@article{alshraah_kranz_mclaughlin_heitman_2024, title={Wildflowers and compost amendment can improve infiltration in soils impacted by construction}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13202}, DOI={10.1111/1752-1688.13202}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Alshraah, Shaddy H. and Kranz, Christina N. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kranz_mclaughlin_amoozegar_heitman_2023, title={Influence of compost amendment rate and level of compaction on the hydraulic functioning of soils}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13119}, DOI={10.1111/1752-1688.13119}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Kranz, Christina N. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Amoozegar, Aziz and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kranz_mclaughlin_heitman_2022, title={Characterizing Compost Rate Effects on Stormwater Runoff and Vegetation Establishment}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2073-4441"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050696}, DOI={10.3390/w14050696}, abstractNote={Urban development exposes and compacts the subsoil, resulting in reduced infiltration, which often leads to problems with establishing vegetation, increased erosion, and increased runoff volumes. Compost incorporation into these soils can potentially enhance soil physical properties, vegetation establishment, and pollutant removal. The goal of this field study was to determine the efficacy of compost as a soil improvement measure to reduce runoff volume, improve runoff quality, and increase vegetation establishment on a disturbed sandy clay subsoil representing post-development conditions. Two sources of compost were tested: (1) a certified yard waste product at 10%, 30%, and 50% by volume, and (2) an uncertified yard waste product at 30% by volume, both compared to a tilled, no-compost control. Treatment plots were established at Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory in Raleigh, NC, and observed for one year. Tilling alone may have been sufficient to reduce runoff quantity as few differences were found between tilled and compost amended plots. Runoff water quality also did not differ according to compost addition. However, the certified compost increased biomass production proportionally to the amount added and compared to the uncertified compost at the same rate. The improved vegetation establishment with compost is important for long-term erosion control and ecosystem services. The results of this study suggest (1) tilling is a viable option to achieve high infiltration rates and reduce runoff volumes, (2) compost incorporation does not reduce nor improve water quality, and (3) compost may yield more robust vegetation establishment.}, number={5}, journal={WATER}, author={Kranz, Christina N. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kranz_rivers_mclaughlin_heitman_2022, title={Influence of compost application rate on nutrient and heavy metal mobility: Implications for stormwater management}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20403}, DOI={10.1002/jeq2.20403}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Kranz, Christina N. and Rivers, Erin N. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{lewis_amoozegar_mclaughlin_heitman_2021, title={Comparison of Cornell sprinkle infiltrometer and double-ring infiltrometer methods for measuring steady infiltration rate}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.1002/saj2.20322}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Lewis, John and Amoozegar, Aziz and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{rivers_heitman_mclaughlin_howard_2021, title={Reducing roadside runoff: Tillage and compost improve stormwater mitigation in urban soils}, volume={280}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111732}, abstractNote={Soils adjacent to urban surfaces are often impaired by construction activities that degrade the natural structure and function of the soil, resulting in altered physical, hydraulic, and vegetative properties that limit the infiltration, storage, and filtration of stormwater runoff. A management approach to enhance the efficacy of vegetated roadside soils for runoff control is the use of compost in conjunction with tillage to improve soil conditions and facilitate improved hydrological function, the establishment of vegetative biomass, and increased nutrient and pollutant attenuation. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of soil improvement measures to reduce runoff volumes and improve water quality along roadsides over time. The effects of tillage with and without compost on 1) bulk density and infiltration rates, 2) runoff volumes, and 3) runoff water quality were evaluated during multiple storm events along two long-established interstate roadsides in North Carolina during 2015 and 2017. Experimental plots were established in the grassed areas adjacent to roads and consisted of an untreated control, tillage only, and tillage amended with compost. Tillage alone did not reduce runoff in roadside soils, however, tillage with compost did improve runoff capture. The patterns in hydrologic performance within and among sites suggests that the incorporation of compost in tilled soils may influence storage potential through different effects on soil properties, such as decreasing bulk density or improving vegetation establishment, thereby increasing evapotranspirative withdrawals, depending on soil texture. Tillage increased sediment concentrations in runoff, however, net export of sediments was reduced with the inclusion of compost due to the reduction of runoff quantities compared to undisturbed areas and tillage alone. Control and treatment plots were equally effective in reducing dissolved nutrient and metal concentrations, however, the improved hydrologic performance in plots with compost decreased net nutrient and metal export in most storms. The results of this study suggest that the incorporation of compost in compacted urban soils may provide significant improvements for biological and physical soil properties that affect stormwater interception and infiltration.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Rivers, Erin N. and Heitman, Joshua L. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Howard, Adam M.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{wissler_hunt_mclaughlin_2020, title={Hydrologic and water quality performance of two aging and unmaintained dry detention basins receiving highway stormwater runoff}, volume={255}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109853}, abstractNote={Dry detention basins (DDBs) are a type of stormwater control measure (SCM) designed to provide flood storage, peak discharge reduction, and some water quality improvement through sedimentation. DDBs are ubiquitous in the urban environment, but are expensive to maintain. In this study, two overgrown DDBs near Raleigh, NC, receiving highway runoff were monitored for up to one year to quantify their water quality and hydrologic performance. Both basins, B1 and B2, have not received vegetation maintenance since construction in 2007. Flow-weighted composite samples were collected during storm events and analyzed for nutrients (Total Phosphorus (TP), Ortho-phosphorus (OP), Ammonia-N (NH3), NO2-3-N (NOX), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)), total suspended solids (TSS), and total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. An annual water balance was also conducted to quantify runoff volume reduction. Despite low influent concentrations from the highway, significant removal efficiencies were found for all constituents except NH3 in B1. TP, OP, NOX, TSS, and Zn were reduced in B2. Both basins achieved greater than 41% volume reduction through soil infiltration and evapotranspiration, resulting in significant pollutant load reductions for all detected constituents, between 59% and 79% in B1 and 35% and 81% in B2. This study provides evidence that overgrown and unmaintained DDBs can reduce pollutant concentrations comparable to those reported for maintained DDBs, while reducing more volume than standard DDBs. Moreover, carbon sequestration likely increases while maintenance costs decrease.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Wissler, Austin D. and Hunt, William F. and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kang_mclaughlin_2020, title={Polyacrylamide and Chitosan Biopolymer for Flocculation and Turbidity Reduction in Soil Suspensions}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1572-8919"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10924-020-01682-2}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT}, author={Kang, Jihoon and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={1335–1343} }
 @article{kranz_mclaughlin_johnson_miller_heitman_2020, title={The effects of compost incorporation on soil physical properties in urban soils – A concise review}, volume={261}, ISSN={0301-4797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110209}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110209}, abstractNote={Incorporation of compost into soil can significantly alter soil physical properties, nutrient dynamics, and vegetation establishment. Strategic compost application to disturbed, degraded urban soil may provide benefits to soil properties. This review compared twenty-five peer-reviewed studies that evaluated changes in soil bulk density, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and water retention where compost was incorporated into urban soils. A wide range of compost rates and incorporation depths were evaluated in these studies across many soil types. Compost incorporation generally reduced bulk density, enhanced infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, and increased water content and plant available water, compared to unamended controls. In the four studies on runoff water quality, compost incorporation often resulted in higher initial nutrient content in runoff water, but also enhanced grass growth and reduced sediment loss. Few studies evaluated multiple compost application rates or incorporation depths, and the ways in which compost application rates were reported varied widely between studies making it difficult to directly compare them. Four studies investigated the long-term effects of compost incorporation, and there was no clear pattern of why some soils display enhanced physical properties over time and others do not. Compost was largely reported to have a positive effect on degraded urban soils. Little research has focused on the longevity of compost in urban soils after one application, and thus, this would be a valuable topic of further investigation.}, journal={Journal of Environmental Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kranz, Christina N. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Johnson, Amy and Miller, Grady and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={110209} }
 @article{wissler_hunt_mclaughlin_2020, title={Water Quality and Hydrologic Performance of Two Dry Detention Basins Receiving Highway Stormwater Runoff in the Piedmont Region of North Carolina}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2379-6111"]}, DOI={10.1061/JSWBAY.0000915}, abstractNote={AbstractDry detention basins (DDBs) are a stormwater control measure (SCM) designed to provide flood storage, peak discharge abatement, and some water quality improvement through sedimentation; how...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE WATER IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT}, author={Wissler, Austin D. and Hunt, William F. and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{kang_vetter_mclaughlin_2018, title={Chemical Treatment to Reduce Turbidity in Pumped Construction Site Water}, volume={144}, ISSN={["1943-7870"]}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001498}, abstractNote={AbstractMany construction projects need to pump turbid water from borrow pits or other excavations into stilling basins or sediment filter bags prior to discharge. This study evaluated the effectiv...}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Kang, Jihoon and Vetter, Joshua W. and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{buczek_cope_mclaughlin_kwak_2018, title={Effects of Turbidity, Sediment, and Polyacrylamide on Native Freshwater Mussels}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12639}, DOI={10.1111/1752-1688.12639}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Buczek, Sean B. and Cope, W. Gregory and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Kwak, Thomas J.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={631–643} }
 @article{lee_mclaughlin_whitely_brown_2018, title={Evaluation of seven mulch treatments for erosion control and vegetation establishment on steep slopes}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.73.4.434}, abstractNote={Soil erosion and sediment pollution in and around construction sites can result from land disturbing activities that leave areas of unprotected soil during construction. This study evaluated different types of hydromulch for erosion control and grass establishment in comparison to straw alone or straw plus an application of polyacrylamide (PAM) on steep slopes at five construction sites in North Carolina. One site was located in the Coastal Plain (CP) region, and another in the Mountain (M) region, with the remaining three in the Piedmont (P1 through P3). At each site, 20 plots (3 m [10 ft] wide by 6 to 9 m [20 to 30 ft] long) were established on a contiguous area. After applying grass seed, the erosion control treatments were as follows: wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) and wheat straw + 22.4 kg ha−1 (20 lb ac−1) of granular, linear, anionic PAM on all five sites; and hydromulches including flexible growth medium (FGM), stabilized mulch matrix (SMM), bonded fiber matrix (BFM), wood fiber/cellulosic blend (WCB), and wood fiber mulch (WFM) applied at three sites each. Runoff volumes, turbidity, eroded sediment, and nutrient concentration data were collected after natural rain events; grass growth and cover were also evaluated. At both the CP and M sites, there were no differences between treatments, most likely due to the sandy soil texture at CP and a combination of sandy soil texture and relatively light rainfall events at M. At P1, there was a trend of straw cover producing higher runoff volume, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and in general higher concentrations and amount of nutrient loss compared to all hydromulch treatments. In contrast, at P2 and P3, hydromulches tended to have greater runoff volumes, turbidity, and TSS compared to straw. Also, on these sites, straw + PAM treatment had lower concentrations of total phosphorus (P) in runoff compared to WCB. The addition of PAM did not have an effect on runoff volumes at any site, but it reduced average turbidity on P2. Overall, there was no clear pattern of hydromulch advantages over straw as a mulch for reducing erosion or establishing grass on steep slopes.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Lee, G. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Whitely, K. D. and Brown, V. K.}, year={2018}, pages={434–442} }
 @article{mohammadshirazi_mclaughlin_heitman_brown_2017, title={A multi-year study of tillage and amendment effects on compacted soils}, volume={203}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.031}, abstractNote={Constructing roads and buildings often involves removal of topsoil, grading, and traffic from heavy machinery. The result is exposed, compacted subsoil with low infiltration rate (IR), which hinders post-construction vegetation establishment and generates significant runoff, similar to impervious surfaces. Our goal was to assess tillage and adding amendments for improving density and maintaining perviousness of subsoils compacted during construction. The effects of tillage with and without amendments on (1) soil compaction, (2) IR, and (3) vegetative growth at five sites in North Carolina, USA were evaluated over a period of up to 32 months. The sites, representing a range of soil conditions, were located at three geographic regions; one in the Sandhills (located in Coastal Plain), one in the mountains, and three in the Piedmont. Amendments varied by site and included: (1) compost, (2) cross-linked polyacrylamide (xPAM), and (3) gypsum. Bulk density (BD) and soil penetration resistance (PR) tests were used to characterize soil physical condition. The IR was measured using a Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer. Vegetative growth was evaluated by measuring shoot mass and vegetative cover at all sites and root density at the Piedmont sites. Tillage decreased BD and PR compared to the compacted soil at four out of five sites for observations ranging from 24 to 32 months. Compost was applied to four sites prior to tillage and reduced BD in two of them compared to tillage alone. The IR in the tilled plots was maintained at about 3–10 times that of the compacted soil among the five sites over the monitoring periods. Adding amendments did not increase IR relative to tillage alone except at one Piedmont site, where compost and xPAM increased IR at 12 months and compost at 24 months after site establishment. Vegetative responses to tillage and amendments were inconsistent across sites. Results suggest that tillage is a viable option to reduce bulk density and increase infiltration for areas with compacted soils where vegetation is to be established, and that the effect is maintained for at least several years.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Mohammadshirazi, Fatemeh and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Heitman, Joshua L. and Brown, Virginia K.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={533–541} }
 @article{buczek_cope_mclaughlin_kwak_2017, title={ACUTE TOXICITY OF POLYACRYLAMIDE FLOCCULANTS TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, DOI={10.1002/etc.3821}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Buczek, Sean B. and Cope, W. Gregory and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Kwak, Thomas J.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={2715–2721} }
 @article{mohammadshirazi_brown_heitman_mclaughlin_2016, title={Effects of tillage and compost amendment on infiltration in compacted soils}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.71.6.443}, abstractNote={Soils are compacted during land development through soil excavation and heavy equipment traffic. Compacted soils have limited infiltration and are susceptible to erosion. Infiltration can be enhanced by various approaches including tillage and compost addition. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of tillage and adding compost to reduce stormwater runoff and sediment loss by improving infiltration in simulated postconstruction soils. Tillage treatments were tested at two sites in the Piedmont region of North Carolina (Piedmont 1 and 2). Prior to applying tillage and amendment, soils at both sites were graded to remove the surface horizon and compacted with a vibratory roller. At Piedmont 1, the treatments were compacted with no tillage, shallow (15 cm [5.9 in] depth) tillage (ST), and deep (30 cm [11.8 in] depth) tillage (DT). At Piedmont 2 the treatments were compacted, DT, and DT with incorporated compost (DT+Com). The grass seed mixtures recommended by the North Carolina Department of Transportation for the location (Piedmont) and time of planting were applied at each site. Runoff volumes (RV) and total suspended solids were measured after each of the first 12 and 13 storm events at Piedmont 1 and 2, respectively. Infiltration rate (IR) and bulk density (BD) were determined five and seven months after establishment at Piedmont 1 and 2, respectively. At both sites, RV and total amount of soil loss were reduced with tillage by 60% to 82% during the monitoring period. Neither deeper tillage nor incorporating compost significantly affected these results. Grass establishment was significantly better with tillage. The IRs measured at the end of the monitoring period were around 1 cm h−1 (0.4 in hr−1) in the compacted treatment but ranged from 19 to 33 cm h−1 (7.5 to 13 in hr−1) in the tilled treatments, again with no effects of tillage depth or compost. The results suggest that tillage to a depth of at least 15 cm (6 in) can be highly effective for improving soil conditions and reducing runoff and erosion from soils compacted as the result of construction activities.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Mohammadshirazi, F. and Brown, V. K. and Heitman, J. L. and McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2016}, pages={443–449} }
 @article{kang_mclaughlin_2016, title={Simple systems for treating pumped, turbid water with flocculants and a geotextile dewatering bag}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.071}, abstractNote={Pumping sediment-laden water from excavations is often necessary on construction sites. This water is often treated by pumping it through geotextile dewatering bags. The bags are not designed to filter the fine sediments that create high turbidity, but dosing with a flocculant prior to the bag could result in greater turbidity control. This study compared two systems for introducing flocculant: passive dosing of commercial solid biopolymer (chitosan) and injection of dissolved polyacrylamide (PAM) in a length of corrugated pipe connected to the bag. The biopolymer system consisted of sequential porous socks containing a "charging agent" followed by chitosan in the corrugated pipe with two levels of dosing. The dissolved PAM was injected into turbid water at a flow-weighted concentration at 1 mg L(-1). For each treatment, sediment-laden turbid water in the range of 2000 to 3500 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) was pumped into the upstream of corrugated pipe and samples were taken from pipe entrance, pipe exit, and dewatering bag exit. Without flocculant treatment, the dewatering bag reduced turbidity by 70% but the addition of flocculant increased the turbidity reduction up to 97% relative to influent. At the pipe exit, the low-dose biopolymer was less effective in reducing turbidity (37%) but it was equally effective as the high-dose biopolymer or PAM injection after the bag. Our results suggest that a relatively simple treatment with flocculants, either passively or actively, can be very effective in reducing turbidity for pumped water on construction sites.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Kang, Jihoon and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={208–213} }
 @inproceedings{kays_mclaughlin_heitman_mohammadshirazi_brown_2015, title={Amending Soils for Enhanced Infiltration of Stormwater}, ISBN={9780784479025}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479025.012}, DOI={10.1061/9780784479025.012}, abstractNote={Rainfall events on urban compacted soils increase the volume and rate of stormwater runoff. A research study was conducted recently in North Carolina to investigate soil amendments to enhance infiltration into compacted soils. Sites were located in the coastal plain, piedmont, and mountain regions and the sites had sand, sandy clay, and sandy clay loam textured subsoils, respectively. The soil profiles were exhumed into the subsoils and compacted to simulate urban disturbed conditions. Physical treatments/amendments included compacted (control), shallow tillage (15 cm), and deep tillage (30 cm). Fertility amendments included agricultural lime and fertilizer according to soil test results. Triplicate plots were randomized on each of the sites. Fescue grass was seeded, mulched, and covered with jute matting. Steady state infiltration rate, bulk density, cone penetrometer, grass shoot biomass, and grass root biomass measurements were taken over the study period. Runoff from natural rainfall events was measured for twelve storm events at the two piedmont sites. Tillage greatly increased the infiltration rates and the effect remained after three years. There was evidence of some decline in infiltration rates at the mountain site, but none at the other sites, even though the bulk densities tended to increase over time at all sites. Doubling recommended lime rates, or adding compost, or water absorbing polyacrylamide usually had no effect on infiltration rates. The initial infiltration rates for compacted soils were usually < 1 cm hr -1 but the rates improved over several years to up to 10 cm hr -1 . This was somewhat surprising, but the trend was evident at all sites. The tilled soils had infiltration rates of 20 to 35 cm hr -1 at the end of at least two years. Because this far exceeds expected rainfall of 3 to 6 cm hr -1 for 2 to 10 year recurrence storms, the results suggest that treated areas may be able to accept significant amounts of runoff from impervious areas.}, booktitle={International Low Impact Development Conference 2015}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Kays, Barrett L. and McLaughlin, Richard and Heitman, Joshua and Mohammadshirazi, Fatemeh and Brown, Virginia}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{brown_mclaughlin_jennings_2015, title={Factors affecting sediment basin efficiency on highway construction sites in the Piedmont region of North Carolina}, volume={58}, DOI={10.13031/trans.58.10405}, abstractNote={Sediment basins are a commonly used best management practice on North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) highway construction sites for capturing entrained sediment during stormwater runoff events. The NCDOT currently uses a sediment basin design that has a volume proportional to the disturbed catchment area and a surface area proportional to the 10-year peak runoff discharge from the catchment. This project monitored four active NCDOT sediment basins in the Piedmont region of North Carolina to evaluate several hydrologic and land use parameters for their ability to explain the variability of turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) entering the basins as well as the efficiency of the basins with regard to these two parameters. TSS ranged from 270 to 53,000 mg L -1 entering the basins and from 87 to 70,600 mg L -1 leaving the basins. Turbidity ranged from 198 to 29,000 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) entering the basins and from 27 to 28,700 NTU leaving the basins. There was no clear relationship between the stages of development or site activities and the turbidity and TSS entering the basins. Peak flow, which is used in the design of NCDOT sediment basins, was positively correlated with inlet turbidity and TSS. Additionally, the performance of the basins to reduce turbidity and TSS did not correlate to storm characteristics. The diversion ditches leading to the basins appeared to be a major source of sediment and likely contributed to the high variability in turbidity, TSS, and basin performance.}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Brown, R. F. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2015}, pages={631–640} }
 @article{kang_king_mclaughlin_2015, title={Settling of suspended particles by flocculation can reduce the size of sediment basin}, volume={166}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.049}, abstractNote={Due to stringent water quality regulations on stormwater discharges, there is increasing interest in chemically-assisted settling of suspended sediments at construction sites. This study investigated settling characteristics of flocculated sediment by polyacrylamide (PAM) in a top-loading settling tube. Studied sediment materials were obtained from construction sites in North Carolina, USA: Coastal Plain loamy sand (CPLS), Piedmont sandy clay loam (PSCL), Piedmont silt loam (PSL), and Mountain clay loam (MCL). The four different sediment suspensions mixed with and without dissolved PAM were introduced to the top of the column individually. During a 1-h settling period, samples were taken at 1-m depth from surface at various times and analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS). Flocculated sediment by PAM greatly increased its settled TSS fraction up to 95-97% only in 1-min settling period compared to those of unflocculated sediment (16-72%). The settling improvement by PAM was profound in the finer-textured soils (PSL and MCL) by increasing their median particle settling velocity (>2 cm s(-1)) compared to unflocculated counterparts (<1.1 cm s(-1)). Estimated surface area requirement of sediment basin suggested that the basins receiving flocculated sediment could be reduced in size (surface area) by 2- to 4-times compared to those receiving unflocculated sediment. Our results suggests that current sediment basin design could be modified when chemically-assisted settling is implemented, taking up less space and cost in construction sites.}, journal={Journal of Environmental Management}, author={Kang, J. and King, S.E. and McLaughlin, R.A.}, year={2015}, pages={450–456} }
 @article{kang_mclaughlin_amoozegar_heitman_duckworth_2015, title={Transport of dissolved polyacrylamide through a clay loam soil}, volume={243}, ISSN={["1872-6259"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84920432092&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.12.022}, abstractNote={Polyacrylamide (PAM) is becoming a widely used soil conditioning and erosion control agent, and a better understanding of its transport is required to improve its use. In this study vertical PAM transport through a clay loam soil was investigated using thin soil columns (7.62-cm diameter × 2-cm thick) under saturated condition. The columns received a water-soluble, anionic PAM solution (16 Mg mol− 1 with 50 mol% charge density) under pulse and step (continuous) inputs using a constant-head method. The pulse input was 500 mg L− 1 PAM solution applied for 0.6 pore volume (PV), after which the input was switched to deionized (DI) water for 25 PVs. The step input was 25 mg L− 1 PAM solution applied continuously for 129 PVs. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was measured prior to PAM application and was monitored during PAM and DI water leaching. Leachate samples were collected frequently with time from each column and analyzed for the dissolved PAM concentration. The PAM applications reduced Ksat to 1% of the initial Ksat (4 cm h− 1) under the pulse input and to 0.3% of the initial Ksat under the step input. Transport of PAM was best-fitted with a two-region (dual-porosity) model. The fitted retardation factor (R) was more than two-fold greater for the step input (R = 2695) than for the pulse input (R = 1242). The results from transport modeling and pore size distribution analysis suggested that viscous PAM solution contributes to a mechanical entrapment of the PAM molecules, clogging most water-conducting pores smaller than 225–274 μm in diameter. Under saturated condition, either the pulse or step input of dissolved PAM could reduce seepage with limited mobility in the soil profile.}, journal={GEODERMA}, author={Kang, Jihoon and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Amoozegar, Aziz and Heitman, Joshua L. and Duckworth, Owen W.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={108–114} }
 @article{kang_king_mclaughlin_wiseman_2014, title={Flocculated sediment and runoff quality improvement by polyacrylamide}, volume={57}, DOI={10.13031/trans.57.10532}, abstractNote={<abstract> <bold><sc>Abstract.</sc></bold> Increasing regulations on construction site runoff requires improved sediment and erosion control practices, including the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) to enhance turbidity reduction. We evaluated water quality improvement and particle size distribution of suspended sediments affected by various types of passive PAM dosing under simulated stormwater flows. Three straw wattles were installed in a 7% sloped channel, and six different treatments were tested individually: (1) wattle with no jute netting and no PAM, (2) solid block PAM (BPAM) after the wattle + no jute netting, (3) granular PAM (GPAM) on wattles + no jute netting, (4) wattle + jute netting with no PAM, (5) wattle + jute netting where GPAM was applied to the wattle, and (6) wattle + jute netting where GPAM was applied to the jute netting. For each treatment, three repeated turbid stormwater flows were run in the channel, and water samples were collected from the entrance (influent) and exit (effluent) of the channel. There was no turbidity reduction with wattles and/or jute netting unless PAM was introduced to the channel system. The use of GPAM reduced effluent turbidity by 58% to 67% relative to influent, with the best treatment being GPAM on jute netting. The addition of jute netting to the GPAM + wattle treatment did not improve sediment reduction but did reduce turbidity. Applying GPAM to jute netting shifted the mean particle size from 24 to 211 μm and the 10th percentile from 1.6 to 66 μm, indicating the greatly increased particle size distribution of the flocculated sediment. This study emphasizes that the passive treatment of stormwater runoff using GPAM is a very effective method of flocculating sediments in turbid water.}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Kang, J. and King, S. E. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Wiseman, J. D.}, year={2014}, pages={861–867} }
 @article{kang_amoozegar_heitman_mclaughlin_2014, title={Granular and Dissolved Polyacrylamide Effects on Erosion and Runoff under Simulated Rainfall}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2014.01.0022}, abstractNote={Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been demonstrated to reduce erosion under many conditions, but less is known about the effects of its application method on erosion and concentrations in the runoff water. A rainfall simulation study was conducted to evaluate the performance of an excelsior erosion control blanket (cover) and two PAM application methods. The treatments were (i) no cover + no PAM (control), (ii) cover + no PAM, (iii) cover + granular PAM (GPAM), and (iv) cover + dissolved PAM (DPAM) applied to soil packed in wooden runoff boxes. The GPAM or DPAM (500 mg L) was surface-applied at a rate of 30 kg ha 1 d before rainfall simulation. Rainfall was applied at 83 mm h for 50 min and then repeated for another 20 min after a 30-min rest period. Runoff samples were analyzed for volume, turbidity in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), total suspended solids (TSS), sediment particle size distribution, and PAM concentration. The cover alone reduced turbidity and TSS in runoff by >60% compared with the control (2315 NTU, 2777 mg TSS L). The PAM further reduced turbidity and TSS by >30% regardless of the application method. The median particle diameter of eroded sediments for PAM treatments was seven to nine times that of the control (12.4 μm). Loss of applied PAM in the runoff water (not sediment) was 19% for the GPAM treatment but only 2% for the DPAM treatment. Both GPAM and DPAM were effective at improving groundcover performance, but DPAM resulted in much less PAM loss.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Kang, Jihoon and Amoozegar, Aziz and Heitman, Joshua L. and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2014}, pages={1972–1979} }
 @article{kang_king_mclaughlin_2014, title={Impacts of flocculation on sediment basin performance and design}, volume={57}, DOI={10.13031/trans.57.10652}, abstractNote={Abstract. There is increasing interest in controlling turbidity in construction site runoff using chemical flocculant treatments. Since flocculated sediment is likely to behave much differently from untreated sediment, changes to current sediment basin designs may be appropriate. This study evaluated a system consisting of three fiber check dams in a lined ditch discharging to sediment basins that differed in their configuration. Three different basin configurations were tested with and without granular polyacrylamide (PAM) applied to the weir of each check dam: (1) standard basin with a 2:1 length to width (L/W) ratio, (2) horizontal basin with a 1:2 L/W ratio, and (3) standard basin with a rising floor toward the exit (spillway). All configurations included two porous baffles of jute/coir netting across the full width of the basin. For each treatment of PAM and basin configuration, sediment-laden stormwater flows (0.014 to 0.056 m 3 s -1 ) were introduced to the ditch for 29 min, and water samples were collected at the ditch entrance (influent), ditch exit, and basin exit. Regardless of PAM treatment, total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations were reduced by more than 55% at the ditch exit and by up to 90% at the basin exit relative to the influent (3,700 mg L -1 ). The 1:2 L/W basin reduced TSS more than either of the 2:1 L/W basins without flocculation, but there was no significant difference in TSS when sediment was treated with PAM. Turbidity at the ditch exit was similar to the influent (less than 10% difference) without flocculation but was greatly reduced (>66%) with flocculation. The PAM treatment lowered turbidity further (>88%) at the basin exit and was similar among all basin configurations. The particle size distribution of flocculated sediment was shifted into coarser fractions, enhancing settling in the basin. The estimation of basin surface area requirement based on the measured particle size suggested that basins receiving flocculated sediment could be reduced in surface area and altered in configuration while improving water quality for construction site discharges.}, number={4}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Kang, J. and King, S. E. and McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2014}, pages={1099–1107} }
 @article{kang_mccaleb_mclaughlin_2013, title={Check dam and polyacrylamide performance under simulated stormwater runoff}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.023}, abstractNote={High levels of turbidity and fine suspended sediments are often found in stormwater discharges from construction sites even when best management practices (BMPs) for sediment control are in place. This study evaluated turbidity reduction by three check dam types: 1) rock check dam representing a standard BMP, 2) excelsior wattle representing a fiber check dam (FCD), and 3) rock check dam wrapped with excelsior erosion control blanket (rock + excelsior ECB) representing an alternative FCD. Three check dams (all same type) were installed in a lined, 24-m ditch on a 5–7% slope and three consecutive simulated stormwater flows were run in the ditch. Additional tests were performed by adding granular polyacrylamide (PAM) on the check dams in the same manner using two sediment sources differing in clay content. Without PAM treatment, significantly higher effluent turbidity (>900 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) exited the ditch with rock check dams than with excelsior wattles or rock + excelsior ECBs (<440 NTU). The extent of sediment deposition between the check dam types was in the order of excelsior wattle > rock + excelsior ECB > rock check dam, indicating better water pooling behind the wattle. The PAM treatment reduced turbidity substantially (>75% relative to no PAM treatment) for all check dam types and it was very effective in excelsior wattles (<57 NTU) and rock + excelsior ECBs (<90 NTU) even during the third storm event. This study demonstrates that the passive treatment of runoff with PAM on FCDs (or rock + excelsior ECB) in construction site ditches can be very effective for sediment retention and turbidity reduction.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Kang, Jihoon and McCaleb, Melanie M. and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={593–598} }
 @article{haynes_mclaughlin_heitman_2013, title={Comparison of Methods to Remediate Compacted Soils for Infiltration and Vegetative Establishment}, volume={3}, ISSN={2162-5360 2162-5379}, url={https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=36495&#abstract}, DOI={10.4236/ojss.2013.35027}, abstractNote={The process of constructing roads and buildings 
usually involves the removal of topsoil and grading of the subsoil followed by 
a variety of activities using heavy equipment. This presents multiple 
challenges in attempts to establish vegetation on these areas: low nutrient 
soils with little organic matter, high bulk densities, and low infiltration 
rates. The goals of this preliminary study were to quantify the impacts of soil 
compaction remediation methods on infiltration, runoff water quality, and 
vegetation establishment. The objectives were to measure: 1) steady state 
infiltration rate (IR); 2) quantity and quality of storm water runoff; and 3) 
ground cover, biomass production, and rooting depth of vegetation during early 
establishment. We evaluated four treatments: a compacted soil (C), a compacted 
soil with core aeration (A), a compacted soil with deep (20 - 30 cm) tillage 
(DT), and a compacted soil with deep tillage and incorporated compost (CT). 
Sites 1 and 2 received C, A and DT treatments and Site 3 received only DT and 
CT treatments. At Site 1, runoff from natural rainfall events was collected in 
plastic tubs at the bottom of each 2 × 1 m plot, and samples were measured for 
volume and sediment. Infiltration rates were determined using a Cornell 
Sprinkle Infiltrometer at all three sites. At Site 1, the A treatment had a 
higher erosion rate during two of four rain events and higher runoff volume during 
three of four rain events, when compared to C and DT. However, the aerator was 
only able to penetrate 1 - 2 cm due to the compacted soil. Average event runoff 
ranged from 0 to 22% (0 - 9.3 mm), 10 to 60% (1.9 - 26.2 mm), and 0 to 3.5% (0 - 1.1 
mm) of the total rainfall for C, A, and DT, respectively. There was no 
difference between C and A for vegetative biomass and IR, but both biomass and 
IR were greater in the DT plots. Treatment DT had an average IR of 15 cm·hr-1, 
compared to 0.16 and 0.21 cm·hr-1 for C and A, respectively. Roots 
were much more abundant at the 20 - 50 cm depths with DT. At Site 2, there were 
no significant differences in IR, with many values too low to be measured with 
the infiltrometer. Vegetative cover also did not differ between the three 
treatments due to poor (16% - 22% cover) grass establishment. Infiltration rates 
at Site 3 were measured immediately after tillage and were 10× those at Site 2, 
measured 2 months after tillage, but DT and CT values were not different. The 
results suggest that deep tillage prior to seeding could maximize long-term 
vegetation growth and provide areas of high infiltration to minimize 
post-construction stormwater discharges, as long as vigorous vegetation can be 
established quickly.}, number={5}, journal={Open Journal of Soil Science}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.}, author={Haynes, Matthew A. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={225} }
 @article{babcock_mclaughlin_2013, title={Erosion control effectiveness of straw, hydromulch, and polyacrylamide in a rainfall simulator}, volume={68}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.68.3.221}, abstractNote={Temporary ground covers are used on construction sites to help establish vegetation and reduce erosion on disturbed areas. This study was an evaluation of straw, with or without polyacrylamide (PAM), and wood fiber hydromulch, with or without PAM, for reducing erosion and improving runoff water quality. Soil was packed to a depth of 0.06 m (0.2 ft) into 1 by 2 m (3.3 by 6.6 ft) boxes, which were placed under a rainfall simulator at a slope of 18°. Straw was applied by hand to boxes at a single rate of 2,240 kg ha−1 (2,000 lb ac−1) with no PAM (control), with dry granular PAM at either 37 or 74 kg ha−1 (33 or 66 lb ac−1), or with dissolved PAM at 37 kg ha−1. A wood fiber hydromulch was applied using a commercial hydroseeder at either 1,970 or 2,940 kg ha−1 (1,760 or 2,620 lb ac−1) with or without 37 kg PAM ha−1 (33 lb ac−1) mixed in the tank with the mulch. The rainfall simulator was run for 40 minutes at a rate of 37 mm h−1 (1.5 in hr−1) followed the next day by 8 minutes at the same intensity, for a total of 29.6 mm (1.2 in) of rainfall. The runoff water was collected and analyzed for turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), and the time to runoff initiation was recorded. Turbidity was highest for the straw alone treatment at 1,500 and 1,040 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) for first and second events, respectively. The lowest turbidity was in the hydromulch plus PAM treatments, ranging from 62 to 151 NTU. Adding the granular PAM at 37 kg ha−1 (33 lb ac−1) to straw reduced turbidity but increased sediment loss, while the dissolved PAM and the higher rate of dry PAM did not have the latter effect. This was apparently due to the slow dissolution of the dry PAM for the first several minutes of the intense rainfall. Applying PAM with straw provided benefits in reducing turbidity, but the dry application could exacerbate erosion if heavy rain occurs soon after application. The best results were usually obtained with hydromulch plus PAM, but adding PAM to a less expensive straw ground cover produced similar or better results than the hydromulch application without PAM.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Soil & Water Conservation}, author={Babcock, D. L. and McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2013}, pages={221–227} }
 @article{kang_sowers_duckworth_amoozegar_heitman_mclaughlin_2013, title={Turbidimetric Determination of Anionic Polyacrylamide in Low Carbon Soil Extracts}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887582502&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2013.07.0279}, abstractNote={Concerns over runoff water quality from agricultural lands and construction sites have led to the development of improved erosion control practices, including application of polyacrylamide (PAM). We developed a quick and reliable method for quantifying PAM in soil extracts at low carbon content by using a turbidimetric reagent, Hyamine 1622. Three high-molecular weight anionic PAMs differing in charge density (7, 20, and 50 mol%) and five water matrices, deionized (DI) water and extracts from four different soils, were used to construct PAM calibration curves by reacting PAM solutions with hyamine and measuring turbidity development from the PAM-hyamine complex. The PAM calibration curve with DI water showed a strong linear relationship ( = 0.99), and the sensitivity (slope) of calibration curves increased with increasing PAM charge density with a detection limit of 0.4 to 0.9 mg L. Identical tests with soil extracts showed the sensitivity of the hyamine method was dependent on the properties of the soil extract, primarily organic carbon concentration. Although the method was effective in mineral soils, the highest charge density PAM yielded a more reliable linear relationship ( > 0.97) and lowest detection limit (0.3 to 1.2 mg L), compared with those of the lower charge density PAMs (0.7 to 23 mg L). Our results suggest that the hyamine test could be an efficient method for quantifying PAM in environmental soil water samples as long as the organic carbon in the sample is low, such as in subsurface soil material often exposed at construction sites.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Kang, Jihoon and Sowers, Tyler D. and Duckworth, Owen W. and Amoozegar, Aziz and Heitman, Joshua L. and McLaughlin, Richard A.}, year={2013}, pages={1902–1907} }
 @article{babcock_mclaughlin_2011, title={Runoff water quality and vegetative establishment for ground covers on steep slopes}, volume={66}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Soil and Water Conservation}, author={Babcock, D.L. and McLaughlin, R.A.}, year={2011}, pages={132–141} }
 @article{babcock_mclaughlin_2011, title={Runoff water quality and vegetative establishment for groundcovers on steep slopes}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.66.2.132}, abstractNote={Construction sites can be a major source of sediment, a common pollutant in surface waters, because steep slopes are often bare during active construction. The use of mulch and polymers has been found to reduce erosion rates and improve runoff water quality on construction sites. Different erosion control methods on steep slopes (2:1) consisting of straw, straw plus 37 kg ha−1 (33 lb ac−1) linear anionic polyacrylamide (straw + PAM), and excelsior blankets were evaluated based on runoff water quality, vegetative establishment, or both at six construction sites. Plots (3 to 9 m [10 to 30 ft] wide by 9 m [29.5 ft] long) were established on cut slopes. Runoff was collected at four of six sites by installing plastic barriers to direct a portion of runoff into containers, later analyzed for turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) in the laboratory. Large differences in water quality were often not statistically significant for individual storms due to high variability. However, when data were averaged across all storm events, the straw + PAM treatment reduced mean runoff turbidity at three of four sites and mean TSS at two of the four sites compared to straw alone. Maximum reductions in turbidity and TSS were 81% and 56%, respectively. Runoff from the excelsior plots had significantly lower turbidity and TSS than straw plots in one of three sites. Compared to straw + PAM, excelsior had significantly higher turbidity at two of three sites and higher TSS at one of three sites. All differences among treatments for individual storm events occurred within the first three events. Vegetative cover was determined in the field, and aboveground vegetation was harvested to determine biomass production. Neither vegetative cover nor biomass were affected by treatment, and average cover was 60% or less for five of the six sites. Rainfall patterns were largely responsible for vegetative growth, with heavier rainfall soon after seeding tending to reduce cover.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Babcock, D. L. and McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2011}, pages={132–141} }
 @article{bhardwaj_mclaughlin_levy_2010, title={Depositional seals in polyacrylamide-amended soils of varying clay mineralogy and texture}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1439-0108"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11368-010-0198-2}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS}, author={Bhardwaj, Ajay K. and McLaughlin, Richard A. and Levy, Guy J.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={494–504} }
 @article{bhardwaj_mclaughlin_shainberg_levy_2009, title={Hydraulic Characteristics of Depositional Seals as Affected by Exchangeable Cations, Clay Mineralogy, and Polyacrylamide}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2007.0426}, abstractNote={Depositional seals, formed when turbid waters infiltrate into soils, lead to a reduction in the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of soils and increased runoff. In this study, the effect of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on the HC and flocculation of depositional seals made of three clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite), saturated with either Na or Ca, was investigated. A silt loam soil was packed in columns and leached with 5 g L−1 suspensions of the reference clays. Deposition of the clay particles on the soil surface formed seals. In the PAM treatment, dry granules of linear PAM were spread on the soil surface before the suspension application. Calcium seals were more permeable than Na seals in all the clay types, up to 26 times greater for montmorillonite. The HC of the seals for the clay minerals was in the order kaolinite (2.8–3.5 mm h−1) > illite (0.6–3.0 mm h−1) > montmorillonite (0.09–1.0 mm h−1). The addition of PAM generally enhanced clay flocculation, with the magnitude of the enhancement depending on the type of the exchangeable cation. The Na‐saturated seals in the three clay types had significantly higher initial HC with the PAM treatment. This increase, however, was transient except in Na‐illite. The impact of PAM on the degree of clay flocculation and floc density partially explained the effects of PAM on the HC of the depositional seals. An increase in clay flocculation or a decrease in floc density caused by PAM resulted in an increase in depositional seal HC.}, number={3}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Bhardwaj, A. K. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Shainberg, I. and Levy, G. J.}, year={2009}, pages={910–918} }
 @article{mclaughlin_king_jennings_2009, title={Improving construction site runoff quality with fiber check dams and polyacrylamide}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.64.2.144}, abstractNote={Sediment and turbidity are among the most common pollutants affecting surface waters, resulting in reduced reservoir capacity, degradation of aquatic organism habitat, and decreased aesthetic value. Construction activities, including roadway projects, can be significant contributors to sediment loading in streams and lakes. We studied water quality in stormwater runoff from three systems for erosion and sediment control on two roadway projects in the North Carolina mountains. The first roadway project was divided into three experimental sections, each with one the following treatments installed in the adjacent drainage ditch: (1) the standard best management practice (BMP) consisting of narrow sediment traps in the ditch along with rock check dams, (2) fiber check dams (FCDs) consisting of a mix of straw wattles and coir logs, or (3) FCDs with granulated, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) added to each. The second project was smaller and included only two of the experimental sections described above: (1) the standard BMPs and (2) FCDs with PAM. Significant reductions in turbidity and total suspended solids were obtained using the FCDs, particularly those with PAM added. At site 1, from June 2006 to March 2007, the average turbidity values for the stormwater runoff were 3,813 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) for the standard BMPs, 202 NTU for the FCDs-only, and 34 NTU for the FCDs with PAM. Average turbidity in discharges at site 2 was reduced from 867 NTU for the standard BMPs to 115 NTU for the FCDs with PAM. Sediment loading at both sites was similarly reduced with the use of FCDs. At site 1, the standard BMPs lost an average of 428 kg (944 lb) of sediment per storm event compared to just 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) for the FCDs-only and 0.9 kg (2.0 lb) for the FCDs with PAM. At site 2, the standard BMPs lost an average of 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) per storm event compared with 0.8 kg (1.8 lb) for the FCDs with PAM. A conservative economic analysis suggests that the costs of the FCDs are lower than the standard BMPs. This study suggests that the use of FCDs with PAM can bring discharges from similar linear construction projects much closer to the regulatory guidelines for non-point source discharges than the current standard practices.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={McLaughlin, R. A. and King, S. E. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2009}, pages={144–154} }
 @article{mclaughlin_hayes_clinton_mccaleb_jennings_2009, title={Water quality improvements using modified sediment control systems on construction sites}, volume={52}, DOI={10.13031/2013.29214}, abstractNote={A study of the water quality of discharges from three different sediment control systems was conducted on a large construction site in North Carolina. Samples were obtained during storm events at the outlets of 11 of these systems using automatic samplers. Turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) were measured, and a storm-weighted average (SWA) was determined for the systems. Water discharged from five standard sediment traps with rock dam outlets and unlined diversion ditches with rock check dams had an SWA turbidity of 4,320 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and an SWA peak of 12,640 NTU over a total of 26 storm events. The representative TSS values were 4,130 and 11,800 mg L-1, respectively. Measurements of runoff entering and exiting the traps suggested that heavy sediment was being captured, but turbidity was not reduced. Three traps with modifications including forebays, porous baffles, improved ditch stabilization (lining, additional check dams), and polyacrylamide application had SWA and peak turbidity of 990 and 1,580 NTU, respectively, over a total of 31 events. Total suspended solids were also much lower, at 740 and 1,810 mg L-1, respectively. Three basins with these same modifications, but with surface outlets, had somewhat higher average SWA values (1,560 NTU, 820 mg L-1), suggesting that the outlet type may not improve discharge water quality above the benefits of the other modifications to the standard sediment trap. However, when one of the latter systems was at optimal function, turbidity was reduced to below the receiving stream water levels (<100 NTU). These results strongly suggest that relatively simple modifications of commonly employed sediment trapping systems can dramatically improve discharge water quality and reduce the impacts on receiving waters.}, number={6}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={McLaughlin, R. A. and Hayes, S. A. and Clinton, D. L. and McCaleb, M. S. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2009}, pages={1859–1867} }
 @article{bhardwaj_mclaughlin_babcock_2008, title={Energy dissipation and chemical treatment to improve stilling basin performance}, volume={51}, DOI={10.13031/2013.25321}, abstractNote={Surface water pumped from construction sites frequently contains high levels of turbidity and suspended sediment, which are not effectively removed using gravity-based systems. This study assessed the effects of modifying a permanent pool stilling basin with energy dissipaters and with the addition of polyacrylamide (PAM) on turbidity and suspended sediments. Turbidity was generated by injecting soil into flowing water at a fixed rate for 30 min in a source basin. Turbid water from this basin was pumped from the surface to the stilling basin with physical and chemical treatments. Three energy dissipater treatments were tested: bottom inlet level spreader (BILS; silt fence fabric installed with 40 mm opening from the basin bottom), coir baffles (900 g m-2 coir fabric with 0.45 open space fraction (OSF), and Pyramat baffles (synthetic fabric with 0.10 OSF). The tests were run either with or without PAM dosing by passing the flow over a solid PAM block at the stilling basin inlet. The physical treatments (i.e., energy dissipation) did not significantly affect the turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) of the water exiting the basin, which were reduced by up to 29% and 36%, respectively. The chemical treatment was much more effective regardless of the physical treatment, either in combination or alone, reducing turbidity and TSS up to 88% and 84%, respectively. The baffle materials collected much more suspended sediment when PAM was added, with twice as much sticking to the coir than the Pyramat, although overall the latter may be more effective in settling the flocs. The patterns of turbidity and TSS within the basin suggest that only one porous baffle is adequate for PAM-treated water, and that the reduction observed near the outlet was likely floc interception by the sloped wall of the basin outlet. This study provides a relatively simple, inexpensive approach to improving the function of stilling basins for treating turbid water.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Bhardwaj, A. K. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Babcock, D. L.}, year={2008}, pages={1645–1652} }
 @article{bhardwaj_mclaughlin_shainberg_levy_2008, title={Polyacrylamide and exchangeable cation effects on the hydraulic conductivity and flocculation of depositional seals made of different clays}, volume={73}, journal={Soil Science Society of America Journal}, author={Bhardwaj, A.K. and McLaughlin, R.A. and Shainberg, I. and Levy, G.J.}, year={2008}, pages={910–918} }
 @article{mccaleb_mclaughlin_2008, title={Sediment trapping by five different sediment detention devices on construction sites}, volume={51}, DOI={10.13031/2013.25318}, abstractNote={Sediment pollution from construction sites has been of increasing concern, since the impacts on nearby streams can be severe. Five sediment trapping devices were monitored on construction sites in the Piedmont region of North Carolina to determine their trapping efficiency and the improvement in the water quality of their discharges. For each device, discharges were measured and sampled over periods of 5 to 13 months and the amount of trapped sediment was determined. Three of the devices were basins with rock outlets designed for 10-year recurrence storms with the following differences: one device was over excavated to have a 1 m standing pool, one device had silt fence baffles with weirs, and one device was open and fully drained. The fourth basin with a rock outlet was open and fully drained but sized for a 25-year storm. The fifth device was sized for a 25-year recurrence storm and had a floating surface outlet and solid riser spillways plus porous baffles within the basin. The three rock outlet basins that fully drained retained 30,000 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and from 20,000 to 168,000 mg L-1, respectively. There was a high correlation between turbidity and TSS among all the discharge samples. This study suggests that typical sediment traps are inadequate for retaining construction site sediment using current design criteria. It is possible, however, to have very effective sediment retention using recent advances in design.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={McCaleb, M. M. and McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2008}, pages={1613–1621} }
 @article{bhardwaj_mclaughlin_2008, title={Simple polyacrylamide dosing systems for turbidity reduction in stilling basins}, volume={51}, DOI={10.13031/2013.25324}, abstractNote={Stilling basins are often ineffective in reducing turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) in water containing fine sediments. This study determined the effectiveness of two polyacrylamide (PAM) dosing systems to flocculate suspended materials and the influence that porous baffles have on the two systems. Turbid water was generated by injecting soil into pond water flowing into a mixing basin for 30 min. Turbid water containing mostly fine suspended sediments was pumped from the surface of the mixing basin to a test stilling basin with physical and chemical treatments. The physical treatments were either an open basin or one with three porous baffles of 900 g m-3 coir matting. The chemical treatment was either passive using a PAM block or active using a PAM solution injected into the water pump intake at 4 mg L-1 in the pumped water. The passive treatment involved pumping turbid water over the PAM block at the basin entrance, dissolving the PAM as the water flowed over the block. Sampling for turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) was done at 5 min intervals at the inlet, outlet weir, and four surface and bottom points inside the basin. In laboratory screening for PAM formulation and dose, tests conducted with whole soil resulted in greatly reduced turbidity, while those with only the suspended fraction had a much lower turbidity reduction. In the stilling basin, detention times of 1.5 or 24 h both had no effect on turbidity or TSS at the outlet. The turbidity of untreated discharges ranged from 220 to 260 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), while both active and passive dosing significantly decreased the turbidity by 66% to 88%. Porous baffles had little effect compared to the PAM treatment. The active PAM treatment significantly reduced TSS at the outlet by up to 80%, but the 45% to 65% reduction by the passive system was not significantly different from the untreated tests. Patterns within the basins indicated that suspended flocs in PAM-treated water may have been intercepted and removed by the sloped dam wall, a phenomenon not observed in the untreated water.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Bhardwaj, A. K. and McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2008}, pages={1653–1662} }
 @article{moore_mclaughlin_mitosova_line_2007, title={Calibrating WEPP Model parameters for erosion prediction on construction sites}, volume={50}, number={2}, journal={Trans. Am. Soc. Ag. Eng. Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Moore, A.D. and McLaughlin, R.A. and Mitosova, H. and Line, D.E.}, year={2007}, pages={507–516} }
 @article{moore_mclaughlin_mitasova_line_2007, title={Calibrating WEPP model parameters for erosion prediction on construction sites}, volume={50}, DOI={10.13031/2013.22639}, abstractNote={Soil erosion on construction sites can be many times greater than on agricultural fields, yet there has been little modeling done for construction conditions. The objective of our study was to calibrate management and soil parameters in the agriculturally based model Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) for construction and post-construction site conditions. Data from a 4 ha watershed at various stages of construction in Wake County, North Carolina, were used to compare model results with measured runoff volume and sediment yields. Model simulations were performed in GeoWEPP, a geospatial interface designed for WEPP that operates within ArcView GIS. Model parameters were adjusted from WEPP default parameters as supported by the literature and site observations. Predicted values were regressed against field data for Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE), with NSE > 0.50 regarded as satisfactory performance. We were able to generate runoff and sediment yields comparable to observed values by replacing soil surface properties with subsoil properties, in conjunction with the cutslope management parameter file in WEPP. We found a similar agreement between predicted and observed values for stabilized conditions by increasing critical shear stress from 0.3 to 10 Pa for the soil input layer. In addition, changes to the model source code to reduce the lower limit of effective hydraulic conductivity (Kef) for impermeable surfaces resulted in improved runoff NSE, but consequently increased sediment yield on areas with higher Kef values. WEPP has great potential for modeling applications on construction sites; however, more validation studies are needed to confirm and expand upon our findings.}, number={2}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Moore, A. D. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Mitasova, H. and Line, D. E.}, year={2007}, pages={507–516} }
 @article{mclaughlin_bartholomew_2007, title={Effects of polyacrylamide and soil properties on flocculation}, volume={71}, journal={Soil Science Society of America Journal}, author={McLaughlin, R.A. and Bartholomew, N.}, year={2007}, pages={537–544} }
 @article{mclaughlin_bartholomew_2007, title={Soil factors influencing suspended sediment flocculation by polyacrylamide}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0361-5995"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2006.0163}, abstractNote={Turbidity in stormwater runoff may be treated with polyacrylamide (PAM) to flocculate suspended sediment, but the relationships between PAM properties and those of the suspended sediment have not been widely studied. Our objective was to determine how soil physical and chemical properties affected flocculation by PAMs with a variety of characteristics. Subsoil materials were collected from 13 active construction sites around North Carolina. These were tested for flocculation using PAMs with charge densities of 0 to 50% and molecular weights of 14 to 28 Mg mol−1, at concentrations of 0.025 to 10 mg L−1 Soil was added to solutions of single and mixed PAMs with various molecular weights and charge densities and the turbidity was measured 30 s after mixing. Five kaolinitic subsoils had linear responses to PAM regardless of molecular weight or charge density, with an optimal dose of 1 to 2 mg L−1 to obtain >96% reduction in turbidity. Increased turbidity, indicating stabilization, occurred for two additional soils with anionic PAM concentrations >0.5 mg L−1, but a neutral or a mixed anionic PAM product reduced turbidity at those concentrations. The remaining six suboils had widely differing patterns of response, including little or no turbidity reduction with any single anionic PAM. Increasing smectite and vermiculite content (>20%) in suboils from the Coastal Plain reduced the effectiveness of single, anionic PAMs for flocculation. The mixed anionic PAM, however, reduced turbidity in most subsoils and did not have a stabilization reaction at higher concentrations (1–5 mg L−1). Texture, mineralogy, and extractable Fe were highly correlated with reductions in turbidity with PAM, but most of the differences in flocculation occurred in subsoils with 20% or more smectite or vermiculite.}, number={2}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={McLaughlin, Richard A. and Bartholomew, Nathanael}, year={2007}, pages={537–544} }
 @article{mclaughlin_brown_2006, title={Evaluation of erosion control products with and without added polyacrylamide}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04484.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been demonstrated to greatly reduce erosion in furrow irrigation, but much less is known about its effectiveness on the much steeper slopes typical of construction sites. The purpose of this study was to determine if anionic PAM would enhance erosion control either alone on bare soil or in combination with four types of ground covers commonly used for grass establishment: straw, straw erosion control blanket (ECB), wood fiber, and mechanically bonded fiber matrix (MBFM). Tests were conducted under natural rainfall and vegetation on a 4 percent slope (bare soil, straw, ECB, and MBFM) or using a rainfall simulator (bare soil, straw, wood fiber, MBFM) on either 10 percent or 20 percent slope on three different soil substrates. All ground cover treatments were evaluated with and without PAM applied in solution at 19 kg/ha. The straw, ECB, and MBFM significantly reduced runoff volume, average turbidity, and total sediment lost over five rainfall events on the vegetated plots. The addition of PAM to ground covers only occasionally had significant effects on runoff parameters but did significantly increase vegetative coverage overall. The rainfall simulator tests produced similar results after four events, with the straw, wood fiber, and MBFM all having significantly lower turbidity than the bare soil. The PAM significantly reduced turbidity for both the first and second events but did not consistently improve runoff quality after multiple rainfall events for any ground cover‐soil combinations tested. Separate tests of PAM applied before or after straw did not indicate a clear advantage of either approach, but runoff turbidity was often significantly reduced with PAM, especially at the 20 percent slope. Turbidity reductions were attributed to flocculation of eroded sediment.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={McLaughlin, Richard A. and Brown, Tabitha T.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={675–684} }
 @article{hayes_mclaughlin_osmond_2005, title={Polyacrylamide use for erosion and turbidity control on construction sites}, volume={60}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Soil & Water Conservation}, author={Hayes, S. A. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Osmond, D. L.}, year={2005}, pages={193–199} }
 @article{thaxton_mclaughlin_2005, title={Sediment capture effectiveness of various baffles types in a sediment retention pond}, volume={48}, DOI={10.13031/2013.20013}, abstractNote={The relative sediment trapping effectiveness of a permanent-pool sediment retention pond was assessed due to the installation of baffles composed of different materials commonly used on construction sites. A suite of experiments was performed at the Sediment and Erosion Control Research and Education Facility (SECREF) at North Carolina State University in which an acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to record steady-state flow velocity data at 50 grid points within the pond at three steady input flow rates. Hydrodynamic data were taken for free flow and for three different baffle materials: jute germination blanket backed by coir fiber, standard tree protection fence, folded and tied together into three layers to reduce pore size, and standard silt fabric with weirs. The experiments were conducted with a characterized soil injected upstream at a fixed rate with sampling at the outlet. At the completion of each baffle experiment, particle size distribution was determined for sediment deposits at fixed points in the pond bed. Analysis of the hydrodynamic data suggests that all baffles greatly reduced and diffused flow compared to an open pond. The jute/coir baffle outperformed a standard silt fence with weirs and a triple layer of tree protection fence. Results from soil composition analysis and exit turbidity measurements per baffle configuration confirmed that the jute/coir baffle was the most effective in improving sediment retention in the pond.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Thaxton, C.S. and McLaughlin, R.A.}, year={2005}, pages={1795–1802} }
 @book{mclaughlin_2004, title={A systematic evaluation of polyacrylamide for sediment and turbidity control}, number={352}, journal={Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina)}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina}, author={McLaughlin, R. A.}, year={2004} }
 @article{thaxton_calantoni_mclaughlin_2004, title={Hydrodynamic assessment of various types of baffles in a sediment detention pond}, volume={47}, DOI={10.13031/2013.15614}, abstractNote={We assess the relative improvement to the sediment trapping effectiveness of apermanent-pool sediment detention pond due to the installation of baffles composed ofdifferent materials commonly used on construction sites. A suite of experiments wasperformed at the Sediment and Erosion Control Research and Education Facility(SECREF) at North Carolina State University in which an acoustic Doppler velocimeterwas used to record steady-state flow velocity and signal-to-noise ratio data at 50 gridpoints within the pond at three different fixed input flow rates. The maximum mean flowvelocity in the pond, averaged over all input flow rates, is reduced to roughly 25% of thefree flow maximum mean flow velocity by the presence of a jute germination geotextilebacked by coir fiber. A standard tree protection fence, folded and tied together into threelayers for stability, reduces the free flow maximum mean velocity by 35%, while astandard silt fence reduces the free flow maximum mean velocity by 45%. Signal-tonoiseratio degradation along the length of the pond confirms that the installed jute/coirand tree baffles most effectively reduce the concentration of turbulent density frontsresponsible for Doppler backscatter over that of silt baffles or free flow. In addition,analysis of the transverse velocity variance and vertical velocity gradients for eachexperiment further demonstrates that the jute/coir and tree baffles most effectively diffuseinflow momentum. The results of our analysis are used to project a theoretical sedimenttrapping efficiency based on Stoke's settling.}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Thaxton, C.S. and Calantoni, J. and McLaughlin, R.A.}, year={2004}, pages={741–749} }
 @inbook{klaine_mclaughlin_bellinger_forsythe_mccarthy_rainwater_2001, place={Upper Saddle River, New Jersey}, title={Best Golf Course Environmental Protection Strategies}, booktitle={Best Golf Course Practices}, publisher={Prentice-Hall}, author={Klaine, S.J. and McLaughlin, R.A. and Bellinger, B. and Forsythe, B.L. and McCarthy, L.B. and Rainwater, T.R.}, year={2001} }
 @inbook{bellinger_mclaughlin_mccarthy_2001, place={Upper Saddle River, New Jersey}, title={Effective, Safe, and Legal Use of Pesticides}, booktitle={Best Golf Course Practices}, publisher={Prentice-Hall}, author={Bellinger, B. and McLaughlin, R.A. and McCarthy, L.B.}, year={2001} }
 @article{line_osmond_mclaughlin_harman_tweedy_lombardo_spooner_2000, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={72}, number={5}, journal={Water Environment Research}, author={Line, D.E. and Osmond, D.L. and McLaughlin, R.A. and Harman, W.A. and Tweedy, K.L. and Lombardo, L.A. and Spooner, J.}, year={2000}, pages={1054–1069} }
 @article{line_jennings_mclaughlin_osmond_harman_lombardo_tweedy_spooner_1999, title={Nonpoint Sources}, volume={71}, number={5}, journal={Water Environment Research}, author={Line, D.E. and Jennings, G.D. and McLaughlin, R.A. and Osmond, D.L. and Harman, W.A. and Lombardo, L.A. and Tweedy, K.L. and Spooner, J.}, year={1999}, pages={1054–1069} }
 @misc{line_jennings_mclaughlin_osmond_harman_lombardo_tweedy_spooner_1999, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143099X133965}, abstractNote={Water Environment ResearchVolume 71, Issue 5 p. 1054-1069 Fate and Effect of PollutantFree Access Nonpoint Sources Daniel E. Line, Daniel E. LineSearch for more papers by this authorGregory D. Jennings, Gregory D. JenningsSearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. McLaughlin, Richard A. McLaughlinSearch for more papers by this authorDeanna L. Osmond, Deanna L. OsmondSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam A. Harman, William A. HarmanSearch for more papers by this authorLaura A. Lombardo, Laura A. LombardoSearch for more papers by this authorKevin L. Tweedy, Kevin L. TweedySearch for more papers by this authorJean Spooner, Jean SpoonerSearch for more papers by this author Daniel E. Line, Daniel E. LineSearch for more papers by this authorGregory D. Jennings, Gregory D. JenningsSearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. McLaughlin, Richard A. McLaughlinSearch for more papers by this authorDeanna L. Osmond, Deanna L. OsmondSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam A. Harman, William A. HarmanSearch for more papers by this authorLaura A. Lombardo, Laura A. LombardoSearch for more papers by this authorKevin L. Tweedy, Kevin L. TweedySearch for more papers by this authorJean Spooner, Jean SpoonerSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 August 1999 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143099X133965Citations: 13AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume71, Issue51999 Literature ReviewAugust 1999Pages 1054-1069 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and Jennings, GD and McLaughlin, RA and Osmond, DL and Harman, WA and Lombardo, LA and Tweedy, KL and Spooner, J}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={1054–1069} }
 @misc{line_mclaughlin_osmond_jennings_harman_lombardo_spooner_1998, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143098X134514}, abstractNote={and Renormalized Perturbation Expansion. Adv. Water Res., 20,5. Zhang, R.D. (1997a) Determination of Soil Sorptivity and Hydraulic Conductivity from the Disk Infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61,4. Zhang, R.D. (I997b) Infiltration Models for the Disk Infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 6. Zhang, R.; Shouse, S.; and Yates, S. (1997) Use of Pseudo-Crossvariograms and Cokriging to Improve Estimates of Soil Solute Concentrations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 5. Zhang, Y.K. (1997) On the Variances of 2nd Spatial Moments of a Nonergodic Plume in Heterogeneous Aquifers. Water Resour. Res., 33,8. Zhang, Y.M.; Maier, W.I.; and Miller, R.M. (1997) Effect of Rhamnolipids on the Dissolution, Bioavailability and Biodegradation of Phenanthrene. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 8. Zhao, L.T.; Gray, D.M.; and Male, D.H. (1997) Numerical Analysis of Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer during Infiltration into Frozen Ground. J. Hydrol., 200. Zhou, D.G., and Blunt, M. (1997) Effect of Spreading Coefficient on the Distribution of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid in the Subsurface. J. Contam. Hydro/., 25, I. Zhou, J.L.; Rowland, 5.1.; Mantoura, R.F.; and Lane, M.e. (1997) Desorption of Teftuthrin Insecticide from Soil in Simulated RainfallRunoff Systems-Kinetic-Studies and Modeling. Water Res. (G.B.), 31, 1.}, number={4}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and McLaughlin, RA and Osmond, DL and Jennings, GD and Harman, WA and Lombardo, LA and Spooner, J}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={895–912} }
 @book{mclaughlin_1998, title={Pesticides in North Carolina ground water}, number={1998 Apr. 1}, journal={Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina)}, institution={Raleigh, NC: University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute}, author={McLaughlin, R.}, year={1998} }
 @misc{line_osmond_coffey_mclaughlin_jennings_gale_spooner_1997, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143097X135055}, abstractNote={Micellar Solubilization of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar-Contaminated Soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30,2104. Yiacoumi, S., and Rao, A.V. (1996) Organic Solute Uptake from Aqueous Solutions by Soil: A New Diffusion Model. Water Resour. Res., 32, 431. Yonezawa, e.; Tanaka, T.; and Kamioka, H. (1996) Water-Rock Reactions During Gamma-Ray Irradiation. Appl. Geochem., 11, 461. Yoon, J.-H., and Shoemaker, e.A. (1996) Applications of SALQR and Evolutionary Algorithms to Optimization of Groundwater Bioremediation. Computat. Methods Water Resour. XI, Cancun, Mexico, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., 1,383. You, e.N., and Liu, J.e. (1996) Desorptive Behavior of Chlorophenols in Contaminated Soils. Water Sci. Technol. (G.B.), 33, 263. You, G.R.; Sayles, G.D.; Kupferle, M.J.; Kim, I.S.; and Bishop, P.L. (1996) Anaerobic DDT Biotransformation: Enhancement by Application of Surfactants and Low Oxidation Reduction Potential. Chemosphere, 32, 2269. Yu, S.C.T. (1995) Transport and Fate of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Vadose Zone-A Literature Review with Discussions on Regulatory Implications. J. Soil Contam., 4, 25. Yu, Y.S.; Bailey, G.W.; and Jin, X.C. (1996) Application of a Lumped, Nonlinear Kinetics Model to Metal Sorption on Humic Substances. 1. Environ. Qual., 25, 552. Zaidel, J.; Russo, D.; and Feldman, G. (1996) Theoretical Analysis of the Impact of Vapor Transport on the NAPL Distribution in Dry Soils. Adv. Water Resour., 19, 145. Zegeling, P.A. (1996) Numerical Solution of Advection-Dispersion Models Using Dynamically-Moving Adaptive Grids. Computat. Methods Water Resour. XI, Cancun, Mex., Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., 1, 593. Zhang, D., and Zhang, Y.-K. (1996) Higher-Order Velocity Covariance and Its Effect on Advective Transport in Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Anisotropic Media. Computat. Methods Water Resour. Xl, Cancun, Mex., Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., 1, 689. Zhang, D.X., and Neuman, S.P. (1996a) Head and Velocity Covariances Under Quasi-Steady State Flow and Their Effects on Advective Transport. Water Resour. Res., 32,77.}, number={4}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and Osmond, DL and Coffey, SW and McLaughlin, RA and Jennings, GD and Gale, JA and Spooner, J}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={844–860} }
 @article{mclaughlin_johnson_1997, title={Optimizing recoveries of two chlorotriazine herbicide metabolites and 11 pesticides from aqueous samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry}, volume={790}, ISSN={["0021-9673"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00717-6}, abstractNote={A method was developed for solid-phase extraction of two chlorotriazine herbicide metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), from aqueous samples. Two C18 phases in cartridge format were compared and recoveries were found to be highly sensitive to sorbent amount, sample volume and presence of parent compounds. Recoveries were significantly improved using a partially non-endcapped C18 phase compared to the normal C18 phase, particularly for DIA, apparently due to polar interactions. Combinations of sample volume and sorbent amount were tested using deionized water to determine an optimal combination of 200 ml and 1.0 g, respectively. Recoveries from a variety of river, stream, runoff and ground waters averaged 105-116% and 109-117% at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 ng/ml for DIA and DEA, respectively, with minimum detection limits of 0.05 ng/ml. Other pesticides tested also have acceptable recoveries using this method.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A}, author={McLaughlin, RA and Johnson, BS}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={161–167} }
 @article{hansen_mclaughlin_pope_1988, title={Biomass and nitrongen dynamics in irrigated hybrid poplar plantations: implications for fertilization strategy}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, author={Hansen, E.A. and McLaughlin, R.A. and Pope, P.E.}, year={1988}, pages={223–230} }
 @article{mclaughlin_pope_hansen_1985, title={Ground cover and fertilizer in a hybrid poplar plantation: effects on nitrate leaching}, volume={14}, journal={Journal of Environmental Quality}, author={McLaughlin, R.A. and Pope, P.E. and Hansen, E.A.}, year={1985}, pages={241–245} }