@article{trivedi_clark_long_daniel_anderson_zheng_2023, title={Assessing the Mental Wellbeing and Help-Seeking Behaviors of Pre-Veterinary Undergraduates at a Land-Grant Institution}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2022-0096}, abstractNote={Recent research conducted within the veterinary profession has reported higher rates of depression and stress than the general US population. While this decline in mental wellbeing has been documented in Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) students and veterinary professionals, there is a lack of research on the mental wellbeing of the pre-veterinary population. This gap led the authors to conduct a survey in the fall of 2021 utilizing the DASS-21 and ATSPPH-sf inventories to assess the levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and help-seeking stigma in pre-veterinary students to better understand when the decline in veterinary mental wellbeing begins. A pre-test survey was completed by 233 pre-veterinary students in September, and an identical post-test survey was completed by 184 pre-veterinary students in November. From the pre- and post-test data, depression, anxiety, and stress scores increased as students advanced in academic status during their undergraduate degree. Juniors reported the highest averages of depression, anxiety, and stress compared to their peers. In the post-test, sophomores and juniors exhibited higher rates of depression than freshmen, and juniors and seniors exhibited higher rates of stress than freshmen. Current VMCAS applicants exhibited higher levels of stress than non-VMCAS applicants in the pre-test, and lower levels of stress in the post-test. In both the pre-test and post-test data, respondents averaged a neutral attitude toward help-seeking. Based on these results, a decline in pre-veterinary mental wellbeing occurs as students' progress in their undergraduate career and should be further studied to assess its impact on Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and veterinary professional wellbeing.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Clark, Jessica C. and Long, Linzi and Daniel, Georgia A. and Anderson, Samantha M. and Zheng, Yaxin}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{burnham_ange-van heugten_mckenney_minter_trivedi_2023, title={Conservation Innovations and Future Directions for the Study of Rhinoceros Gut Microbiome}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-5636"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/4/2/30}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4020030}, abstractNote={Rhinoceros are among the largest and most endangered herbivores in the world. Three of the five extant species are critically endangered, with poaching and habitat loss contributing heavily to declines. The gut microbiome is an essential facet of host health and digestion, mediating a variety of immune and physiological functions. Certain microbes have the potential to serve as biomarkers for reproductive outcomes and predictors of disease susceptibility. Therefore, assessing gut microbial dynamics in relation to wild and managed rhinoceros populations has particular relevance for zoos and other conservation organizations that maintain assurance populations of these charismatic megafauna. The functional gut microbiomes associated with all rhinoceros species remain poorly studied, and many published reports are limited by small sample sizes and sex biases. In this review, we synthesize current research to examine the rhinoceros gut microbiome under human management and resulting conservation implications, address common pitfalls of wildlife gut microbiome studies, and propose future avenues of research in this field.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS}, author={Burnham, Christina M. and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and McKenney, Erin A. and Minter, Larry J. and Trivedi, Shweta}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={396–412} }
 @article{burnham_mckenney_ange-van heugten_minter_trivedi_2023, title={Effect of fecal preservation method on captive southern white rhinoceros gut microbiome}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2328-5540"]}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1436}, abstractNote={Abstract The southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum ) faces an uncertain future in the wild due to increased poaching pressure and habitat fragmentation, thus the management of reproductively successful populations is of critical importance. Successful reproductive outcomes in rhinoceros may be mediated by diet and gut microbial diversity; therefore, understanding gut microbial dynamics within and between captive and wild populations may help improve conservation efforts. Accordingly, gut microbiome preservation methods are needed that are practical for in situ field sampling of wild populations. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 different preservation methods over 2 timepoints for stabilizing microbial communities in feces from southern white rhinoceros ( n = 10) at the North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro, North Carolina, USA, during July–September 2020 and January–March 2021. Samples were immediately frozen at −80°C, stored in PERFORMAbiome™·GUT (PB) tubes or stored in 95% ethanol at ambient temperatures (to simulate field conditions), and processed after 14 or 230 days post‐collection. We quantitatively compared alpha and beta diversity across microbial communities and identified taxa that were enriched in each treatment group. Samples preserved in 95% ethanol consistently harbored lower Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and Simpson's diversity (SDI) values compared to Frozen and PB samples. This trend was apparent in both Ethanol day‐14 samples (SHDI 4.94; SDI 0.98) versus Frozen day‐14 (SHDI 5.19; W = 518, P < 0.001; SDI 0.99; W = 476, P < 0.001) and PB day‐14 (SHDI 5.15; W = 430, P < 0.01; SDI 0.99; W = 1075, P = 1) samples, and in Ethanol day‐230 samples (SHDI 4.48; SDI 0.97) versus Frozen day‐230 (SHDI 5.18; W = 0, P < 0.05; SDI 0.99; W = 0, P = 0.032) and PB day‐230 (SHDI 5.23; W = 0, P < 0.05; SDI 0.99; W = 0, P = 0.032) samples. Ethanol day 230 samples differed ( P < 0.05) from all other treatments in both alpha and beta diversity indices. Notably, frozen and PB preservation methods maintained compositionally similar microbial communities across both time points. Our results indicate that PB tubes stored at ambient temperatures perform similarly to freezing at −80°C, highlighting their utility for microbiome fieldwork applications. Identifying optimal and versatile microbiome preservation techniques will enable future studies of the gut microbiome in reproductively‐successful wild populations, an effort central to conservation efforts in the southern white rhinoceros and other threatened species.}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Burnham, Christina M. and McKenney, Erin A. and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Minter, Larry J. and Trivedi, Shweta}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{burnham_mckenney_ange-van heugten_minter_trivedi_2023, title={Effects of age, seasonality, and reproductive status on the gut microbiome of Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) at the North Carolina zoo}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2524-4671"]}, DOI={10.1186/s42523-023-00249-5}, abstractNote={Managed southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) serve as assurance populations for wild conspecifics threatened by poaching and other anthropocentric effects, though many managed populations experience subfertility and reproductive failure. Gut microbiome and host health are inextricably linked, and reproductive outcomes in managed southern white rhinoceros may be mediated in part by their diet and gut microbial diversity. Thus, understanding microbial dynamics within managed populations may help improve conservation efforts. We characterized the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome in the managed population of female southern white rhinoceros (n = 8) at the North Carolina Zoo and investigated the effects of seasonality (summer vs. winter) and age classes (juveniles (n = 2; 0-2 years), subadults (n = 2; 3-7 years), and adults (n = 4; >7 years)) on microbial richness and community structure. Collection of a fecal sample was attempted for each individual once per month from July-September 2020 and January-March 2021 resulting in a total of 41 samples analyzed. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene. Total operational taxonomic units (OTUs), alpha diversity (species richness, Shannon diversity), and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, linear discriminant analysis effect size) indices were examined, and differentially enriched taxa were identified.There were differences (p < 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity indices across individuals, age groups, and sampling months. Subadult females had higher levels of Shannon diversity (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05) compared to adult females and harbored a community cluster distinct from both juveniles and adults. Samples collected during winter months (January-March 2021) possessed higher species richness and statistically distinct communities compared to summer months (July-September 2020) (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). Reproductively active (n = 2) and currently nonreproductive adult females (n = 2) harbored differentially enriched taxa, with the gut microbiome of nonreproductive females significantly enriched (p = 0.001) in unclassified members of Mobiluncus, a genus which possesses species associated with poor reproductive outcomes in other animal species when identified in the cervicovaginal microbiome.Together, our results increase the understanding of age and season related microbial variation in southern white rhinoceros at the North Carolina Zoo and have identified a potential microbial biomarker for reproductive concern within managed female southern white rhinoceros.}, number={1}, journal={ANIMAL MICROBIOME}, author={Burnham, Christina M. M. and McKenney, Erin A. A. and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Minter, Larry J. J. and Trivedi, Shweta}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{trivedi_deuser_zheng_2023, title={Impact of Applying Quality Matters Essential Standards in an Animal Science Physiology Course.}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.134}, abstractNote={
 Quality Matters (QM) program consists of a stringent course quality peer-review process designed to give faculty feedback on the structure of online/hybrid courses which results in the national certification by the QM organization (Lynch and Gaston, 2020). The objective of this pedagogical study was to quantify student perceptions of online learning experience by utilizing 8 specific standards of course quality in a QM-certified, 3 credit hour, Physiology of Domestic Animals course. A total of 46 students out of 114 enrolled, completed an anonymous Qualtrics survey at the end of the course in Spring 2022 (IRB 24779). The survey consisted of 21 questions broken into the 8 general standards of Course Overview and Introduction (2 questions) Learning Objectives (5 questions), Assessment and Measurement (3 questions), Instructional Materials (2 questions), Learner Interaction and Engagement (3 questions), Course Technology (2 questions), Learner Support (2 Questions), Accessibility and Usability (2 Questions). Each question used a Likert Scale from 0 to 4 for responses; 0 (Strongly Disagree), 1 (Disagree), 2 (Neutral), 3 (Agree), and 4 (Strongly Agree). A multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to summarize perception of the studnets on QM standards that had the most impact on their online learning experience. About 81.16% of the data variance was explained by the first five PCs together where we retained Eigen values greater than 1. Students strongly agreed that Course Overview & Introduction, Learning Objectives, Instructional materials, Learner Support and Course Technology were a critical part of their online learning in the course. Over 8.7% students disagreed and strongly disagreed to Assessments and Measurement being a key part of their hybrid learning experience. The results clearly indicate that applying QM standards to a content heavy, required core course for animal science students significantly improved the student learning experience at NC State University.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Deuser, Kylie and Zheng, Yaxin}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{deuser_sanchez_mendoza-moran_winzeler_zheng_trivedi_2023, title={Student perceptions of the impact of quality matters essential standards in an animal physiology course}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txad112}, abstractNote={Abstract As online learning becomes increasingly popular in higher education, the quality of courses that utilize this modality is becoming a focus of inquiry. Quality Matters (QM) is a leading quality assurance organization that reviews online and hybrid (partially online, partially in-person) courses for standards of pedagogy and instructional design and certifies courses that sufficiently meet these standards. In this study, we examine student perceptions of course quality in a hybrid three-credit-hour animal science course that has been certified by QM. The class met twice a week for 1.25 h with one class period online and one in person. It consisted of 11 modules, each of which included learning content, learning activities, and assessments. Upon completion, 46 of 114 students completed a survey in which they rated the course on each of the 21 QM essential standards (Fifth edition). Descriptive analysis revealed that for 19 of the 21 specific review standards, 75% to 91% of students agreed or strongly agreed that the course reflected the best practice described in the standard. For the other two standards, over half of students (72%, 63%) agreed or strongly agreed that best practices were reflected in course design. Another way to examine the data is to collapse specific review standards into eight general review categories as specified by QM; the collapsed data revealed that 75% to 88% of students agreed or strongly agreed that the course design reflected the eight general course design standards. The percentage of students disagreeing that the course reflected each best practice was 11% or lower. Cronbach analysis to examine the internal consistency of the QM questionnaire (0.96), indicated instrument reliability and stability. A principal component analysis of the data conducted to further examine features and patterns of student responses revealed four primary factors that students rated highly (learning objectives, learner interaction and engagement, accessibility and usability, and clarity) that explained 78% of the data variance. This study demonstrates that the high quality of course design and delivery in a QM-certified course is clear to students. and provides justification for the investment in high-quality online and hybrid course design. In the future, we plan to compare student perceptions of course quality in a course that has not been QM-certified with one that has, as well as the impact of those revisions on student outcomes.}, number={1}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deuser, Kylie and Sanchez, Rebecca P. and Mendoza-Moran, Arlene and Winzeler, Bethanne and Zheng, Yaxin and Trivedi, Shweta}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{trivedi_clark_deprospero_royal_see_2021, title={A novel career development course for animal science students pursuing veterinary college admissions}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txab106}, abstractNote={Abstract A one-credit hour, elective, professional development course was created at North Carolina State University to introduce pre-veterinary track students to the admissions process and the breadth of the veterinary profession. The course was designed to facilitate career exploration while building self-efficacy through vicarious learning, interacting with speakers in various veterinary subfields, and addressing misperceptions about veterinary admissions. To evaluate the student learning objectives and improve upon the current practices of the course, data from two pretest and posttest course surveys for 235 course participants between Spring 2014 and 2017 were analyzed. The results of the study showed that students experienced significant gains in self-appraisal (Cohen’s d ranged 1.88 to 2.53), gathering occupational information (Cohen’s d ranged 1.59 to 2.53), goal selection (Cohen’s d ranged 2.14 to 2.53), and planning and problem-solving (Cohen’s d ranged 1.88 to 2.77) as well as experienced a decrease in five misperceptions about veterinary admissions. This novel course is presented as a prospective course for other universities.}, number={3}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Clark, Jessica C. and Deprospero, Dylan and Royal, Kenneth and See, Miles Todd}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{trivedi_burnham_capobianco_boshoff_zheng_pettiglio_ange-van heugten_bissell_minter_2021, title={Analysis of Blood Biochemistry of Free Ranging and Human-Managed Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) Using the i-STAT Alinity v®}, volume={2021}, ISSN={2042-0048 2090-8113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2665956}, DOI={10.1155/2021/2665956}, abstractNote={Handheld point-of-care blood analyzers deliver rapid results for biochemical and hematologic parameters, making them very useful in veterinary clinics and in fieldwork applications. This study compared the biochemical and hematologic parameters generated by the novel point-of-care analyzer i-STAT® Alinity V CHEM8+ cartridge between human-managed and free ranging populations of southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). In addition, a novel reference interval for ionized calcium (iCa), a parameter of diagnostic and prognostic importance, was established for southern white rhinoceros. Blood samples were obtained from 10 managed (6 at NC Zoo and 4 at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2019) and 30 free ranging white rhinoceros (collected in South Africa between 2018 and 2019) and analyzed using the i-STAT. Multiple parameters were higher (P < 0.05) in free ranging versus managed animals including potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Conversely, iCa concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in the managed populations of white rhinoceros. The RI determined for iCa was 1.36–1.56 mmol/L, with a mean of 1.46 mmol/L, and was determined using the guidelines from the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. There was no difference in anion gap, chlorine, total carbon dioxide, or sodium between the populations. Seasonality and locality of sampling as well as diet may be contributing factors to the higher iCa concentrations in managed rhinoceros. The six elevated parameters in free ranging rhinoceros are likely attributable to dehydration compounded by capture stress. This data provides insight into the state of several biochemical and hematologic parameters in southern white rhinoceros and will allow veterinarians to better assess the health of both managed and free ranging populations.}, journal={Veterinary Medicine International}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Burnham, Christina M. and Capobianco, Christian M. and Boshoff, Christiaan and Zheng, Yaxin and Pettiglio, Jordan Wood and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Bissell, Heidi D. and Minter, Larry J.}, editor={Hussni, Carlos AlbertoEditor}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{trivedi_clark_royal_2021, title={The Impact of COVID-19 on Pre-Veterinary Opportunities and Recommendations for DVM Admissions}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2020-0145}, abstractNote={During the summer of 2020, a survey-based study was conducted at North Carolina State University, a land-grant university, to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on pre-veterinary students' ability to gain experience hours for Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) admissions. Of the 286 respondents (47% of the respondent pool), 92% reported losing at least one animal, veterinary, research, extracurricular, or work opportunity due to COVID-19, and 59% were not able to find a replacement. Of the lost experiences, 74 (20.8%) were for academic credit, resulting in 131 total academic credit hours lost, while only 12 credit hours were gained via alternative experiences. Of respondents, 30% (29.7%) identified as applicants of the 2020-2021 Veterinary Medical College Application Service (VMCAS) cycle. More than half (52.6%) of the sample identified being concerned about the strength of their VMCAS experiences due to these lost opportunities. Many respondents reported considering delaying application submissions by taking a gap year (17.5%) or have had their intended graduation timeline affected (14.8%). Since the majority of veterinary colleges utilize a holistic review process, this study provides a basis for understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the duration, depth, and diversity of experiences gained by future DVM applicants. This article also provides recommendations for DVM admissions adaptations based on the outcomes of the data.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Clark, Jessica C. and Royal, Kenneth D.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{trivedi_clark_see_2021, title={Veterinary Professions Advising Center: an innovative approach to preveterinary advising for Animal Science students}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txab064}, abstractNote={Abstract Veterinary Professions Advising Center (VetPAC) is a unique undergraduate advising center that combines Career Center services with preprofessional advising for preveterinary students at North Carolina State University (NCSU). During the past 10 years, VetPAC has created five distinct internships, three annual study abroad courses, and a competitive annual high school summer camp, provided holistic advising, and hosted large-scale advising events that consistently provide resources to more than 800 students annually. The VetPAC provided outreach to an average of 13 local high schools per academic year and educated over 300 visiting students about VetPAC and preveterinary life at NCSU since 2015. NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine has had a minimum of 26% and a maximum of 45% DVM students in the incoming classes who accessed VetPAC resources and advising. This article presents the impact VetPAC has had on preveterinary student success at NCSU and provides an outline of VetPAC’s first 10 years of development as a model of combined career services and preprofessional advising for peer institutions.}, number={2}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Trivedi, Shweta and Clark, Jessica C. and See, M. Todd}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{verhein_mccaw_gladwell_trivedi_bushel_kleeberger_2015, title={Novel Roles for Notch3 and Notch4 Receptors in Gene Expression and Susceptibility to Ozone-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.1408852}, abstractNote={Background Ozone is a highly toxic air pollutant and global health concern. Mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to ozone-induced lung inflammation are not completely understood. We hypothesized that Notch3 and Notch4 are important determinants of susceptibility to ozone-induced lung inflammation. Methods Wild-type (WT), Notch3 (Notch3–/–), and Notch4 (Notch4–/–) knockout mice were exposed to ozone (0.3 ppm) or filtered air for 6–72 hr. Results Relative to air-exposed controls, ozone increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, a marker of lung permeability, in all genotypes, but significantly greater concentrations were found in Notch4–/– compared with WT and Notch3–/– mice. Significantly greater mean numbers of BALF neutrophils were found in Notch3–/– and Notch4–/– mice compared with WT mice after ozone exposure. Expression of whole lung Tnf was significantly increased after ozone in Notch3–/– and Notch4–/– mice, and was significantly greater in Notch3–/– compared with WT mice. Statistical analyses of the transcriptome identified differentially expressed gene networks between WT and knockout mice basally and after ozone, and included Trim30, a member of the inflammasome pathway, and Traf6, an inflammatory signaling member. Conclusions These novel findings are consistent with Notch3 and Notch4 as susceptibility genes for ozone-induced lung injury, and suggest that Notch receptors protect against innate immune inflammation. Citation Verhein KC, McCaw Z, Gladwell W, Trivedi S, Bushel PR, Kleeberger SR. 2015. Novel roles for Notch3 and Notch4 receptors in gene expression and susceptibility to ozone-induced lung inflammation in mice. Environ Health Perspect 123:799–805; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408852}, number={8}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Verhein, Kirsten C. and McCaw, Zachary and Gladwell, Wesley and Trivedi, Shweta and Bushel, Pierre R. and Kleeberger, Steven R.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={799–805} }
 @article{trivedi_arasu_2005, title={Evaluation of endogenous reference genes for real-time PCR quantification of gene expression in Ancylostoma caninum}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1872-9428"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.05.011}, number={2}, journal={MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY}, author={Trivedi, S and Arasu, P}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={241–244} }