@article{shiau_burchell_krauss_broome_birgand_2021, title={Carbon storage potential in a recently created brackish marsh in eastern North Carolina, USA (vol 127, pg 579, 2019)}, volume={168}, ISSN={["1872-6992"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106276}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Shiau, Yo-Jin and Burchell, Michael R. and Krauss, Ken W. and Broome, Stephen W. and Birgand, Francois}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
@article{kurki-fox_burchell_vepraskas_broome_2021, title={Characterizing copper and zinc content in forested wetland soils of North Carolina, USA}, volume={193}, ISSN={["1573-2959"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09618-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10661-021-09618-6}, number={12}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kurki-Fox, J. Jack and Burchell, Michael R., II and Vepraskas, Michael J. and Broome, Stephen W.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
@article{franzluebbers_broome_pritchett_wagger_lowder_woodruff_lovejoy_2021, title={Multispecies cover cropping promotes soil health in no-tillage cropping systems of North Carolina}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.2021.00087}, abstractNote={Moving agricultural production systems toward a greater level of soil health is needed for sustainability. Conservation agricultural systems utilizing no or minimum tillage are an important step forward, but enhancing carbon (C) inputs with diverse cover crops and facilitating biologically active nitrogen (N) cycling are also needed. Summer cash-crop systems, particularly in the warm-humid region of the southeastern United States, may benefit from multispecies winter cover cropping if sufficient biomass were produced. We implemented a research and demonstration project utilizing multispecies cover cropping in 15 counties of North Carolina during 2015 to 2019 to assess biomass production and its effect on surface-soil properties. Winter cover crop biomass production was variable among locations, but exceeded 3,790 kg ha–1 in one-third of trials. Nitrogen contained in aboveground cover crop biomass exceeded 60 kg ha–1 in the upper third of trials. Of 30 soil properties measured in each site-year (n = 31) at depths of 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm, soil-test biological activity, C mineralization during 24 days, total soil N, and Mehlich-III phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were most consistently affected when comparing multispecies cover cropping with either no or single-species cover cropping. Despite relatively short duration of evaluations (i.e., mostly one to two years), we were able to elucidate that winter multispecies cover cropping has potential to improve soil health conditions in the region. Soil-test biological activity demonstrated the living nature of soil and was sensitive to conservation agricultural management. The support of a hands-on farmer and adviser network encouraged success.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Franzluebbers, A. J. and Broome, S. W. and Pritchett, K. L. and Wagger, M. G. and Lowder, N. and Woodruff, S. and Lovejoy, M.}, year={2021}, pages={263–275} }
@article{shiau_burchell_krauss_broome_birgand_2019, title={Carbon storage potential in a recently created brackish marsh in eastern North Carolina, USA}, volume={127}, ISSN={0925-8574}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.007}, abstractNote={Carbon (C) sequestration through accumulated plant biomass and storage in soils can potentially make wetland ecosystems net C sinks. Here, we collected GHG flux, plant biomass, and litter decomposition data from three distinct vegetation zones (Spartina alterniflora, Juncus roemerianus and Spartina patens) on a 7-year-old created brackish marsh in North Carolina, USA, and integrate these data into an overall C mass balance budget. The marsh fixed an average of 1.85 g C m−2 day−1 through plant photosynthesis. About 41–46% of the fixed C remained in plants, while 18.4% of the C was decomposed and released back to the atmosphere as CO2 and CH4, and 8.6–13.2% of the decomposed C was stored as soil C. In all, this created marsh sequestered 28.7–44.7 Mg CO2 year−1 across the 14 ha marsh. Because the brackish marsh emitted only small amounts of CH4 and N2O, the CO2 equivalent emission of the marsh was −0.87 to −0.56 g CO2-eq m−2 day−1, indicating the marsh has a net effect in reducing GHGs to the atmosphere and contributes to cooling. However, resultant CO2 credit (through the increment of soil C) would be worth only $30.76–$47.90 USD per hectare annually, or $431–$671 per year for the project, which, coupled with other enhanced ecosystem services, could provide landowners with some additional economic incentive for future creation projects. Nevertheless, C mass balance determinations and radiative cooling metrics showed promise in demonstrating the potential of a young created brackish marsh to act as a net carbon sink.}, journal={Ecological Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Shiau, Yo-Jin and Burchell, Michael R. and Krauss, Ken W. and Broome, Stephen W. and Birgand, Francois}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={579–588} }
@article{broome_craft_burchell_2019, title={Tidal Marsh Creation}, ISBN={["978-0-444-63893-9"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-444-63893-9.00022-8}, abstractNote={Salt and brackish water tidal marshes are productive wetlands that provide ecosystem services including habitat, food energy for the estuarine food web, maintenance of water quality, storage of storm water, buffering storm waves and reducing shoreline erosion, carbon sequestration, and socioeconomic benefits. Loss of tidal marshes occurs as a result of dredging, filling, tidal restrictions, subsidence, sea level rise, and erosion. To mitigate those losses, techniques have been developed to create marshes on sites where they did not previously exist. The goal of tidal marsh creation is to provide habitats similar in structure and function to natural marshes. Because tides are the controlling abiotic factor of tidal marshes, the most critical requirement for creating new marshes is constructing sites at the correct elevation relative to the local tidal regime. Other important site-related factors that must be considered to insure successful marsh creation are slope, drainage, wave climate, currents, salinity, and soil physicochemical properties. Cultural practices that are important to establishment of vegetation include selection of native plant species, seed collection and storage, seedling production, site preparation, soil testing, fertilization, handling of transplants, timing of planting, plant spacing, control of undesirable invasive plants, and maintenance until the marsh is self-sustaining. The criteria used to define successful tidal marsh creation are often controversial. Plant communities may be equivalent to natural reference marshes in a few years, whereas other characteristics, such as soil organic matter, and numbers and species of benthic invertebrates require much longer to reach equivalence. When marsh creation technology is properly applied, tidal marshes can be created that provide many of the same ecosystems services that are provided by natural systems.}, journal={COASTAL WETLANDS: AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH, 2ND EDITION}, author={Broome, Stephen W. and Craft, Christopher B. and Burchell, Michael R.}, year={2019}, pages={789–816} }
@article{messer_burchell_birgand_broome_chescheir_2017, title={Nitrate removal potential of restored wetlands loaded with agricultural drainage water: A mesocosm scale experimental approach}, volume={106}, ISSN={0925-8574}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2017.06.022}, DOI={10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2017.06.022}, abstractNote={Wetland restoration is often conducted in Eastern U.S. coastal plain watersheds alongside agricultural lands that frequently export significant amounts of nitrogen in drainage water. Restoration plans that incorporate the addition of agricultural drainage water can simultaneously increase the success of achieving a target hydroperiod and reduce discharge of nitrogen to nearby surface water. The potential nitrogen removal effectiveness of two wetland restoration sites with such a restoration plan was evaluated in a two-year mesocosm study. Six large wetland mesocosms (3.5 m long × 0.9 m wide × 0.75 m deep) along with unplanted controls were used in this experiment. Three replicates of two soils that differed in organic matter and pH were planted with soft-stem bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) and allowed to develop in the two growing seasons prior to the study. Simulated drainage water was loaded into the mesocosms over eighteen batch studies across seasons with target nitrate-N levels between 2.5 to 10 mg L−1. Grab samples were collected from the water column and analyzed for nitrate-N, dissolved organic carbon, and chloride, along with other environmental parameters such as pH, water temperature, and soil redox. Seasonally, nitrogen and carbon within the wetland plants and soil were also measured. Multivariate statistical analyses were utilized to determine differences in nitrate-N reductions between treatments. Variables included carbon availability, temperature, antecedent moisture condition, nitrogen loading, and water pH. Contrary to the hypothesis that higher nitrate-N removal rates would be observed in the wetlands with higher organic matter, overall removal rates were higher in the wetland mesocosms containing Deloss soils (WET-Min) (maximum of 726 mg m−2 d−1) than those containing Scuppernong soil (WET-Org) (maximum of 496 mg m−2 d−1) and were dependent on daily NO3-N concentrations and season. Significant differences in NO3-N removal were found between seasons and soil types (α = 0.05), which helped to provide insight to the expected magnitude of nitrogen removal within these systems throughout the year, and potential mechanisms (i.e. denitrification vs. plant uptake) that will govern these removals.}, journal={Ecological Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Messer, Tiffany L. and Burchell, Michael R., II and Birgand, François and Broome, Stephen W. and Chescheir, George}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={541–554} }
@article{shiau_burchell_krauss_birgand_broome_2016, title={Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Created Brackish Marsh in Eastern North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={0277-5212 1943-6246}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0815-y}, DOI={10.1007/s13157-016-0815-y}, number={6}, journal={Wetlands}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Shiau, Yo-Jin and Burchell, Michael R. and Krauss, Ken W. and Birgand, Francois and Broome, Stephen W.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1009–1024} }
@article{slusher_vepraskas_broome_2014, title={Evaluating Responses of Four Wetland Plant Species to Different Hydroperiods}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2013.06.0227}, abstractNote={Previous work has estimated the hydroperiod requirements (saturation duration and frequency) of wetland plant communities by modeling their hydrologic regimes in natural (never drained) wetlands for a 40-yr period. This study tested the modeled predictions in a controlled greenhouse study using tree species representing three of the plant communities plus an additional species from another community. Bald cypress ( L. Rich.), sweet bay ( L.), pond pine ( Michx.), and swamp chestnut oak ( Nutt.) were grown under three hydroperiods (continuously ponded for 100 d, intermittently ponded for 14 d, and unsaturated) in loamy sand and sapric (organic) materials. Bald cypress (representing a Nonriverine Swamp Forest community) adapted well to 100 d of ponding by producing lateral roots near the soil surface and aerenchyma tissue in roots and stem. Sweet bay (Bay Forest community) also adapted well to 100 d of ponding by producing adventitious roots on the submerged portion of the stem. Pond pine (Pond Pine Woodland) and swamp chestnut oak (Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forest) were intolerant of 100 d of ponded conditions. Seventy-five percent of the pond pine seedlings and 87% of the swamp chestnut oak seedlings died in the continuously ponded treatment level, whereas 100% of the bald cypress and 88% of the sweet bay seedlings survived. Results from this study suggest that modeled long-term hydroperiods of natural wetland plant communities can be used for restoration of these communities.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Slusher, C. E. and Vepraskas, M. J. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2014}, pages={723–731} }
@article{ewing_vepraskas_broome_white_2012, title={Differences in Wetland Soil Chemical Soil Properties after 15, 20, and 30 Years of Drainage and Agricultural Production}, volume={179-180}, ISSN={["1872-6259"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.02.018}, abstractNote={When wetland restoration occurs on land previously used for crop production, residual nutrients can cause undesirable plant communities to grow, and increased solubility of excess P may contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. This study assessed how agricultural production in a drained wetland during 15, 20, and 30 yr periods changed morphological and chemical soil properties as compared to natural wetland soils not used for agriculture. The drained wetland, Juniper Bay, is a Carolina bay located in southeastern North Carolina. Three relatively undisturbed Carolina bays with soil types similar to those in Juniper Bay were selected as reference wetlands to compare soil properties. Three general soil types were identified in all the Carolina bays based on thickness of the organic surface layer: 1) organic soils (Histosols), 2) soils with histic epipedons, and 3) mineral soils. The surface horizon of all three soil types at Juniper Bay where crop production had occurred had significantly greater amounts of extractable P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu, along with higher base saturation and pH than soils in the reference bays. Greater length of time in crop production resulted in significant differences in soil chemical properties with depth. For soils farmed for 15 years, significant increases in extractable nutrients occurred only in the topsoil within approximately 20 cm of the soil surface. After 30 years of crop production, significantly increased amounts of extractable nutrients were present to depths of approximately 1 m. Residual nutrients and the higher pH of previously farmed wetland soils are likely to affect restoration of natural plant communities, which consist of plant species adapted to nutrient poor acid soils. Increased solubility of residual P when wetland hydrology and anaerobic soil conditions are restored may degrade water quality. These factors should be considered in planning wetland restoration projects.}, journal={Geoderma}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ewing, J. and Vepraskas, M.J. and Broome, S.W. and White, J.G.}, year={2012}, pages={73–80} }
@article{kim_amatya_broome_hesterberg_choi_2012, title={Sensitivity analysis of the DRAINWAT model applied to an agricultural watershed in the lower coastal plain, North Carolina, USA}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1747-6585"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857111286&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00283.x}, abstractNote={Abstract The DRAINWAT , DRAINmod for WATershed model, was selected for hydrological modelling to obtain water table depths and drainage outflows at O pen G rounds F arm in C arteret C ounty, N orth C arolina, USA . Six simulated storm events from the study period were compared with the measured data and analysed. Simulation results from the whole study period and selected rainfall events assured that the DRAINWAT model reasonably predicted the water table depths and drainage outflow events even though it underestimated outflows in very dry period after 24 A pril, 2001. The potential evapotranspiration by various calculation methods was found to be the most sensitive parameter in this study. The other three parameters (maximum surface depressional storage, M anning's channel roughness coefficient, and channel bedslope) were not significantly ( α = 0.05) sensitive to the cumulative outflow as expected. The DRAINWAT model may be a useful tool for water management in flat agricultural areas with high water table if it can be calibrated properly with reliable measurements.}, number={1}, journal={WATER AND ENVIRONMENT JOURNAL}, author={Kim, Hyunwoo and Amatya, Devendra M. and Broome, Stephen W. and Hesterberg, Dean L. and Choi, Minha}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={130–145} }
@inproceedings{burchell_skaggs_evans_lee_broome_2007, title={Addition of Organic Matter to Agricultural Ditch Soils to be Used as Constructed Wetlands for Nitrate Treatment}, ISBN={9780784409275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)233}, DOI={10.1061/40927(243)233}, abstractNote={A wetland mesocosm experiment was conducted in eastern N.C. to determine if organic matter (OM) addition to soils existing in ditches that are to be retrofitted into constructed wetlands would improve NO3–-N treatment. Not all soils are suitable for wetland substrate, so OM addition can provide a carbon and nutrient source to the wetland early in its development to enhance denitrification and biomass growth. Batch studies, with various initial NO3–-N concentrations were conducted in surface-flow wetland mesocosms. The results indicated that increasing the organic matter content of a Cape Fear loam soil from 50 g kg–1 (5% d.w.) to 110 g kg–1 (11% d.w.) enhanced NO3–-N wetland treatment efficiency in spring and summer batch studies, but increases to 160 g kg–1 (16% d.w.) OM did not. Increased OM addition and biosolids to the soil significantly increased biomass growth in the second growing season, when compared to no OM addition. Based on the first-order kinetic constants for nitrate reduction calculated from these mesocosm studies, increased OM in the substrate will reduce the area required for wetlands constructed in ditches to treat nitrate-laden drainage water.}, booktitle={World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Burchell, M. R. and Skaggs, R. W. and Evans, R. O. and Lee, C. R. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2007}, month={May} }
@article{burchell_skaggs_lee_broome_chescheir_osborne_2007, title={Substrate organic matter to improve nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2006.0022}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A wetland mesocosm experiment was conducted in eastern North Carolina to determine if organic matter (OM) addition to soils used for in‐stream constructed wetlands would increase NO 3 − –N treatment. Not all soils are suitable for wetland substrate, so OM addition can provide a carbon and nutrient source to the wetland early in its development to enhance denitrification and biomass growth. Four batch studies, with initial NO 3 − –N concentrations ranging from 30 to 120 mg L −1 , were conducted in 2002 in 21 surface‐flow wetland mesocosms. The results indicated that increasing the OM content of a Cape Fear loam soil from 50 g kg −1 (5% dry wt.) to 110 g kg −1 (11% dry wt.) enhanced NO 3 − –N wetland treatment efficiency in spring and summer batch studies, but increases to 160 g kg −1 (16% dry wt.) OM did not. Wetlands constructed with dredged material from the USACE Eagle Island Confined Disposal Facility in Wilmington, NC, with initial OM of 120 g kg −1 (12% dry wt.), showed no improvement in NO 3 − –N treatment efficiency when increased to 180 g kg −1 (18% dry wt.), but did show increased NO 3 − –N treatment efficiency in all batch studies when increased to 220 g kg −1 (22% dry wt.). Increased OM addition and biosolids to the Cape Fear loam and dredged material blends significantly increased biomass growth in the second growing season when compared to no OM addition. Results of this research indicate that increased OM in the substrate will reduce the area required for in‐stream constructed wetlands to treat drainage water in humid regions. It also serves as a demonstration of how dredged material can be used successfully in constructed wetlands, as an alternative to costly storage by the USACE.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Burchell, Michael R., II and Skaggs, R. Wayne and Lee, Charles R. and Broome, Steven and Chescheir, George M. and Osborne, Jason}, year={2007}, pages={194–207} }
@inproceedings{gabr_borden_smith_denton_eggleston_broome_2006, title={Characterization of jetting-induced disturbance zones}, booktitle={3rd Annual GEO3 T2 conference & expo 2006, Charlotte, April, 2006}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: NC Department of Transportation}, author={Gabr, M. A. and Borden, R. H. and Smith, A. W. and Denton, R. L. and Eggleston, D. B. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2006} }
@article{andrews_broome_2006, title={Oak flat restoration on phosphate-mine spoils}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1061-2971"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00123.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Phosphate mining in Beaufort County, North Carolina, impacts a rare plant community type, oak flats (nonriverine wet hardwood forests [NRWHF]). Reclamation of land after mining utilizes three by‐products of mining and manufacturing: clay tailings containing dolomite, low‐pH phosphogypsum, and bucket‐wheel spoil from the surface 10 m. The open mine is backfilled with a blend of phosphogypsum and clay tailings, which may be left as the surface or capped with bucket‐wheel spoil. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using these by‐products as substrates for restoring NRWHF. A field study measured survival of 11 tree and four shrub species planted in replicated plots of blend or bucket‐wheel spoil. Survival at the end of the second growing season was 59% on the blend and 52% on the bucket‐wheel spoil. A greenhouse experiment compared growth of four species of NRWHF oaks on bucket‐wheel spoil, blend, local topsoil (sterilized and unsterilized), and a commercial potting mix. Germination rates of acorns of all four species planted in topsoil were almost double those in bucket‐wheel spoil and 1.5 times greater than those in the blend. Height and stem volume of trees were significantly greater when grown in topsoil than in bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. There was no difference in tree growth on bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. In field and greenhouse soil tests, the blend had cadmium levels over 100 times that of local topsoil and the bucket‐wheel spoil had levels 40 times greater. Leaf chemical analysis in the field and greenhouse found higher cadmium levels in plants grown on the blend than on the bucket‐wheel spoil. These results indicate that the use of topsoil from the advancing mine front may lead to successful restoration of NRWHF.}, number={2}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Andrews, RL and Broome, SW}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={210–219} }
@article{struck_craft_broome_sanclements_sacco_2004, title={Effects of bridge shading on estuarine marsh benthic invertebrate community structure and function}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0364-152X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-004-0032-y}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Struck, SD and Craft, CB and Broome, SW and Sanclements, MD and Sacco, JN}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={99–111} }
@article{craft_megonigal_broome_stevenson_freese_cornell_zheng_sacco_2003, title={The pace of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1890/02-5086}, abstractNote={Ecological attributes were measured along a chronosequence of 1‐ to 28‐yr‐old, constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes to identify trajectories and rates of ecosystem development of wetland structure and function. Attributes related to biological productivity and diversity ( Spartina , epiphytic and sediment algae, benthic invertebrates), soil development (sediment deposition, organic C, N, P, organic matter quality), and microbial processes (C mineralization) were compared among eight constructed marshes and eight paired natural reference marshes. Most ecological attributes developed in a predictable manner over time, and most achieved equivalence to natural marshes 5–15 yr after marsh construction. An exception was soil organic C and N pools (0–30 cm) that, after 28 yr, were significantly lower in constructed marshes. Development of habitat structure ( Spartina stem height and density) and biodiversity (algae and invertebrates) developed concurrently with functional characteristics such as biomass, chlorophyll a, and invertebrate density. Processes related to hydrology, sediment deposition and soil C and N accumulation, developed almost instantaneously with the establishment of Spartina , and young (1‐ to 3‐yr‐old), constructed marshes trapped sediment and sequestered N at higher rates than comparable reference marshes. Development of heterotrophic activity (C mineralization, invertebrate density) was strongly linked to surface (0–10 cm) soil organic C content. Ecosystem development of constructed (and natural) salt marshes depended on a minimum of 100 g N/m 2 (0.05–0.1% N) to support emergent vegetation and 1000 g C/m 2 (0.5–1% C) to sustain the heterotrophic community.}, number={5}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Craft, C and Megonigal, P and Broome, S and Stevenson, J and Freese, R and Cornell, J and Zheng, L and Sacco, J}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1417–1432} }
@article{craft_broome_campbell_2002, title={Fifteen years of vegetation and soil development after brackish-water marsh creation}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1526-100X"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01020.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Aboveground biomass, macro‐organic matter (MOM), and wetland soil characteristics were measured periodically between 1983 and 1998 in a created brackish‐water marsh and a nearby natural marsh along the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina to evaluate the development of wetland vegetation and soil dependent functions after marsh creation. Development of aboveground biomass and MOM was dependent on elevation and frequency of tidal inundation. Aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora , which occupied low elevations along tidal creeks and was inundated frequently, developed to levels similar to the natural marsh (750 to 1,300 g/m 2 ) within three years after creation. Spartina cynosuroides , which dominated interior areas of the marsh and was flooded less frequently, required 9 years to consistently achieve aboveground biomass equivalent to the natural marsh (600 to 1,560 g/m 2 ). Aboveground biomass of Spartina patens , which was planted at the highest elevations along the terrestrial margin and seldom flooded, never consistently developed aboveground biomass comparable with the natural marsh during the 15 years after marsh creation. MOM (0 to 10 cm) generally developed at the same rate as aboveground biomass. Between 1988 and 1998, soil bulk density decreased and porosity and organic C and N pools increased in the created marsh. Like vegetation, wetland soil development proceeded faster in response to increased inundation, especially in the streamside zone dominated by S. alterniflora. We estimated that in the streamside and interior zones, an additional 30 years (nitrogen) to 90 years (organic C, porosity) are needed for the upper 30 cm of created marsh soil to become equivalent to the natural marsh. Wetland soil characteristics of the S. patens community along upland fringe will take longer to develop, more than 200 years. Development of the benthic invertebrate‐based food web, which depends on organic matter enrichment of the upper 5 to 10 cm of soil, is expected to take less time. Wetland soil characteristics and functions of created irregularly flooded brackish marshes require longer to develop compared with regularly flooded salt marshes because reduced tidal inundation slows wetland vegetation and soil development. The hydrologic regime (regularly vs. irregularly flooded) of the “target” wetland should be considered when setting realistic expectations for success criteria of created and restored wetlands.}, number={2}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Craft, C and Broome, S and Campbell, C}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={248–258} }
@inbook{broome_craft_2000, title={Tidal salt marsh restoration, creation, and mitigation}, ISBN={0891181466}, DOI={10.2134/agronmonogr41.c37}, abstractNote={Tidal salt marshes occur in protected, low-energy coastal areas such as estuaries, lagoons, bays and river mouths, and grade into brackish and freshwater marshes where there is significant river flow. The historical loss of tidal wetlands and the goal of "no net loss" of wetlands proposed by former President George Bush have resulted in increased interest in restoration and creation of tidal marshes. Marsh restoration and creation are often used for mitigation to compensate for wetland loss. Nitrogen inputs via N fixation are greater and N losses via denitrification are lower in restored marshes. Careful site selection is important for increasing the probability of success of tidal marsh restoration and creation projects. Techniques for restoring or creating tidal marsh habitat have been developed and applied in many locations with varying degrees of success.}, booktitle={Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands}, publisher={Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy}, author={Broome, S. W. and Craft, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={939} }
@article{craft_reader_sacco_broome_1999, title={Twenty-five years of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes}, volume={9}, DOI={10.2307/2641405}, abstractNote={Wetland creation and restoration are frequently used to replace ecological functions and values lost when natural wetlands are degraded or destroyed. On many sites, restoration of ecological attributes such as secondary production, habitat/species diversity, and wetland soil characteristics do not occur within the first decade, and no long-term studies exist to document the length of time required to achieve complete restoration of wetland dependent functions and values. Characteristics of community structure (macrophyte aboveground biomass, macro-organic matter [MOM], benthic invertebrates) and ecosystem processes (soil development, organic C, N, and P accumulation) of two constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes (established 1971 and 1974) and paired natural S. alterniflora marshes in North Carolina were periodically measured during the past 25 yr. On constructed marshes, the macrophyte community developed quickly, and within 5 to 10 yr, aboveground biomass and MOM were equivalent to or exceeded corresponding values in natural marshes. After 15–25 yr, benthic infauna density and species richness were greater than in the natural marshes. Soil bulk density decreased, and organic C and total N increased over time in constructed marshes, but after 25 yr, soil organic C and N reservoirs were much smaller than in a 2000-yr-old natural marsh. Organic C accumulation was similar in constructed and natural marshes with 12–24% of the net primary production buried annually. Nitrogen accumulation was much higher in constructed marshes (7–12 g·m−2·yr−1) than in natural marshes (2–5 g·m−2·yr−1), reflecting the open biogeochemical cycles and paucity of N in these young ecosystems. Different ecological attributes develop at different rates, with primary producers achieving equivalence during the first 5 yr, followed by the benthic infauna community 5–10 yr later. Accumulation of soil nutrients to levels similar to those of reference marshes may require more time.}, number={4}, journal={Ecological Applications}, author={Craft, C. and Reader, J. and Sacco, J. N. and Broome, S. W.}, year={1999}, pages={1405–1419} }
@article{humenik_szogi_hunt_broome_rice_1999, title={Wastewater utilization: A place for managed wetlands - Review}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1011-2367"]}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.1999.629}, abstractNote={Con~mlctcd wc:~laI1~ arc: being \I~c: