@article{enomoto_castro_hash_thomson_nakanishi-hester_perry_aker_haupt_opperman_roe_et al._2024, title={Prevalence of radiographic appendicular osteoarthritis and associated clinical signs in young dogs}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-024-52324-9}, abstractNote={Abstract This study aimed to determine the prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) and associated clinical signs in young dogs. Owners of dogs aged 8 months–4 years from a single practice, were contacted in random order, to participate in a general health screen. Clinical and orthopedic examinations were performed. Each joint was scored for pain reactions (0–4). Orthogonal radiographs of all joints were made under sedation. Each joint was scored for radiographic OA (rOA) severity on an 11-point scale. Clinical OA (cOA) was defined as an overlap of rOA and joint pain in ≥ 1 joint. Owners completed OA questionnaires. The owners of 123 dogs agreed to participate. Overall, 39.8% (49/123) of dogs had rOA in ≥ 1 joint, and 16.3% (20/123) or 23.6% (29/123) dogs had cOA, depending on the cut-off value of joint pain; moderate (2), or mild (1), respectively. Owners of dogs with cOA observed signs of impairment in approximately 30% of cases. Only 2 dogs with cOA were receiving OA pain management. The most commonly affected joints in descending order of frequency were elbow, hip, tarsus, and stifle. Radiographically visible OA is common in young dogs, and 40–60% of dogs with rOA had cOA. However, OA-pain appears underdiagnosed and undertreated in young dogs.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Enomoto, Masataka and Castro, Nicholas and Hash, Jonathan and Thomson, Andrea and Nakanishi-Hester, Aoi and Perry, Erin and Aker, Savannah and Haupt, Emily and Opperman, Logan and Roe, Simon and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} } @article{roe_2023, title={Real-Time Feedback to Enhance the Teaching of Wire Tying}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2022-0102}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2022-0102}, abstractNote={Teaching the art of wire tying is difficult because the instructor is not able to gauge the effectiveness of the final product. The impact of an incorrect technique is usually not evident. Also, the instructor does not have a way to demonstrate the different levels of tension generated by different wire knotting techniques, nor their differing abilities to resist a load that a patient may apply. In this paper, a device is described that can provide real-time feedback on wire tension generated during knot tying, and how particular knots resist an applied distraction. This device has been used to deliver a live demonstration to reinforce lecture material, and in small group teaching exercises, where real-time feedback enhances skills and understanding. A stepwise training schedule for surgery residents structured as an entrustable professional activity is proposed.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, author={Roe, Simon C.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} } @article{roe_2022, title={Drawing clinically relevant conclusions from biomechanical studies}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13738}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13738}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Roe, Simon C.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} } @article{roe_2022, title={Prophylactic cerclage in canine total hip replacement}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13779}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13779}, abstractNote={Veterinary SurgeryVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 379-380 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Prophylactic cerclage in canine total hip replacement Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Diplomate, ACVS simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13779Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue3April 2022Pages 379-380 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Roe, Simon C.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} } @article{roe_marcellin-little_2022, title={Stem selection for total hip replacement}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13792}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13792}, abstractNote={Veterinary SurgeryVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 383-383 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Stem selection for total hip replacement Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Simon C. Roe, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: simon_roe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorDenis Marcellin-Little DEDV, Denis Marcellin-Little DEDV orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-5928 Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD, Corresponding Author Simon C. Roe BVSc, PhD simon_roe@ncsu.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-6875 Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Correspondence Simon C. Roe, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Email: simon_roe@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorDenis Marcellin-Little DEDV, Denis Marcellin-Little DEDV orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-5928 Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13792Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue3April 2022Pages 383-383 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Roe, Simon C. and Marcellin-Little, Denis}, year={2022}, month={Mar} } @article{enomoto_baines_roe_marcellin-little_lascelles_2021, title={Defining the rate of, and factors influencing, radiographic progression of osteoarthritis of the canine hip joint}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.516}, DOI={10.1002/vetr.516}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND This study aimed to define the rate of progression of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of the canine hip joint and to describe factors affecting this progression. METHODS Dogs that underwent unilateral total hip replacement (THR) were reviewed for the evaluation of radiographic appearance of the non-operated hip joint over time. Standard extended ventrodorsal hip radiographs were taken preoperatively and postoperatively. All images were anonymized, randomized and scored using three different methods. The mean daily change between evaluations was calculated in each individual dog, and the effect of sex, age, body weight, open/closed status of the proximal femoral physis, preoperative severity of OA, time after surgery and their interactions, were investigated as potential influencing factors. RESULTS After reviewing the medical records, 163 dogs (468 images) met the inclusion criteria. Consistent across the three scoring systems, radiographic progression of OA was greater in younger (open physis) and spayed female dogs. A subset of seven patients (4.3%) had a faster progression of OA and was considered outliers. No dog was rated as outlier by all three scoring systems. CONCLUSION The rate of progression of radiographically assessed coxofemoral OA varies greatly, but is faster in younger, spayed female dogs. Unusually fast progression occasionally occurs.}, number={10}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Enomoto, Masataka and Baines, Elizabeth A. and Roe, Simon C. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} } @article{butare-smith_roe_2021, title={Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13756}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13756}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare the mechanical performance of cerclage secured with twist, single-loop, and double-loop knots subjected to cyclic loading. STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical study. SAMPLE POPULATION Twist, single-loop and double-loop cerclage configurations of 1.0 mm wire. METHODS The peak load resisted by each cerclage type was determined (n = 6). Cerclage were loaded cyclically to 80%, 60%, 40%, or 20% of its peak load (n = 8 per load level). The number of cycles until each cerclage loosened (residual tension <10 N) was recorded. RESULTS All wires that failed did so by loosening. Twist cerclage cycled to 390 N and 290 N loosened within the first 10 cycles, and, when cycled to 100 N, they loosened by 250 cycles. All twist knots loosened by untwisting. Single-loop cerclage cycled to 320 N loosened within 10 cycles. At 240 N, 5 single-loop cerclage resisted 250 cycles before loosening. At 160 N, 2 of the 8 single-loop cerclage did not loosen by 100 000 cycles. When cycled to 640 N, one of the double-loop cerclage did not loosen following 500 000 cycles. When cycled to 480 N, 3 of the 8 wires did not loosen. CONCLUSION Double-loop cerclage will be tighter and are better able to resist cycling than twist or single-loop cerclage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of double-loop cerclage to stabilize bone fragments or prevent fissure propagation can be expected to provide greater resistance to loosening than twist or single-loop cerclage, both initially and with repeated loading.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Butare-Smith, Lauren and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} } @article{mariani_roe_2021, title={Use of Top Hat Audience Response Software in a Third-Year Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Course}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.1117-171r}, abstractNote={Audience response devices are useful tools that can improve student engagement and learning during instructional sessions. The purpose of this article is to describe our experience with a new cloud-based application known as Top Hat, which includes audience response tools in its application suite. The software was used in a multi-specialty, multi-instructor medicine and surgery course in the third year of a veterinary curriculum. In addition to standard multiple-choice and short-answer questions, Top Hat has several unique question types and methods of displaying the responses given. These include displaying free-text responses in a word cloud format and a "click-on-target" question type that allows students to indicate their response by clicking on a location within an image. Responses for this latter question type are displayed in a heat map format. A discussion tool is also available, which allows students to respond, read other students' responses in real time, and then reply again if warranted. This feature also supports drawing-based responses. The variety of question types was very useful in keeping students engaged during teaching sessions, giving this application several advantages over systems that are limited to multiple-choice questions only. In addition, the application allowed rapid identification of areas of student knowledge and misunderstandings, which facilitated the direction of further discussion and clarification of important learning issues.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={27–32} } @article{roe_2020, title={Plate Stress Does Not Decrease When Working Length Is Increased}, volume={9}, url={https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1718418}, DOI={10.1055/s-0040-1718418}, abstractNote={I would like to comment on a statement that was made in the discussion section of the article describing a biomechanical comparison of two conical coupling plate constructs.[1] The testing model simulated a bridging plate and the authors included a discussion of working length. They made the following statement—‘When using locking plates in bridging mode, leaving empty screw holes over the fracture gap decreases the internal stress of the plate by virtue of establishing a longer working length’[1]—and I feel that this is incorrect. Plate stress does not decrease when the working length is increased by leaving more empty holes over the fracture gap—it stays the same, or may even increase.}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, publisher={Georg Thieme Verlag KG}, author={Roe, Simon C.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} } @article{thompson_robe_roe_cole_2019, title={Influence of wire configuration on resistance to fragment distraction of tension bands placed in a greater trochanteric osteotomy model}, volume={49}, ISBN={1532-950X}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13350}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13350}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of wiring configurations on initial tension and resistance to tensile loads in tension band constructs without the contributions of Kirschner-wire stabilization. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION A solid brass femur model manufactured on the basis of computed tomography of a normal right femur of a 30-kg dog modified by transection of the greater trochanter and placement of two pins that did not cross the simulated osteotomy. METHODS Four tension band configurations were applied to the metal trochanteric osteotomy model: figure-of-eight with one twist (OT), figure-of-eight with two twists (TT), dual interlocking single loop, and double loop (DL). Configurations were tested under both monotonic loading (n = 8 per configuration) and incremental cyclic loading (n = 8 per configuration). Initial tension after tying, residual tension remaining after each cycle, and failure load at 2 mm of displacement (considered equivalent to clinical failure) were compared between configurations. RESULTS The initial tension and the load to 2 mm of displacement were lower for OT wires compared with TT wires. The DL was the strongest and most stable configuration, generating 2.3 to 3.5 times greater initial tension, maintaining a greater percentage of residual tension under incremental cyclic loads, and resisting 2.0 to 2.4 times greater load before failure at 2 mm. Failure load was highly correlated with initial tension. CONCLUSION Wire configurations reaching greater initial tension, such as the DL, allowed constructs to resist higher tensile loads. CLINICAL IMPACT Wire configurations allowing higher initial tension may be warranted when tension bands are expected to sustain high tensile loads.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thompson, Elizabeth and Robe, Amir K. and Roe, Simon C. and Cole, Jacqueline H.}, year={2019}, pages={710–718} } @article{roe_2018, title={Understanding the Limits of Biomechanical Testing}, volume={31}, ISSN={["2567-6911"]}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1637025}, abstractNote={Mechanical evaluation of medical materials, devices and implants provides essential information for surgeons to make educated judgements about whether a speci fi c product will be suitable for a particular clinical situation. There are acceptedstandardsfor testingofvariousorthopaedicimplants intheirprimitiveformthataremaintainedbyASTM(American Society of Testing Materials). Speci fi cally, ASTM standards F543 – 13, F382 – 14, F1264 – 16 and F1541 – 2 detail methods for the evaluation of bone screws, bone plates, intramedullary devices and external fi xators, respectively. If standards are followed, then the results can be compared across studies.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, author={Roe, Simon C.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={VI-VII} } @article{cannizzo_roe_harms_stoskopf_2017, title={Effect of water temperature on the hydrolysis of two absorbable sutures used in fish surgery}, volume={1}, ISSN={2371-1671}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0006}, DOI={10.1139/facets-2016-0006}, abstractNote={Persistence of absorbable sutures in fishes in waters below 10 °C affects surgical decisions including approach, closure strategy, and suture selection. We hypothesized that the rate of suture hydr...}, number={1}, journal={FACETS}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Roe, Simon C. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, editor={Cooke, StevenEditor}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={44–54} } @article{bosscher_tomas_roe_marcellin-little_lascelles_2017, title={Repeatability and accuracy testing of a weight distribution platform and comparison to a pressure sensitive walkway to assess static weight distribution}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0932-0814"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-16-09-0128}, DOI={10.3415/vcot-16-09-0128}, abstractNote={Summary Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of measurements collected using a weight distribution platform and a pressure sensitive walkway using an inanimate object with known weight distribution. Methods: A custom-built jig with a range of weights was applied in a random order. Measurements were collected on both devices and compared to each other and to the known weight distribution. Results: Weight distribution platform and pressure sensitive walkway measurements were highly correlated to each other (Pearson’s correlation coefficient R = 0.98) and to actual weights (R = 0.99 for the weight distribution platform; 0.98 for the pressure sensitive walkway). Repeatability from day to day for both devices was greater than 0.99. For the weight distribution platform, the 95% confidence interval was ± 2.5% from the true percentage and ± 3.3% for the pressure sensitive walkway. The coefficient of variation (COV) was highest for both devices at the lightest weights (weight distribution platform 11.28%, pressure sensitive walkway 16.91%) and lowest with the heaviest weights (weight distribution platform 3.71%, pressure sensitive walkway 5.86%). Conclusion: Both the weight distribution platform and the pressure sensitive walkway provided accurate and consistent measures of weight distribution with no significant difference between devices. The rounded standard error was three percent for the weight distribution platform, and four percent for the pressure sensitive walkway. The higher variability when measuring the smallest weight suggests less accuracy at lower weights with both devices. Clinical significance: The weight distribution platform is a repeatable and accessible device to measure static weight distribution, and if proven the same in a clinical setting, it will be a valuable addition to current objective measures of limb use.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, publisher={Schattauer GmbH}, author={Bosscher, Georgia and Tomas, Andrea and Roe, Simon C. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2017}, pages={160–164} } @article{gruen_roe_griffith_sherman_2017, title={The use of trazodone to facilitate calm behavior after elective orthopedic surgery in dogs: Results and lessons learned from a clinical trial}, volume={22}, ISSN={1558-7878}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JVEB.2017.09.008}, DOI={10.1016/J.JVEB.2017.09.008}, abstractNote={Trazodone hydrochloride is an atypical antidepressant that has entered clinical use for dogs and cats for a variety of indications. These include management of anxiety disorders, facilitation of travel and veterinary examinations, and facilitation of calm behavior in hospitalized and postoperative patients. Despite the increasingly common use of trazodone in dogs, very little literature exists evaluating trazodone's efficacy against a placebo control. The aim of the study reported here was to evaluate trazodone in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial for use in facilitating calmness and ease of confinement in postoperative dogs. The study enrolled 29 dogs (14 in the trazodone group and 15 in the placebo group) and followed them during 4 postoperative weeks. Trazodone was well tolerated by dogs in the trazodone group. Although dogs in both groups were rated as improved on some behavioral measures, no difference was found between the trazodone and placebo groups in efficacy, with more than 70% of owners in both groups rating the test article (trazodone or placebo) as moderately or extremely helpful for facilitating both calming and crating of their dog. This observed lack of efficacy, over placebo, may be attributed to one or more of several factors that include features about the trial itself and the trial population, a caregiver or placebo-by-proxy effect, a lack of sensitive outcome measures for assessment, or a lack of true efficacy for the medication. It is concluded that future work will be needed to address these factors, and this report aims to provide not only results but lessons learned from the conduct of the described trial.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Roe, Simon C. and Griffith, Emily H. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={41–45} } @misc{roe_biskup_2016, title={Ability of the Tightrope((R)) and Percutaneous Lateral Fabellar Suture Techniques to Control Cranial Tibial Translation}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.12430}, abstractNote={Objective To compare the ability of the Tightrope® (TR) cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) technique, percutaneous lateral fabella suture (pLFS) technique, and normal CCL to control cranial tibial translation (CTT). Study Design In vitro biomechanical study. Sample Population Cadaveric canine pelvic limbs (n = 18 pairs). Methods Six small animal surgical residents (1 pair each) and a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (10 pairs) performed TR and pLFS techniques on paired limbs. Two intact limb pairs served as controls. Limbs were assessed by palpation, radiographs, and dissection before mechanical testing of resistance to CTT. Forces resisted during displacement were compared between groups with a mixed ANOVA and post hoc tests. Results With 5 mm of displacement, the pLFS resisted 72 ± 45 N and the TR resisted 66 ± 48 N of load. The intact CCL resisted 400 ± 35 N. The intact CCL resisted displacement significantly more than either surgical technique. Conclusions TR and pLFS had similar ability to resist CTT but neither restored the biomechanical properties of an intact CCL.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Roe, Simon C. and Biskup, Jeffrey J.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={133–134} } @article{christopher_kim_roe_pozzi_2016, title={Biomechanical evaluation of adjunctive cerclage wire fixation for the prevention of periprosthetic femur fractures using cementless press-fit total hip replacement}, volume={214}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.014}, abstractNote={Periprosthetic femoral fractures are a common complication associated with cementless press-fit total hip arthroplasty. The use of prophylactic cerclage wire fixation has been advocated to reduce this complication. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a double loop cerclage wire, used as adjunctive fixation, increased the peak torsional load to failure in femora implanted with press-fit cementless stems. Peak torsional load to failure was compared between femora without adjunctive fixation and femora receiving a 1 mm double loop cerclage wire placed proximally to the lesser trochanter. Femora treated with adjunctive cerclage wire fixation failed at 20% greater peak torque (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, a double loop cerclage wire may aid in the prevention of periprosthetic fractures associated with press-fit cementless femoral stems.}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Christopher, Scott A. and Kim, Stanley E. and Roe, Simon and Pozzi, Antonio}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={7–9} } @article{mcdonald-lynch_marcellin-little_roe_lascelles_trumpatori_griffith_2015, title={Assessment of an implant-skin interface scoring system for external skeletal fixation of dogs}, volume={76}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.76.11.931}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.76.11.931}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To assess intraobserver repeatability and interobserver and in vivo versus photographic agreement of a scoring system for the implant-skin interface (ISI) of external skeletal fixation (ESF). SAMPLE 42 photographs of ISIs from 18 dogs for interobserver agreement and intraobserver repeatability and 27 photographs of ISIs from 6 dogs for in vivo versus photograph agreement. PROCEDURES An ISI inflammation scoring system was developed. It included scales for 6 metrics (erythema, drainage amount, drainage type, swelling, hair loss or lack of hair regrowth, and granulation tissue). Photographs of the ISI of ESF were obtained by use of a standard protocol and evaluated to determine intraobserver repeatability and interobserver agreement (Cronbach α; 4 raters) of the ISI score. Agreement between in vivo and photographic ISI scores (2 raters) and correlation between median scores across metrics were evaluated. RESULTS 42 photographs met the inclusion criteria. Overall intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.922 to 0.975. Interobserver overall Cronbach α ranged from 0.835 to 0.943. For in vivo versus photographic assessment, 27 ISIs in 6 dogs and their photographs were evaluated. The Cronbach α for both raters ranged from 0.614 to 0.938. Overall, the Cronbach α ranged from 0.725 to 0.932. Mean photographic scores were greater than mean in vivo scores for each metric. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.221 to 0.923. Erythema, swelling, and granulation were correlated with all other metrics. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, an ISI scoring system used in this study had high repeatability and agreement and may therefore be considered for use in clinical situations. Photographic scores were not equivalent to in vivo scores and should not be used interchangeably.}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={McDonald-Lynch, M. B. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, Simon and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Trumpatori, B. J. and Griffith, E. H.}, year={2015}, pages={931–938} } @article{early_mente_dillard_roe_2015, title={In vitro biomechanical evaluation of internal fixation techniques on the canine lumbosacral junction}, volume={3}, journal={PeerJ}, author={Early, P. and Mente, P. and Dillard, S. and Roe, S.}, year={2015} } @article{kapler_marcellin-little_roe_2015, title={Planned wedge size compared to achieved advancement in dogs undergoing the modified Maquet procedure}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0932-0814"]}, DOI={10.3415/vcot-15-02-0026}, abstractNote={Summary Objectives: To evaluate the patellar ligament to tibial plateau angle (PL-TPA) and amount of achieved advancement in dogs that underwent the modified Maquet procedure; compare wedge sizes recommended using two different planning techniques (Orthomed and modified tibial tuberosity advancement); and evaluate anatomical factors that predict the wedge size required to obtain a 90° PL-TPA. Methods: Pre- and postoperative radio-graphs of dogs that had a modified Maquet procedure performed were evaluated for the following: calculated wedge size using two different planning techniques, the actual wedge size used, the achieved tibial tuberosity advancement, and the changes in PL-TPA. Anatomical measurements of the tibia were evaluated and correlated with the actual wedge size. Results: Of the 38 modified Maquet procedures identified, 53% (n = 20) had a PLTPA of 90° ± 5°. Actual achieved advancement of the tibial tuberosity was 30% less than the wedge size used. Changes in PL-TPA and tibial width persisted at eight weeks postoperatively without loss of advancement. The two planning techniques did not result in a significantly different selection of wedge size. Clinical relevance: Current planning techniques for the modified Maquet procedure result in under-advancement of the tibial tuberosity. Both measurement techniques evaluated do not result in appropriate advancement.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, author={Kapler, M. W. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, S. C.}, year={2015}, pages={379–384} } @article{roe_marcellin-little_lascelles_2015, title={Revision of a loose cementless short-stem threaded femoral component using a standard cementless stem in a canine hip arthroplasty}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0932-0814"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-13-10-0130}, DOI={10.3415/vcot-13-10-0130}, abstractNote={Summary A Helica short-stemmed femoral prosthesis that was identified as being loose one year after implantation was revised with a standard long stem cementless BFX femoral pros-thesis. A double pelvic osteotomy was also performed to improve the orientation of the stable acetabular cup. Despite complete resorption of the femoral neck, and a large perforation of the lateral femoral cortex, the revision stem did not subside or rotate. The prosthetic joint did not dislocate. At re-evaluation two years after revision surgery, the prosthetic components were stable. Signs of bone ingrowth into the stem and cup were evident on radiographs. The dog had a seven percent greater thigh muscle girth in the limb implanted with the hip prosthesis compared to the contralateral limb, and was very active with no lameness.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, author={Roe, S. C. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Lascelles, B. D. X.}, year={2015}, pages={54–59} } @article{mathis_roe_johnson_2015, title={Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy plate contouring and proximal load screw angulation affect osteotomy compression}, volume={44}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.12414}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of contouring a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) plate, the associated angulation of the dynamic compression plate (DCP) hole relative to the long axis of the tibia, and angulation of the screw relative to the DCP hole on the osteotomy compression generated by load screws in a TPLO model. STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical study. STUDY POPULATION Polyoxymethylene (POM) rod and synthetic cortical bone substitute model (n = 9). METHODS The distal portion of a Slocum TPLO plate was attached to a horizontally positioned POM rod that was connected to a load cell. A segment of synthetic cortical bone substitute was attached to the end mount of the testing frame and adjusted to conform to the angle of the proximal portion of the TPLO plate. A 3.5 mm cortical bone screw was inserted in the proximal DCP hole and tightened to 1.5 Nm. The peak longitudinal load (N) was recorded. Screw insertion and data collection were repeated for proximal plate angles of 0-40° at 5° increments. RESULTS A significant increase in the compression generated was observed as the plate angle was increased from 0° to 10°. The compression ceased to significantly increase until the plate was bent more than 20°, after which a significant decrease in compression was noted. A marked reduction in the compression generated occurred at plate angles greater than 30°. CONCLUSION Angulation of the DCP hole and screw insertion angle can have deleterious effects on the magnitude of osteotomy compression.}, number={8}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Mathis, K. R. and Roe, Simon and Johnson, K. A.}, year={2015}, pages={997–1002} } @article{korani_marcellin-little_roe_2015, title={Variability associated with assessing changes in position of a canine uncemented femoral stem prosthesis}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2567-6911"]}, DOI={10.3415/vcot-15-03-0044}, abstractNote={Summary Objective: Evaluate variability associated with assessing changes in the position of uncemented femoral stems. Methods: Stem level, canal fill, stem angle, and version angle were measured on craniocaudal horizontal beam (CCHB) and open leg lateral (OLL) radiographic projections of the femur of 20 dogs that had uncemented total hip replacement. Intraobserver and inter -observer repeatability were determined on immediate postoperative (PO) images. Differences in position were calculated between the first (3 months – R1) and second (6 months – R2) re-evaluation (R1-R2) time points, and between PO and R1. Results: The measurement process was very repeatable. For R1-R2, the stem appeared to subside 0.8 ± 1.4 mm for measurements based on the greater trochanter on the CCHB images, but there was a wide range (-3.9 to 2 mm; positive values indicate proximad movement). Measurements based on the inter-trochanteric crest on the OLL images had the same mean, and also a wide range (-4.4 to 2.1 mm; negative values indicate proximad movement). For PO-R1, the stem appeared to subside 1.8 ± 2.0 mm (CCHB, based on the greater trochanter, range -7.7 to 2.2 mm), 1.6 ± 1.5 mm (CCHB, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -0.7 to 4.3 mm); and 2.1 ± 2.1 mm (OLL, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -1.6 to 6.8 mm). Conclusion: The position of a stable stem can appear different on subsequent re-evaluations, but this may be due to variability associated with inconsistency of positioning of the patient and limb. Clinical significance: Documenting subsidence in individual patients should not rely on calculations based on a single measurement.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, author={Korani, H. M. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, S. C.}, year={2015}, pages={409–416} } @article{krebs_roe_lascelles_marcellin-little_trumpatori_spodnick_2014, title={Biomechanical Evaluation of the Influence of an Intramedullary Pin on the Stability of a Feline Ilial Fracture Model Stabilized With a Bone Plate}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12091.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12091.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare the mechanical properties of feline ilial fractures stabilized with either a plate (P), or a plate and IM pin (P + P). STUDY DESIGN Mechanical study. SAMPLE POPULATION Cadaveric cat pelvii (n = 10). METHODS Feline ilial fractures (n = 20) stabilized with either P or P + P were subjected to 100 nondestructive load cycles, then loaded to failure. Deformation after cycling, yield load and displacement, stiffness and load at 2 mm of displacement were compared between groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups for any of the parameters. Variability of data was much larger for the P + P group. CONCLUSIONS No biomechanical advantage was demonstrated. The P + P constructs were not significantly stronger than plates alone in this acutely loaded cadaveric model.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Krebs, Renee C. and Roe, Simon C. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Trumpatori, Brian J. and Spodnick, Gary}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={114–119} } @misc{lascelles_gruen_vaden_hansen_roe_hardie_2014, title={Chronic kidney disease in cats}, volume={244}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gruen, M. and Vaden, S. and Hansen, B. and Roe, S. and Hardie, L.}, year={2014}, pages={775–776} } @misc{roe_2014, title={Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro Mechanical Properties of Different Designs of Epoxy-Pin External Skeletal Fixation Systems}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12266.x}, abstractNote={To the editor: The comparison of mechanical properties of external fixator configurations provides valuable information to help the clinician decide which frame design might best suit a particular situation. The paper by Tyagi et al adds to our understanding of the effect of placing pins in multiple planes, using a greater number of pins, and joining the connecting bars, on frame mechanics. While the frames used were uniform, clinicians must balance the number, type, and orientation of the pins with the potential for soft tissue interference, bone damage from pin insertion, and creating a frame that is too stiff. One statement that needs clarification is the diameter of pins used in external skeletal fixation. They stated that 1– 1.6mm pins were used most commonly but the reference was a publication on circular fixators. This is not representative since the small diameter pins used in circular fixators are tensioned to increase their stiffness and the stiffness of the frame. The small diameter wires used in Tyagi’s study were not tensioned. More commonly, linear and free‐form fixators would be constructed with fewer pins but with larger diameter so that they provided adequate stiffness. It is, however, likely that the main conclusion of this study, that distributing connecting bars around the limb, and joining them together, will improve frame stiffness, is still valid for linear fixators with larger diameter pins. The intent of this letter is to discuss the methodology and how the data are reported. For each evaluation method, the authors chose to report stress, strain, modulus, and stiffness. Stiffness is relevant as it describes the response of each frame configuration to load. Surgeons are comfortable with the concept that frames with greater stiffness in their elastic region are more effective in controlling motion at the fracture site. However, the other 3 parameters are much less meaningful for this type of study. The specifics of how stress, strain, and modulus were calculated or what they identify are not included, with reference only to an engineering text. The details of the calculations would be important to allow the results to be interpreted. Stress is a method for normalizing load data to a cross sectional area so that different materials of different dimensions can be compared. It was not clear over what area the load was distributed as this could be the epoxy columns, the pins, or the fracture site. If it was the fracture site, then this has little relevance, since this is an area of a piece of plastic that happens to be the right diameter. Strain is a method for normalizing displacement based on the original length of the specimen. The original length was unclear whether it was the arbitrarily decided fracture gap or the total model length. If it was the fracture gap, the result can only be referent to 10mm as it is underdetermined if a different gap would change the result. Modulus is the ratio of stress to strain and thus is dependent on the definitions of both. In this paper, interpretation cannot be made in the absence of clear definitions of stress and strain. Engineering parameters are best used to define a material, not a construct with multiple elements and different materials. Since the frames were all constructed on the same bone model, the measured load and displacement data would be a useful way to compare frames. These responses would have more clinical relevance than stress and strain. However, for load and displacement responses to be relevant, how they are derived from the data is important. For compression testing, failure is the term used, but the definition is not provided. For bending, yield is the point of interest (which is more clinically relevant than failure), but again is not defined. In constructs of this form, there is a gradual transition from the elastic to the plastic portions of the load versus deformation curve, which makes determination of the exact yield point difficult. For torsion testing, failure is used first, but then is defined as the point at which “plastic deformation started,”which would better define yield. For mechanical studies to have clinical relevance, it is important to use data that have meaning. Common engineering parameters (stress, strain, modulus) are rarely suitable for complex biologic materials and constructs. The engineering parameters are defined assuming homogeneity and linearity, which is rarely achievable in biology. Load and deformation at yield, peak, or failure (depending on the most clinically relevant) are more meaningful parameters. Comparing structures using clinically relevant loads or deformations is also a useful approach. Stiffness is often the most relevant parameter for musculoskeletal evaluations. However, for many biologic materials, the true stiffness of the elastic region is not linear. Calculating a single value assumes linearity. Through this letter, I would like to remind those involved in biomechanical research to consider the clinical relevance of the data collected and how they are reported. Careful planning of the project with appropriate data collection and presentation is important.}, number={7}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Roe, Simon}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={897–898} } @article{tomas_marcellin-little_roe_motsinger-reif_lascelles_2014, title={Relationship Between Mechanical Thresholds and Limb Use in Dogs With Coxofemoral Joint OA-Associated Pain and the Modulating Effects of Pain Alleviation From Total Hip Replacement on Mechanical Thresholds}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12160.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12160.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES To compare von Frey mechanical quantitative sensory thresholds (mQSTvF ) between pelvic limbs in dogs before unilateral total hip replacement (THR) surgery; to correlate ground reaction forces (GRF) with mQSTvF ; to assess changes in mQSTvF after THR surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 44). METHODS mQSTvF and GRF measured using a pressure sensitive walkway were evaluated before, and 3, 6, and 12 months after, unilateral THR. Measurements were recorded from the affected (operated) pelvic limb (APL) and the non-operated pelvic limb (NPL). Random effects analysis and forwards stepwise linear regression models were used to evaluate the influence of time since surgery and patient factors on mQSTvF thresholds. RESULTS There were no significant correlations between mQSTvF data and age, bodyweight or the GRF variables. Preoperative mQSTvF measured at the APL and NPL did not differ (P = .909). mQSTvF thresholds increased significantly after 12 months in NPL (P = .047) and APL (P = .001). In addition to time, APL mQSTvF values were significantly affected by sex (higher in males, P = .010) and body condition score (higher in leaner dogs, P = .035) and NPL mQSTvF values by sex (P = .038). CONCLUSION Successful unilateral THR results in decreased central sensitization after 12 months.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Tomas, Andrea and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Roe, Simon C. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={542–548} } @article{gruen_roe_griffith_hamilton_sherman_2014, title={Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.3.296}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and efficacy of oral administration of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor trazodone hydrochloride to facilitate confinement and calming after orthopedic surgery in dogs. DESIGN Prospective open-label clinical trial. ANIMALS 36 client-owned dogs that underwent orthopedic surgery. PROCEDURES Starting the day after surgery, dogs were administered trazodone (approx 3.5 mg/kg [1.6 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) with tramadol (4 to 6 mg/kg [1.8 to 2.7 mg/lb], PO, q 8 to 12 h) for pain management. After 3 days, administration of tramadol was discontinued, and the trazodone dosage was increased (approx 7 mg/kg [3.2 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) and maintained for at least 4 weeks. If needed, trazodone dosage was increased (7 to 10 mg/kg [3.2 to 4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h). Owners completed electronic surveys rating their dogs' confinement tolerance, calmness or hyperactivity level, and responses to specific provocative situations prior to surgery and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery and at the postsurgery evaluation (at 8 to 12 weeks). RESULTS Most (32/36 [89%]) of owners reported that their dogs, when given trazodone during the 8 to 12 weeks following orthopedic surgery, improved moderately or extremely with regard to confinement tolerance and calmness. Trazodone was well tolerated, even in combination with NSAIDs, antimicrobials, and other medications; no dogs were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions. Owner-reported median onset of action of trazodone was 31 to 45 minutes, and median duration of action was ≥ 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that oral administration of trazodone was safe and efficacious and may be used to facilitate confinement and enhance behavioral calmness of dogs during the critical recovery period following orthopedic surgery.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Roe, Simon C. and Griffith, Emily and Hamilton, Alexandra and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={296–301} } @misc{roe_sherman_gruen_hamilton_griffith_2014, title={Use of trazodone to facilitate postsurgical confinement in dogs Response}, volume={245}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Roe, S. C. and Sherman, B. L. and Gruen, M. E. and Hamilton, A. and Griffith, E.}, year={2014}, pages={629–630} } @article{benito_hansen_depuy_davidson_thomson_simpson_roe_hardie_lascelles_2013, title={Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index: Responsiveness and Testing of Criterion Validity}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12077}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12077}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND Progress in establishing if therapies provide relief to cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated pain is hampered by a lack of validated owner-administered assessment methods. HYPOTHESIS That an appropriately developed subjective owner-completed instrument (Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index-FMPI) to assess DJD-associated impairment would have responsiveness and criterion validity. ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned cats with DJD-associated pain. METHODS FMPI responsiveness (ability to detect the effect of an analgesic treatment) and validity (correlation with an objective measure) were explored through a stratified, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover 10-week clinical study. Meloxicam was administered to effect pain relief. A linear mixed model, backward stepwise regression, and Pearson correlations were used to assess responsiveness and criterion validity with the assumption that the NSAID would increase activity. RESULTS Positive responses of cats to placebo (P = .0001) and meloxicam treatment (P = .0004) were detected; however, the instrument did not detect any difference between placebo and meloxicam (linear mixed model), even for the high impairment cases. Percent meloxicam target dose administered, temperament, and total baseline FMPI score were covariates that most affected FMPI scores. Controlling for significant covariates, most positive effects were seen for placebo treatment. Positive treatment effects on activity were detected, but only for the cases designated as most highly impaired. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Neither responsiveness nor criterion validity were detected by the inclusion criteria for cases in this study. The data suggest that further work is indicated to understand factors affecting activity in cats to optimize inclusion criteria.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Benito, J. and Hansen, B. and DePuy, V. and Davidson, G. S. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hardie, E. and Lascelles, B. D. X.}, year={2013}, pages={474–482} } @article{early_mente_dillard_roe_2013, title={In vitro biomechanical comparison of the flexion/extension mobility of the canine lumbosacral junction before and after dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy}, volume={196}, ISSN={["1090-0233"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.006}, abstractNote={The purpose of this canine cadaver study was to evaluate the range of flexion and extension of the canine lumbosacral spine before and after dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy. Using a cantilever biomechanical system, a 3 Nm bending moment was applied to flex and extend the lumbosacral segment. Motion in L7 (total range of motion [ROM] and neutral zone motion [NZ]) was recorded via a rotational potentiometer. There was a significant increase in NZ and ROM after the decompressive procedures (NZ before decompression 6.0 ± 1.2°; NZ after decompression 7.6 ± 2.1°; ROM before decompression 32.8 ± 6.4°; ROM after decompression 40.2 ± 5.6°). It is unknown whether dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy will induce the same increased motion in clinical cases. Dogs with lumbosacral subluxation, active dogs with little radiographic degenerative changes and working dogs could benefit from lumbosacral stabilization. This cadaver study demonstrated that dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy at the lumbosacral junction does lead to significant spinal instability.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Early, P. and Mente, P. and Dillard, S. and Roe, S.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={533–535} } @article{benito_depuy_hardie_zamprogno_thomson_simpson_roe_hansen_lascelles_2013, title={Reliability and discriminatory testing of a client-based metrology instrument, feline musculoskeletal pain index (FMPI) for the evaluation of degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats}, volume={196}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to test the readability, reliability, repeatability and discriminatory ability of an owner-completed instrument to assess feline degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated pain (feline musculoskeletal pain index, FMPI). Readability was explored using four different formulas (Flesch, Fry, SMOG and FOG) and the final FMPI instrument was produced. To assess the instrument, client-owned cats that were defined as normal (normal group) or as having DJD-associated pain and mobility impairment (pain-DJD group) were recruited. A total of 32 client-owned cats were enrolled in the study (normal, n=13; pain-DJD, n=19). Owners completed the FMPI on two occasions, 14days apart. Internal consistency (reliability) and repeatability (test-retest) were explored using Cronbach's α and weighted κ statistic, respectively. Data from the two groups were compared using analysis of covariance (controlling for age) to evaluate discriminatory ability. The FMPI was constructed with 21 questions covering activity, pain intensity and overall quality of life. It had a 6th grade readability score. Reliability of the FMPI was excellent (Cronbach's α>0.8 for all groupings of questions in normal and pain-DJD cats) and repeatability was good (weighted κ statistic >0.74) for normal and pain-DJD cats. All components of the FMPI were able to distinguish between normal cats and cats with DJD (P<0.001 for all components). This initial evaluation of the FMPI suggests that this instrument is worthy of continued investigation.}, number={3}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Benito, J. and DePuy, V. and Hardie, E. and Zamprogno, H. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hansen, B. and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={368–373} } @article{seibert_marcellin-little_roe_depuy_lascelles_2012, title={Comparison of Body Weight Distribution, Peak Vertical Force, and Vertical Impulse as Measures of Hip Joint Pain and Efficacy of Total Hip Replacement}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00957.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00957.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a difference between the ability of peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and percentage body weight distribution (%BW(dist) ) in differentiating which leg is most affected by hip joint pain before total hip replacement (THR) surgery, and for measuring changes in limb use after THR surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 47). METHODS Ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected using a pressure-sensitive walkway the day before THR surgery and at ∼3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. PVF and VI expressed as a percentage of body weight (%PVF, %VI), and %BW(dist) were recorded. Regression models performed separately for each outcome were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS When comparing limb use between the affected limb (AP) and the nonaffected limb (NP) preoperatively, differences between limbs were statistically significant when evaluated using PVF (P = .023), VI (P = .010), and %BW(dist) (P = .012). When evaluating the magnitude of absolute and percentage change difference in AP limb use preoperatively versus postoperatively, differences were statistically significant when evaluated using PVF (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively), VI (P = .001 and P < .001) and %BW(dist) (P < .001 and P < .001). CONCLUSION There appeared to be no difference in the sensitivity of VI, PVF, and %BW(dist) for evaluating limb use before and after THR.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Seibert, Rachel and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Roe, Simon C. and DePuy, Venita and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={443–447} } @article{mostafa_drueen_nolte_wefstaedt_2012, title={Radiographic Evaluation of Early Periprosthetic Femoral Bone Contrast and Prosthetic Stem Alignment after Uncemented and Cemented Total Hip Replacement in Dogs}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00931.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To radiographically evaluate periprosthetic femoral bone contrast and assess alignment of the prosthetic stem after uncemented and cemented total hip replacement (THR). STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 15). METHODS Dogs were classified into uncemented (n = 8) and cemented (n = 7) THR groups. Radiographs were analyzed using image processing software to evaluate femoral bone contrast (gray scale value, GV) for each and combined modified Gruen zone(s) immediately and 4 months after THR. Modified Gruen zones were classified into 5 zones to analyze retrospectively the regional radiographic GV of the femur around uncemented and cemented prosthetic stem. Alignment of prosthetic stem was assessed immediately and 4 months postoperatively. Variables were compared by use of 2-tailed t-test, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS Zone 1 showed significant decrease in the mean bone GV 4 months after uncemented THR. No differences in zones 1-5 after 4 months of cemented THR. Combined zones showed significant decrease in overall mean bone GV 4 months after uncemented THR. No changes were observed 4 months after cemented THR. Number of limbs with varus-aligned femoral stem markedly increased after 4 months of uncemented THR. CONCLUSIONS Regional bone contrast and prosthetic stem alignment vary with the design of THR.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Mostafa, Ayman A. and Drueen, Svenja and Nolte, Ingo and Wefstaedt, Patrick}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={69–77} } @article{mcculloch_roe_marcellin-little_mente_2012, title={Resistance to Subsidence of an Uncemented Femoral Stem After Cerclage Wiring of a Fissure}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00858.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare: (1) the force required to initiate subsidence, and (2) the relative subsidence, of femoral stems implanted into intact femora, and then into the same femora in which an induced fissure had been stabilized by cerclage. STUDY DESIGN In vitro, mechanical study. SAMPLE POPULATION Femora (n=9) from 9 dogs. METHODS Femora were prepared for implantation of an uncemented stem. Stems were implanted with continuous and impact loading. After axial loading until a fissure occurred, the stems were extracted, and the fissure stabilized with double-loop cerclage. Stems were reimplanted, and reloaded to failure. RESULTS Mean±SD load to initiate subsidence in intact femora was 1706±584 N compared with 2379±657 N for cerclaged bones (P=.002). Mean relative subsidence of intact femora was 3.99±2.09 mm compared with 1.79±2.99 mm for cerclaged bones (P=.091). CONCLUSIONS The load to initiate subsidence is increased in femora that have fissured, then have been stabilized with double-loop cerclage, when compared with intact femora. The relative subsidence is not different between intact and stabilized specimens.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={McCulloch, Ryan S. and Roe, Simon C. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Mente, Peter L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={163–167} } @article{jermyn_roe_2011, title={Influence of screw insertion order on compression generated by bone plates in a fracture model}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0932-0814"]}, DOI={10.3415/vcot-11-06-0081}, abstractNote={Summary Present recommendations regarding order of screw insertion for compression plate osteo-synthesis in veterinary training are variable. We hypothesized that placement of a neutrally positioned screw would reduce the magnitude of compression that could be generated by a subsequently placed compression screw. Canine tibial diaphyseal segments were fixed to a plate attached to a bone surrogate and load cell, and the compression generated by screw tightening was measured. Three different screw insertion order patterns were evaluated using both dynamic compression plate (DCP) and limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) implants. In group CN, the first screw was placed in compression mode and the second in neutral mode in group NC, the first screw was placed in neutral mode and the second in compression mode in group LNC, the first screw was placed partially tightened in neutral mode and the second in compression mode followed by complete tightening of the neutral screw. Screw insertion order significantly influenced the amount of compression generated with both groups CN and LNC demonstrating significantly greater compression generation when compared with group NC (p <0.0001). Compression generated by group CN constructs was also significantly greater than group LNC (p = 0.0013). Evaluation of group CN data to assess the influence of plate and drill guide combinations on compressive force generated did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference. To maximize compression using a load screw in a bone plate, following securement of the opposite bone fragment to the plate, it should be placed before a neutral screw is placed.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY}, author={Jermyn, K. and Roe, S. C.}, year={2011}, pages={403–407} } @article{lascelles_freire_roe_depuy_smith_marcellin-little_2010, title={Evaluation of Functional Outcome After BFX (R) Total Hip Replacement Using a Pressure Sensitive Walkway}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00607.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00607.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate stance phase limb use after cementless (BFX) total hip replacement (THR) in dogs and to relate postoperative radiographic variables to static bodyweight distribution after surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs (n=35) that had THR. METHODS THR was performed using the BFX THR technique. Postoperative pain management regimens were similar for all dogs. Standing bodyweight distribution (%BW(distrib)) was measured using a pressure sensitive walkway and radiographs made before surgery and at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Repeated measures models (with backwards-stepping to obtain the final model) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Temporally, %BW(distrib) to the operated limb increased (P<.0001; normal by 3 months) and decreased to the unoperated limb (P=.0001) and also increased to the pelvic limbs and decreased to the thoracic limbs. %BW(distrib) to the unoperated limb was significantly less than the operated limb at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Postoperative canal fill and femur flare were significantly negatively correlated with change in %BW(distrib) (estimate=-0.24, P=.0413). CONCLUSION BFX THR results in normal %BW(distrib) to the operated limb by 3 months after surgery. A greater fill of the proximal femur may be associated with a suboptimal outcome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE BFX THR normalizes standing bodyweight distribution dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Objective evaluation of THR outcome and radiographic features may reveal factors that could be improved through changes in prosthesis design or surgical technique.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Inc Malden, USA}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Freire, Mila and Roe, Simon C. and DePuy, Venita and Smith, Eric and Marcellin-Little, Denis J.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={71–77} } @article{trumpatori_carter_hash_davidson_mathews_roe_lascelles_2010, title={Evaluation of a Midhumeral Block of the Radial, Ulnar, Musculocutaneous and Median (RUMM Block) Nerves for Analgesia of the Distal Aspect of the Thoracic Limb in Dogs}, volume={39}, ISSN={0161-3499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00712.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00712.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate a technique for midhumeral peripheral nerve blockade in the dog. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric technique development; in vivo placebo-controlled, prospective crossover study. ANIMALS Canine cadavers (n=38) and 8 clinically healthy, adult hound dogs. METHODS A technique for peripheral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and median nerves (RUMM block) was evaluated using cadaver limbs. Eight purpose-bred, research dogs were anesthetized; a RUMM block was performed on each thoracic limb. One limb from each dog randomly received 0.5% bupivacaine and the opposite limb was assigned to receive sterile saline solution as a control. After recovery from anesthesia, skin sensation at selected dermatomes was evaluated for 24 hours using a mechanical stimulus. Weight-bearing, conscious proprioception, and withdrawal reflex were also evaluated. One month after initial testing, each dog was reanesthetized and each limb received the opposite treatment. RESULTS Sensory thresholds were significantly increased over baseline measurements when compared with control limbs for all nerves. Complete sensory block was achieved in radial (15/16), ulnar (3/16), musculocutaneous (8/16), and median (11/16) nerves, using a mechanical stimulus of analgesia. Complete simultaneous block of all nerves was only obtained in 1 of 16 limbs. CONCLUSION RUMM block resulted in desensitization of the skin in the associated dermatomes for 4-10 hours. Complete sensory block of the dermatomes supplied by the radial nerve was most consistent. CLINICAL RELEVANCE RUMM block may be an effective technique to provide adjunctive analgesia for dogs undergoing surgery of the distal aspect of the thoracic limb.}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Trumpatori, Brian J. and Carter, Jennifer E. and Hash, Jon and Davidson, Gigi S. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Roe, Simon C. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={785–796} } @article{marcellin-little_cansizoglu_harrysson_roe_2010, title={In vitro evaluation of a low-modulus mesh canine prosthetic hip stem}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.9.1089}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare an electron beam melting-processed (EBMP) low-modulus titanium alloy mesh stem with a commercial cobalt-chromium (CC) stem in a canine cadaver model. SAMPLE POPULATION 9 pairs of cadaver femora. PROCEDURES EBMP stems of 3 sizes were placed in randomly chosen sides of femora (left or right) and CC stems in opposite sides. Stem impaction distances were recorded. Five strain gauges were attached to the femoral surface to record transverse tensile (hoop) strains in the femur during axial loading. Constructs were axially loaded 4 times to 800 N and 4 times to 1,600 N in a materials testing machine. Axial stiffness of constructs and bone surface strains were compared between EBMP and CC constructs. RESULTS Stems were impacted without creating femoral fissures or fractures. Stem impaction distances were larger for EBMP stems than for CC stems. Mean axial stiffness of EBMP constructs was lower than mean axial stiffness of CC constructs. Subsidence did not differ between groups. Bone strains varied among strain gauge positions and were largest at the distal aspect of the stems. At a load of 1,600 N, bones strains were higher in CC constructs than in EBMP constructs for 2 of 4 medial strain gauges. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE EBMP stems were successfully impacted and stable and led to a focal decrease in bone strain; this may represent an acceptable option for conventional or custom joint replacement.}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Cansizoglu, Omer and Harrysson, Ola L. A. and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={1089–1095} } @article{zamprogno_hansen_bondell_sumrell_simpson_robertson_brown_pease_roe_hardie_et al._2010, title={Item generation and design testing of a questionnaire to assess degenerative joint disease–associated pain in cats}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.12.1417}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.12.1417}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To determine the items (question topics) for a subjective instrument to assess degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated chronic pain in cats and determine the instrument design most appropriate for use by cat owners. ANIMALS 100 randomly selected client-owned cats from 6 months to 20 years old. PROCEDURES Cats were evaluated to determine degree of radiographic DJD and signs of pain throughout the skeletal system. Two groups were identified: high DJD pain and low DJD pain. Owner-answered questions about activity and signs of pain were compared between the 2 groups to define items relating to chronic DJD pain. Interviews with 45 cat owners were performed to generate items. Fifty-three cat owners who had not been involved in any other part of the study, 19 veterinarians, and 2 statisticians assessed 6 preliminary instrument designs. RESULTS 22 cats were selected for each group; 19 important items were identified, resulting in 12 potential items for the instrument; and 3 additional items were identified from owner interviews. Owners and veterinarians selected a 5-point descriptive instrument design over 11-point or visual analogue scale formats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Behaviors relating to activity were substantially different between healthy cats and cats with signs of DJD-associated pain. Fifteen items were identified as being potentially useful, and the preferred instrument design was identified. This information could be used to construct an owner-based questionnaire to assess feline DJD-associated pain. Once validated, such a questionnaire would assist in evaluating potential analgesic treatments for these patients.}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Zamprogno, Helia and Hansen, Bernie D. and Bondell, Howard D. and Sumrell, Andrea Thomson and Simpson, Wendy and Robertson, Ian D. and Brown, James and Pease, Anthony P. and Roe, Simon C. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1417–1424} } @article{arnold_mathews_roe_mente_seaboch_2009, title={Biomechanical Comparison of Four Soft Tissue Replacement Materials: An In Vitro Evaluation of Single and Multilaminate Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa, Canine Fascia Lata, and Polypropylene Mesh}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00577.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare mechanical performance of 4 soft tissue replacement materials. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. SAMPLE POPULATION Polypropylene mesh (PM), single-layer porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS), multilaminate (4-layer) porcine small intestinal submucosa (MLSIS), and canine fascia lata (FL). METHODS The mechanical properties of each material were determined by testing to failure on a materials testing machine. Samples of each material (n=10) were tested in 3 different modes: resistance to suture pullout, tensile testing, and push-through testing. PM was tested both parallel (PMa) to and perpendicular (PMb) to its longitudinal cord orientation. SIS and FL were similarly tested in 2 orthogonal directions. RESULTS With some exceptions, the following generalizations can be made regarding the mechanical performance of the materials tested: Suture pullout-FL>PMa=PMb>MLSIS>SIS (P< or =.04). Tensile testing-FL>PMa>PMb>MLSIS>SIS (P< or =.02). Push-through testing-FL>PM>MLSIS>SIS (P< or =.003). CONCLUSIONS PM accommodated a significantly higher load and energy to yield when its longitudinal cords were oriented parallel with the tension axis (PMa). FL performed similarly to the PM, with the exception of limited elongation in tension. MLSIS had biomechanical characteristics that were inferior to FL and PM but superior to SIS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PM's orientation may need to be considered when used clinically. FL is a biomechanically suitable soft tissue replacement material but its use may be limited by currently available sizes. SIS cannot be recommended in high-strain environments.}, number={7}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Arnold, Gregory A. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Roe, Simon and Mente, Peter and Seaboch, Tim}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={834–844} } @article{mitsui_mathews_linder_kruse_roe_2009, title={Effects of fascial abrasion, fasciotomy, and fascial excision on cutaneous wound healing in cats}, volume={70}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.4.532}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.4.532}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE-To evaluate the effects of fascial abrasion, fasciotomy, and fascial excision on cutaneous wound healing in cats. ANIMALS-Eight 1- to 3-year-old domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES-8 evenly spaced 4-cm(2) skin wounds were created on each cat's dorsum, and the underlying subcutaneous tissue was removed to expose the epaxial muscle fascia. Wounds were randomized to receive 1 of 4 treatments (2 wounds/treatment/cat): fascial abrasion, fasciotomy, fascial excision, or control treatment (muscle fascia not disturbed). Bandages were changed and digital photographs and acetate tracings of the wounds were obtained for planimetry daily for 1 week, every other day for 2 weeks, and then every third day for 3 weeks (ie, 40-day observation period). Digitized images were evaluated for granulation tissue formation, wound contraction (surface area measurements), and area of epithelialization. RESULTS-The epithelialized area and open and total wound areas did not differ among treatments at any time point. Time to the first appearance of granulation tissue was significantly shorter for all treatment groups, compared with that of the control group. Time to achieve granulation tissue coverage of wound base was significantly shorter following fasciotomy (9.6 days) and fascial excision (9.0 days), compared with that of control treatment (18.5 days) or abrasion (16.7 days). Numbers of wounds that developed exuberant granulation tissue following fascial excision (9/16) and control treatment (3/16) differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Fasciotomy and fascial excision facilitated early granulation tissue development in cutaneous wounds in cats. In clinical use, these fascial treatments may expedite secondary wound closure or skin grafting.}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Mitsui, Akiko and Mathews, Kyle G. and Linder, Keith E. and Kruse, Meghan A. and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={532–538} } @article{lascelles_king_roe_marcellin-little_jones_2009, title={Expression and activity of COX-1 and 2 and 5-LOX in joint tissues from dogs with naturally occurring coxofemoral joint osteoarthritis}, volume={27}, ISSN={0736-0266 1554-527X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.20864}, DOI={10.1002/jor.20864}, abstractNote={Understanding the neurobiology of pain in naturally occurring models of osteoarthritis (OA) may improve the understanding of human OA pain. Both COX and LOX have been associated with joint pain. This study evaluated COX‐1, COX‐2, and 5‐LOX expression and activity in a naturally occurring canine model of secondary OA. Hip joint capsule with synovial tissue (HJC) and femoral head subchondral bone (FH) was collected from normal dogs and dogs undergoing total hip replacement for coxofemoral joint OA. Tissues were analyzed for COX‐1, COX‐2, and LOX protein, and PGE2 and LTB4. Significantly more COX‐2 protein was present in OA HJC than normal joints (p = 0.0009). There was no significant difference in COX‐1 or LOX protein, although LOX protein was increased (p = 0.069). PGE2 concentration in normal and OA HJC was similar (p = 1.0). LTB4 concentration in OA HJC was significantly greater than normal HJC (p = 0.028). Significantly more COX‐1 (p = 0.0098), COX‐2 (p = 0.0028), and LOX (p = 0.0095) protein was present in OA FH tissue compared to normal FH tissue. There were no differences in PGE2 or LTB4 concentration in normal and OA FH tissue (p = 0.77 and p = 0.11). Together, these data suggest both COX‐2 and 5‐LOX are appropriate targets for the management of pain associated with naturally occurring OA. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Orthopaedic Research}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and King, Stephanie and Roe, Simon and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Jones, Samuel}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1204–1208} } @article{konrade_clode_michau_roe_trumpatori_krug_gilger_2009, title={Surgical correction of severe strabismus and enophthalmos secondary to zygomatic arch fracture in a dog}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00689.x}, abstractNote={A grossly displaced segmental zygomatic arch fracture with marked ventro-lateral deviation of the left globe was diagnosed in a 3-month-old male German Shepherd dog following a bite injury. The fracture was approached via a modified lateral orbitotomy and a fragment of the lacrimal bone removed. The rostral portion of the fracture was stabilized with a 5-hole 2.0 dynamic compression plate bone plate. The surgical correction achieved sufficient skeletal fixation for proper anatomical reduction of the globe and excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Konrade, Kricket A. and Clode, Alison B. and Michau, Tammy M. and Roe, Simon C. and Trumpatori, Brian J. and Krug, William V. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={119–124} } @article{lascelles_gaynor_smith_roe_marcellin-little_davidson_boland_carr_2008, title={Amantadine in a multimodal analgesic regimen for alleviation of refractory osteoarthritis pain in dogs}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0014.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0014.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not always provide sufficient pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). HYPOTHESIS The use of amantadine in addition to NSAID therapy will provide improved pain relief when compared with the use of nonsteroidal analgesics alone in naturally occurring OA in dogs. ANIMALS Thirty-one client-owned dogs with pelvic limb lameness despite the administration of an NSAID. METHODS The study was randomized, blinded, and placebo controlled with parallel groups (days 21-42). On day 0, analgesic medications were discontinued. On day 7, all dogs received meloxicam for 5 weeks. On day 21, all dogs received amantadine (3-5 mg/kg once daily per os) or placebo for 21 days, in addition to receiving meloxicam. Assessments were performed before the study and on days 7, 21, and 42. Primary outcome measures were blinded owner assessments of activity using client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) on days 0, 7, 21, and 42. Data were analyzed by a mixed model approach. RESULTS For CSOM activity, there was a significant time by treatment effect (P=.009). On the basis of the planned post hoc t-tests of postrandomization means, there was a significant difference between treatment groups on day 42 (P=.030), with the amantadine group being more active. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In dogs with osteoarthritic pain refractory to an NSAID, physical activity is improved by the addition of amantadine. Amantadine might be a useful adjunct therapy for the clinical management of canine osteoarthritic pain.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gaynor, J. S. and Smith, E. S. and Roe, S. C. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Davidson, G. and Boland, E. and Carr, J.}, year={2008}, pages={53–59} } @article{blond_thrall_roe_chailleux_robertson_2008, title={Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for meniscal tears in dogs affected with naturally occuring cranial cruciate ligament rupture}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00401.x}, abstractNote={A stifle magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol was developed based on the appearance of the cruciate ligaments and menisci in normal dogs. Proton density images were subjectively considered to have the highest likelihood of detecting a meniscal lesion. Following this initial evaluation, the accuracy of high-field MR imaging to detect meniscal tears in dogs was evaluated in 11 dogs suffering from naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Dogs underwent MR imaging of the affected stifle before surgery. MR imaging and surgical findings were assessed independently, and then compared. Five tears of the medial meniscus were correctly diagnosed with MR imaging and 19 normal menisci were accurately characterized as such, based on MR images. In one medial meniscus, changes consistent with meniscal degeneration were seen on MR images but this was not seen at surgery. With regard to the lateral meniscus, one false positive diagnosis of a tear was made and this likely represented a normal variation. One other lateral meniscus had changes consistent with meniscal degeneration but, as with the similar lesion seen in the medial meniscus, this was not confirmed surgically. The global sensitivity of MR imaging for the diagnosis of a meniscal tear was 100% and the specificity was 94%. High-field MR imaging is a reliable method to diagnose meniscal tears preoperatively and this may be useful in selecting the surgical approach to clinically abnormal joints and may decrease the need for arthrotomy.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Blond, Laurent and Thrall, Donald E. and Roe, Simon C. and Chailleux, Nadege and Robertson, Ian D.}, year={2008}, pages={425–431} } @article{vince_lascelles_mathews_altier_roe_2008, title={Evaluation of wraps covering the distal aspect of pelvic limbs for prevention of bacterial strike-through in an ex vivo canine model}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00395.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00395.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To determine differences in bacterial strike-through for materials commonly used to cover the distal aspect of the pelvic limb during operative site preparation. STUDY DESIGN Randomized block design; ex vivo model. ANIMALS Canine cadaveric pelvic limbs (n=40). METHODS Pelvic limbs (n=40) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups: Group 1=Vetrap+sterile Coban; Group 2=latex glove+Vetrap+sterile Coban; Group 3=latex glove+Vetrap+sterile Coban+sterile latex glove+sterile Coban; and Group 4=latex glove+Vetrap+sterile disposable drape+sterile Coban. Limbs were contaminated with a standardized bacterial solution and routinely prepared using the assigned distal leg wrap. Bandages were fluid challenged with a saline (0.9% NaCl) solution-soaked laparotomy sponge for 30 seconds. The wrap surface was sampled for microbial culture before surgical preparation, immediately after, and 60 minutes after applying a sterile leg wrap. RESULTS Bacterial growth occurred in all Group 1 cultures, 90% of Group 2 cultures, and none of the Group 3 and 4 cultures, 60 minutes after applying the sterile wrap. CONCLUSION A distal leg wrap of Vetrap+sterile Coban is not effective in preventing bacterial strike-through. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If similar results occur in the live animal, then a sterile impermeable barrier must be incorporated into the distal leg wrap to prevent bacterial strike-through.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Vince, Kent J. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Altier, Craig and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={406–411} } @article{roe_kue_gemma_2008, title={Isometry of potential suture attachment sites for the cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1055/s-0037-1617364}, abstractNote={Summary For a suture that spans a joint to provide support without limiting range of motion, its attachment points on either side of the joint must remain the same distance from each other from full extension to full flexion. The effect of location of the tibial crest attachment for a fabello- tibial crest suture was studied in seven canine cadaveric stifles. The distance from a fabella marker to each of 11 tibial markers was determined from radiographs of each limb, as it progressed from 150° to 130°, 105°, 90°, 65° and 45° of flexion. The marker locations that were more proximal and cranial on the tibial crest had the least percent change in distance. The effect of anchoring the suture to the femur at a site other than the fabella was investigated using the same radiographs. Five marks were placed in a grid on the caudal portion of the femoral condyle and supracondylar region. The mean percent change in length from each femoral point to the five more proximal and cranial tibial markers was determined. The least change in length occurred for those femoral points located close to the origin of the cranial cruciate ligament. Locations more proximal or cranial resulted in large changes in length, particularly when matched with less ideal tibial locations. Although this study does not directly examine length changes in sutures, it demonstrates that there are some locations for the origin and insertion of an extracapsular suture that are associated with less length change than others, and also forms the basis for future investigations.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Roe, Simon and Kue, J. and Gemma, J.}, year={2008}, pages={215–220} } @article{grafinger_roe_spodnick_smith_2007, title={Biomechanical comparison of dual interlocking single loop and double loop tension band techniques to the classic AO tension band technique for repair of olecranon osteotomies in dogs}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00246.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare olecranon fragment stability between the classic tension band wire (TBW) technique with the wire placed either in contact with (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen [AO]), or not in contact with, a Kirschner (K)-wire (AOW) to 2 novel wire patterns: a dual interlocking single loop (DISL) and a double loop (DL). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo mechanical evaluation on cadaveric bones. SAMPLE POPULATION Canine ulnae (n=40) with olecranon osteotomies repaired with 2 K-wires and 1 of 4 TBW constructs. METHODS Single load to failure applied through the triceps tendon. Displacement was measured from images captured from digital video. Techniques were compared based on the load resisted when the olecranon fragment was displaced 0.5, 1, and 2 mm. RESULTS At 0.5 mm of displacement, the DISL construct resisted more load than the AOW construct (505 versus 350 N; P=.05). AO and DL constructs resisted an intermediate load (345 and 330 N, respectively). There was no significant difference between groups at 1 mm of displacement. At 2 mm of displacement, DL (785 N) resisted more load than AO (522 N, P=.01) and AOW (492 N, P=.03) groups. CONCLUSIONS DISL constructs provided similar stability to classic TBW constructs whereas DL constructs were more stable at higher loads. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The DL construct is easy to perform, less bulky, and provides comparable fragment stability to standard TBW techniques at functional loads. Surgical method is important for optimal performance of all TBW constructs.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Grafinger, Michael S. and Roe, Simon C. and Spodnick, Gary and Smith, Eric S.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={141–148} } @article{thompson_roe_robertson_2007, title={Effects of pelvic positioning and simulated dorsal acetabular rim remodeling on the radiographic shape of the dorsal acetabular edge}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00196.x}, abstractNote={A radiographic study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pelvic rotation and of simulated dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) remodeling on the radiographic appearance of the dorsal acetabular edge (DAE). The DAE is the line connecting the cranial and caudal rims of the acetabulum when viewing a pelvic radiograph made with the dog in the ventrodorsal position with the hind limbs extended. In this study, it was hypothesized that the DAE would change with pelvic rotation and simulated DAR damage. Ventrodorsal radiographs of eight canine pelves were made at 0 degrees, 5 degrees, and 10 degrees of left and right pelvic rotation over its longitudinal axis. These radiographs were repeated following removal of 2, 4, and then 6 mm of bone from the right DAR of each pelvis. The ratio of acetabular width to maximum depth of the DAE was calculated. The area between the DAE and a straight line connecting the cranial and caudal acetabular rims was measured digitally. The DAE depth and area changed with pelvic rotation, and with increasing simulated DAR damage. A linear relationship between the obturator foramina width ratio and pelvic rotation allowed estimation of the degree and direction of pelvic rotation. Equations were developed from the data to assist with the estimation of the amount of DAR remodeling on a clinical radiograph.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Thompson, Randall and Roe, Simon C. and Robertson, Ian D.}, year={2007}, pages={8–13} } @article{lascelles_hansen_roe_depuy_thomson_pierce_smith_rowinski_2007, title={Evaluation of client-specific outcome measures and activity monitoring to measure pain relief in cats with osteoarthritis}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[410:EOCOMA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND There are no validated systems for measuring pain from osteoarthritis in cats. HYPOTHESIS Owner subjective assessments and an activity monitor (AM) can be used to detect pain in cats with osteoarthritis and to assess efficacy of treatments. ANIMALS Thirteen cats older than 10 years old, with owner-assessed decreases in activity, painful arthritic joints, and clinically normal blood work were included and evaluated for 3 weeks. METHODS A collar-mounted AM measured activity and a client-specific outcome measure (CSOM) questionnaire characterized the severity of impairment. Overall global quality of life was also evaluated for each treatment. In weeks 2 and 3, meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg, day 1; 0.05 mg/kg, days 2-5) or a placebo was administered in a blinded, randomized, cross-over manner to test the assessment systems. RESULTS The cats had a median of 4 arthritic appendicular joints. Activity counts for the week when cats (complete data on activity; n=9) were administered meloxicam were significantly higher than at baseline (P = .02) but not after placebo (P = .06). Baseline activity counts were not significantly different from placebo (P = .6). The CSOM data (n=13) showed that owners considered their cats to be more active on meloxicam compared with baseline (P = .001) and placebo (P < .004), and more active on placebo than at baseline (P < .01). Global quality of life improved significantly with meloxicam (P < .042). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Both an AM and a CSOM system can detect behavior associated with pain relief in cats that are arthritic. Objective activity data might allow subjective assessment systems to be validated for use in clinical studies.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Roe, Simon and Depuy, Venita and Thomson, Andrea and Pierce, Courtney C. and Smith, Eric S. and Rowinski, Elizabeth}, year={2007}, pages={410–416} } @article{lascelles_findley_correa_marcellin-little_roe_2007, title={Kinetic evaluation of normal walking and jumping in cats, using a pressure-sensitive walkway}, volume={160}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.15.512}, DOI={10.1136/vr.160.15.512}, abstractNote={The kinetic parameters of the limbs of 23 normal, client-owned cats were evaluated by encouraging them to walk and jump normally on a pressure-sensitive walkway. Each cat was encouraged to walk across the walkway five times over a period of 30 to 45 minutes (by using food, toys, the owner's presence and a purpose-built tunnel) at a target speed of 0·6 m/s (and an acceleration of less than ± 0·1 m/s2). They were then encouraged to jump on to the walkway from a height of 1 m five times at five-minute intervals. The kinetic parameters of peak vertical force (pvf) and vertical impulse (vi) were measured for each limb (the forelimbs only for the jumps), and expressed as a percentage of bodyweight (pvf%bw and vi%bw/s). Fifteen of the 23 cats satisfactorily completed three to five walks and two to five jumps that could be analysed. There were no significant differences between the pvf or vi of the left and right limbs, but both parameters were significantly greater for the forelimbs than the hindlimbs (P<0·001) for the walking data. The mean (sd) pvf%bw for the forelimbs and hindlimbs were 48·2 (6·0) and 38·3 (4·0), respectively, and the mean vi%bw/s were 16·9 (3·2) and 13·3 (2·8). Jumping down generated significantly greater pvf (P<0·01) and slightly greater vi than during walking; there were no significant differences between the left and right forelimbs. The mean pvf%bw was 148·9 (16·4) and the mean vi%bw/s was 18·1 (4·3).}, number={15}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Findley, K. and Correa, M. and Marcellin-Little, D. and Roe, S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={512-+} } @article{thomas_marcellin-little_roe_lascelles_brosey_2006, title={Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dogs}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1974}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1974}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare measurements obtained by use of a universal plastic goniometer (UG) and an electrogoniometer (EG) and from radiographs and to compare joint motion in German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult German Shepherd Dogs and data previously collected from 16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers. PROCEDURES German Shepherd Dogs were sedated. One investigator then measured motion of the carpal, cubital (elbow), shoulder, tarsal, stifle, and hip joints of the sedated dogs. Measurements were made in triplicate with a UG and an EG. Radiographs were taken of all joints in maximal flexion and extension. Values were compared between the UG and EG and with values previously determined for joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers. RESULTS An EG had higher variability than a UG for all dogs. The EG variability appeared to result from the technique for the EG. German Shepherd Dogs had lower values in flexion and extension than did Labrador Retrievers for all joints, except the carpal joints. German Shepherd Dogs had less motion in the tarsal joints, compared with motion for the Labrador Retrievers, but had similar motion in all other joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A UG is reliable for obtaining measurements in German Shepherd Dogs. There was higher variability for the EG than for the UG, and an EG cannot be recommended for use.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Thomas, Todd M. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Roe, Simon C. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Brosey, Bess P.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={1974–1979} } @article{lascelles_roe_smith_reynolds_markham_marcellin-little_bergh_budsberg_2006, title={Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.2.277}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.2.277}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare ground reaction forces (GRFs) measured by use of a pressure-sensitive walk-way (PSW) and a force plate (FP) and evaluate weekly variation in the GRFs and static vertical forces in dogs. ANIMALS 34 clinically normal dogs and 5 research dogs with lameness. PROCEDURE GRF data were collected from 5 lame and 14 clinically normal dogs by use of an FP and a PSW. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and velocity measurements (determined by use of photocells and PSW data) were compared between groups. Peak vertical force, VI, stride length, ground phase time (ie, contact time), and static body weight distribution data were collected on 2 occasions, 1 week apart, in 20 different clinically normal dogs by use of a PSW; week-to-week variation in values was evaluated. RESULTS Measurements of velocity derived by use of the photocells were not different from those derived by use of the PSW. For any 1 limb, values derived by use of the PSW were significantly lower than values derived with the FP. For values obtained by use of either technique, there were no differences between left and right limbs except for values of PVF measured via PSW in forelimbs. Values of PVF, VI, contact time, stride length, and static weight distribution generated by the PSW did not vary from week to week. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Values for GRFs varied between the FP and PSW. However, data derived by use of PSW were consistent and could be used to evaluate kinetic variables over time in the same dog.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Lascelles, BDX and Roe, SC and Smith, E and Reynolds, L and Markham, J and Marcellin-Little, D and Bergh, MS and Budsberg, SC}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={277–282} } @article{vianna_roe_2006, title={Mechanical comparison of two knots and two crimp systems for securing nylon line used for extra-articular stabilization of the canine stifle}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00190.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare mechanical properties of knotted and crimped nylon loops. STUDY DESIGN In vitro mechanical evaluation. SAMPLE POPULATION Loops of 27 kg-test nylon leader. Single strand-clamped square knot compared with 2 crimp systems. Two strand--self-locking knot compared with 2 crimped loops. METHODS (a) Single pull to failure (n = 10) at 500 mm/min. Initial loop tension (N), peak load (N), peak elongation (mm), stiffness of the linear portion of the curve (N/mm), and failure mode were recorded. (b) Incremental cyclic loading to failure (n = 5)--each loop was cycled 5 times to 100 N at a loading rate of 200 mm/min. Cycling was repeated, with the load increased by 50 N after each set. Elongation (mm), tension remaining (N), and after permanent deformation was present, elongation at 10 N (mm) were measured. RESULTS Initial tension and stiffness were greater for crimped loops when compared with knotted loops. There were no differences between crimped loops. The self-locking knot elongated more, and was less stiff, when compared with 2 crimped loops. With incremental loading, knotted loops elongated more than crimped loops. The tension remaining in the loop fell below 10 N more quickly for knotted loops compared with crimped loops. CONCLUSION Crimped loops are stiffer, and resist both static and cyclic load more effectively before becoming permanently elongated, when compared with knotted loops. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stifle stability will be maintained more effectively by crimped nylon loops when compared with knotted loops.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Vianna, Maria L. and Roe, Simon C.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={567–572} } @article{davis_roe_mathews_mente_2006, title={Median sternotomy closure in dogs: A mechanical comparison of technique stability}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00143.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine median sternotomy closure using double-loop cerclage compared with other commonly used cerclage sternotomy closure patterns. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION Forty canine cadaveric sternal segments. METHODS Median sternotomy-wire constructs were loaded to failure in a materials testing machine. Each construct was radiographed before and after testing. Specific wire configurations tested were: 2 single twist cerclage centered on the sternebrae, single twist figure of 8 pattern centered on the sternal synchondrosis, double twist figure of 8 pattern centered on the sternal synchondrosis, 2 double-loop cerclage centered on the sternebrae, and 1 double-loop cerclage centered on the sternal synchondrosis. Wire configurations were compared by craniocaudal translation of sternabrae on pre-test radiographs, and displacement during loading, and mode of failure, based on analysis of test video, and post-test radiographs. RESULTS Double-loop cerclage did not provide superior mechanical stabilization of median sternotomy. Both figure of 8 patterns had the least displacement at higher loads. Two single twists that were centered on sternebrae were least able to prevent displacement at higher loads, caused the most craniocaudal translation before testing, and fractured more often at loads < or = 200 N compared with other configurations. CONCLUSION Sternal wiring techniques stabilizing sternal synchondroses had the least displacement. Overall, figure of 8 cerclage appeared most suitable because they minimized displacement at high loads and facilitated accurate reduction during tensioning. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In closing canine sternotomy, figure of 8 cerclage may be most suitable. Double-loop cerclage centered on the sternal synchondrosis should be avoided because of wire failure at high loads.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Davis, KM and Roe, SC and Mathews, KG and Mente, PL}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={271–277} } @article{roe_2006, title={Osteoarthritis in cats: Still a mass of unknowns}, volume={101}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Roe, S.}, year={2006}, pages={104–107} } @article{richey_roe_2005, title={Assessment of knot security in continuous intradermal wound closures}, volume={123}, ISSN={["0022-4804"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jss.2004.08.027}, abstractNote={The traditionally used square knot used for commencement and termination of continuous wound closures is bulky, requiring a minimum of four to six throws to form a secure knot with most suture materials and sizes. This study evaluates the security of self-locking knots, which are significantly smaller in volume than the traditionally applied square knot, for the intradermal closure of standardized wounds in porcine skin.Porcine skin samples with standardized wounds were closed in one of five patterns with 3/0 PDS suture. Wounds were harvested and tested to failure on a materials testing machine. Load at failure, ultimate elongation, wound stiffness, and mode of failure was determined for each sample.Wound closures incorporating the chain stitch knot performed as well as closures incorporating the conventional square knot for load to failure, elongation, and stiffness. Partial slippage or complete knot failure of 4/40 (10%) of the square knots used in closures was observed. 0/20 (0%) of the chain stitch knots displayed slippage. The half-blood knot performed similarly to the square and chain stitch knot in load to failure, elongation, and stiffness, however, 16/20 (80%) of these knots displayed slippage or complete knot failure.The chain stitch knot is as secure as the traditionally used square knot when used for termination of a continuous intradermal wound closure. This knot displays characteristics such as smaller knot volume and ease of applications that may make it a superior knot to the square knot in many clinical situations.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH}, author={Richey, ML and Roe, SC}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={284–288} } @article{jaeger_roe_2005, title={Isometry of potential suture attachment sites for the medial aspect of the tibiotarsal joint}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1632934}, abstractNote={Summary The isometry of the bipartite medial collateral ligament of the tarsus and two methods of stabilization by prosthetic ligament were assessed by measuring the change in distance between the origin and the insertion through full range of joint motion of the ligament and prosthetic ligaments. The single suture technique was isometric when the distal site was located at the centre of the trochlea of the talus. This site can only be used when the medial malleolus, which overlies the talus, is missing or removed. Whilst some length changes occur with hock motion, the double suture technique may be advocated in instances where the medial malleolus is present.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Jaeger, G. H. and Roe, Simon}, year={2005}, pages={73–76} } @article{mathews_roe_stebbins_barnes_mente_2004, title={Biomechanical evaluation of suture pullout from canine arytenoid cartilages: Effects of hole diameter, suture configuration, suture size, and distraction rate}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04029.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine arytenoid cartilage-suture constructs. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION Eighty canine cadaveric larynges. METHODS Arytenoid cartilage-suture constructs were loaded to failure on a materials testing machine. The effect of hole size, suture configuration, suture size, and rate of distraction on load at failure, displacement at failure, energy to failure, and construct stiffness were evaluated. Polypropylene sutures were used exclusively. Specific variables evaluated were: (1) hole size-SH needle, 22, 20, and 18 ga hypodermic needles; (2) suture configurations-single dorsal and ventral articular sutures, double sutures, horizontal mattress, locking loop, and single non-articular sutures; (3) suture size-1, 0, 2-0, and 3-0; and (4) distraction rate-0.83 and 36.66 mm/s. RESULTS Hole size had no effect on any biomechanical variable. Double suture and horizontal mattress configurations had the highest median load and energy at failure. Single dorsal suture configurations that did not include the arcuate crest had the lowest median load at failure. Larger suture sizes tended to result in stiffer constructs. Cartilage-suture constructs behaved in a viscoelastic manner where load at failure, energy at failure, and stiffness increased when distraction rate was increased, whereas displacement at failure did not. Most constructs failed by suture pullout regardless of distraction rate, although 50% of horizontal mattress configurations failed by avulsion of the muscular process. CONCLUSION Suture and hole sizes appear to have few effects on the biomechanical performance of arytenoid-suture constructs. Double-suture and horizontal mattress suture patterns had the best overall mechanical properties for arytenoid lateralization. Single-suture techniques, which do not incorporate the arcuate crest, were biomechanically inferior. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cumbersome large-diameter sutures offer no advantage over smaller sutures when performing arytenoid lateralization. The cross-sectional geometry of the muscular process should be taken into account when placing sutures in the arytenoid cartilages. Single-suture techniques that do not incorporate the arcuate crest should be avoided.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Mathews, KG and Roe, S and Stebbins, M and Barnes, R and Mente, PL}, year={2004}, pages={191–199} } @article{aper_litsky_roe_johnson_2003, title={Effect of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of cortical screws used with interlocking nails}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.569}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To test the effects of bone diameter and eccentric loading on fatigue life of 2.7-mm-diameter cortical bone screws used for locking a 6-mm-diameter interlocking nail. SAMPLE POPULATION Eighteen 2.7-mm-diameter cortical bone screws. PROCEDURE A simulated bone model with aluminum tubing and a 6-mm-diameter interlocking nail was used to load screws in cyclic 3-point bending. Group 1 included 6 screws that were centrally loaded within 19-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. Group 2 included 6 screws that were centrally loaded within 31.8-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. Group 3 included 6 screws that were eccentrically loaded (5.5 mm from center) within 31.8-mm-diameter aluminum tubing. The number of cycles until screw failure and the mode of failure were recorded. RESULTS An increase in the diameter of the aluminum tubing from 19 to 31.8 mm resulted in a significant decrease in the number of cycles to failure (mean +/- SD, 761,215 +/- 239,853 to 16,941 +/- 2,829 cycles, respectively). Within 31.8-mm tubing, the number of cycles of failure of eccentrically loaded screws (43,068 +/- 14,073 cycles) was significantly greater than that of centrally loaded screws (16,941 +/- 2,829 cycles). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Within a bone, locking screws are subjected to different loading conditions depending on location (diaphyseal vs metaphyseal). The fatigue life of a locking screw centrally loaded in the metaphyseal region of bone may be shorter than in the diaphysis. Eccentric loading of the locking screw in the metaphysis may help to improve its fatigue life.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Aper, RL and Litsky, AS and Roe, SC and Johnson, KA}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={569–573} } @article{trumpatori_mathews_roe_robertson_2003, title={Radiographic anatomy of the canine coxofemoral joint using the dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) view}, volume={44}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00501.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00501.x}, abstractNote={A radiographic study of the anatomy of the canine acetabulum was performed. The relationship between the area of dorsal acetabular rim that is subject to early damage in dogs with coxofemoral joint laxity, and the "DAR point" identified on dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) radiographic views was examined. Radiographs and digital photographs were made of the pelvis harvested from each of six skeletally mature dogs. Through analysis of these images, it was determined that in the standing animal, the DAR point is located 4-6 mm (or approximately 37 degrees) caudal to the dorsal acetabular rim area that is prone to early damage in dogs with coxofemoral joint laxity. This study suggests that the DAR radiographic view may under-represent changes to the dorsal acetabular rim in dogs with coxofemoral laxity.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Trumpatori, Brian J. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Roe, Simon R. and Robertson, Ian D.}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={526–532} } @article{marcellin-little_roe_rovesti_bosio_ferretti_2002, title={Are circular external Fixators weakened by the use of hemispheric washers?}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1053/jvet.2002.33604}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES To compare the axial mechanical stability of 3 circular external fixators systems with and without hemispheric washers. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS The axial stiffness and load necessary to produce 0.5 and 1 mm of displacement of 10 circular external fixator constructs from 3 manufacturers were tested on a materials testing machine. The constructs tested included the Small Bone fixator (SBF; Hofmann S.a.S., Monza, Italy), the IMEX ring fixator (IMEX Inc., Longview, TX), and the Multiplanar C-Fix (MCF; PanVet Distribuzione, Seriate, Italy). Five configurations were tested for each construct: (1) conventional nut fixation, (2) hemispheric washer fixation with connecting rods offset by 0, (3) 1, and (4) 2 holes, and (5) with a ring placed at maximum angulation. RESULTS The loads resisted at 0.5 and 1 mm of displacement did not differ when frame configurations were compared (P =.25733 and.33769, respectively). The linear stiffness of the following configurations were decreasingly stiff: standard constructs, hemispheric washers with connecting rods perpendicular to rings, hemispheric washers with connecting rods offset by 1 hole, hemispheric washers with connecting rods offset by 2 holes, and ring offset in relation to bone model. The SBF constructs tested were 34% and 41% more rigid than the IMEX and MCF constructs tested despite the larger diameter of the connecting rods for the IMEX frames (6 mm) compared with the SBF frames (5 mm). The IMEX constructs tested were 6% more rigid than the MCF constructs tested. CONCLUSIONS Adding hemispheric washers and angling connecting rods in relation to rings did not influence the loads resisted at 0.5 and 1 mm displacement but decreased construct stiffness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of hemispheric washers had minor effects on the biomechanical performance of fixator frames tested in this study when used to angle a ring in relation to connecting rods for circular external fixators.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Marcellin-Little, DJ and Roe, SC and Rovesti, GL and Bosio, A and Ferretti, A}, year={2002}, pages={367–374} } @article{johnson_hay_chu_roe_caterson_2002, title={Cartilage-derived biomarkers of osteoarthritis in synovial fluid of dogs with naturally acquired rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.775}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare synovial fluid biomarkers of cartilage metabolism in joints with naturally acquired or experimentally induced cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and determine correlations with stage and severity of disease in dogs. ANIMALS 95 dogs with ruptured CCL, 8 dogs with experimentally ruptured CCL, and 24 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Synovial fluid was assayed for chondroitin sulfate neo-epitopes 3B3(-) and 7D4 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration. Results were correlated with demographic data, duration of lameness, radiographic osteoarthritis score, and intra-articular lesions. RESULTS The 7D4 concentrations and 7D4:GAG in synovial fluid from joints with naturally acquired CCL rupture and experimental CCL transection were similar and significantly greater than values for healthy control joints. The 3B3(-) concentrations in the CCL-deficient groups were not significantly different, although only values in the naturally acquired CCL rupture group were significantly greater than those in the healthy control group. Within the naturally acquired CCL rupture group there was a significant correlation between 3B3(-) and 7D4 concentrations. However, there were no significant correlations between biomarker concentrations and continuous demographic or disease-related variables or differences in biomarker concentrations with different categories of disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Synovial fluid biomarker concentrations were significantly increased in joints with secondary osteoarthritis associated with naturally acquired or experimental CCL rupture; however, lack of apparently simple relationships with demographic variables or stage or severity of disease limits their clinical usefulness.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Johnson, KA and Hay, CW and Chu, QL and Roe, SC and Caterson, B}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={775–781} } @article{roe_2002, title={Evaluation of tension obtained by use of three knots for tying cerclage wires by surgeons of various abilities and experience}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.334}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare tension of 3 cerclage wire knots tied by surgeons of various abilities and experience. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION Participants and faculty at a postgraduate course in veterinary orthopedics. PROCEDURE Subjects tied a cerclage of their choice on an instrumented tying stand that displayed the tension on a computer. Mean tensions in cerclage wires tied with twist, single loop, or double loop knots were compared. The relationship between level of surgeon experience and tension achieved was examined. RESULTS 29 twist, 30 single loop, and 16 double loop wires were analyzed. Mean +/- SD tension for twist knots was significantly less than for single loop knots (82.3+/-46.1 vs 166.6+/-42.2 N, respectively). Double loop knots achieved significantly greater tension (392.0+/-116.6 N) than twist and single loop knots did, even though few participants had ever tied this knot previously. There was no correlation with experience of the participant. For twist knots, wiggling the wire during cutting and pushing the twist over to flatten it to the bone further reduced tension. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cerclage applied with a twist knot does not compress fracture fragments as effectively as cerclage applied with single loop or double loop techniques. Because greater compression of fragments will improve the stability of a fracture, a surgeon should strive to maximize the tension in the cerclage that they use. Experience and abilities of the surgeon are not associated with ability to tie cerclage wires tightly.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Roe, SC}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={334–336} } @article{wosar_marcellin-little_roe_2002, title={Influence of bolt tightening torque, wire size, and component reuse on wire fixation in circular external fixation}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1053/jvet.2002.34672}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of bolt torque, wire size, and component reuse on the ability to maintain wire tension in 3 external skeletal fixation systems. STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical study. METHODS Yield strength in tension of 1.0-, 1.2-, 1.5-, and 1.6-mm-diameter wires, and yield strength in torque of Hofmann Small Bone Fixation (SBF) cannulated and slotted bolts and IMEX regular and miniature bolts were determined on a testing machine. The minimum bolt tightening torque needed to prevent wire slippage at clinically recommended wire tensions was determined. Components were tested 10 times, and loads at slippage were recorded. RESULTS The IMEX system required a mean of 8 Nm of bolt tightening torque to maintain 900 N (1.6-mm wires). The SBF system required a mean of 3 Nm bolt torque to maintain 300 N (1.0-mm wires) and 5 Nm to maintain 600 N (1.2-mm wires). The SBF cannulated bolt required 9 Nm of torque to maintain 900 N (1.5-mm wires). The SBF slotted bolts could only maintain 800 N before yield. The IMEX miniature system required a mean bolt torque of 1.1 Nm to maintain 300 N. The cannulated and slotted bolts from both manufacturers failed to maintain 70% of initial wire tension after 7 and 4 uses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The IMEX systems and the SBF system using 1.0- and 1.2-mm wires could maintain clinically recommended wire tension safely. Only the IMEX system could maintain clinically recommended wire tension safely using 1.5- or 1.6-mm wires. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The SBF system using 1.0- and 1.2-mm wires and the IMEX system using all wire sizes can maintain clinically relevant wire tension. The SBF system using 1.5-mm wires could not. Cannulated and slotted bolts should not be used more than 6 and 3 times, respectively. Nuts should not be reused.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Wosar, MA and Marcellin-Little, DJ and Roe, SC}, year={2002}, pages={571–576} } @article{hardie_roe_martin_2002, title={Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease in geriatric cats: 100 cases (1994-1997)}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.628}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in geriatric cats. DESIGN Retrospective study. POPULATION 100 cats > 12 years of age. PROCEDURE One investigator reviewed radiographs and for each articulation (or group of articulations) that was visible assigned a grade of severity (0, 1, 2, 3) for DJD. Another investigator reviewed medical records and recorded signalment, environment, previous disease, diseases evident at time of radiography, FeLV vaccination and infection status, feline immunodeficiency virus serologic status, serum creatinine concentration, serum globulin concentration, and any other important findings. Associations between DJD of grade 2 or 3 and variables recorded from the medical record were determined. RESULTS Radiographic evidence of DJD was evident in 90% of cats. Neurologic disease was associated with lesions in the lumbosacral portion of the vertebral column. Severe lesions were found in 17% of the elbow joints, but an underlying cause was not determined. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Degenerative joint disease was detected radiographically in most geriatric cats and may be an overlooked cause of clinical disease. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility that DJD is associated with neurologic signs.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hardie, EM and Roe, SC and Martin, FR}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={628–632} } @article{kishimori_lewbart_marcellin-little_roe_trogdon_henson_stoskopf_2001, title={Chelonian shell-fracture repair techniques}, volume={3}, number={5}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Kishimori, J. and Lewbart, G. A. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, S. and Trogdon, M. and Henson, H. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2001}, pages={35–41} } @misc{roe_2001, title={RE: Renberg WC, Radlinsky MG - In vitro comparison of the locking loop and continuous cruciate suture patterns. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2001; 14: 15-18}, volume={14}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Roe, S. C.}, year={2001}, pages={vi-} } @article{moak_lewis_roe_haan_2000, title={Arthrodesis of the elbow in three cats}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1632651}, abstractNote={Summary Severe disorders of the elbow in three cats were treated with arthrodesis. Fusion for two cats was achieved with bone plate application on the caudal aspect of the elbow. A modified trans-articular external skeletal fixator was used for arthrodesis of one elbow. All three elbows progressed to arthrodesis. One cat fractured the radius and ulna distal to the plate following arthrodesis; the forelimb was eventually amputated following additional complications. The remaining two cats were intermittently weight-bearing on the involved forelimb with marked circumduction of the limb during the swing phase of the stride, but the owners perceived their cats to be free of pain. Arthrodesis of the elbow is an alternative to amputation in order to achieve pain relief and limb salvage following severe elbow disorders in cats. However, limb function in these three cats was severely compromised. Arthrodesis has been described as a salvage procedure for orthopaedic disorders of the elbow in dogs. This report describes the indications, surgical techniques, and clinical results of elbow arthrodesis in three cats.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Moak, P. C. and Lewis, D. D. and Roe, Simon and Haan, J. J. De}, year={2000}, pages={149–153} } @article{marti_roe_1999, title={An in vitro comparison of hollow ground and trocar points on threaded positive-profile external skeletal fixation pins in canine cadaveric bone}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1053/jvet.1999.0279}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare the microstructural damage created in bone by pins with lathe-cut and rolled-on threads, and to determine the peak tip temperature and damage created by positive-profile external fixator pins with either hollow ground (HG) or trocar (T) tips during insertion. STUDY DESIGN An acute, in vitro biomechanical evaluation. SAMPLE POPULATION Twenty-seven canine tibiae. METHODS Lathe-cut thread design with T point (LT-T), rolled-on thread design with T point (RT-T), and rolled-on thread design with HG point (RT-HG) pins were evaluated. Twenty pins of each type were inserted under constant drilling pressure into 12 canine tibiae (12 diaphyseal and 8 metaphyseal sites per pin type). Peak pin tip temperature, drilling energy, end-insertional pin torque, and pullout force were measured for each pin. For the histologic study, five pins of each type were inserted into cortical and cancellous sites in 15 additional tibiae. Entry and exit damage, and thread quality were assessed from 100 micron histologic sections by using computer-interfaced videomicroscopy. RESULTS T-tipped pins reached higher tip temperature in both diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone compared with HG-tipped pins. RT-T pins had higher pullout strength (diaphyseal) and end-insertional torque compared with other combinations. No differences in drilling energy or insertional bone damage was found between the three pin types (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS T-tipped pins mechanically outperformed HG-tipped pins. Pin tip and thread design did not significantly influence the degree of insertional bone damage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE T-tipped pins may provide the best compromise between thermal damage and interface friction for maximizing performance of threaded external fixator pins.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Marti, JM and Roe, SC}, year={1999}, pages={279–286} } @article{weinhold_roe_gilbert_abrams_1999, title={Assessment of the directional elastic moduli of ewe vertebral cancellous bone by vibrational testing}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0090-6964"]}, DOI={10.1114/1.153}, abstractNote={The ovariectomized ewe is being used as an animal model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Data on the mechanical properties of ewe vertebral cancellous bone is needed to assess its effectiveness as a model for vertebral osteoporosis. This study utilized traditional compression testing and a novel nondestructive vibrational testing method to assess the directional mechanical properties of ewe vertebral cancellous bone. Composition and density properties were also assessed. It was hypothesized that vibrational testing would have utility in that it would allow for the anisotropic stiffness of cancellous bone to be assessed nondestructively. The present study has found that ewe vertebral cancellous bone has similar physical and mechanical properties to humans. The vibrational testing method described was able to nondestructively provide a valid measure of stiffness that was correlated with stiffness estimates from traditional compression testing. Furthermore, the stiffness measure from the vibration test was found to be sensitive to the architecture of cancellous bone. These results suggest the promise of this testing method for the nondestructive mechanical assessment of skeletal tissue.}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Weinhold, PS and Roe, SC and Gilbert, JA and Abrams, CF}, year={1999}, pages={103–110} } @misc{roe_1999, title={Force plate analysis of dogs with bilateral hip dysplasia treated with a unilateral triple pelvic osteotomy: A long-term review of cases.}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Roe, S. C.}, year={1999}, pages={A72} } @article{dueland_johnson_roe_engen_lesser_1999, title={Interlocking nail treatment of diaphyseal long-bone fracturesin dogs}, volume={214}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Dueland, R. T. and Johnson, K. A. and Roe, S. C. and Engen, M. H. and Lesser, A. S.}, year={1999}, pages={59–66} } @article{marti_marcellin-little_roe_1999, title={Use of a DeVita pin to maintain reduction of a dislocated total hip prosthesis in a dog}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Marti, J. M. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, S. C.}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={85–87} } @article{kay_roe_stikeleather_mahmoud_abrams_1998, title={Axial vibration of threaded external fixation pins: Detection of pin loosening}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0090-6964"]}, DOI={10.1114/1.92}, abstractNote={The hypothesis of this study was that a nondestructive vibrational method could detect bone lysis at the external fixation pin-bone interface prior to current clinical and radiographic methods. In vitro models were used to simulate changes observed during pin loosening in vivo. Fixation pin axial natural frequency decreased with decreasing tensile modulus of the material into which it was implanted. In a live animal study the right tibia of 12 dogs was fractured and stabilized with a four-pin unilateral external fixation frame. The axial natural frequency of each pin was measured and radiographs were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after surgery. The natural frequency did not change when the first radiographic changes around the interface were observed. Pins were palpably stable at this point. As loosening progressed, the natural frequency did decrease. Frequency and quasistatic tests of dissected pin-bone structures revealed a good correlation between natural frequency and pin-bone interface stiffness. In addition, the measurement of natural frequency was more sensitive to bone structure changes at the pin-bone interface than low-load quasi-static stiffness. Therefore, a nondestructive vibration technique could be used instead of low-load quasistatic tests for assessing the pin-bone interface ex. vivo.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Kay, MW and Roe, SC and Stikeleather, LF and Mahmoud, A and Abrams, CF}, year={1998}, pages={361–368} } @article{marti_roe_1998, title={Biomechanical comparison of the trocar tip point and the hollow ground tip point for smooth external skeletal fixation pins}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00151.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To compare the insertional characteristics of external fixator pins with hollow ground (HG), modified HG, and trocar (T) points. STUDY DESIGN An acute, in vitro biomechanical evaluation. SAMPLE POPULATION Thirteen radii from canine cadavers. METHODS A total of 16 T-tipped and 16 HG-tipped pins were inserted into 8 canine radii. Ten pins of each modification of the HG tip (length of the cutting edge reduced by 0.127 mm and 0.254 mm, respectively) were inserted into another five radii. All pins were inserted with low-speed power drilling and 80 N drilling load. Differences between peak tip temperature, drilling energy, and pullout force were determined for each pin type at both diaphyseal and metaphyseal locations. RESULTS HG-tipped pins showed a 40% lower tip temperature in diaphyseal bone, a 25% reduction in drilling energy in diaphyseal bone, and a reduction of pullout force in both diaphyseal (65%) and metaphyseal (50%) bone compared with T-tipped pins. HG 0.254-mm pins generated higher tip temperatures and had greater pullout than HG pins in diaphyseal bone. CONCLUSIONS The HG tip was a more efficient design; however, the reduction in pullout force suggests that, because a better hole was drilled, radial preload is reduced. Reduction of the cutting edge by 0.254 mm increased the pullout force but also increased the temperatures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Thermal and microstructural damage are reduced by the HG tip, but pin-bone interface stability is also compromised. The use of a tip with 0.254 mm reduction in the cutting edge may optimize the biological and mechanical factors at the pin-bone interface.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Marti, J. M. and Roe, Simon}, year={1998}, pages={423–428} } @article{marcellin-little_ferretti_roe_deyoung_1998, title={Hinged ilizarov external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00122.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate hinged circular external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Uncontrolled clinical trial. ANIMAL POPULATION Seven client-owned dogs. METHODS Six dogs had one radius corrected and one dog had both radii corrected. Preoperative planning included measurement of the craniocaudal and mediolateral angular deformities, rotational deformity, length deficit, origin of deformity, graphical or mathematical determination of the amplitude and direction of the actual limb deformity, and frame assembly. RESULTS Preoperatively, function and cosmesis were assessed to be fair to poor in all dogs. Deformity correction started 48 to 60 hours postoperatively and ranged from 0.46 mm to 1.36 mm twice daily. Hospitalization time ranged from 4 to 6 days. Corrections were mostly made by the owners, at home. Lengthening and angular correction ranged from 3 to 38 mm and 18 degrees to 48 degrees. Mean residual deformities were 2.7% of radial length and 2.7 degrees. The time duration with the circular external fixators in place ranged from 29 to 71 days. Two additional surgeries were necessary in one dog because of wire breakage. Mean follow-up was 40 months. Long-term function and cosmesis were good to excellent in all dogs. CONCLUSION Although complications were present in six of seven dogs, the outcome of hinged Ilizarov external fixation was successful in all dogs treated for deformities of the antebrachium. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite complex preoperative planning, the placement of hinged circular external fixators is straightforward, and allows precise correction of complex antebrachial deformities with minimal tissue trauma.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Marcellin-Little, DJ and Ferretti, A and Roe, SC and DeYoung, DJ}, year={1998}, pages={231–245} } @article{degernes_roe_abrams_1998, title={Holding power of different pin designs and pin insertion methods in avian cortical bone}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00131.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow-speed power and hand insertion methods. STUDY DESIGN Axial pin extraction was measured in vitro in avian bones. ANIMAL POPULATION Four cadaver red-tailed hawks and 12 live red-tailed hawks. METHODS The pullout strength of four fixator pin designs was measured: smooth, negative profile threaded pins engaging one or two cortices and positive profile threaded pins. Part 1: Pins were placed in humeri and tibiotarsi after soft tissue removal. Part 2: Pins were placed in tibiotarsi in anesthetized hawks using slow-speed power or hand insertion. RESULTS All threaded pins, regardless of pin design, had greater pullout strength than smooth pins in all parts of the study (P < .0001). The cortices of tibiotarsi were thicker than the cortices of humeri (P < .0001). There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between threaded pin types within or between bone groups. There were no differences between the pullout strength of pins placed by slow-speed power or by hand. CONCLUSIONS There is little advantage of one threaded pin type over another in avian humeri and tibiotarsi using currently available pin designs. There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between humeri and tibiotarsi bones. It is possible that the case of hand insertion in thin cortices minimizes the potential for wobbling and therefore minimizes the difference between slow-speed drill and hand insertion methods. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Threaded pins have superior bone holding strength in avian cortices and may be beneficial for use with external fixation devices in birds.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Degernes, LA and Roe, SC and Abrams, CF}, year={1998}, pages={301–306} } @inbook{roe_1998, title={Injury and diseases of tendons}, booktitle={Canine sports medicine and surgery}, publisher={Philadelphia: Saunders}, author={Roe, S. C.}, editor={M. S. Bloomberg, J. F. Dee and Taylor, R. A.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={92–99} } @article{nwadike_roe_1998, title={Mechanical comparison of suture material and knot type used for fabello-tibial sutures}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1632608}, abstractNote={Summary Many different suture materials have been used for extra-articular stabilization of the canine cruciate-deficient stifle. In this study, two different materials frequently used as fabello-tibial sutures (27-kilogram-test [kgt] nylon fishing line [labeled 60-pound-test] and 27-kgt nylon leader line) and two knot types used to tie these materials (square knot and slip knot) were evaluated mechanically in vitro. Twenty loops of each material were tied with each knot and evaluated. The purpose of the study reported herein was to compare the mechanical performance of two different monofilament nylon materials and two knot types when subjected to: 1) continuous elongation until failure, and 2) cycling 10 times to 100 N followed by elongation to failure testing methods. Nylon leader line tolerated higher failure loads and deformed less than nylon fishing line for both knot types. Nylon fishing line secured with a square knot recovered resting tension more completely following cycling than nylon fishing line secured with a slip knot. Nylon leader line secured with a slip knot recovered resting tension following cycling better than leader line with a square knot and both fishing line groups. When used as fabello-tibial sutures, it is suggested that 27-kgt nylon leader line be secured with a slip knot, and 27-kgt nylon fishing line be secured with a square knot to optimize the mechanical performance of the loop. The influence of knot type on the in vitro mechanical performance of monofilament nylon fishing line and monofilament leader line used as fabello-tibial sutures was investigated. Testing of loops of the materials tied with either a slip knot or a square knot was performed on steel hook attachment points. When used as fabello-tibial sutures, it is suggested that 27-kgt nylon leader line be secured with a slip knot, and 27-kgt nylon fishing line be secured with a square knot to optimize the mechanical performance of the loop.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Nwadike, B. S. and Roe, Simon}, year={1998}, pages={52–57} } @article{lin_roe_kay_abrams_jones_1998, title={Placement of screws in the sustentaculum tali: A calcaneal fracture model}, volume={352}, DOI={10.1097/00003086-199807000-00023}, abstractNote={Current methods of treating calcaneus fractures vary greatly, and many techniques of internal fixation have been described. The study of these fractures has been limited in part by the lack of a suitable laboratory model. In this study, a new cadaveric model of calcaneus fractures was developed, using a combination of osteotomies and impaction. The model allows a pattern of intraarticular injury to be reproduced consistently. The model was used to examine one aspect of internal fixation. It was hypothesized that fixation would be more stable if the screws supporting the posterior facet were incorporated into the lateral plate, as opposed to being separate from the plate. Six pairs of anatomic specimen legs were used, and each pair was divided randomly between two experimental groups. In Group A (screws out), the posterior facet screws were outside the plate, and in Group B (screws in), the screws were incorporated into the plate. The strength of the reconstructed calcanei were evaluated by axial loading of the limb through the tibia. Stiffness and energy to failure were significantly greater and Bohler's angle significantly less compromised in Group B. It was concluded that the position of the articular fragment of comminuted calcaneal fractures will be maintained at higher loads when the screws in the posterior facet are incorporated into the lateral plate. The model of calcaneal fractures described in this study may be suitable for examining other aspects of fixation.}, number={1998 July}, journal={Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research}, author={Lin, P. P. and Roe, Simon and Kay, M. and Abrams, C. F. and Jones, A.}, year={1998}, pages={194–201} } @inproceedings{degernes_roe_1997, title={Biomechanical studies in avian orthopedics}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Roe, S. C.}, year={1997}, pages={129–130} } @article{roe_marsico_1997, title={Detection of stress generated potentials in fracture callus}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1632579}, abstractNote={Summary Stress generated potentials (SGPs) are present in cortical bone and are thought to contribute to osteocyte perception of load. Because callus also develops and remodels in response to mechanical stimulus, SGPs may be the signaling mechanism in this tissue. The feasibility of the measurement of SGPs in fracture callus was investigated in this study. Osteotomies were performed on the right ulna of 15 Mongrel dogs and allowed to heal without fixation. The ulnae were harvested at six, 12, and 18 weeks; each callus instrumented with electrodes and SGPs recorded during broad band dynamic vibrational excitation. The results of these measurements indicate that SGPs can be detected in fracture callus. Refinement of the measurement techniques may lead to a better understanding of these potentials and how they change with load magnitude and stage of healing. Understanding of SGPs in vivo may also contribute to development of electromagnetic fracture healing stimulation methodologies. Stress generated potentials (SGPs) are a probable mechanism through which cells in cortical bone sense and respond to load. In this study, SGPs were identified in fracture callus, a tissue that also responds to load by remodeling. Further study of these potentials may assist in the development of methods for stimulation of fracture healing. This material was presented at the American College of Veterinary Surgeous Magazine Meeting, Washington, DC, October, 1994.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Roe, Simon and Marsico, P. J.}, year={1997}, pages={111–116} } @article{roe_keo_1997, title={Epoxy putty for free-form external skeletal fixators}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1997.tb00519.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE To evaluate the suitability of epoxy putty for use as a connecting beam material in a free-form external skeletal fixator. DESIGN Mechanical evaluation of beams and the pin-material interface of commonly used methacrylates and the proposed epoxy putty. PROCEDURE The apparent modulus, bending strength, and toughness of 10 beams of three methacrylates (Technovit, APEF System, Bone Cement) and three epoxy putties (Oatey Epoxy Putty, All-Metals PowerPoxy, and Plumber's PowerPoxy) were determined in three-point bending. The shear strength of smooth and roughened-shaft pins embedded in the three methacrylates and the Oatey Epoxy Putty was determined by pull-out testing. RESULTS The epoxy putties had similar strength, greater apparent modulus, and reduced toughness when compared with the methacrylates. The shear strength of the smooth pin interface with the Oatey Epoxy putty was greater than that with the methacrylates. The interface with roughened pins was much stronger than that with smooth pins for all materials tested. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epoxy putty is a suitable material for free-form external fixators. It is easy to handle, inexpensive, and has suitable setting times and mechanical properties.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Roe, SC and Keo, T}, year={1997}, pages={472–477} } @article{roe_1997, title={Mechanical characteristics and comparisons of cerclage wires: Introduction of the double-wrap and loop/twist tying methods}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1997.tb01503.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE Evaluate the mechanical properties of twist, loop, double loop, double-wrap and loop/twist cerclage. METHODS The initial tension generated by 18 cerclage of each type was determined using a materials testing machine after tying around a testing jig. Six wires from each type were distracted and the initial stiffness and yield load were determined. Yield behavior was further investigated in six wires of each type by determining the load required to reduce cerclage tension below 30 Newton (N) following and incremental (50 N) stepwise load and unload regimen. The amount of collapse of the simulated bone fragments that resulted in the reduction of initial tension to 30 N was measured for the final six wires of each group. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and a multiple comparison test. RESULTS Twist type cerclage generated less tension than loop-type cerclage. The yield load of these two types was similar. Double-loop and double-wrap cerclage generated superior tension and resisted a greater load before loosening. Loop/twist cerclage had an intermediate initial tension but had the greatest resistance to loading. In the collapse test, the greater the initial tension, the more collapse could occur before the wire was loose. For all types of cerclage wire fixation, a reduction of diameter of the testing jig of more than 1% caused loosening. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Double-loop and double-wrap cerclage provide greater compression of fragments and resist loads associated with weight-bearing better than the twist and loop methods. Loop/twist cerclage may have advantages because of their superior resistance to loading. All cerclage will loosen if fracture fragments collapse.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Roe, SC}, year={1997}, pages={310–316} } @article{roe_deyoung_weinstock_kyles_1996, title={Osteosarcoma eight years after total hip arthroplasty}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01378.x}, abstractNote={This report presents a case of osteosarcoma of the femoral diaphysis associated with chronic stimulation of the area by an unstable femoral prosthesis after total hip arthroplasty performed 8 years previously. The pathogenesis of this transformation may be similar to that proposed for fracture-associated sarcoma. Neoplasia should be considered as a possible late complication of total hip arthroplasty.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Roe, SC and DeYoung, D and Weinstock, D and Kyles, A}, year={1996}, pages={70–74} } @article{roe_sidebotham_marcellin-little, title={Acetabular cup liner and prosthetic head exchange to increase the head diameter for management of recurrent luxation of a prosthetic hip in two dogs}, volume={28}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Roe, S. C. and Sidebotham, C. and Marcellin-Little, D. J.}, pages={60–66} }