@article{dayton_chaudhari_jennings_monks_hoyt_2017, title={Effect of Drip-Applied Metam-Sodium and S-Metolachlor on Yellow Nutsedge and Common Purslane in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper and Tomato}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2017.16}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of metam sodium and S-metolachlor applied through drip irrigation on yellow nutsedge, common purslane, bell pepper, and tomato (injury and yield) in plasticulture. Treatments consisted of weed-free, weedy, S-metolachlor alone at 0.85 kg ha-1, methyl bromide, metam sodium (43, 86, 176, and 358 kg ai ha-1) alone, and metam sodium (43, 86, 176, and 358 kg ai ha-1) followed by S-metolachlor at 0.85 kg ha-1. Metam sodium and S-metolachlor was applied preplant 2 wk before and 2 wk after transplanting (WAT) through drip irrigation, respectively. No injury was observed to bell pepper and tomato from metam sodium alone, or metam sodium fb S-metolachlor treatments. With the exception of yellow nutsedge density 15 WAT in bell pepper, herbicide program did not influence yellow nutsedge and common purslane density at 4 and 6 WAT and bell pepper and tomato yield. At 15 WAT, yellow nutsedge density was lower in treatments that received metam sodium fb S-metolachlor compared to those treatments that only received metam sodium. Drip-applied metam sodium at 176 and 358 kg ha-1 in both bell pepper and tomato provided similar control of common purslane, and yellow nutsedge, produced comparable yields, and failed to elicit any negative crop growth responses when compared to MeBr. In conclusion, metam sodium at 176 and 358 kg ha-1 fb S-metolachlor 0.85 kg ha-1 is an effective MeBr alternative for season long weed control in plasticulture bell pepper and tomato. Nomenclature: Metam-sodium; S-metolachlor; common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L.; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L.; bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L.; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Dayton, Daniel M. and Chaudhari, Sushila and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Hoyt, Greg W.}, year={2017}, pages={421–429} }
 @article{o'connell_grossman_hoyt_shi_bowen_marticorena_fager_creamer_2015, title={A survey of cover crop practices and perceptions of sustainable farmers in North Carolina and the surrounding region}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170514000398}, abstractNote={Abstract The environmental benefits of cover cropping are widely recognized but there is a general consensus that adoption levels are still quite low among US farmers. A survey was developed and distributed to more than 200 farmers engaged in two sustainable farming organizations in NC and the surrounding region to determine their level of utilization, current practices and perceptions related to cover cropping. The majority of farms surveyed had diverse crop production, production areas <8 ha, and total gross farm incomes <US$50,000. Approximately one-third of the survey population had an organic production component. Eighty-nine percent of participants had a crop rotation plan and 79% of the total survey population utilized cover cropping. More than 25 different cool- and warm-season cover crops were reported. The statements that generated the strongest agreement about cover crop benefits were that cover crops: increase soil organic matter, decrease soil erosion, increase soil moisture, contribute nitrogen to subsequent cash crops, suppress weeds, provide beneficial insect habitat and break hard pans with their roots. Economic costs associated with cover cropping were not viewed as an obstacle to implementation. A factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying themes from a series of positive and negative statements about cover crops. Pre- and post-management challenges were able to explain the most variability (30%) among participant responses. Overall, participants indicated that the incorporation of residues was their greatest challenge and that a lack of equipment, especially for no-till systems, influenced their decisions about cover cropping. Farmers did not always appear to implement practices that would maximize potential benefits from cover crops.}, number={6}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={O'Connell, S. and Grossman, J. M. and Hoyt, G. D. and Shi, Wei and Bowen, S. and Marticorena, D. C. and Fager, K. L. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2015}, pages={550–562} }
 @article{edgell_osmond_line_hoyt_grossman_larsen_2015, title={Comparison of Surface Water Quality and Yields from Organically and Conventionally Produced Sweet Corn Plots with Conservation and Conventional Tillage}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2015.02.0074}, abstractNote={Organic agricultural systems are often assumed to be more sustainable than conventional farming, yet there has been little work comparing surface water quality from organic and conventional production, especially under the same cropping sequence. Our objective was to compare nutrient and sediment losses, as well as sweet corn ( L. var. ) yield, from organic and conventional production with conventional and conservation tillage. The experiment was located in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. Four treatments, replicated four times, had been in place for over 18 yr and consisted of conventional tillage (chisel plow and disk) with conventional production (CT/Conven), conservation no-till with conventional production (NT/Conven), conventional tillage with organic production (CT/Org), and conservation no-till with organic production (NT/Org). Water quality (surface flow volume; nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations) and sweet corn yield data were collected in 2011 and 2012. Sediment and sediment-attached nutrient losses were influenced by tillage and cropping system in 2011, due to higher rainfall, and tillage in 2012. Soluble nutrients were affected by the nutrient source and rate, which are a function of the cropping system. Sweet corn marketable yields were greater in conventional systems due to high weed competition and reduced total nitrogen availability in organic treatments. When comparing treatment efficiency (yield kg ha /nutrient loss kg ha ), the NT/Conven treatment had the greatest sweet corn yield per unit of nutrient and sediment loss. Other treatment ratios were similar to each other; thus, it appears the most sustainably productive treatment was NT/Conven.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Edgell, Joshua and Osmond, D. L. and Line, D. E. and Hoyt, G. D. and Grossman, J. M. and Larsen, E. M.}, year={2015}, pages={1861–1870} }
 @article{o’connell_shi_grossman_hoyt_fager_creamer_2015, title={Short-term nitrogen mineralization from warm-season cover crops in organic farming systems}, volume={396}, ISSN={0032-079X 1573-5036}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11104-015-2594-2}, DOI={10.1007/s11104-015-2594-2}, number={1-2}, journal={Plant and Soil}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={O’Connell, S. and Shi, W. and Grossman, J. M. and Hoyt, G. D. and Fager, K. L. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={353–367} }
 @article{larsen_grossman_edgell_hoyt_osmond_hu_2014, title={Soil biological properties, soil losses and corn yield in long-term organic and conventional farming systems}, volume={139}, ISSN={["1879-3444"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002}, abstractNote={Topsoil losses through surface runoff have severe implications for farmers, as well as surrounding ecosystems and waterbodies. However, integrating management systems that enhance soil organic matter (SOM) can stabilize the soil surface from erosion. Little is known about how differences in both tillage and cropping system management affect carbon and subsequent sediment losses in horticultural fields, particularly in the humid climate of the southeast. Research was conducted in the Appalachian Mountains in Mills River, NC on a fine-sandy loam Acrisol from 2010 to 2012 on long-term plots established in 1994. Project objectives included to: (1) quantify labile and total organic matter based on tillage and cropping system practices, (2) determine if relationships exist between SOC ad sediment losses, and (3) determine long-term management and tillage impacts on total organic matter lost via runoff. We hypothesized that organic management and reduced tillage would lead to increased soil carbon, which subsequently reduce losses as soil is stabilized. Organic no tillage and conventional till treatments contained on average 14.34 and 6.80 g kg−1 total carbon (TC) respectively, with the organic no till treatments containing twice the quantity of TC and light fraction particulate organic matter (LPOM) in the upper 15 cm as compared with the conventionally tilled treatments, and four times the quantity of microbial biomass carbon (MBC). LPOM and HPOM, the heavier fraction of POM, did not differ in the organic till and conventional no till treatments.Data support our hypothesis that organic production in combination with no tillage increases C pools (both total and labile) as compared with tilled conventional plots. However, organic no till treatments produced sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) yields less than 50% of that of conventional treatments, attributed to weed competition and lack of available N. No tillage treatments lost two to four times less soil C via surface runoff than tilled systems. Additionally, we found that as total soil C increased, suspended solids lost through surface runoff decreased. Overall, our results indicate tillage to be an important factor in enhancing soil C and decreasing soil loss through surface runoff.}, journal={SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH}, author={Larsen, Erika and Grossman, Julie and Edgell, Joshua and Hoyt, Greg and Osmond, Deanna and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={37–45} }
 @article{wang_tu_cheng_li_gentry_hoyt_zhang_hu_2011, title={Long-term impact of farming practices on soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools and microbial biomass and activity}, volume={117}, ISSN={["0167-1987"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.still.2011.08.002}, abstractNote={Conventional agriculture with intensive tillage and high inputs of synthetic chemicals has critically depleted the soil C pools. Alternative practices such as no-tillage and organic inputs have been shown to increase soil C content. However, the long-term impact of these practices on soil C pools was not fully understood under humid and warm climate conditions such as the southeast USA. We hypothesized that a combination of sustainable production practices will result in greater microbial biomass and activity and soil organic C than any individual practice. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a long-term experiment examining how different farming practices affect soil C and N pools and microbial biomass and activities in a fine-sandy loam (FAO: Acrisol) in the southern Appalachian mountains of North Carolina, USA. The experiment was a randomized complete design with four replications. Six management treatments, i.e., tillage with no chemical or organic inputs (Control, TN), tillage with chemical inputs (TC), tillage with organic inputs (TO), no-tillage with chemical inputs (NC), no-tillage with organic inputs (NO), and fescue grasses (FG), were designed. Organic C and N pools and microbial properties in 0–15 cm soils were markedly different after 15 years of continuous treatments. Both no tillage and organic inputs significantly promoted soil microbial biomass by 63–139% and 54–126%; also microbial activity increased by 88–158% and 52–117%, respectively. Corresponding increases of soil organic C by 83–104% and 19–32%, and soil organic N by 77–94% and 20–32% were measured. The combination of no tillage and organic management increased soil organic C by 140% over the conventional tillage control, leading to a soil C content comparable to an un-disturbed grassland control. No tillage reduced the proportion of organic C in the light fraction with d < 1.0 g cm−3 (from 1.53–3.39% to 0.80–1.09%), and increased the very heavy fraction with d > 1.6 g cm−3 (from 95% to 98%). Organic inputs, however, had little impact on C distribution among different density fractions of the soil except light fraction in tillage treatment. Over all, no-tillage practices exerted greater influence on microbial biomass levels and activity and soil organic C levels and fractionations than organic inputs. Our results support the hypothesis and indicate that management decisions including reducing tillage and increasing organic C inputs can enhance transformation of soil organic C from the labile into stable pools, promote soil C accumulation, improve soil fertility and while mitigate atmospheric CO2 rise.}, journal={SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH}, author={Wang, Yi and Tu, Cong and Cheng, Lei and Li, Chunyue and Gentry, Laura F. and Hoyt, Greg D. and Zhang, Xingchang and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={8–16} }
 @article{overstreet_hoyt_imbriani_2010, title={Comparing nematode and earthworm communities under combinations of conventional and conservation vegetable production practices}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1879-3444"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.still.2010.06.009}, abstractNote={Although reduced tillage, organic inputs and diverse cropping rotations are often promoted as practices that facilitate greater abundance and diversity of soil biota, rarely have these management systems been examined in concert to investigate their individual and cumulative long-term effects on soil invertebrates. This study investigated two key functional groups of soil invertebrates, nematodes and earthworms, after 10 years in a field experiment investigating three types of agricultural management practices. Agricultural management treatments were tillage (moldboard plow vs. strip tillage), inputs (synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and fumigation vs. inputs approved for organic production) and crop rotation (continuous tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) vs. diverse vegetable rotation). The experiment was established in western NC (United States) on a fine-sandy loam (FAO: Acrisol). Nematode sampling and earthworm extractions were performed in spring and fall of 2004. The rotation effect on nematode and earthworm populations was generally non-significant. Averaged over sampling dates and other treatments, total nematode counts for synthetic input treatments were 59% of organic input treatments; likewise, plow treatments were 52% of strip till treatments. The strip till organic treatment combination (strip tillage with organic inputs) resulted in over four times as many nematodes as the plow synthetic treatment combination (moldboard plow with synthetic inputs). These data demonstrate that while nematode abundance responds sensitively to tillage and input practices individually, combinations of treatments displayed consistently greater nematode abundance when organic inputs and strip tillage were applied together. Long-term strip tillage increased earthworm populations 31-fold compared to plowed treatments. Organic inputs resulted in more earthworms than synthetic inputs in spring, but not fall. Strip tillage increased earthworm populations far more effectively than organic inputs. Even so, earthworms also displayed the positive combination effect of strip tillage and organic inputs; on average, 24 earthworms m−2 were extracted from strip till organic treatments vs. 15 from strip till synthetic and just one from plow organic treatments. We conclude that the data support our hypothesis; there is a positive combination effect resulting in greater nematode and earthworm abundance when strip tillage and organic inputs are used together in agricultural production systems. These results confirm the long-term benefits of conservation practices observed in agricultural ecosystems and we suggest that the principle of compounded benefits from combinations of conservation practices extend to all managed ecosystems. We recommend that agricultural researchers consider both tillage and agricultural inputs when interpreting or predicting soil biological responses to agricultural management decisions.}, number={1}, journal={SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH}, author={Overstreet, Laura F. and Hoyt, Greg D. and Imbriani, Jack}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={42–50} }
 @article{vollmer_creamer_reberg-horton_hoyt_2010, title={Evaluating cover crop mulches for no-till organic production of onions}, volume={45}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Vollmer, E. R. and Creamer, N. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Hoyt, G.}, year={2010}, pages={61–70} }
 @article{crozier_havlin_hoyt_rideout_mcdaniel_2009, title={Three Experimental Systems to Evaluate Phosphorus Supply from Enhanced Granulated Manure Ash}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0002-1962"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2008.0187x}, abstractNote={Three experimental systems were used to evaluate a new P fertilizer since residual P levels at typical farm sites may make response detection unlikely. The systems were (i) greenhouse with low P soil, (ii) long-term research sites with preexisting soil P gradients, and (iii) agricultural fields with prior P fertilization based on agronomic recommendations. The new fertilizer (animal waste by-product, AWP: 5% N, 28% P 2 O 5 , 4% K 2 O, and 1% S) is an enhanced granulated manure ash. Corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth, P uptake, and residual soil Mehlich-3 P were measured with agronomic rates of AWP or triple superphosphate (TSP). Greenhouse corn and wheat P uptake, and soil Mehlich-3 P increased similarly with either fertilizer at rates equivalent to 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg P ha ―1 . In long-term research sites, grain yield increased with P fertilization in 8 of 12 tests, and was greater with TSP than with AWP in 3 of 12 tests. Plant P uptake increased in all 12 tests, and was greater with TSP in 1 of 12 tests. In previously fertilized agricultural fields, soil Mehlich-3 P, but not yield, increased due to P fertilization. Fertilizer source differences were infrequent and relatively minor, but possibly due to lower water soluble P content of the AWP (70% versus 78% for TSP). Evaluation of such products requires an appropriate experimental system with low P soils that may be difficult to find on typical North Carolina farms.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Crozier, C. R. and Havlin, J. L. and Hoyt, G. D. and Rideout, J. W. and McDaniel, R.}, year={2009}, pages={880–888} }
 @article{harrelson_hoyt_havlin_monks_2008, title={Effect of planting date and nitrogen fertilization rates on no-till pumpkins}, volume={43}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Harrelson, E. R. and Hoyt, G. D. and Havlin, J. L. and Monks, D. W.}, year={2008}, pages={857–861} }
 @article{overstreet_hoyt_2008, title={Effects of strip tillage and production inputs on soil biology across a spatial gradient}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0361-5995"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2007.0143}, abstractNote={Strip tillage results in soil disturbance levels similar to those of conventional tillage systems in the row locations (strip) and properties of no-till in the interrow (between-row) locations. In this study, biological and physical soil properties in the region spanning the row to interrow were investigated and results were compared among strip-tillage systems utilizing different inputs (conventional fertilizer and pesticides vs. USDA-approved organic inputs) and rota- tion regimes (continuous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) vs. a 3-yr vegetable rotation). Bulk density was signifi cantly greater in the interrow locations. Soil respiration potential was greatest in the interrow and least in the row locations, and greater in treatments receiving organic inputs relative to synthetic inputs. No differences in soil N mineralization potential were determined. Microbial biomass C and N were greatest in interrow and least in row loca- tions. Total soil C and N values did not vary from row to interrow locations or as a result of synthetic vs. organic inputs. The data suggest that organically managed production systems are less biologically stratifi ed than conventional input systems under strip-tillage manage- ment. Although net C mineralization was similar between chemical and organically managed systems, greater microbial biomass values in the organic treatment systems may have been the result of continuous additions of weed biomass during the summer. The hypothesis of a gradient effect for biological activity in strip-tillage systems from row to interrow appears to be true in systems managed with synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but not true of organi- cally managed systems.}, number={5}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Overstreet, Laura F. and Hoyt, Greg D.}, year={2008}, pages={1454–1463} }
 @article{treadwell_creamer_hoyt_schultheis_2008, title={Nutrient management with cover crops and compost affects development and yield in organically managed sweetpotato systems}, volume={43}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Treadwell, D. D. and Creamer, N. G. and Hoyt, G. D. and Schultheis, J. R.}, year={2008}, pages={1423–1433} }
 @article{treadwell_creamer_schultheis_hoyt_2007, title={Cover crop management affects weeds and yield in organically managed sweetpotato systems}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-07-005.1}, abstractNote={A 3-yr field experiment was initiated in 2001 to evaluate weed suppression and sweetpotato productivity in three organic sweetpotato production systems. Organic systems were (1) compost and no cover crop with tillage (Org-NC), (2) compost and a cover crop mixture of hairy vetch and rye incorporated before transplanting (Org-CI), and (3) compost and the same cover crop mixture with reduced tillage (Org-RT). A conventional system with tillage and chemical controls (Conv) was included for comparison. Suppression of monocot and dicot weed density and biomass was similar between Org-NC and Org-CI each year, and were frequently similar to Conv. Org-RT was as effective as Org-NC in controlling dicot weed density and biomass each year, but did not suppress monocot weeds. At sweetpotato harvest, an increase in cover crop surface residue biomass in Org-RT was associated with a decrease in cumulative total weed density (R2 = 0.43, P = 0.0001); however, the amount of that residue was insufficient to suppress late-emerging monocot weeds. Total sweetpotato yield in Org-RT was at least 45% lower than other systems in 2002 and was most likely due to an increase in monocot weed density and biomass concurrent with a decrease in sweetpotato vine biomass. Total sweetpotato yield was similar among all systems in 2001 and 2004; the exception was lowest yields obtained in the Org-RT system in 2002. Organically managed sweetpotato with or without an incorporated cover crop produced sweetpotato yields equal to conventionally managed systems despite difficulties controlling weeds that emerged later in the season. Nomenclature: EPTC; napropamide; hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth; rye, Secale cereale L. ‘Wrens Abruzzi’; sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ‘Beauregard’.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Treadwell, Danielle D. and Creamer, Nancy G. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Hoyt, Greg D.}, year={2007}, pages={1039–1048} }
 @article{harrelson_hoyt_havlin_monks_2007, title={Effect of winter cover crop residue on no-till pumpkin yield}, volume={42}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Harrelson, E. R. and Hoyt, G. A. and Havlin, J. L. and Monks, D. W.}, year={2007}, pages={1568–1574} }
 @article{buckelew_monks_jennings_hoyt_walls_2006, title={Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) reproduction and interference in transplanted plasticulture tomato}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-05-060R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of in-row eastern black nightshade establishment and removal timings in plasticulture tomato on tomato yield loss and nightshade berry production and seed viability. Eastern black nightshade was transplanted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 wk after tomato planting (WAP) and remained until tomato harvest, or was established at tomato planting and removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 WAP to determine the critical weed-free periods. Eastern black nightshade seed viability increased with berry size and with length of establishment or removal time. The critical weed-free period to avoid viable nightshade seed production was 3–6 WAP. Tomato yield decreased with early weed establishment or with delayed time of weed removal. The critical weed-free period to avoid greater than 20% tomato yield loss for the sum weight of extra large and jumbo grades was 28 to 50 d after tomato transplanting. Nomenclature: Eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. SOLPT; tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum.}, number={3}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Buckelew, Juliana K. and Monks, David W. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Hoyt, Greg D. and Walls, Robert F., Jr.}, year={2006}, pages={490–495} }
 @article{hummel_walgenbach_barbercheck_kennedy_hoyt_arellano_2002, title={Effects of production practices on soil-borne entomopathogens in western North Carolina vegetable systems}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.84}, abstractNote={Abstract Populations of endemic soil entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC. Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk versus conservation tillage), two input approaches (chemically versus biologically based), and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato versus 3-yr rotation of corn, cucumber, cabbage, and tomato) were employed in large plots from 1995 to 1998. A Galleria mellonella (L.) trap bioassay was used to identify and monitor activity of Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae populations during the vegetable growing season (April–September). Seasonal detection of entomopathogens was significantly higher in conservation compared with conventional tillage systems. The strip-till operation did not affect levels of detection of S. carpocapsae. Pesticide use significantly reduced detection of entomopathogenic fungi. Type of ground cover significantly affected temperature in the upper 12 cm of soil; highest soil temperatures were observed under black plastic mulch and bare ground, whereas lowest temperatures were observed under rye mulch and clover intercrop. The high soil temperatures associated with certain ground covers may have reduced entomopathogen detection or survival. Although type of tillage appeared to be the primary factor affecting survival of endemic soil entomopathogens in our system, other factors, such as pesticide use and type of ground cover, can negate the positive effects of strip-tillage.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hummel, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Barbercheck, ME and Kennedy, GG and Hoyt, GD and Arellano, C}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={84–91} }
 @article{hummel_walgenbach_hoyt_kennedy_2002, title={Effects of production system on vegetable arthropods and their natural enemies}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0167-8809"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00345-0}, abstractNote={Populations of foliar insect pests and natural enemies were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC, USA. Two types of tillage (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage), two input approaches (chemically-based, biologically-based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), 3-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato) were employed from 1995 to 1998. Tomato pest pressure was relatively low in all years, resulting in a limited impact of production systems on potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its associated parasitoids and predators. Thrips (Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera)) populations were significantly higher in the biological input treatments in 3 of 4 years. Lepidopterous (primarily Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) damage on tomato was significantly higher in biological treatments in all years, damage by thrips and pentatomids (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) increasing each year in the continuous tomato crop schedule. Most insect populations were significantly influenced by type of insecticide input or ground cover. Few population measurements were affected by tillage type. Foliar insect problems in commercial vegetable production may be associated predominantly with insecticide input (i.e. more damage with biologically based insecticides) and use of intercropping (i.e. more damage in systems with living mulch); however, the long term effects of tillage and crop rotation remain to be seen.}, number={1-3}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Hummel, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Hoyt, GD and Kennedy, GG}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={165–176} }
 @article{hummel_walgenbach_hoyt_kennedy_2002, title={Effects of vegetable production system on epigeal arthropod populations}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0167-8809"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00346-2}, abstractNote={Populations of epigeal arthropods were monitored in vegetable production systems under varying degrees of sustainable agricultural practices in Fletcher, NC (USA). Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage (ST)), two input approaches (chemically based, biologically based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.], 3-year rotation of sweet corn [Zea mays L.]/cabbage [Brassica oleracea L.], cucumber [Cucumis sativus L.]/cabbage and tomato) were employed from 1995–1998. A second study with tomatoes was performed in 1997–1998 to separate effects of pesticide use, intercropping and herbicide application. Pitfall traps (48-h sample period) were used at ∼25-day intervals to monitor relative activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), staphylinid (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) beetles and lycosid spiders (Araneidae: Lycosidae). Carabids and lycosids appeared to be more active in systems with ground cover. Trap catches of carabid species were not significantly affected by insecticide input, but trap catches of lycosids were lower in plots with conventional insecticide use. No consistent effect of tillage was found over time, although Scarites spp. were more active in minimally disturbed habitats in 1998. Two distinct patterns of seasonal activity were observed for carabid beetles and lycosid spiders. Ground cover generally enhanced abundance of carabids and lycosids, while tillage type, pesticide use and crop rotation had different effects.}, number={1-3}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Hummel, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Hoyt, GD and Kennedy, GG}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={177–188} }
 @article{vaughan_hoyt_wollum_2000, title={Cover crop nitrogen availability to conventional and no-till corn: Soil mineral nitrogen, corn nitrogen status, and corn yield}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0010-3624"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103620009370495}, abstractNote={Abstract Understanding seasonal soil nitrogen (N) availability patterns is necessary to assess corn (Zea mays L.) N needs following winter cover cropping. Therefore, a field study was initiated to track N availability for corn in conventional and no‐till systems and to determine the accuracy of several methods for assessing and predicting N availability for corn grown in cover crop systems. The experimental design was a systematic split‐split plot with fallow, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye+hairy vetch, and wheat+hairy vetch established as main plots and managed for conventional till and no‐till corn (split plots) to provide a range of soil N availability. The split‐split plot treatment was sidedressed with fertilizer N to give five N rates ranging from 0–300 kg N ha‐1 in 75 kg N ha‐1 increments. Soil and corn were sampled throughout the growing season in the 0 kg N ha‐1 check plots and corn grain yields were determined in all plots. Plant‐available N was greater following cover crops that contained hairy vetch, but tillage had no consistent affect on N availability. Corn grain yields were higher following hairy vetch with or without supplemental fertilizer N and averaged 11.6 Mg ha‐1 and 9.9 Mg ha‐1 following cover crops with and without hairy vetch, respectively. All cover crop by tillage treatment combinations responded to fertilizer N rate both years, but the presence of hairy vetch seldom reduced predicted fertilizer N need. Instead, hairy vetch in monoculture or biculture seemed to add to corn yield potential by an average of about 1.7 Mg ha‐1 (averaged over fertilizer N rates). Cover crop N contributions to corn varied considerably, likely due to cover crop N content and C:N ratio, residue management, climate, soil type, and the method used to assess and assign an N credit. The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) accurately predicted fertilizer N responsive and N nonresponsive cover crop‐corn systems, but inorganic soil N concentrations within the PSNT critical inorganic soil N concentration range were not detected in this study.}, number={7-8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Vaughan, JD and Hoyt, GD and Wollum, AG}, year={2000}, pages={1017–1041} }
 @article{hoyt_1999, title={Tillage and cover residue affects on vegetable yields}, volume={9}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Hoyt, G. D.}, year={1999}, pages={351} }
 @article{hoyt_monks_1996, title={Weed management in strip-tilled Irish potato and sweetpotato systems}, volume={6}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Hoyt, G. D. and Monks, D. W.}, year={1996}, pages={238} }
 @article{hoyt_1995, title={APPLYING BUTYLATE-IMPREGNATED AND EPTC-IMPREGNATED FERTILIZER TO A COVER CROP FOR WEED-CONTROL IN NO-TILL CORN, ZEA-MAYS, L}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/0261-2194(95)91115-V}, abstractNote={Herbicides used for weed control in no-till corn are generally restricted to materials that are applied preemergence and postemergence. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of preplant-incorporated herbicides when impregnated on dry fertilizer and surface-applied to a winter cover crop at corn planting. Butylate plus atrazine or EPTC plus atrazine impregated on dry fertilizer and surface-broadcast reduced weeds and produced greater grain and silage yields than did untreated areas. Butylate or EPTC applied alone were not as effective as combinations with atrazine but did increase yield and weed control over untreated areas. When impregnated on dry fertilizer and placed in a standing small-grain cover crop, preplant-incorporated herbicides such as EPTC and butylate, when applied in combination with atrazine, reduced weed populations to levels similar to those with surface-applied herbicide combinations such as metolachlor plus atrazine or alachlor plus atrazine.}, number={1}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={HOYT, GD}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={75–79} }
 @article{hoyt_monks_monaco_1994, title={Conservation tillage for vegetable production}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Hoyt, G. D. and Monks, D. W. and Monaco, T. J.}, year={1994}, pages={129} }