@article{dagostino_zhao_zewdie_ogletree_messiah_armstrong_skinner_hipp_day_konty_et al._2023, title={Associations Between Neighborhood Opportunity and Indicators of Physical Fitness for New York City Public School Youth}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2153-2176"]}, DOI={10.1089/chi.2023.0079}, abstractNote={Background: Fewer than 1/4th of US children and adolescents meet physical activity (PA) guidelines, leading to health disparities that track into adulthood. Neighborhood opportunity may serve as a critical modifiable factor to improve fitness attainment and reduce these disparities. We drew data from the Child Opportunity Index to examine associations between neighborhood indicators of opportunity for PA and multiple fitness indicators among New York City public school youth. Methods: Multilevel generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the overall and sex-stratified associations between neighborhood indicators (green space, healthy food, walkability, commute time) and indicators for physical fitness [curl-ups, push-ups, Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), sit-and-reach] using the New York City FITNESSGRAM data set. Results: The analytic sample [n = 299,839; median (interquartile range) age = 16 (12-17)] was 50.1% female, 37.5% Hispanic, 26.2% non-Hispanic Black, and most (69.5%) qualified for free/reduced price school meals. Neighborhood indicators were positively associated with higher values of indicators for physical fitness. The strongest associations were observed between walkability and both BMI and PACER, and commute time with BMI, push-ups, and PACER. For example, walkability had the greatest magnitude of effects for BMI and muscular strength and endurance (BMI: β: -0.75, 95% confidence interval, CI: -1.01 to -0.49; PACER: β: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59 to 2.37), and particularly for girls compared with boys (BMI, girls: β: -0.91, 95% CI: -1.22 to -0.66); BMI, boys: β: -0.56, 95% CI: -0.86 to -0.25); PACER, girls: β: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.68 to 2.54; push-ups, boys: β: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.31 to 2.12). Conclusion: Neighborhood indicators were associated with multiple measures of youth fitness. Continued research on neighborhood opportunity and youth fitness may better inform place-based public health interventions to reduce disparities.}, journal={CHILDHOOD OBESITY}, author={DAgostino, Emily M. and Zhao, Amy Y. and Zewdie, Hiwot Y. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Messiah, Sarah E. and Armstrong, Sarah C. and Skinner, Asheley C. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Day, Sophia E. and Konty, Kevin J. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{zewdie_zhao_ogletree_messiah_armstrong_skinner_neshteruk_hipp_day_konty_et al._2023, title={Longitudinal Associations Between Neighborhood Child Opportunity and Physical Fitness for New York City Public School Youth}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1476-6256"]}, DOI={10.1093/aje/kwad101}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
Neighborhood environments can support fitness-promoting behavior; yet, little is known about their influence on youth physical fitness outcomes over time. We examined longitudinal associations between neighborhood opportunity and youth physical fitness among NYC public school youth.


METHODS
The Child Opportunity Index (COI), a composite index of 29 indicators measuring neighborhood opportunity at the census tract-level, along with scores on four selected COI indicators were linked to NYC FITNESSGRAM youth at baseline. Fitness outcomes (measured annually, 2011 - 2018) included BMI, curl-ups, push-ups, and PACER laps. Unstratified and age-stratified adjusted three-level generalized liner mixed models, nested by census tract and time, estimated the association between COI and fitness outcomes.


RESULTS
The analytic sample (n=204,939) lived in very low (41%) or low (30%) opportunity neighborhoods. Unstratified models indicate that overall COI is modestly associated with improved youth physical fitness outcomes. The strongest opportunity-fitness associations were observed for PACER. Stratified models show differences in associations across younger vs. older youth.


CONCLUSION
We find that neighborhood factors are associated with youth fitness outcomes over time, with the strength of the associations dependent on age. Future implications include better informed place-based interventions tailored to specific life stages to promote youth health.}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Zewdie, Hiwot Y. and Zhao, Amy Y. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Messiah, Sarah E. and Armstrong, Sarah C. and Skinner, Asheley C. and Neshteruk, Cody D. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Day, Sophia E. and Konty, Kevin J. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{klompmaker_hart_bailey_browning_casey_hanley_minson_ogletree_rigolon_laden_et al._2023, title={Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Multiple Measures of Blue and Green Spaces in the United States}, volume={131}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp11164}, DOI={10.1289/ehp11164}, abstractNote={Background: Several studies have evaluated whether the distribution of natural environments differs between marginalized and privileged neighborhoods. However, most studies restricted their analyses to a single or handful of cities and used different natural environment measures. Objectives: We evaluated whether natural environments are inequitably distributed based on socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity in the contiguous United States. Methods: We obtained SES and race/ethnicity data (2015–2019) for all U.S. Census tracts. For each tract, we calculated the Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 2020, NatureScore (a proprietary measure of the quantity and quality of natural elements) for 2019, park cover for 2020, and blue space for 1984–2018. We used generalized additive models with adjustment for potential confounders and spatial autocorrelation to evaluate associations of SES and race/ethnicity with NDVI, NatureScore, park cover, and odds of containing blue space in all tracts (n=71,532) and in urban tracts (n=45,338). To compare effect estimates, we standardized NDVI, NatureScore, and park cover so that beta coefficients presented a percentage increase or decrease of the standard deviation (SD). Results: Tracts with higher SES had higher NDVI, NatureScore, park cover, and odds of containing blue space. For example, urban tracts in the highest median household income quintile had higher NDVI [44.8% of the SD (95% CI: 42.8, 46.8)] and park cover [16.2% of the SD (95% CI: 13.5, 19.0)] compared with urban tracts in the lowest median household income quintile. Across all tracts, a lower percentage of non-Hispanic White individuals and a higher percentage of Hispanic individuals were associated with lower NDVI and NatureScore. In urban tracts, we observed weak positive associations between percentage non-Hispanic Black and NDVI, NatureScore, and park cover; we did not find any clear associations for percentage Hispanics. Discussion: Multiple facets of the natural environment are inequitably distributed in the contiguous United States. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11164}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, publisher={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Klompmaker, Jochem O. and Hart, Jaime E. and Bailey, Christopher and Browning, Matthew H.E.M. and Casey, Joan A. and Hanley, Jared and Minson, Christopher T. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Rigolon, Alessandro and Laden, Francine and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{ogletree_huang_reif_yang_dunstan_osakwe_oh_hipp_2023, title={The relationship between greenspace exposure and telomere length in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey}, volume={905}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167452}, abstractNote={The exposome, reflecting the range of environmental exposures individuals encounter throughout their life, can influence a variety of health outcomes and can play a role in how the environment impacts our genes. Telomeres, genetic structures regulating cell growth and senescence, are one pathway through which the exposome may impact health. Greenspace exposure, representing the amount of green areas in one's neighborhood, is one component of the exposome and has been associated with multiple health benefits. To investigate the potential link between greenspace exposure and telomere length, we analyzed data from the 1999-2001 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample. Our study examined individual, risk, and contextual factors. We found that greater greenspace exposure in one's neighborhood was associated with longer telomere lengths when considering individual and risk factors, suggesting a positive effect of living in greener neighborhoods. However, this relationship became non-significant when contextual factors, such as air pollution and deprivation, were included in the analysis. These findings highlight a complex relationship between greenspace and telomere length, warranting further research to explore contextual factors in detail.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Ogletree, S. Scott and Huang, Jing-Huei and Reif, David and Yang, Lin and Dunstan, Christopher and Osakwe, Nnamdi and Oh, Jae In and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{klompmaker_laden_browning_dominici_jimenez_ogletree_rigolon_zanobetti_hart_james_2022, title={Associations of Greenness, Parks, and Blue Space With Neurodegenerative Disease Hospitalizations Among Older US Adults}, volume={5}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47664}, DOI={10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47664}, abstractNote={Key Points Question Are measures of the natural environment associated with hospitalization for Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) and Parkinson disease (PD) among older individuals? Findings In this US-based cohort study of approximately 62 million Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older, protective associations of greenness (normalized difference vegetation index), park cover, and blue space cover with PD hospitalization were observed. Greenness, but not park or blue space cover, was associated with a decreased risk of ADRD hospitalization. Meaning These findings suggest that exposure to some natural environments may reduce the risk of ADRD and PD hospitalization among older adults.}, number={12}, journal={JAMA Network Open}, publisher={American Medical Association (AMA)}, author={Klompmaker, Jochem O. and Laden, Francine and Browning, Matthew H. E. M. and Dominici, Francesca and Jimenez, Marcia P. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Rigolon, Alessandro and Zanobetti, Antonella and Hart, Jaime E. and James, Peter}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={e2247664} }
 @article{klompmaker_laden_browning_dominici_ogletree_rigolon_hart_james_2022, title={Associations of parks, greenness, and blue space with cardiovascular and respiratory disease hospitalization in the US Medicare cohort}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120046}, DOI={10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120046}, abstractNote={Natural environments have been linked to decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease (RSD) mortality. However, few cohort studies have looked at associations of natural environments with CVD or RSD hospitalization. The aim of this study was to evaluate these associations in a cohort of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries (∼63 million individuals). Our open cohort included all fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries (2000-2016), aged ≥65, living in the contiguous U.S. We assessed zip code-level park cover based on the United States Geological Survey Protected Areas Database, average greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), and percent blue space cover based on Landsat satellite images. Cox-equivalent Poisson models were used to estimate associations of the exposures with first CVD and RSD hospitalization in the full cohort and among those living in urban zip codes (≥1000 persons/mile2). NDVI was weakly negatively correlated with percent park cover (Spearman ρ = -0.23) and not correlated with percent blue space (Spearman ρ = 0.00). After adjustment for potential confounders, percent park cover was not associated with CVD or RSD hospitalization in the full or urban population. An IQR (0.27) increase in NDVI was negatively associated with CVD (HR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.97), but not with RSD hospitalization (HR: 0.99, 95%CI: 0.98, 1.00). In urban zip codes, an IQR increase in NDVI was positively associated with RSD hospitalization (HR: 1.02, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.03). In stratified analyses, percent park cover was negatively associated with CVD and RSD hospitalization for Medicaid eligible individuals and individuals living in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods in the urban population. We observed no associations of percent blue space cover with CVD or RSD hospitalization. This study suggests that natural environments may benefit cardiorespiratory health; however, benefits may be limited to certain contexts and certain health outcomes.}, journal={Environmental Pollution}, author={Klompmaker, Jochem O. and Laden, Francine and Browning, Matthew H.E.M. and Dominici, Francesca and Ogletree, S Scott and Rigolon, Alessandro and Hart, Jaime E. and James, Peter}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mullenbach_larson_floyd_marquet_huang_alberico_ogletree_hipp_2022, title={Cultivating social capital in diverse, low-income neighborhoods: The value of parks for parents with young children}, volume={219}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104313}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Mullenbach, Lauren E. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Floyd, Myron F. and Marquet, Oriol and Huang, Jing-Huei and Alberico, Claudia and Ogletree, S. Scott and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{browning_rigolon_ogletree_wang_klompmaker_bailey_gagnon_james_2022, title={Curation of new green space indicator for the U.S.: Accessible & recreational park cover (PAD-US-AR)}, url={https://doi.org/10.32942/OSF.IO/PYDQE}, DOI={10.32942/OSF.IO/PYDQE}, abstractNote={Most spatial epidemiological studies of nature-health relationships use generalized green space measures.For instance, coarse resolution spatial data containing normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) values are prominent despite criticisms, such as the researcher's inability to restrain exposure estimates to public (accessible) and private (largely inaccessible) land.Non-threatening natural landscapes can improve health through building capacities for health-promoting behaviors (e.g., physical activity).Such behaviors may be best activated by recreational and accessible parks.We curated the Parks and Protected Areas Database of the U.S. (PAD-US) to identify parks that are accessible for outdoor recreation.Our title adds "AR" to "PAD-US" where A=Accessible and R=Recreational.We validated the PAD-US-AR by comparisons with "greenspace" datasets and sociodemographics, which demonstrated its uniqueness from other commonly employed metrics of nature exposure.The PAD-US-AR presents a reliable estimate for exposure to parks accessible for outdoor recreation.It has strong associations with home prices, shares of female residents, and shares of older residents, which should be considered as covariates/confounders.The dataset can be a companion to other nature exposure metrics in environmental epidemiology and allied fields of research. Background & SummaryExposure science has historically measured the toxic elements that negatively impact human health 1 .However, nature-rich environments that are perceived as non-threatening can positively influence human health through multiple pathways, including mitigation of harmful exposures (i.e., traffic emissions, heat, and noise), restoring attention and reducing stress, and promoting healthy behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sleep, and social interaction) 2,3 .Research on the health benefits of nature has grown since the 1990s 4,5 .Hundreds of health outcomes/endpoints have been studied, and at least 40 systematic reviews and metaanalyses have been conducted 6,7 .Collectively, these studies suggest plant-rich environments ("green spaces") are associated with lower rates of all-cause and stroke specific mortality, cardiovascular disease, poor mental health, low birth weight, lower levels of physical activity, and poor sleep quality 6 .Liquid-water environments ("blue spaces") are associated with lower rates of all-cause mortality, obesity, low levels of physical activity, and poor mental health 8,9 .Finally, solid-water environments (i.e., polar regions) and rock/mineral-dominated landscapes may have emotional and mental benefits and serve as medical treatments for respiratory conditions and allergies, although evidence for these landscapes being therapeutic is minimal 10 .Despite the growing interest in nature and health, ongoing research would benefit from more sophisticated and precise exposure estimates [11][12][13] .One simple and imprecise exposure measure of leafy green vegetative cover is the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from moderate resolution (i.e., 30m 2 or 250m 2 ) satellite imagery 2,14,15 .The calculation of NDVI involves determining the ratio between near-infrared and red bands of light 16 .NDVI measures hold some value but are limited in several respects.In defense of NDVI, values have been ground-truthed by environmental psychologists and found to correspond to ratings of "greenness" 17 .Values can also be easily obtained from Google Earth Engine (GEE) at different spatial and temporal scales across the globe.Values are assigned to cells laid out in a grid that overlap land cover types and ownership lines, allowing accurate availability estimates (magnitude of greenness around of exposure to greenery possible at home, work, school, activity spaces, etc.) when available at fine spatial resolutions and coupled with parcel-level ownership data 15,18 .Finally, vegetation can activate many of the health-promoting pathways linking nature exposure with health 2 .In critique of NDVI, values cannot indicate the type of, quality of, access to, and experience with vegetation or other forms of nature, such as liquid or solid water (i.e., ice, snow) or rocks and minerals (i.e., deserts) 2,14,19 .These limitations should not be surprising; after all, the calculation of NDVI is restricted to plants and emerged from agricultural science to estimate crop productivity and expected yield rather than environmental epidemiology 16 .Also limiting NDVI is its inability to identify design characteristics that activate instorative effects of nature-based recreation, such as physical activity along greenways and social interaction at picnic shelters 20,21 .NDVI values are affected by complex interactions between other environmental factors with less relevance to nature exposure, such as season, slope, and precipitation 22,23 in addition to sensor type and the spatial unit size 24,25 .Another measure of green vegetation is remotely sensed tree canopy cover.Versions of these data at coarse or moderate resolutions can be easily retrieved (i.e., from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics [MRLC] National Land Cover Database [NLCD], see www.mrlc.gov).Higher-resolution data are becoming available from agencies, academic institutions, and commercial providers (i.e., www.earthdefine.com/treemap/,https://insights.sustainability.google/labs/treecanopy)through object-based image analysis and related processes [26][27][28] .These data can measure this specific type of greenery by classifying PAD-US V2.}, author={Browning, Matthew and Rigolon, Alessandro and Ogletree, Scott and Wang, Ruoyu and Klompmaker, Jochem and Bailey, Chris and Gagnon, Ryan and James, Peter}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hipp_deutsch_dunstan_jones_ogletree_2022, title={Evaluating the 2019 Parks Build Community Project}, url={https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2022/december/evaluating-the-2019-parks-build-community-project/}, journal={Parks & Recreation}, author={Hipp, J. and Deutsch, K. and Dunstan, C. and Jones, J. and Ogletree, S.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={40–44} }
 @article{browning_rigolon_ogletree_wang_klompmaker_bailey_gagnon_james_2022, title={The PAD-US-AR dataset: Measuring accessible and recreational parks in the contiguous United States}, volume={9}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01857-7}, DOI={10.1038/s41597-022-01857-7}, abstractNote={Most spatial epidemiological studies of nature-health relationships use generalized greenspace measures. For instance, coarse-resolution spatial data containing normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) values are prominent despite criticisms, such as the inability to restrain exposure estimates to public and private land. Non-threatening natural landscapes can improve health by building capacities for health-promoting behaviors. Recreational and accessible parks may best activate such behaviors. We curated the Parks and Protected Areas Database of the U.S. (PAD-US) to identify parks that are accessible for outdoor recreation. Our title adds "AR" to "PAD-US" where A = Accessible and R = Recreational. We validated the PAD-US-AR by comparisons with greenspace datasets and sociodemographics, which demonstrated its uniqueness from other commonly employed metrics of nature exposure. The PAD-US-AR presents reliable estimates of parks in the contiguous U.S. that are accessible for outdoor recreation. It has strong associations with home prices, shares of female residents, and shares of older residents. This dataset can accompany other nature exposure metrics in environmental epidemiology and allied research fields.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Data}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Browning, Matthew H E M and Rigolon, Alessandro and Ogletree, Scott and Wang, Ruoyu and Klompmaker, Jochem O. and Bailey, Christopher and Gagnon, Ryan J. and James, Peter}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{barger_larson_torquati_moody_ogletree_rosenberg_2022, title={The complex relationship between greenspace and well-being in children with and without autism}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1758-0854"]}, DOI={10.1111/aphw.12406}, abstractNote={Greenspace (defined here as canopy coverage) positively correlates with improved well-being in typically developing individuals, but this relationship has not been established in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To investigate this relationship, the current study merged data from the National Survey of Children's Health (2012) with the National Land Cover Database. Across typically developing children, children with ASD, and non-autistic children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN), greenspace unexpectedly negatively correlated with well-being. Further, compared with typically developing children, children with ASD or CSHCN status had lower well-being. Interestingly, typically developing children with conduct problems displayed an unexpected negative relationship (i.e. as greenspace increased whereas well-being decreased), though those without conduct problems showed no relationship. Children with ASD displayed no relationship between greenspace independent of conduct problems. CSHCN displayed non-significant trends suggesting mild positive relationships between greenspace and well-being. These data indicate the relationship between greenspace and well-being is more complex than expected and may depend on the diagnostic traits of the population studied.}, journal={APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-HEALTH AND WELL BEING}, author={Barger, Brian and Larson, Lincoln R. and Torquati, Julia and Moody, Eric and Ogletree, Scott and Rosenberg, Steven}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{ogletree_larson_powell_white_brownlee_2022, title={Urban greenspace linked to lower crime risk across 301 major U.S. cities}, volume={131}, ISSN={0264-2751}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103949}, DOI={10.1016/j.cities.2022.103949}, abstractNote={Greenspace enhances quality of life for urban residents in many ways, but it may also produce unexpected and undesired consequences. For example, a growing literature is exploring the relationship between greenspace and crime in cities, yielding mixed results. To address this question on a larger scale across diverse contexts, we used a multilevel modeling approach to investigate the relationship between different types of crime and urban greenspace in 59,703 census block groups within the 301 largest cities in the United States. After accounting for potential covariates of crime, including demographic, socioeconomic, and climate variables, we found that, on average, census block groups with more greenspace (measured by NDVI) had lower risk of both property (β = −0.66 [−0.70 to −0.61]) and violent crime (β = −0.25 [−0.28 to −0.22]). For property crime, this significant negative relationship held for all but one city in the sample (Cape Coral, FL), and no cities displayed a significant positive relationship. For violent crime a negative relationship was found for 289 cities and only three cities displayed a significant positive relationship (Chicago, IL, Detroit, MI, and Newark, NJ). Further research could strive to investigate the mechanisms fueling these significant and consistent trends and explore relationships between different types of crime and specific components and seasonal variations of greenspace.}, journal={Cities}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ogletree, S. Scott and Larson, Lincoln R. and Powell, Robert B. and White, David L. and Brownlee, Matthew T.J.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={103949} }
 @article{overby_dyckman_ogletree_fouch_lauria_white_baldwin_amidon_crum_2021, title={Evaluating Conservation Easement and Land Records Data in Rapidly Growing Counties in the United States and the Implications for Environmental Governance}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2021.2008076}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2021.2008076}, abstractNote={Abstract In the US, land records are fragmented and difficult to assemble. This paper details issues of access to land records from traditional land record institutions within US counties, focusing on conservation easements (CEs), CE geospatial data, and tax-assessment data. This paper also explores the issue of privacy related to CE land records and land trusts, the primary type of non-profit that holds CEs. Previous literature has cited landowner concerns about privacy as a driving force behind land trust’s hesitancies to share information. However, we find evidence that landowner privacy concerns may be overestimated and more nuanced than previously reported. Additionally, we document widespread issues related to access of CE documents from register of deed’s offices. This paper supports reforms to better track CEs within register of deeds offices and reforms to make land records data more accessible for pluralistic societal needs and to support inclusion in environmental governance.}, journal={Society & Natural Resources}, publisher={Society & Natural Resources}, author={Overby, A.T. and Dyckman, C.S. and Ogletree, S. and Fouch, N. and Lauria, M. and White, D.L. and Baldwin, R. and Amidon, K. and Crum, D.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={1–18} }
 @article{larson_zhang_oh_beam_ogletree_bocarro_lee_casper_stevenson_hipp_et al._2021, title={Urban Park Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Socially Vulnerable Communities Disproportionately Impacted?}, volume={3}, ISSN={2624-9634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, DOI={10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic altered human behavior around the world. To maintain mental and physical health during periods of lockdown and quarantine, people often engaged in outdoor, physically distanced activities such as visits to parks and greenspace. However, research tracking outdoor recreation patterns during the pandemic has yielded inconsistent results, and few studies have explored the impacts of COVID-19 on park use across diverse neighborhoods. We used a mixed methods approach to examine changes in park use patterns in cities across North Carolina, USA, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on impacts in socially vulnerable communities (based on racial/ethnic composition and socioeconomic status). First, we surveyed a demographically representative sample of 611 urban residents during August 2020 to assess their use of outdoor park spaces before and during the pandemic. Second, we used cell phone location (i.e., geo-tracking) data to document changes in park visits within 605 socioeconomically diverse urban census tracts before (July 2019) and during (July 2020) the pandemic. Data from both methods revealed urban park use declined during the pandemic; 56% of survey respondents said they stopped or reduced park use, and geo-tracked park visits dropped by 15%. Park users also became more homogenous, with visits increasing the most for past park visitors and declining the most in socially vulnerable communities and among individuals who were BIPOC or lower-income. Our results raise concerns about urban park use during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest pre-existing health disparities in socially vulnerable communities might be exacerbated by inequitable access and utilization of parks and greenspace.}, journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Cities}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Zhang, Zhenzhen and Oh, Jae In and Beam, Will and Ogletree, S. Scott and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Hipp, J. Aaron and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{marquet_ogletree_hipp_suau_horvath_sinykin_floyd_2020, title={Effects of Crime Type and Location on Park Use Behavior}, volume={17}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.190434}, DOI={10.5888/pcd17.190434}, abstractNote={Introduction Crime and the fear of crime can be a barrier to park use, and locations of crimes can have varied effects. Unsafe areas in or around the park, around the residence, or along the route to the park can alter park use behavior. Our study aimed to examine associations between objective measures of types and location of crimes and park use behaviors. Methods In 2013 we surveyed a sample (N = 230) of residents in Greensboro, North Carolina, about park use, with responses matched to objective crime and spatial measures. We measured all crimes and violent crimes near home, near the closest park, and along the shortest route between home and park. By using ordered and binary logistic modeling, we examined the relationships between the locations of crime and park use and duration of park visit, park rating, and never visiting parks. Additional models included distance to the closest park. Results Increased crime in parks and near home was associated with fewer park visits. Greater violent crime in all locations was related to fewer park visits. Park ratings were lower for parks with high violent crime rates. Conclusion Given the importance of parks as settings for outdoor recreation and physical activity, crime may have a detrimental effect on physical activity and, therefore, public health.}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, author={Marquet, O. and Ogletree, S.S. and Hipp, J.A. and Suau, L.J. and Horvath, C.B. and Sinykin, A. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ogletree_huang_alberico_marquet_floyd_hipp_2020, title={Parental preference for park attributes related to children’s use of parks in low-income, racial/ethnic diverse neighborhoods}, url={https://doi.org/10.51250/jheal.v1i1.6}, DOI={10.51250/jheal.v1i1.6}, abstractNote={Public parks offer free and easy access to spaces for outdoor recreation, which is essential for children’s outdoor play and physical activity in low-income communities. Because parks and playgrounds contribute to children’s physical, social, and emotional development, it is critical to understand what makes them attractive and welcoming for families with young children. Parents can be a key determinant to children visiting parks, with their preferences influencing whether or not families visit parks in their neighborhoods. Our study examined attributes associated with parental preferences for parks in low-income diverse communities in New York City, New York, and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, USA. Parents’ responses were grouped into 10 categories using content analysis, with four key preference themes identified: physical attributes, experiences, social environment, and amenities. Physical attributes (i.e., playgrounds, sports fields, green spaces) were most desired among all groups. A significant difference across race/ethnic groups was found in New York but not in Raleigh-Durham. In New York, Latino parents had a strong preference for experience attributes (i.e. safety, safe facilities, cleanliness), which differed from other groups. Examining only Latino parents across both cities, we found no significant difference in preferences between the two cities. Although there is no one-size-fits-all approach to encourage park use, our finding suggests facilities and park safety are modifiable ways local government agencies could design and maintain parks that would be preferred by parents for their children. Future research should examine how neighborhood context may influence parent preferences related to parks.}, journal={Journal of Healthy Eating and Active Living}, author={Ogletree, S Scott and Huang, Jing Huei and Alberico, Claudia and Marquet, Oriol and Floyd, Myron F and Hipp, J Aaron}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{barger_larson_ogletree_torquati_rosenberg_gaither_bartz_gardner_moody_2020, title={Tree Canopy Coverage Predicts Lower Conduct Problem Severity in Children with ASD}, volume={13}, ISSN={1931-5864 1931-5872}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2020.1714824}, DOI={10.1080/19315864.2020.1714824}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Introduction: Conduct problems are commonly reported among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with other special health care needs (CSHCN). Environmental research indicates that exposure to natural environments can lead to decreased conduct problems; opposite effects (i.e., increased problems) are associated with built “gray” environments (e.g., roadways). Methods: This exploratory study analyzed the association between Zip-code level tree canopy coverage and severity of conduct problems in typical children, children with ASD, and CSHCN. Tree canopy data came from National Land Cover Database and ASD data came from the cross-sectional National Survey of Children’s Health (2011/2012). Results: Percent tree canopy coverage predicted a decreased risk of severe conduct problems in youth with ASD, but not CSHCN; “gray” space was unassociated with conduct problems in any children. Conclusions: Community tree canopy coverage is negatively associated with conduct problems in children with ASD. More research using individual assessments and street level metrics will help better determine the relationship between canopy coverage and conduct problems in ASD.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Barger, Brian and Larson, Lincoln R. and Ogletree, Scott and Torquati, Julia and Rosenberg, Steven and Gaither, Cassandra Johnson and Bartz, Jody Marie and Gardner, Andrew and Moody, Eric}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={43–61} }
 @article{ogletree_powell_baldwin_leonard_2019, title={A framework for mapping cultural resources in landscape conservation planning}, volume={1}, ISSN={2578-4854 2578-4854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.41}, DOI={10.1111/csp2.41}, abstractNote={Cultural resources can be an important means of connecting people to conservation efforts. Currently, it is difficult to identify and map these tangible and intangible aspects of the landscape. We propose a framework to include cultural resources in spatial conservation planning that acknowledges the different scales of importance and management of sites. Through categorizing and mapping sites of national, state, local, interest group, and community management, cultural resources can be measured and included in existing planning tools. Data on cultural resources are a primary limitation due to availability and fragmentation. Until data sources improve, our framework provides a stopgap that allows for cultural resources to be included in conservation‐planning efforts.}, number={6}, journal={Conservation Science and Practice}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ogletree, S. Scott and Powell, Robert B. and Baldwin, Robert F. and Leonard, Paul B.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={e41} }
 @article{larson_barger_ogletree_torquati_rosenberg_gaither_bartz_gardner_moody_schutte_2018, title={Gray space and green space proximity associated with higher anxiety in youth with autism}, volume={53}, url={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829217307372}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.006}, abstractNote={This study used ZIP code level data on children's health (National Survey of Children's Health, 2012) and land cover (National Land Cover Database, 2011) from across the United States to investigate connections between proximity to green space (tree canopy), gray space (impervious surfaces), and expression of a critical co-morbid condition, anxiety, in three groups of youth: children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 1501), non-ASD children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN, n = 15,776), and typically developing children (n = 53,650). Both impervious surface coverage and tree canopy coverage increased the risk of severe anxiety in youth with autism, but not CSHCN or typical children. Children with ASD might experience the stress-reducing benefits of nature differently than their typically developing peers. More research using objective diagnostic metrics at finer spatial scales would help to illuminate complex relationships between green space, anxiety, and other co-morbid conditions in youth with ASD.}, journal={Health & Place}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Barger, Brian and Ogletree, Scott and Torquati, Julia and Rosenberg, Steven and Gaither, Cassandra Johnson and Bartz, Jody Marie and Gardner, Andrew and Moody, Eric and Schutte, Anne}, year={2018}, pages={94–102} }
 @article{larson_barger_ogletree_torquati_rosenberg_gaither_bartz_gardner_moody_schutte_et al._2018, title={Gray space and green space proximity associated with higher anxiety in youth with autism}, volume={53}, ISSN={1353-8292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.006}, abstractNote={This study used ZIP code level data on children's health (National Survey of Children's Health, 2012) and land cover (National Land Cover Database, 2011) from across the United States to investigate connections between proximity to green space (tree canopy), gray space (impervious surfaces), and expression of a critical co-morbid condition, anxiety, in three groups of youth: children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 1501), non-ASD children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN, n = 15,776), and typically developing children (n = 53,650). Both impervious surface coverage and tree canopy coverage increased the risk of severe anxiety in youth with autism, but not CSHCN or typical children. Children with ASD might experience the stress-reducing benefits of nature differently than their typically developing peers. More research using objective diagnostic metrics at finer spatial scales would help to illuminate complex relationships between green space, anxiety, and other co-morbid conditions in youth with ASD.}, journal={Health & Place}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Larson, Lincoln and Barger, Brian and Ogletree, Scott and Torquati, Julia and Rosenberg, Steven and Gaither, Cassandra Johnson and Bartz, Jody Marie and Gardner, Andrew and Moody, Eric and Schutte, Anne and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={94–102} }
 @article{harris_larson_ogletree_2017, title={Different Views From The 606: Examining the Impacts of an Urban Greenway on Crime in Chicago}, volume={50}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517690197}, DOI={10.1177/0013916517690197}, abstractNote={Parks and greenways provide many benefits to urban communities, but their relationship to crime is often debated. We examined the links between an elevated linear trail and crime within census block groups (CBGs) surrounding Chicago’s Bloomingdale Trail, colloquially known as The 606, using two different approaches: (a) a matched case-control comparison of crime trends in 606-proximate CBGs and similar socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods in other parts of the city and (b) spatially oriented hierarchical regression models of crime in 606-proximate CBGs before and after trail construction. Using this dichotomous approach, we detected a positive influence of The 606 on all types of crime (violent, property, and disorderly) when examined at a coarse scale, particularly in low SES neighborhoods (Study 1), and an inverse relationship between trail proximity and property crime on a spatially proximate scale (Study 2). Future research should continue to explore complex relationships between urban greenways and crime in diverse cities.}, number={1}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Harris, Brandon and Larson, Lincoln and Ogletree, Scott}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={56–85} }
 @article{powell_ramshaw_ogletree_krafte_2015, title={Can heritage resources highlight changes to the natural environment caused by climate change? Evidence from the Antarctic tourism experience}, volume={11}, ISSN={1743-873X 1747-6631}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1743873x.2015.1082571}, DOI={10.1080/1743873X.2015.1082571}, abstractNote={Tourists are motivated to travel to Antarctica for not only the natural beauty of the continent and its wildlife but also because of the cultural and historical resources associated with the great explorers, such as Shackleton. This article examines the interplay and interrelationships between natural and cultural heritage resources and how this may shape the Antarctic experience and the benefits and outcomes associated with tourism participation. In particular we examined how tourist's perspectives on climate change are influenced through this interplay between natural and cultural heritage resources. Data were drawn from participant observation, field notes, and open-ended questionnaires that were distributed to tourists that participated in four different Antarctic voyages in 2014. The study finds that cultural heritage resources, such as historic sites and locations, could be used as a narrative vehicle for discussing broader enivronmental issues such as climate change, as tourists appear willing to consider cultural and natural environments as existing in a symbiotic, rather than a dichotomous relationship. However, interpreters and guides may need to make the connections between cultural heritage resources and climate change more overt, as tourists did not necessarily view environmental issues through the prism of cultural heritage.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Heritage Tourism}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Powell, Robert B. and Ramshaw, Gregory P. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Krafte, Kathleen E.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={71–87} }