@article{li_zhi_weed_broome_knappe_duckworth_2024, title={Commercial compost amendments inhibit the bioavailability and plant uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil-porewater-lettuce systems}, volume={186}, ISSN={["1873-6750"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.envint.2024.108615}, abstractNote={Compost is widely used in agriculture as fertilizer while providing a practical option for solid municipal waste disposal. However, compost may also contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), potentially impacting soils and leading to PFAS entry into food chains and ultimately human exposure risks via dietary intake. This study examined how compost affects the bioavailability and uptake of eight PFAS (two ethers, three fluorotelomer sulfonates, and three perfluorosulfonates) by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in commercial organic compost-amended, PFAS spiked soils. After 50 days of greenhouse experiment, PFAS uptake by lettuce decreased (by up to 90.5 %) with the increasing compost amendment ratios (0-20 %, w/w), consistent with their decreased porewater concentrations (by 30.7-86.3 %) in compost-amended soils. Decreased bioavailability of PFAS was evidenced by the increased in-situ soil-porewater distribution coefficients (Kd) (by factors of 1.5-7.0) with increasing compost additions. Significant negative (or positive) correlations (R2 ≥ 0.55) were observed between plant bioaccumulation (or Kd) and soil organic carbon content, suggesting that compost amendment inhibited plant uptake of PFAS mainly by increasing soil organic carbon and enhancing PFAS sorption. However, short-chain PFAS alternatives (e.g., perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA)) were effectively translocated to shoots with translocation factors > 2.9, increasing their risks of contamination in leafy vegetables. Our findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive risk assessment of compost-borne PFAS when using commercial compost products in agricultural lands.}, journal={ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Li, Yuanbo and Zhi, Yue and Weed, Rebecca and Broome, Stephen W. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Duckworth, Owen W.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{shiau_burchell_krauss_broome_birgand_2021, title={Carbon storage potential in a recently created brackish marsh in eastern North Carolina, USA (vol 127, pg 579, 2019)}, volume={168}, ISSN={["1872-6992"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106276}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Shiau, Yo-Jin and Burchell, Michael R. and Krauss, Ken W. and Broome, Stephen W. and Birgand, Francois}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{kurki-fox_burchell_vepraskas_broome_2021, title={Characterizing copper and zinc content in forested wetland soils of North Carolina, USA}, volume={193}, ISSN={["1573-2959"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09618-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10661-021-09618-6}, abstractNote={Wetlands are often located in landscape positions where they receive runoff or floodwaters, which may contain toxic trace metals and other pollutants from anthropogenic sources. Over time, this can lead to the accumulation of potentially harmful levels of metals in wetlands soils. To assess the potential risk of Cu and Zn buildup in wetland soils in North Carolina, soil data from 88 wetlands were analyzed. In a subset of 16 wetlands, more intensive sampling was conducted. Samples were analyzed for Mehlich 3 Cu and Zn, and a subset of the samples was analyzed for total Cu and Zn. Overall, Mehlich 3 Cu and Zn were low, with mean values of 0.9 mg/kg for Cu and 3.2 mg/kg for Zn. Warning levels for Mehlich 3 Zn were only exceeded in three of the 88 sites; elevated Mehlich Cu was not observed. Total Cu and Zn were also low, with only a few sites having elevated levels; however, there was not a strong linear relationship between Mehlich 3 and total metals. Mean levels of Mehlich 3 Cu and Zn in wetlands were much lower than for human-impacted upland soils and background threshold concentrations that might be indicative of disturbance were much lower than warning levels for agricultural soils. The very low mobile Zn and Cu in most of these wetlands indicated that these metals do not pose a risk to the biota in most North Carolina wetlands, but wetlands with a direct and significant anthropogenic source of metal contamination could be exceptions.}, number={12}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kurki-Fox, J. Jack and Burchell, Michael R., II and Vepraskas, Michael J. and Broome, Stephen W.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{franzluebbers_broome_pritchett_wagger_lowder_woodruff_lovejoy_2021, title={Multispecies cover cropping promotes soil health in no-tillage cropping systems of North Carolina}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.2021.00087}, abstractNote={Moving agricultural production systems toward a greater level of soil health is needed for sustainability. Conservation agricultural systems utilizing no or minimum tillage are an important step forward, but enhancing carbon (C) inputs with diverse cover crops and facilitating biologically active nitrogen (N) cycling are also needed. Summer cash-crop systems, particularly in the warm-humid region of the southeastern United States, may benefit from multispecies winter cover cropping if sufficient biomass were produced. We implemented a research and demonstration project utilizing multispecies cover cropping in 15 counties of North Carolina during 2015 to 2019 to assess biomass production and its effect on surface-soil properties. Winter cover crop biomass production was variable among locations, but exceeded 3,790 kg ha–1 in one-third of trials. Nitrogen contained in aboveground cover crop biomass exceeded 60 kg ha–1 in the upper third of trials. Of 30 soil properties measured in each site-year (n = 31) at depths of 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm, soil-test biological activity, C mineralization during 24 days, total soil N, and Mehlich-III phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were most consistently affected when comparing multispecies cover cropping with either no or single-species cover cropping. Despite relatively short duration of evaluations (i.e., mostly one to two years), we were able to elucidate that winter multispecies cover cropping has potential to improve soil health conditions in the region. Soil-test biological activity demonstrated the living nature of soil and was sensitive to conservation agricultural management. The support of a hands-on farmer and adviser network encouraged success.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Franzluebbers, A. J. and Broome, S. W. and Pritchett, K. L. and Wagger, M. G. and Lowder, N. and Woodruff, S. and Lovejoy, M.}, year={2021}, pages={263–275} }
 @article{shiau_burchell_krauss_broome_birgand_2019, title={Carbon storage potential in a recently created brackish marsh in eastern North Carolina, USA}, volume={127}, ISSN={0925-8574}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.007}, abstractNote={Carbon (C) sequestration through accumulated plant biomass and storage in soils can potentially make wetland ecosystems net C sinks. Here, we collected GHG flux, plant biomass, and litter decomposition data from three distinct vegetation zones (Spartina alterniflora, Juncus roemerianus and Spartina patens) on a 7-year-old created brackish marsh in North Carolina, USA, and integrate these data into an overall C mass balance budget. The marsh fixed an average of 1.85 g C m−2 day−1 through plant photosynthesis. About 41–46% of the fixed C remained in plants, while 18.4% of the C was decomposed and released back to the atmosphere as CO2 and CH4, and 8.6–13.2% of the decomposed C was stored as soil C. In all, this created marsh sequestered 28.7–44.7 Mg CO2 year−1 across the 14 ha marsh. Because the brackish marsh emitted only small amounts of CH4 and N2O, the CO2 equivalent emission of the marsh was −0.87 to −0.56 g CO2-eq m−2 day−1, indicating the marsh has a net effect in reducing GHGs to the atmosphere and contributes to cooling. However, resultant CO2 credit (through the increment of soil C) would be worth only $30.76–$47.90 USD per hectare annually, or $431–$671 per year for the project, which, coupled with other enhanced ecosystem services, could provide landowners with some additional economic incentive for future creation projects. Nevertheless, C mass balance determinations and radiative cooling metrics showed promise in demonstrating the potential of a young created brackish marsh to act as a net carbon sink.}, journal={Ecological Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Shiau, Yo-Jin and Burchell, Michael R. and Krauss, Ken W. and Broome, Stephen W. and Birgand, Francois}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={579–588} }
 @article{broome_craft_burchell_2019, title={Tidal Marsh Creation}, ISBN={["978-0-444-63893-9"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-444-63893-9.00022-8}, abstractNote={Salt and brackish water tidal marshes are productive wetlands that provide ecosystem services including habitat, food energy for the estuarine food web, maintenance of water quality, storage of storm water, buffering storm waves and reducing shoreline erosion, carbon sequestration, and socioeconomic benefits. Loss of tidal marshes occurs as a result of dredging, filling, tidal restrictions, subsidence, sea level rise, and erosion. To mitigate those losses, techniques have been developed to create marshes on sites where they did not previously exist. The goal of tidal marsh creation is to provide habitats similar in structure and function to natural marshes. Because tides are the controlling abiotic factor of tidal marshes, the most critical requirement for creating new marshes is constructing sites at the correct elevation relative to the local tidal regime. Other important site-related factors that must be considered to insure successful marsh creation are slope, drainage, wave climate, currents, salinity, and soil physicochemical properties. Cultural practices that are important to establishment of vegetation include selection of native plant species, seed collection and storage, seedling production, site preparation, soil testing, fertilization, handling of transplants, timing of planting, plant spacing, control of undesirable invasive plants, and maintenance until the marsh is self-sustaining. The criteria used to define successful tidal marsh creation are often controversial. Plant communities may be equivalent to natural reference marshes in a few years, whereas other characteristics, such as soil organic matter, and numbers and species of benthic invertebrates require much longer to reach equivalence. When marsh creation technology is properly applied, tidal marshes can be created that provide many of the same ecosystems services that are provided by natural systems.}, journal={COASTAL WETLANDS: AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH, 2ND EDITION}, author={Broome, Stephen W. and Craft, Christopher B. and Burchell, Michael R.}, year={2019}, pages={789–816} }
 @article{messer_burchell_birgand_broome_chescheir_2017, title={Nitrate removal potential of restored wetlands loaded with agricultural drainage water: A mesocosm scale experimental approach}, volume={106}, ISSN={0925-8574}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2017.06.022}, DOI={10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2017.06.022}, abstractNote={Wetland restoration is often conducted in Eastern U.S. coastal plain watersheds alongside agricultural lands that frequently export significant amounts of nitrogen in drainage water. Restoration plans that incorporate the addition of agricultural drainage water can simultaneously increase the success of achieving a target hydroperiod and reduce discharge of nitrogen to nearby surface water. The potential nitrogen removal effectiveness of two wetland restoration sites with such a restoration plan was evaluated in a two-year mesocosm study. Six large wetland mesocosms (3.5 m long × 0.9 m wide × 0.75 m deep) along with unplanted controls were used in this experiment. Three replicates of two soils that differed in organic matter and pH were planted with soft-stem bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) and allowed to develop in the two growing seasons prior to the study. Simulated drainage water was loaded into the mesocosms over eighteen batch studies across seasons with target nitrate-N levels between 2.5 to 10 mg L−1. Grab samples were collected from the water column and analyzed for nitrate-N, dissolved organic carbon, and chloride, along with other environmental parameters such as pH, water temperature, and soil redox. Seasonally, nitrogen and carbon within the wetland plants and soil were also measured. Multivariate statistical analyses were utilized to determine differences in nitrate-N reductions between treatments. Variables included carbon availability, temperature, antecedent moisture condition, nitrogen loading, and water pH. Contrary to the hypothesis that higher nitrate-N removal rates would be observed in the wetlands with higher organic matter, overall removal rates were higher in the wetland mesocosms containing Deloss soils (WET-Min) (maximum of 726 mg m−2 d−1) than those containing Scuppernong soil (WET-Org) (maximum of 496 mg m−2 d−1) and were dependent on daily NO3-N concentrations and season. Significant differences in NO3-N removal were found between seasons and soil types (α = 0.05), which helped to provide insight to the expected magnitude of nitrogen removal within these systems throughout the year, and potential mechanisms (i.e. denitrification vs. plant uptake) that will govern these removals.}, journal={Ecological Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Messer, Tiffany L. and Burchell, Michael R., II and Birgand, François and Broome, Stephen W. and Chescheir, George}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={541–554} }
 @article{shiau_burchell_krauss_birgand_broome_2016, title={Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Created Brackish Marsh in Eastern North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={0277-5212 1943-6246}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0815-y}, DOI={10.1007/s13157-016-0815-y}, number={6}, journal={Wetlands}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Shiau, Yo-Jin and Burchell, Michael R. and Krauss, Ken W. and Birgand, Francois and Broome, Stephen W.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1009–1024} }
 @article{slusher_vepraskas_broome_2014, title={Evaluating Responses of Four Wetland Plant Species to Different Hydroperiods}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2013.06.0227}, abstractNote={Previous work has estimated the hydroperiod requirements (saturation duration and frequency) of wetland plant communities by modeling their hydrologic regimes in natural (never drained) wetlands for a 40-yr period. This study tested the modeled predictions in a controlled greenhouse study using tree species representing three of the plant communities plus an additional species from another community. Bald cypress ( L. Rich.), sweet bay ( L.), pond pine ( Michx.), and swamp chestnut oak ( Nutt.) were grown under three hydroperiods (continuously ponded for 100 d, intermittently ponded for 14 d, and unsaturated) in loamy sand and sapric (organic) materials. Bald cypress (representing a Nonriverine Swamp Forest community) adapted well to 100 d of ponding by producing lateral roots near the soil surface and aerenchyma tissue in roots and stem. Sweet bay (Bay Forest community) also adapted well to 100 d of ponding by producing adventitious roots on the submerged portion of the stem. Pond pine (Pond Pine Woodland) and swamp chestnut oak (Nonriverine Wet Hardwood Forest) were intolerant of 100 d of ponded conditions. Seventy-five percent of the pond pine seedlings and 87% of the swamp chestnut oak seedlings died in the continuously ponded treatment level, whereas 100% of the bald cypress and 88% of the sweet bay seedlings survived. Results from this study suggest that modeled long-term hydroperiods of natural wetland plant communities can be used for restoration of these communities.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Slusher, C. E. and Vepraskas, M. J. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2014}, pages={723–731} }
 @article{ewing_vepraskas_broome_white_2012, title={Differences in Wetland Soil Chemical Soil Properties after 15, 20, and 30 Years of Drainage and Agricultural Production}, volume={179-180}, ISSN={["1872-6259"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.02.018}, abstractNote={When wetland restoration occurs on land previously used for crop production, residual nutrients can cause undesirable plant communities to grow, and increased solubility of excess P may contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. This study assessed how agricultural production in a drained wetland during 15, 20, and 30 yr periods changed morphological and chemical soil properties as compared to natural wetland soils not used for agriculture. The drained wetland, Juniper Bay, is a Carolina bay located in southeastern North Carolina. Three relatively undisturbed Carolina bays with soil types similar to those in Juniper Bay were selected as reference wetlands to compare soil properties. Three general soil types were identified in all the Carolina bays based on thickness of the organic surface layer: 1) organic soils (Histosols), 2) soils with histic epipedons, and 3) mineral soils. The surface horizon of all three soil types at Juniper Bay where crop production had occurred had significantly greater amounts of extractable P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu, along with higher base saturation and pH than soils in the reference bays. Greater length of time in crop production resulted in significant differences in soil chemical properties with depth. For soils farmed for 15 years, significant increases in extractable nutrients occurred only in the topsoil within approximately 20 cm of the soil surface. After 30 years of crop production, significantly increased amounts of extractable nutrients were present to depths of approximately 1 m. Residual nutrients and the higher pH of previously farmed wetland soils are likely to affect restoration of natural plant communities, which consist of plant species adapted to nutrient poor acid soils. Increased solubility of residual P when wetland hydrology and anaerobic soil conditions are restored may degrade water quality. These factors should be considered in planning wetland restoration projects.}, journal={Geoderma}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ewing, J. and Vepraskas, M.J. and Broome, S.W. and White, J.G.}, year={2012}, pages={73–80} }
 @article{kim_amatya_broome_hesterberg_choi_2012, title={Sensitivity analysis of the DRAINWAT model applied to an agricultural watershed in the lower coastal plain, North Carolina, USA}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1747-6585"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857111286&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00283.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={WATER AND ENVIRONMENT JOURNAL}, author={Kim, Hyunwoo and Amatya, Devendra M. and Broome, Stephen W. and Hesterberg, Dean L. and Choi, Minha}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={130–145} }
 @inproceedings{burchell_skaggs_evans_lee_broome_2007, title={Addition of Organic Matter to Agricultural Ditch Soils to be Used as Constructed Wetlands for Nitrate Treatment}, ISBN={9780784409275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)233}, DOI={10.1061/40927(243)233}, abstractNote={A wetland mesocosm experiment was conducted in eastern N.C. to determine if organic matter (OM) addition to soils existing in ditches that are to be retrofitted into constructed wetlands would improve NO3–-N treatment. Not all soils are suitable for wetland substrate, so OM addition can provide a carbon and nutrient source to the wetland early in its development to enhance denitrification and biomass growth. Batch studies, with various initial NO3–-N concentrations were conducted in surface-flow wetland mesocosms. The results indicated that increasing the organic matter content of a Cape Fear loam soil from 50 g kg–1 (5% d.w.) to 110 g kg–1 (11% d.w.) enhanced NO3–-N wetland treatment efficiency in spring and summer batch studies, but increases to 160 g kg–1 (16% d.w.) OM did not. Increased OM addition and biosolids to the soil significantly increased biomass growth in the second growing season, when compared to no OM addition. Based on the first-order kinetic constants for nitrate reduction calculated from these mesocosm studies, increased OM in the substrate will reduce the area required for wetlands constructed in ditches to treat nitrate-laden drainage water.}, booktitle={World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Burchell, M. R. and Skaggs, R. W. and Evans, R. O. and Lee, C. R. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2007}, month={May} }
 @article{burchell_skaggs_lee_broome_chescheir_osborne_2007, title={Substrate organic matter to improve nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2006.0022}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Burchell, Michael R., II and Skaggs, R. Wayne and Lee, Charles R. and Broome, Steven and Chescheir, George M. and Osborne, Jason}, year={2007}, pages={194–207} }
 @inproceedings{gabr_borden_smith_denton_eggleston_broome_2006, title={Characterization of jetting-induced disturbance zones}, booktitle={3rd Annual GEO3 T2 conference & expo 2006, Charlotte, April, 2006}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: NC Department of Transportation}, author={Gabr, M. A. and Borden, R. H. and Smith, A. W. and Denton, R. L. and Eggleston, D. B. and Broome, S. W.}, year={2006} }
 @article{andrews_broome_2006, title={Oak flat restoration on phosphate-mine spoils}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1061-2971"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00123.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Andrews, RL and Broome, SW}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={210–219} }
 @article{struck_craft_broome_sanclements_sacco_2004, title={Effects of bridge shading on estuarine marsh benthic invertebrate community structure and function}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0364-152X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-004-0032-y}, abstractNote={The effect of bridge shading on estuarine marsh food webs was assessed by comparing benthic invertebrate communities beneath seven highway bridges with marshes outside of bridge-affected areas (reference marshes). We used light attenuation and height-width ratio (HW ratio), which takes into account the two main bridge characteristics that determine the degree of shading, to quantify the impact of shading on invertebrate communities. Low bridges, with HW ratio <0.7 and light attenuation greater than 85-90%, had benthic invertebrate densities and diversity that were significantly lower than reference marshes. Density of benthic invertebrates at low bridges was 25-52% (29,685-72,920 organisms/m(2)) of densities measured in adjacent reference marshes (119,329-173,351 organisms/m(2)). Likewise, there were fewer taxa under low bridges (5.8/11.35 cm(2) core) as compared to the reference marshes (9.0/11.35 cm(2) core). Density of numerically dominant taxa (e.g., oligochaetes and nematodes) as well as surface- and subsurface deposit feeders also were reduced under low bridges. Decreased invertebrate density, diversity, dominant taxa, and alterations of trophic feeding groups beneath low bridges was correlated with diminished above- and below-ground macrophyte biomass that presumably resulted in fewer food resources and available refuges from predators. With a greater knowledge of bridge shading effects, bridge construction and design may be improved to reduce the impacts on estuarine benthic invertebrate communities and overall ecosystem structure and function.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Struck, SD and Craft, CB and Broome, SW and Sanclements, MD and Sacco, JN}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={99–111} }
 @article{craft_megonigal_broome_stevenson_freese_cornell_zheng_sacco_2003, title={The pace of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1890/02-5086}, abstractNote={Ecological attributes were measured along a chronosequence of 1‐ to 28‐yr‐old, constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes to identify trajectories and rates of ecosystem development of wetland structure and function. Attributes related to biological productivity and diversity (Spartina, epiphytic and sediment algae, benthic invertebrates), soil development (sediment deposition, organic C, N, P, organic matter quality), and microbial processes (C mineralization) were compared among eight constructed marshes and eight paired natural reference marshes. Most ecological attributes developed in a predictable manner over time, and most achieved equivalence to natural marshes 5–15 yr after marsh construction. An exception was soil organic C and N pools (0–30 cm) that, after 28 yr, were significantly lower in constructed marshes. Development of habitat structure (Spartina stem height and density) and biodiversity (algae and invertebrates) developed concurrently with functional characteristics such as biomass, chlorophyll a, and invertebrate density. Processes related to hydrology, sediment deposition and soil C and N accumulation, developed almost instantaneously with the establishment of Spartina, and young (1‐ to 3‐yr‐old), constructed marshes trapped sediment and sequestered N at higher rates than comparable reference marshes. Development of heterotrophic activity (C mineralization, invertebrate density) was strongly linked to surface (0–10 cm) soil organic C content. Ecosystem development of constructed (and natural) salt marshes depended on a minimum of 100 g N/m2 (0.05–0.1% N) to support emergent vegetation and 1000 g C/m2 (0.5–1% C) to sustain the heterotrophic community.}, number={5}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Craft, C and Megonigal, P and Broome, S and Stevenson, J and Freese, R and Cornell, J and Zheng, L and Sacco, J}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1417–1432} }
 @article{craft_broome_campbell_2002, title={Fifteen years of vegetation and soil development after brackish-water marsh creation}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1526-100X"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01020.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={RESTORATION ECOLOGY}, author={Craft, C and Broome, S and Campbell, C}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={248–258} }
 @inbook{broome_craft_2000, title={Tidal salt marsh restoration, creation, and mitigation}, ISBN={0891181466}, DOI={10.2134/agronmonogr41.c37}, abstractNote={Tidal salt marshes occur in protected, low-energy coastal areas such as estuaries, lagoons, bays and river mouths, and grade into brackish and freshwater marshes where there is significant river flow. The historical loss of tidal wetlands and the goal of "no net loss" of wetlands proposed by former President George Bush have resulted in increased interest in restoration and creation of tidal marshes. Marsh restoration and creation are often used for mitigation to compensate for wetland loss. Nitrogen inputs via N fixation are greater and N losses via denitrification are lower in restored marshes. Careful site selection is important for increasing the probability of success of tidal marsh restoration and creation projects. Techniques for restoring or creating tidal marsh habitat have been developed and applied in many locations with varying degrees of success.}, booktitle={Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands}, publisher={Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy}, author={Broome, S. W. and Craft, C. B.}, year={2000}, pages={939} }
 @article{craft_reader_sacco_broome_1999, title={Twenty-five years of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes}, volume={9}, DOI={10.2307/2641405}, abstractNote={Wetland creation and restoration are frequently used to replace ecological functions and values lost when natural wetlands are degraded or destroyed. On many sites, restoration of ecological attributes such as secondary production, habitat/species diversity, and wetland soil characteristics do not occur within the first decade, and no long-term studies exist to document the length of time required to achieve complete restoration of wetland dependent functions and values. Characteristics of community structure (macrophyte aboveground biomass, macro-organic matter [MOM], benthic invertebrates) and ecosystem processes (soil development, organic C, N, and P accumulation) of two constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes (established 1971 and 1974) and paired natural S. alterniflora marshes in North Carolina were periodically measured during the past 25 yr. On constructed marshes, the macrophyte community developed quickly, and within 5 to 10 yr, aboveground biomass and MOM were equivalent to or exceeded corresponding values in natural marshes. After 15–25 yr, benthic infauna density and species richness were greater than in the natural marshes. Soil bulk density decreased, and organic C and total N increased over time in constructed marshes, but after 25 yr, soil organic C and N reservoirs were much smaller than in a 2000-yr-old natural marsh. Organic C accumulation was similar in constructed and natural marshes with 12–24% of the net primary production buried annually. Nitrogen accumulation was much higher in constructed marshes (7–12 g·m−2·yr−1) than in natural marshes (2–5 g·m−2·yr−1), reflecting the open biogeochemical cycles and paucity of N in these young ecosystems. Different ecological attributes develop at different rates, with primary producers achieving equivalence during the first 5 yr, followed by the benthic infauna community 5–10 yr later. Accumulation of soil nutrients to levels similar to those of reference marshes may require more time.}, number={4}, journal={Ecological Applications}, author={Craft, C. and Reader, J. and Sacco, J. N. and Broome, S. W.}, year={1999}, pages={1405–1419} }
 @article{humenik_szogi_hunt_broome_rice_1999, title={Wastewater utilization: A place for managed wetlands - Review}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1011-2367"]}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.1999.629}, abstractNote={Con~mlctcd wc:~laI1~ arc: being \I~c:<i foT rho rcmoval of nunients from livestock Wl\Stewarer. However. narurlll vegetation typically used in constructed wotlands does not have marketable value. As Iln alterlUlrive, ngronomic plnl\ts grown undcr t1oodcd Clr !'nttlT'lltc:d ~il CQI1uition.'i Ihlll promorc dc:nitrific!lrion CR11 be uscd. Snldics on constructcd wctlands for swine wastc:walt:r w~rt: cOf1uUCled in weIland cellI; that conlnined eilht:r ttuLuTlll wcllanu plants or a combination of soybcans and rice f(lr two Y~I1~ with the objective of maximum nitrogen reduction ro mittimizc thc am(l\1I1t (If lalld rc:q\li~ for tcmlinal treatment. 11\ree systems, of TWO 3.6 by 33.S m wetland cells connected in series w~re used; tWO systems tach conIflmed B different combination of emergent wetland vegetation: rush{bulrush (sYStem 1) and bur-reed/cattail (system 2). 111e third system conrail1ed soybean (G/)'cine Inox) in ~tu~tcd-:;oil-c\llrurc (SSC) iT! thc rim ccll. and floodcd ricc (Oryza sativa) in the second ccll. NitrogcfI (N) IClading nlt~ Clf 3 and 10 kg hn"1 Juil w= u."cd ill thc fi~r ~nd $ccond yca~, rcspcctivcly, Thcsc loading ~tc:s wcrc obtained by mixing :.-wino: InglXJn liquid with fr=h watcr beforc it wa., ~pplicd to thc wctJand. Thc I1\1mcnt removal o:fficic:ncy "'~ similar in the rusll/bulnlSh, bur-reed/catrnils and u!,'tutlotnic plllnl ~~l=. MO:l1n ~" rcmoval uf N Wll,; 94% tIC tho: louuil\g r-.lte of 3 kg N ha.1 day' and decreased to 71 % at tl1e higher rare of 10 kg N hll-1 uuy"l. Tho: tWO yef1rs n\eans for above-grouJ1d dry mlOtIcr proouction for ru",h/b\lITU$h~ and bur-rccdfcart:lils was 12 and 33 Mg ha'l, respecTivcly. Floodcd ricc yield was 4.5 Mg \la-I, and ...oybeall grClWIl in !llIt\lT'Scion cu]t\lrc yicldcd 2.8 Mg !la"l. Additionally, rhr:. pcrfonnancc of !'cv"n o:oybcan c\t!tivaro: \l$iI1g SSC in coru.1.ructeU wo:llundl. with !lwine wa."tcwat~r a." thc w:ttcr l'0\1rcc W:1~ cval\llltcd for Cwo YO:IIT'i. Tho: culLivur Young had tile highest yield witl1 4.0 and 2.8 Mg hCl.1 iu eIlch year. Tllis illdiculcd Ihar production of acceptable !io)'bc=.1n yiel~ in COI1StruCted wetlands seems feasible with SSC using swine lagoon liquid, Two mlCrOCOS\11S srudies were established ro furrhcr invcstigatc: thc maTlagc:mc:nt of consmlctro wotlsnds. In thc fi~t microcosm cxpcrimcnt, tho c:ffccts (If !;win~ lagoon liquid on thc growth of wc:tlunu plUf1b; III half (lIbo\lt 175 mg/1 IImmonia) and full strcngth (abO\lt 350 mgJl /lmm(1ttia.) was inv~rigat~u, Tt wu~ cuncluded IIUlt wetla.nd plll1l!S CBn grow wt:11 it! III ]O:IL"t hulf IiLTcngth l!1g~)Qn liquid. Tn Ute secoud lnicrocOSIII experin1enL sequeucing nitrification-wetland TreatmentS was studied. W11en luLrified lilgoon liquid was added in batch applic:lliol1S (48 kg N ha.1 day'l) ro wctland microcosms tho nirrogcn rcmoval rare was four to five rimcs highcr rhan when non-nirrificd 111 goon liquid was utldo:u. Welll1nd mic.-rOCObm,; with plllnlo; wo:rt: mUTO: o:r'r'cctive than those with bur" ,;oil. 11\ese rc ulc; !iuHg"sr that Vo:g~Ulled wellan~ with nitrification pretreatment an: viabl~ ltc:lllmc:nt 1i'Ylil"m~ for removal of large quantifies of nilTo~o:n [ron\ swine lagoon liquid, (A$ian-Au$. J. Anlm. Scl. 1999, Vol. 12, No.4: 629-632) Key Wnrd... : Wetland-", WlI,;to:wuter UlilizaLiolt, COtlSltUcled Wo:lluntl.;}, number={4}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Humenik, FJ and Szogi, AA and Hunt, PG and Broome, S and Rice, M}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={629–632} }
 @inproceedings{rice_szogi_broome_humenik_hunt_1998, title={Constructed wetland systems for swine wastewater treatment}, number={1998}, booktitle={Animal Production Systems and the Environment: An International Conference on Odor, Water Quality, Nutrient Management and Socioeconomic Issues: Proceedings, July 19-22, 1998}, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University of Science and Technology}, author={Rice, J. M. and Szogi, A. A. and Broome, S. W. and Humenik, F. J. and Hunt, P. G.}, year={1998}, pages={501–505} }
 @inbook{humenik_rice_cook_broome_hunt_szogi_stem_sugg_scalf_1997, title={Constructed wetland to treat swine wastewater, Duplin County, North Carolina}, booktitle={Constructed wetlands for animal waste treatment: A manual on performance, design, and operation with case histories}, publisher={Payne Engineering and CH2M Hill}, author={Humenik, F. and Rice, M. and Cook, M. and Broome, S. and Hunt, P. and Szogi, A. and Stem, G. and Sugg, M. and Scalf, G.}, year={1997}, pages={II.1–4} }
 @article{broome_mendelssohn_mckee_1995, title={RELATIVE GROWTH OF SPARTINA-PATENS (AIT) MUHL AND SCIRPUS-OLNEYI GRAY OCCURRING IN A MIXED STAND AS AFFECTED BY SALINITY AND FLOODING DEPTH}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0277-5212"]}, DOI={10.1007/bf03160676}, number={1}, journal={WETLANDS}, author={BROOME, SW and MENDELSSOHN, IA and MCKEE, KL}, year={1995}, month={Mar}, pages={20–30} }
 @article{seneca_broome_woodhouse_cammen_lyon_1976, title={Establishing Spartina alterniflora Marsh in North Carolina}, volume={3}, ISSN={0376-8929 1469-4387}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900018555}, DOI={10.1017/S0376892900018555}, abstractNote={Spartina alterniflora salt-marsh has been established from seed and transplants on dredged materials and sandy shorelines along the North Carolina coast. Transplants were more successful than seeding over a greater portion of the intertidal range and under more rigorous environmental conditions, but seeding was successful in the upper half of protected sites. Seeding at the rate of 100 viable seeds per square metre from April through May can result in complete vegetational coverage by the end of the first growing-season. At the end of the second growing-season, above-ground biomass accumulation from seeding approached that produced by transplants which had originally been planted on a 0.9-metre centre. Both above-ground and below-ground production of planted marsh compared well with values for these components in natural marshes. There were no differences in production by epiphytes between planted and natural S. alterniflora marsh at two different locations. Faunal production in the upper 13 cm of sediment was significantly less in planted than in natural marsh, and where marsh plants accumulated sediments, faunal numbers and biomass were less in planted than in unplanted areas. Sediment carbon content indicated that 4 to 25 years might be required for a newly-planted marsh to resemble a natural marsh.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Conservation}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Seneca, Ernest D. and Broome, Stephen W. and Woodhouse, William W., Jr and Cammen, Leon M. and Lyon, Joseph T., III}, year={1976}, pages={185–188} }