-lewis_2010, title={Assessment of genetic diversity in zoysiagrass germplasm using AFLP markers}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Lehman, V.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{kimball_zuleta_milla-lewis_2010, title={Characterization and evaluation of warm-season turfgrass germplasm using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) transferred from cereal crops}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{pattee_isleib_copeland_milla-lewis_2010, title={Genetic gain for flavor in the North Carolina State University peanut breeding project}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Pattee, H.E. and Isleib, T.G. and Copeland, S.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, pages={90–91} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_copeland_milla-lewis_2010, title={Genetic gain for pod yield in the North Carolina State University peanut breeding project}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Copeland, S.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, pages={79–80} }
 @inproceedings{rowe_vontimitta_isleib_milla-lewis_2010, title={Identification of a QTL associated with reduced post-harvest aflatoxin accumulation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Rowe, C.E. and Vontimitta, V.J. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, pages={85–86} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_zuleta_van esbroeck_quesenberry_kenworthy_2010, title={Molecular and cytological assessment of genetic diversity in Stenotaphrum germplasm}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Van Esbroeck, G.A. and Quesenberry, K.H. and Kenworthy, K.E.}, year={2010}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{villegas chirinos_isleib_knapp_milla-lewis_2010, title={Molecular mapping of QTL for early maturity in peanut}, author={Villegas Chirinos, F. and Isleib, T.G. and Knapp, S.J. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, month={Oct} }
 @article{isleib_milla-lewis_pattee_copeland_zuleta_shew_hollowell_sanders_dean_hendrix_et al._2010, title={Registration of ‘Bailey’ peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2009.12.0742crc}, abstractNote={‘Bailey’ (Reg. No. CV‐111, PI 659502) is a large‐seeded virginia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) with partial resistance to five diseases that occur commonly in the Virginia‐Carolina production area: early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori), late leaf spot [caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton], Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Alfenas], Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger), and tomato spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus). It also has partial resistance to southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.). Bailey was developed as part of a program of selection for multiple‐disease resistance funded by growers, seedsmen, shellers, and processors. Bailey was tested under the experimental designation N03081T and was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) in 2008. Bailey was tested by the NCARS, the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station, and five other state agricultural experiment stations and the USDA‐ARS units participating in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests. Bailey has an alternate branching pattern, an intermediate runner growth habit, medium green foliage, and high contents of fancy pods and medium virginia‐type seeds. It has approximately 34% jumbo and 46% fancy pods, seeds with tan testas and an average weight of 823 mg seed−1, and an extra large kernel content of approximately 42%. Bailey is named in honor of the late Dr. Jack E. Bailey, formerly the peanut breeding project's collaborating plant pathologist.}, number={1}, journal={J. Plant Reg.}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Pattee, H.E. and Copeland, S.C. and Zuleta, M.C. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.O. and Hendrix, K.W. and et al.}, year={2010}, pages={27–39} }
 @inproceedings{chandi_jordan_burton_york_milla-lewis_culpepper_whitaker_2010, title={Relative interference of eight Palmer amaranth populations with peanut and other crops}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc.}, author={Chandi, A. and Jordan, D.L. and Burton, J.D. and York, A.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Culpepper, A.S. and Whitaker, J.}, year={2010}, pages={36–37} }
 @misc{chandi_jordan_burton_york_spears_milla-lewis_culpepper_vencill_whitaker_2010, title={Relative interference of eight populations of Palmer amaranth with selected crops}, author={Chandi, A. and Jordan, D.L. and Burton, J.D. and York, A.C. and Spears, J. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Culpepper, A.S. and Vencill, B. and Whitaker, J.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{copeland_isleib_milla-lewis_shew_hollowell_pattee_sanders_dean_hendrix_balota_et al._2010, title={Release of ‘Sugg’ virginia-type peanut cultivar}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc.}, author={Copeland, S.C. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Pattee, H.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.L. and Hendrix, K.W. and Balota, M. and et al.}, year={2010}, pages={81} }
 @inproceedings{jones_stalker_tallury_milla-lewis_petrik_knapp_2010, title={Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker variability among Arachis species}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Jones, E. and Stalker, H.T. and Tallury, S.P. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Petrik, D. and Knapp, S.J.}, year={2010}, pages={53} }
 @article{milla-lewis_zuleta_isleib_2010, title={Simple sequence repeat allelic diversity in virginia-type peanut cultivars released from 1943 to 2006}, volume={50}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0501}, abstractNote={Studies on genetic diversity in Arachis spp. using microsatellite markers have included few or no commercial cultivars among the genotypes analyzed. The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the utility of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for detecting molecular polymorphism among elite virginia‐type peanut germplasm. Within that context, we had a secondary objective of assessing the impact of decades of plant breeding on allelic diversity levels among virginia‐type peanut cultivars. All U.S. virginia‐type cultivated varieties (except four) released between 1943 and 2006 were genotyped at 39 microsatellite loci. A total of 171 alleles were amplified. Allelic frequencies ranged from 0.02 to 0.97, with an average of 0.27. Although no significant difference was observed for the number of alleles present between the initial and the most recent time periods, our results indicate that levels of diversity present in virginia‐type peanuts have fluctuated significantly since the 1940s and peaked during the 1970s. Our study demonstrates that microsatellite markers may be useful for detecting molecular variation among peanut cultivars. Moreover, this is the first report of using microsatellite markers to describe genetic diversity in a collection of cultivated varieties of peanut.}, number={4}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Milla-Lewis, S. R. and Zuleta, M. C. and Isleib, T. G.}, year={2010}, pages={1348–1356} }
 @misc{kimball_zuleta_milla-lewis_2010, title={Transferring informative cereal SSRs to warm-season turfgrasses for germplasm characterization and evaluation}, author={Kimball, J.A. and Zuleta, M.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2010, title={Turfgrass breeding at NCSU: Year 1.9}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2010, title={Turfgrass breeding at NCSU: Year One}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{zuleta_milla-lewis_2010, place={Vienna, Austria}, title={Use of AFLP markers for assessment of genetic diversity in St. Augustinegrass germplasm}, booktitle={Proceedings of Interanational Conference of Green Plant Breeding Technologies}, author={Zuleta, M.C. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={28} }
 @inproceedings{villegas chirinos_milla-lewis_isleib_knapp_2010, title={Use of single sequence repeat (SSR) markers for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing early maturity in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Villegas Chirinos, F. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Knapp, S.J.}, year={2010}, pages={53–54} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_lin_zuleta_chandra_kenworthy_martin_2009, title={Assessment of molecular variability within St. Augustinegrass cultivar ‘Raleigh’ using AFLP and SRAP markers}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Lin, X. and Zuleta, M.C. and Chandra, A. and Kenworthy, K.E. and Martin, M.M.}, year={2009}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_2009, title={Breeding better grasses for North Carolina}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2009}, month={Mar} }
 @article{stalker_weissinger_milla-lewis_holbrook_2009, title={Genomics: An Evolving Science in Peanut}, volume={36}, DOI={10.3146/at07-006.1}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Genomic spcience offers new research tools to explore the function of genes and their effects on plants and animals. Arachis hypogaea is a polyploid species of relatively recent origin and molecular analyses with technologies available in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in little progress in the cultivated species because of apparent lack of molecular variation. Large numbers of polymorphisms existing in wild Arachis species led to evolutionary and gene introgression studies. High throughput genomic sequencing technologies have greatly expanded the possibilities for investigating gene function, but techniques are sufficiently expensive that most federal funding has been directed toward model species and ‘major’ crops. Peanut has lagged behind many other crops, but the number of researchers working on the species in the U.S. and internationally has greatly increased during recent years. In an effort to bring researchers who work with a number of legume crops together to discuss common goals, a national strategic planning workshop was held in 2001 which led to the U.S. Legume Crops Genomics Initiative. A second workshop was held in 2004 to develop a plan with specific objectives for cross-legume genomics research and to outline milestones for accomplishments. Specifically for peanut, a genomics strategic planning workshop was organized at Atlanta in 2004 by the American Peanut Council. A broad view of genomic science was adopted and goals were set by participants to include (a) improving the utility of genetic tools for peanut genomics research, (b) improving the efficacy of technology for gene manipulation in genomics, (c) developing a framework for assembling the peanut genetic blueprint, (d) improving knowledge of gene identification and regulation, and (e) providing bioinformatic management of peanut biological information. Teams of researchers, including molecular biologists, plant breeders, pathologists, and many other disciplines need to be developed to fully utilize the potential of genomics for peanut improvement.}, number={1}, journal={Peanut Science}, publisher={American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Stalker, H. T. and Weissinger, A. K. and Milla-Lewis, S. and Holbrook, C. C.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={2–10} }
 @inproceedings{copeland_isleib_milla-lewis_shew_hollowell_pattee_sanders_dean_hendrix_balota_et al._2009, title={Release of ‘Bailey’ virginia-type peanut cultivar}, volume={41}, booktitle={Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc.}, author={Copeland, S.C. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Shew, B.B. and Hollowell, J.E. and Pattee, H.E. and Sanders, T.H. and Dean, L.L. and Hendrix, K.W. and Balota, M. and et al.}, year={2009}, pages={59–60} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_zuleta_isleib_2009, title={SSR allelic diversity shifts in runner-type peanut breeding}, volume={41}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2009}, pages={40–41} }
 @inproceedings{rowe_milla-lewis_isleib_2008, title={DNA markers for resistance to post-harvest aflatoxin accumulation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)}, volume={40}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Rowe, C.E. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2008}, pages={21–22} }
 @inproceedings{tallury_isleib_hollowell_dong_milla-lewis_holbrook_shew_2008, title={Multiple disease resistance in interspecific-derived hybrid breeding lines}, volume={40}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Tallury, S.P. and Isleib, T.G. and Hollowell, J. and Dong, W. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Holbrook, C.C. and Shew, B.B.}, year={2008}, pages={32–33} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_zuleta_isleib_2008, title={SSR allelic diversity changes in Virginia-type peanut cultivars released from 1943 to 2006}, volume={40}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Zuleta, M.C. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2008}, pages={35–36} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_swift_isleib_tallury_stalker_2007, title={AFLP markers associated with reduced aflatoxin accumulation in interspecific peanut lines}, volume={38}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Swift, J.E. and Isleib, T.G. and Tallury, S.P. and Stalker, H.T.}, year={2007}, pages={57} }
 @article{lewis_milla_kernodle_2007, title={Analysis of an introgressed Nicotiana tomentosa genomic region affecting leaf number and correlated traits in Nicotiana tabacum}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-006-0482-0}, abstractNote={Germplasm from closely related diploid relatives of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) could be of value for continued genetic modification of this species and for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We examined near isogenic tobacco lines and hybrids differing for an introgressed genomic region from N. tomentosa Ruiz and Pavon designated as Many Leaves that exhibits a large influence on leaf number and correlated traits. Within a 'Red Russian' genetic background, the region acted in an additive to partially dominant fashion to delay flowering time, and increase leaf number, plant height, and green leaf yield. Evidence of epistasis was observed as the region affected these traits to varying degrees in diverse near isogenic hybrids. Fifteen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers of N. tomentosa origin were mapped within a single linkage group of 34.5 cM using a population of 207 BC(1)F(1) individuals segregating for Many Leaves. Composite interval mapping produced 2-LOD confidence intervals for likely QTL positions influencing leaf number (3.1 cM region), plant height (2.9 cM region), and days to flowering (3.3 cM region). These intervals were overlapping. Results demonstrate that genomic regions with large genetic effects can be transferred to tobacco from closely related diploid relatives, and that sufficient recombination within these regions may permit mapping of genes controlling quantitative traits. Materials and results described here may be useful in future research to gain insight on the genetic control of the transition from vegetative to reproductive development in Nicotiana.}, number={5}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, publisher={Springer Science \mathplus Business Media}, author={Lewis, R. S. and Milla, S. R. and Kernodle, S. P.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={841–854} }
 @inproceedings{tallury_isleib_milla-lewis_hollowell_stalker_2007, title={Comparison of yield, grade and disease resistance of interspecific hybrid derivatives and commercial peanut cultivars in the Virginia-Carolina Area}, volume={38}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Tallury, S.P. and Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Hollowell, J.E. and Stalker, H.T.}, year={2007}, pages={55–56} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_rowe_isleib_2007, place={Atlanta, GA}, title={DNA markers for resistance to post-harvest aflatoxin accumulation in virginia-type peanuts}, booktitle={Proceedings of 2007 Multicrop Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Elimination & Fungal Genomics Workshop}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Rowe, C.E. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={98} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_milla_copeland_graeber_sanders_hendrix_dean_2007, title={Effect of testing region, region of origin, and their interaction on composition and sensory traits in the Uniform Peanut Performance Test}, volume={38}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla, S.R. and Copeland, S.C. and Graeber, J.B. and Sanders, T.H. and Hendrix, K.W. and Dean, L.O.}, year={2007}, pages={26} }
 @article{contreras_ranney_milla-lewis_yencho_2007, title={Investigating parentage and hybridity of three azaleodendrons using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis}, volume={42}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.42.3.740}, abstractNote={Morphological analysis historically has been used to determine parentage of unknown hybrids. This can be difficult when potential parents have similar appearance, as in the case of three azaleodendron cultivars, Rhododendron L. ‘Fragrans’, ‘Fragrans Affinity’, and ‘Fragrant Affinity’. These cultivars are similar in name and appearance, and all are purported hybrids of R. catawbiense Michx. or R. ponticum L. and R. viscosum (L.) Torr. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted to determine whether the cultivars are synonyms or distinct clones and to elucidate the parental species. The three cultivars, suspected to be hybrids between taxa in subgenera Hymenanthes (Blume) K.Koch (evergreen rhododendrons) and Pentanthera (G.Don) Pojarkova (deciduous azaleas), and related taxa from each subgenus were evaluated using 31 AFLP primer combinations. Genetic similarity, calculated using Jaccard's coefficient, among the hybrids ranged from 53% to 71%, indicating that they are distinct cultivars and not a single clone. Genetic similarity was highest between the hybrids and R. ponticum among the evergreen rhododendrons, and R. viscosum among the deciduous azaleas. A dendrogram generated using the genetic similarity matrix grouped taxa into their respective subgenera, with the three cultivars nested intermediately between subgenera but more closely with subgenus Hymenanthes and particularly R. ponticum, suggesting it is the evergreen rhododendron parent. Furthermore, principle components grouped R. ponticum more closely with the hybrids and there were 18 AFLP fragments unique to R. ponticum and the hybrids. However, no unique AFLP bands were shared exclusively among the hybrids and the purported deciduous azalea parent, R. viscosum, suggesting that the original azalea parents may have been hybrids.}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Contreras, R. N. and Ranney, T. G. and Milla-Lewis, S. R. and Yencho, G. C.}, year={2007}, pages={740–743} }
 @inproceedings{milla-lewis_isleib_2007, title={Utilization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess allelic diversity changes in virginia-type peanut cultivars released from 1943 to 2005}, volume={39}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2007}, pages={40–41} }
 @inproceedings{lewis_milla_kernodle_2006, title={Analysis of an introgressed N. tomentosa QTL affecting leaf number and correlated traits in N. tabacum L}, booktitle={CORESTA Conference Program Abst.}, author={Lewis, R.S. and Milla, S.R. and Kernodle, S.P.}, year={2006}, pages={67} }
 @misc{milla-lewis_isleib_2006, title={Application of molecular technologies to reduce post-harvest aflatoxin accumulation of peanuts}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2006}, month={Mar} }
 @article{milla-lewis_isleib_2006, title={Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values for tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) incidence in Virginia-type peanuts}, volume={32}, number={1}, journal={Peanut Science}, author={Milla-Lewis, S.R. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2006}, pages={57–67} }
 @misc{isleib_milla-lewis_2006, title={Breeding for early maturing runner- and virginia-type peanuts}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla-Lewis, S.R.}, year={2006}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_milla_copeland_graeber_2006, title={Comparison of agronomic traits and disease reactions between high-oleic backcross-derived lines and their normal-oleic recurrent parents}, volume={37}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla, S.R. and Copeland, S.C. and Graeber, J.B.}, year={2006}, pages={24} }
 @misc{lewis_milla_kernodle_2006, title={Influence of an introgressed N. tomentosa QTL on leaf number and correlated traits in N. tabacum L.}, author={Lewis, R.S. and Milla, S.R. and Kernodle, S.P.}, year={2006}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_milla_copeland_graeber_2005, title={Comparison of agronomic traits and disease reactions between high-oleic backcross-derived lines and their normal-oleic recurrent parents}, volume={37}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla, S.R. and Copeland, S.C. and Graeber, J.B.}, year={2005}, pages={24} }
 @article{tallury_hilu_milla_friend_alsaghir_stalker_quandt_2005, title={Genomic affinities in Arachis section Arachis (Fabaceae): molecular and cytogenetic evidence}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-005-0017-0}, abstractNote={Section Arachis is the largest of nine sections in the genus Arachis and includes domesticated peanut, A. hypogaea L. Most species are diploids (x = 10) with two tetraploids and a few aneuploids. Three genome types have been recognized in this section (A, B and D), but the genomes are not well characterized and relationships of several newly described species are uncertain. To clarify genomic relationships in section Arachis, cytogenetic information and molecular data from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and the trnT-F plastid region were used to provide an additional insight into genome composition and species relationships. Cytogenetic information supports earlier observations on genome types of A. cruziana, A. herzogii, A. kempff-mercadoi and A. kuhlmannii but was inconclusive about the genome composition of A. benensis, A. hoehnei, A. ipaensis, A. palustris, A. praecox and A. williamsii. An AFLP dendrogram resolved species into four major clusters and showed A. hypogaea grouping closely with A. ipaensis and A. williamsii. Sequence data of the trnT-F region provided genome-specific information and showed for the first time that the B and D genomes are more closely related to each other than to the A genome. Integration of information from cytogenetics and biparentally and maternally inherited genomic regions show promise in understanding genome types and relationships in Arachis.}, number={7}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Tallury, SP and Hilu, KW and Milla, SR and Friend, SA and Alsaghir, M and Stalker, HT and Quandt, D}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={1229–1237} }
 @inproceedings{milla_isleib_stalker_tallury_2005, title={Identificación de marcadores moleculares asociados con resistencia al virus del bronceado del tomate (TSWV) en un mapa genético (genetic linkage map) de especies silvestres de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.)}, booktitle={Libro de Resúmenes del IV Encuentro Científico Internacional de Invierno}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Stalker, H.T. and Tallury, S.P.}, year={2005}, pages={10} }
 @article{milla_isleib_tallury_2005, title={Identification of AFLP markers linked to reduced aflatoxin accumulation in A. cardenasii-derived germplasm lines of peanut}, volume={37}, number={90}, journal={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Tallury, S.P.}, year={2005} }
 @misc{milla_isleib_tallury_2005, title={Mejoramiento genético de maní en NCSU: uniendo métodos convencionales y técnicas moleculares}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Tallury, S.P.}, year={2005}, month={Aug} }
 @article{lewis_milla_levin_2005, title={Molecular and genetic characterization of N. glutinosa L. chromosome segments in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-resistant tobacco accessions}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0121}, abstractNote={Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)‐resistant flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars have been developed using the N gene derived from N. glutinosa L. Their adoption has been low, however, because of unfavorable linkage drag effects. Strategies to overcome this problem might include pursuit of alternative introgression events and/or use of molecular markers for selection against deleterious alien chromatin. Previous workers demonstrated the presence of a TMV‐resistance mechanism on more than one chromosome of the tobacco genome. The objectives of this research were to determine the relative genomic positions of TMV resistance loci in a set of 12 TMV‐resistant tobacco accessions and to use amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers for characterization of this material with respect to linked alien chromatin. Five accessions were found to carry a TMV resistance gene on chromosome H. Seven accessions were found to carry a resistance factor on an alternative chromosome. Polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the N gene from N. glutinosa is responsible for resistance in all 12 accessions. A set of 168 AFLP markers specific to the N. glutinosa donor chromosome was identified and used to reveal variability among the 12 accessions for the relative amounts of N. glutinosa chromatin linked to the N gene. The relative propensity for crossing over within the alien segment when in different genomic positions was evaluated in BC1F1 families derived from three different accessions. Lines possessing the N gene on chromosome H may be of greater practical value because of relatively smaller introgressed alien segments and increased potential for obtaining crossover events within the segments.}, number={6}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Lewis, R.S. and Milla, S.R. and Levin, J.S.}, year={2005}, pages={2355–2362} }
 @article{milla_levin_lewis_rufty_2005, title={RAPD and SCAR markers linked to an introgressed gene conditioning resistance to Peronospora tabacina D.B. Adam in tobacco}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.0754}, abstractNote={Blue mold, caused by the fungal pathogen Peronospora tabacina D.B. Adam, is one of the most important foliar diseases of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Identification of molecular markers linked to genetic factors controlling resistance would facilitate development of resistant cultivars. Bulked segregant analysis was used to screen 1216 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers for their ability to reveal polymorphism between DNA bulks from susceptible doubled haploid (DH) lines and resistant DH lines possessing resistance derived from cultivar Ovens 62. Fifteen RAPD markers were tentatively identified as being linked to a major gene conditioning resistance to blue mold. These 15 markers (12 in coupling phase linkage with resistance and three in repulsion phase) were found to lie within a single linkage group of 36.6 cM and were subsequently tested on 122 DH lines derived from crosses between resistant and susceptible parents. F tests revealed statistically significant associations between resistance and each of the 15 RAPD markers. Interval mapping was used to more accurately place the quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling resistance on the linkage map. The RAPD markers were screened on a set of 45 resistant and susceptible cultivars or breeding lines and four Nicotiana species. At variance with previous reports, marker genotypes indicated that resistance in Ovens 62 and most other blue mold resistant lines likely originated from N. debneyi Domin. Two RAPD markers flanking the most likely QTL position were converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. These markers should aid in development of blue mold‐resistant tobacco cultivars worldwide.}, number={6}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Milla, S.R. and Levin, J.S. and Lewis, R.S. and Rufty, R.C.}, year={2005}, pages={2346–2354} }
 @article{milla_isleib_stalker_2005, title={Taxonomic relationships among Arachis sect. Arachis species as revealed by AFLP markers}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1480-3321"]}, DOI={10.1139/g04-089}, abstractNote={ Cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., is a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) species thought to be of allopolyploid origin. Its closest relatives are the diploid (2n = 2x = 20) annual and perennial species included with it in Arachis sect. Arachis. Species in section Arachis represent an important source of novel alleles for improvement of cultivated peanut. A better understanding of the level of speciation and taxonomic relationships between taxa within section Arachis is a prerequisite to the effective use of this secondary gene pool in peanut breeding programs. The AFLP technique was used to determine intra- and interspecific relationships among and within 108 accessions of 26 species of this section. A total of 1328 fragments were generated with 8 primer combinations. From those, 239 bands ranging in size from 65 to 760 bp were scored as binary data. Genetic distances among accessions ranged from 0 to 0.50. Average distances among diploid species (0.30) were much higher than that detected between tetraploid species (0.05). Cluster analysis using different methods and principal component analysis were performed. The resulting grouping of accessions and species supports previous taxonomic classifications and genome designations. Based on genetic distances and cluster analysis, A-genome accessions KG 30029 (Arachis helodes) and KSSc 36009 (Arachis simpsonii) and B-genome accession KGBSPSc 30076 (A. ipaensis) were the most closely related to both Arachis hypogaea and Arachis monticola. This finding suggests their involvement in the evolution of the tetraploid peanut species.Key words: peanut, numerical taxonomy, genome donors, classification. }, number={1}, journal={Genome}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Stalker, H.T.}, year={2005}, pages={1–11} }
 @misc{lewis_milla_levin_wilkinson_2005, title={Tobacco genomic improvement at N.C. State University}, author={Lewis, R.S. and Milla, S.R. and Levin, J.S. and Wilkinson, W.C.}, year={2005}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{contreras_ranney_tallury_milla_2005, title={Using molecular markers to investigate parentage of Azaleodendron hybrids}, volume={50}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southern Nursing Association Research Conference}, author={Contreras, R.N. and Ranney, T.G. and Tallury, S.P. and Milla, S.R.}, year={2005}, pages={630} }
 @misc{milla_isleib_tallury_2005, title={Uso de marcadores moleculares en el mejoramiento genético de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.)}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Tallury, S.P.}, year={2005}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{milla_isleib_tallury_2005, title={Uso de marcadores moleculares en mejoramiento genético de maní}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Tallury, S.P.}, year={2005}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{isleib_milla_copeland_graeber_2004, title={A program of selection for multiple disease resistance}, volume={36}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Isleib, T.G. and Milla, S.R. and Copeland, S.C. and Graeber, J.B.}, year={2004}, pages={34} }
 @misc{milla_stalker_tallury_isleib_2004, title={Chromosome regions associated with TSWV resistance in the peanut wild relative Arachis diogoi Hoehne}, author={Milla, S.R. and Stalker, H.T. and Tallury, S.P. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2004}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{milla_tallury_stalker_isleib_2004, title={Identification of molecular markers associated with tomato spotted wilt virus in a genetic linkage map of Arachis kuhlmannii x A. diogoi}, volume={36}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla, S.R. and Tallury, S.P. and Stalker, H.T. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2004}, pages={27} }
 @inproceedings{milla_lewis_2004, title={Molecular and genetic characterization of N. glutinosa chromosome segments in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-resistant tobacco accessions}, author={Milla, S.R. and Lewis, R.S.}, year={2004}, pages={11} }
 @inproceedings{milla_isleib_stalker_2004, title={Utilización de marcadores AFLP para el estudio de diversidad genética del maní y especies relacionadas}, booktitle={Libro de Resúmenes del III Encuentro Científico Internacional de Invierno}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G. and Stalker, H.T.}, year={2004}, pages={16} }
 @inproceedings{milla_tallury_stalker_isleib_2003, title={Arachis genome relationships revealed by AFLP markers}, volume={35}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla, S.R. and Tallury, S.P. and Stalker, H.T. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2003}, pages={85} }
 @inproceedings{tallury_milla_stalker_hilu_2003, title={Genomic characterization of section Arachis species}, volume={35}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Tallury, S.P. and Milla, S.R. and Stalker, H.T. and Hilu, K.W.}, year={2003}, pages={37} }
 @inproceedings{milla_isleib_2002, title={Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding value for tomato spotted wilt virus incidence in virginia-type peanuts}, volume={34}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Milla, S.R. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2002}, pages={37} }
 @misc{milla_tallury_stalker_isleib_2002, title={Taxonomic relationships among peanut wild species as revealed by AFLP markers}, author={Milla, S.R. and Tallury, S.P. and Stalker, H.T. and Isleib, T.G.}, year={2002}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{tallury_milla_copeland_stalker_2001, title={Genome donors of Arachis hypogaea L}, volume={33}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Tallury, S.P. and Milla, S.R. and Copeland, S.C. and Stalker, H.T.}, year={2001}, pages={60} }
 @misc{milla_rufty_1997, title={Identification of RAPD markers linked to blue mold resistance in tobacco}, author={Milla, S.R. and Rufty, R.C.}, year={1997}, month={Oct} }