@article{yilmaz_prat_jose ibanez_koksoy_amano_sullivan_2016, title={Multiple vitellogenins and product yolk proteins in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Molecular characterization, quantification in plasma, liver and ovary, and maturational proteolysis}, volume={194}, ISSN={["1879-1107"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.010}, abstractNote={Three complete vitellogenin (Vtg) polypeptides of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), an acanthomorph teleost spawning pelagic eggs in seawater, were deduced from cDNA and identified as VtgAa, VtgAb and VtgC based on current Vtg nomenclature and phylogeny. Label free quantitative mass spectrometry verified the presence of the three sea bass Vtgs or their product yolk proteins (YPs) in liver, plasma and ovary of postvitellogenic females. As evidenced by normalized spectral counts, VtgAb-derived protein was 2- to 5-fold more abundant, depending on sample type, than for VtgAa, while VtgC-derived protein was less abundant, albeit only 3-fold lower than for VtgAb in the ovary. Western blotting with Vtg type-specific antisera raised against corresponding gray mullet (Mugil cephalus) lipovitellins (Lvs) detected all three types of sea bass Vtg in the blood plasma of gravid females and/or estrogenized males and showed that all three forms of sea bass Lv undergo limited partial degradation during oocyte maturation. The comparatively high levels of VtgC-derived YPs in fully-grown oocytes and the maturational proteolysis of all three types of Lv differ from what has been reported for other teleosts spawning pelagic eggs in seawater but are similar to recent findings for two species of North American Moronidae, the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white perch (Morone americana), which spawn pelagic and demersal eggs, respectively in fresh water. Together with the high Vtg sequence homologies and virtually identical structural features of each type of Vtg between species, these findings indicate that the moronid multiple Vtg systems do not substantially vary with reproductive environment.}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Yilmaz, Ozlem and Prat, Francisco and Jose Ibanez, A. and Koksoy, Sadi and Amano, Haruna and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2016}, pages={71–86} }
 @article{yilmaz_prat_jose ibanez_amano_koksoy_sullivan_2015, title={Estrogen-induced yolk precursors in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax: Status and perspectives on multiplicity and functioning of vitellogenins}, volume={221}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.018}, abstractNote={The estrogen-inducible egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin, of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) has received considerable scientific attention by virtue of its central importance in determination of oocyte growth and egg quality in this important aquaculture species. However, the multiplicity of vitellogenins in the sea bass has only recently been examined. Recent cloning and homology analyses have revealed that the sea bass possesses the three forms of vitellogenin, VtgAa, VtgAb and VtgC, reported to occur in some other highly evolved teleosts. Progress has been made in assessing the relative abundance and special structural features of the three Vtgs and their likely roles in oocyte maturation and embryonic nutrition. This report discusses these findings in the context of our prior knowledge of vitellogenesis in this species and of the latest advances in our understanding of the evolution and function of multiple Vtgs in acanthomorph fishes.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Yilmaz, Ozlem and Prat, Francisco and Jose Ibanez, Antonio and Amano, Haruna and Koksoy, Sadi and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{sullivan_chapman_reading_anderson_2015, title={Transcriptomics of mRNA and egg quality in farmed fish: Some recent developments and future directions}, volume={221}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.02.012}, abstractNote={Maternal mRNA transcripts deposited in growing oocytes regulate early development and are under intensive investigation as determinants of egg quality. The research has evolved from single gene studies to microarray and now RNA-Seq analyses in which mRNA expression by virtually every gene can be assessed and related to gamete quality. Such studies have mainly focused on genes changing two- to several-fold in expression between biological states, and have identified scores of candidate genes and a few gene networks whose functioning is related to successful development. However, ever-increasing yields of information from high throughput methods for detecting transcript abundance have far outpaced progress in methods for analyzing the massive quantities of gene expression data, and especially for meaningful relation of whole transcriptome profiles to gamete quality. We have developed a new approach to this problem employing artificial neural networks and supervised machine learning with other novel bioinformatics procedures to discover a previously unknown level of ovarian transcriptome function at which minute changes in expression of a few hundred genes is highly predictive of egg quality. In this paper, we briefly review the progress in transcriptomics of fish egg quality and discuss some future directions for this field of study.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Sullivan, Craig V. and Chapman, Robert W. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Anderson, Paul E.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={23–30} }
 @article{reading_hiramatsu_schilling_molloy_glassbrook_mizuta_luo_baltzegar_williams_todo_et al._2014, title={Lrp13 is a novel vertebrate lipoprotein receptor that binds vitellogenins in teleost fishes}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1539-7262"]}, DOI={10.1194/jlr.m050286}, abstractNote={Transcripts encoding a novel member of the lipoprotein receptor superfamily, termed LDL receptor-related protein (Lrp)13, were sequenced from striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white perch (Morone americana) ovaries. Receptor proteins were purified from perch ovary membranes by protein-affinity chromatography employing an immobilized mixture of vitellogenins Aa and Ab. RT-PCR revealed lrp13 to be predominantly expressed in striped bass ovary, and in situ hybridization detected lrp13 transcripts in the ooplasm of early secondary growth oocytes. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed peak lrp13 expression in the ovary during early secondary growth. Quantitative mass spectrometry revealed peak Lrp13 protein levels in striped bass ovary during late-vitellogenesis, and immunohistochemistry localized Lrp13 to the oolemma and zona radiata of vitellogenic oocytes. Previously unreported orthologs of lrp13 were identified in genome sequences of fishes, chicken (Gallus gallus), mouse (Mus musculus), and dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) lrp13 loci are discrete and share genomic synteny. The Lrp13 appears to function as a vitellogenin receptor and may be an important mediator of yolk formation in fishes and other oviparous vertebrates. The presence of lrp13 orthologs in mammals suggests that this lipoprotein receptor is widely distributed among vertebrates, where it may generally play a role in lipoprotein metabolism.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH}, author={Reading, Benjamin J. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Schilling, Justin and Molloy, Katelyn T. and Glassbrook, Norm and Mizuta, Hiroko and Luo, Wenshu and Baltzegar, David A. and Williams, Valerie N. and Todo, Takashi and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={2287–2295} }
 @article{williams_reading_hiramatsu_amano_glassbrook_hara_sullivan_2014, title={Multiple vitellogenins and product yolk proteins in striped bass, Morone saxatilis: molecular characterization and processing during oocyte growth and maturation}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10695-013-9852-0}, abstractNote={The multiple vitellogenin (Vtg) system of striped bass, a perciform species spawning nearly neutrally buoyant eggs in freshwater, was investigated. Vitellogenin cDNA cloning, Western blotting of yolk proteins (YPs) using Vtg and YP type-specific antisera, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of the YPs revealed the complex mechanisms of yolk formation and maturation in this species. It was discovered that striped bass possesses a tripartite Vtg system (VtgAa, VtgAb, and VtgC) in which all three forms of Vtg make a substantial contribution to the yolk. The production of Vtg-derived YPs is generally similar to that described for other perciforms. However, novel amino-terminal labeling of oocyte YPs prior to MS/MS identified multiple alternative sites for cleavage of these proteins from their parent Vtg, revealing a YP mixture far more complex than reported previously. This approach also revealed that the major YP product of each form of striped bass Vtg, lipovitellin heavy chain (LvH), undergoes limited degradation to smaller polypeptides during oocyte maturation, unlike the case in marine fishes spawning buoyant eggs in which LvHAa undergoes extensive proteolysis to osmotically active free amino acids. These differences likely reflect the lesser need for hydration of pelagic eggs spawned in freshwater. The detailed characterization of Vtgs and their proteolytic fate(s) during oocyte growth and maturation establishes striped bass as a freshwater model for investigating teleost multiple Vtg systems.}, number={2}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Williams, V. N. and Reading, B. J. and Hiramatsu, N. and Amano, H. and Glassbrook, N. and Hara, A. and Sullivan, C. V.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={395–415} }
 @article{chapman_reading_sullivan_2014, title={Ovary Transcriptome Profiling via Artificial Intelligence Reveals a Transcriptomic Fingerprint Predicting Egg Quality in Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0096818}, abstractNote={Inherited gene transcripts deposited in oocytes direct early embryonic development in all vertebrates, but transcript profiles indicative of embryo developmental competence have not previously been identified. We employed artificial intelligence to model profiles of maternal ovary gene expression and their relationship to egg quality, evaluated as production of viable mid-blastula stage embryos, in the striped bass (Morone saxatilis), a farmed species with serious egg quality problems. In models developed using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and supervised machine learning, collective changes in the expression of a limited suite of genes (233) representing <2% of the queried ovary transcriptome explained >90% of the eventual variance in embryo survival. Egg quality related to minor changes in gene expression (<0.2-fold), with most individual transcripts making a small contribution (<1%) to the overall prediction of egg quality. These findings indicate that the predictive power of the transcriptome as regards egg quality resides not in levels of individual genes, but rather in the collective, coordinated expression of a suite of transcripts constituting a transcriptomic “fingerprint”. Correlation analyses of the corresponding candidate genes indicated that dysfunction of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome, COP9 signalosome, and subsequent control of the cell cycle engenders embryonic developmental incompetence. The affected gene networks are centrally involved in regulation of early development in all vertebrates, including humans. By assessing collective levels of the relevant ovarian transcripts via ANNs we were able, for the first time in any vertebrate, to accurately predict the subsequent embryo developmental potential of eggs from individual females. Our results show that the transcriptomic fingerprint evidencing developmental dysfunction is highly predictive of, and therefore likely to regulate, egg quality, a biologically complex trait crucial to reproductive fitness.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Chapman, Robert W. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{williams_reading_amano_hiramatsu_schilling_salger_williams_gross_sullivan_2014, title={Proportional Accumulation of Yolk Proteins Derived From Multiple Vitellogenins is Precisely Regulated During Vitellogenesis in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)}, volume={321}, ISSN={["2471-5646"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24648375}, DOI={10.1002/jez.1859}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Williams, Valerie N. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Amano, Haruna and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Schilling, Justin and Salger, Scott A. and Williams, Taufika Islam and Gross, Kevin and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={301–315} }
 @article{reading_williams_chapman_williams_sullivan_2013, title={Dynamics of the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) Ovary Proteome Reveal a Complex Network of the Translasome}, volume={12}, ISSN={1535-3893 1535-3907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/PR3010293}, DOI={10.1021/pr3010293}, abstractNote={We evaluated changes in the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) ovary proteome during the annual reproductive cycle using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and a novel machine learning analysis based on K-means clustering and support vector machines. Modulated modularity clustering was used to group co-variable proteins into expression modules and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted for proteins within those modules. We discovered that components of the ribosome along with translation initiation and elongation factors generally decrease as the annual ovarian cycle progresses toward ovulation, concomitant with a slight increase in components of the 26S-proteasome. Co-variation within more than one expression module of components from these two multi-protein complexes suggests that they are not only co-regulated, but that co-regulation occurs through more than one sub-network. These components also co-vary with subunits of the TCP-1 chaperonin system and enzymes of intermediary metabolic pathways, suggesting that protein folding and cellular bioenergetic state play important roles in protein synthesis and degradation. We provide further evidence to suggest that protein synthesis and degradation are intimately linked, and our results support function of a proteasome-ribosome supercomplex known as the translasome.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Proteome Research}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Reading, Benjamin J. and Williams, Valerie N. and Chapman, Robert W. and Williams, Taufika Islam and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={1691–1699} }
 @article{ryu_tanaka_kasahara_ito_hiramatsu_todo_sullivan_hara_2013, title={Molecular Cloning and Transcript Expression of Genes Encoding Two Types of Lipoprotein Lipase in the Ovary of Cutthroat Trout, Oncorhynchus clarki}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0289-0003"]}, DOI={10.2108/zsj.30.224}, abstractNote={Large amounts of neutral lipids (NLs) are stored as lipid droplets in the ooplasm of fish oocytes, providing an essential energy resource for developing embryos and larvae. However, little is known about the origin of such lipids or about mechanisms underlying their uptake and accumulation in oocytes. We have proposed a model for this lipidation of teleost oocytes, as follows: very low density lipoprotein (Vldl) is metabolized by lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) outside and/or inside of the oocyte and the resulting fatty acids (FAs) are then utilized for de novo biosynthesis of NLs. As a first step toward verification of this model, cDNAs for genes encoding two types of Lpl, lpl and lpl2, were cloned from the ovary of cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki. Examination of Lpl polypeptide sequences deduced from the cDNAs revealed features similar to LPLs/Lpls in other species, including several conserved structural and functional domains. Both types of lpl mRNA were highly expressed in lipid storage tissues (e.g., adipose tissue, muscle, and ovary) and were predominantly expressed in the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles. Ovarian lpl1 mRNA levels showed a remarkable peak in April (early oocyte lipid droplet stage) and then decreased to low values sustained until November (mid-vitellogenesis), after which time a small peak in lpl1 gene expression was observed in December (late vitellogenesis). The mRNA levels of lpl2 also were elevated in April and were highest in June (late lipid droplet stage), but did not show other pronounced changes. These results suggest that, in the cutthroat trout, Vldl is metabolized by the action of Lpls in the granulosa cell layer to generate free FAs for uptake and biosynthesis of neutral lipids by growing oocytes.}, number={3}, journal={ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Ryu, Yong-Woon and Tanaka, Ricako and Kasahara, Ayumi and Ito, Yuta and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Todo, Takashi and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hara, Akihiko}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={224–237} }
 @article{luo_ito_mizuta_massaki_hiramatsu_todo_reading_sullivan_hara_2013, title={Molecular cloning and partial characterization of an ovarian receptor with seven ligand binding repeats, an orthologue of low-density lipoprotein receptor, in the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)}, volume={166}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.06.026}, abstractNote={Teleost fish eggs contain a substantial yolk mass consisting of lipids and proteins that provides essential nutrients for embryonic and larval development. The polar lipid and protein components of the yolk are delivered to oocytes by circulating vitellogenins, however the source(s) of the neutral lipid remains unknown. We cloned a cDNA encoding an orthologue of low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) from the ovary of cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki (ct-Ldlr). Predominant expression of ct-ldlr mRNA was observed in the ovary and moderate expression was detected in intestine, gill and brain. The relative abundance of ct-ldlr transcripts was highest in early pre-vitellogenic ovaries and significantly decreased during vitellogenesis, followed by a slight increase during final maturation and in post-ovulatory follicles. In situ hybridization revealed an intense and evenly distributed localization of ct-ldlr transcripts in the ooplasm of pre-vitellogenic oocytes and these signals disappeared in vitellogenic follicles. Collectively, these results suggest that the Ldlr is involved in deposition of yolk lipids in cutthroat trout oocytes. The ct-ldlr transcripts also were detected in theca and granulosa cells, suggesting that this receptor may be involved in cholesterol uptake for ovarian steroidogenesis. This is the first report on partial characterization of an ldlr orthologue in any fish species.}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology}, author={Luo, W. S. and Ito, Y. and Mizuta, H. and Massaki, K. and Hiramatsu, N. and Todo, T. and Reading, Benjamin and Sullivan, C. V. and Hara, A.}, year={2013}, pages={263–271} }
 @article{hiramatsu_luo_reading_sullivan_mizuta_ryu_nishimiya_todo_hara_2013, title={Multiple ovarian lipoprotein receptors in teleosts}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10695-012-9612-6}, abstractNote={Recent investigations have revealed multiplicity in maternal yolk precursors and their corresponding ovarian lipoprotein receptors (LRs) in diverse oviparous vertebrates, including fishes. This mini-review describes further evidence for the system of fish egg yolk formation mediated by multiple ovarian LRs, which have been obtained by studies utilizing a combination of conventional molecular and biochemical analyses, and modern proteome and transcriptome technologies. A hypothetical "multiple ovarian LR" model is proposed based on our current and previous knowledge of fish yolk formation.}, number={1}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Hiramatsu, N. and Luo, W. and Reading, B. J. and Sullivan, C. V. and Mizuta, H. and Ryu, Y. -W. and Nishimiya, O. and Todo, T. and Hara, A.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={29–32} }
 @article{mizuta_luo_ito_mushirobira_todo_hara_reading_sullivan_hiramatsu_2013, title={Ovarian expression and localization of a vitellogenin receptor with eight ligand binding repeats in the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)}, volume={166}, ISSN={["1879-1107"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.07.005}, abstractNote={A cDNA encoding a vitellogenin receptor with 8 ligand binding repeats (vtgr) was cloned from ovaries of the cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki. In situ hybridization and quantitative PCR analyses revealed that the main site of vtgr mRNA expression was the oocytes. Expression was strongly detected in perinucleous stage oocytes, gradually decreased as oocytes grew, and became hardly detectable in vitellogenic oocytes. A rabbit antibody (a-Vtgr) was raised against a recombinant Vtgr protein in order to immunologically detect and localize Vtgr within the ovarian follicles. Western blotting using a-Vtgr detected a bold band with an apparent mass of ~95-105kDa in an ovarian preparation that also bound Sakhalin taimen, Hucho perryi, vitellogenin in ligand blots. Immunohistochemistry using a-Vtgr revealed that the Vtgr was uniformly distributed throughout the ooplasm of perinucleolus stage oocytes, subsequently translocated to the periphery of lipid droplet stage oocytes, and became localized to the oolemma during vitellogenesis. We provide the first characterization of Vtgr at both the transcriptional and the translational levels in the cutthroat trout, and our results suggest that this receptor is involved in uptake of Vtg by oocytes of this species.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Mizuta, Hiroko and Luo, Wenshu and Ito, Yuta and Mushirobira, Yuji and Todo, Takashi and Hara, Akihiko and Reading, Benjamin J. and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={81–90} }
 @article{liu_rexroad_couch_cordes_reece_sullivan_2012, title={A Microsatellite Linkage Map of Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) Reveals Conserved Synteny with the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1436-2236"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10126-011-9407-2}, abstractNote={The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its relatives (genus Morone) are of great importance to fisheries and aquaculture in North America. As part of a collaborative effort to employ molecular genetics technologies in striped bass breeding programs, we previously developed nearly 500 microsatellite markers. The objectives of this study were to construct a microsatellite linkage map of striped bass and to examine conserved synteny between striped bass and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Of 480 microsatellite markers screened for polymorphism, 289 informative markers were identified and used to genotype two half-sib mapping families. Twenty-six linkage groups were assembled, and only two markers remain unlinked. The sex-averaged map spans 1,623.8 cM with an average marker density of 5.78 cM per marker. Among 287 striped bass microsatellite markers assigned to linkage groups, 169 (58.9%) showed homology to sequences on stickleback chromosomes or scaffolds. Comparison between the stickleback genome and the striped bass linkage map revealed conserved synteny between these two species. This is the first linkage map for any of the Morone species. This map will be useful for molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection of genes of interest in striped bass breeding programs. The conserved synteny between striped bass and stickleback will facilitate fine mapping of genome regions of interest and will serve as a new resource for comparative mapping with other Perciform fishes such as European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), and tilapia (Oreochromis ssp.).}, number={2}, journal={MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Liu, Sixin and Rexroad, Caird E., III and Couch, Charlene R. and Cordes, Jan F. and Reece, Kimberly S. and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={237–244} }
 @article{clarke_harms_law_flowers_williams_ring_mcginty_hopper_sullivan_2012, title={Clinical and Pathological Effects of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean, Gamacallum macroura in White Bass}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1080/08997659.2012.713889}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Harms, Craig A. and Law, J. McHugh and Flowers, James R. and Williams, Valerie N. and Ring, Brad D. and McGinty, Andrew S. and Hopper, Michael and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={251–257} }
 @article{reading_hiramatsu_sullivan_2011, title={Disparate Binding of Three Types of Vitellogenin to Multiple Forms of Vitellogenin Receptor in White Perch}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.110.087981}, abstractNote={Three types of white perch (Morone americana) vitellogenin (VtgAa, VtgAb, and VtgC) were purified, labeled with digoxigenin (DIG), and subjected to Vtg receptor (Vtgr) binding assays in 96-well plates coated with perch ovarian membrane proteins or to ligand blotting procedures. Binding specificity was evaluated by incubating membrane protein preparations with constant amounts of DIG-Vtg tracer (VtgAa, VtgAb, VtgC, or a mixture of VtgAa and VtgAb [VtgAa/b]) alone or in the presence of unlabeled Vtg ligands. At 250-fold excess molar concentration relative to the tracer, VtgAa and VtgAb were each able to displace only approximately 50% of bound DIG-VtgAa/b, but VtgAa/b could fully displace DIG-VtgAa and DIG-VtgAb under the same conditions. Over a broad range of excess molar ratios, unlabeled VtgAa and VtgAb each displaced their respective DIG-Vtg tracer much more effectively than each did the heterologous tracer (DIG-VtgAb and DIG-VtgAa, respectively). Ligand blotting revealed three forms of Vtgr, a large receptor (>212 kDa) that bound only to VtgAa and two smaller receptors (∼116 and ∼110.5 kDa) that bound preferentially to VtgAb. The VtgC did not specifically bind to ovarian membrane proteins in either assay. Collectively, these results indicate the presence of a system of multiple ovarian Vtgrs with disparate binding to the three types of Vtg present in higher-order teleosts (Acanthomorpha). To our knowledge, this is the first report on binding of multiple types of Vtg to multiple forms of Vtgr in any vertebrate.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Reading, Benjamin J. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={392–399} }
 @article{salger_reading_baltzegar_sullivan_noga_2011, title={Molecular characterization of two isoforms of piscidin 4 from the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis)}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1095-9947"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fsi.2010.10.009}, abstractNote={As one of the key components of innate immune system, piscidins are likely to play pivotal role in the first defense line in fish. Piscidins own multiple resistance activity. A novel piscidin 5-like type 4 was excavated from Larimichthys crocea (termed Lc-P5L4) liver transcriptome immuned by Cryptocaryon irritans, and upregulated at 7 days post infection when secondary bacterial infection occurred. In the study, we characterized the antibacterial activity of Lc-P5L4. The liquid growth inhibition assay detected the recombinant Lc-P5L4 (rLc-P5L) had potent antibacterial activity to Photobacterium damselae. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observed the cell surface of P. damselae collapsed to form pit, and membrane of some bacteria ruptured after co-incubation with rLc-P5L. Further, transmission electron microscope (TEM) was also employed to observe the intracellular microstructural damage, rLc-P5L4 caused cytoplasm contraction, pores formation and contents leakage. After knowing about its antibacterial effects, the preliminary antibacterial mechanism was also explored, western blot analysis showed rLc-P5L4 could bind to P. damselae through targeting to LPS. Agarose gel eletrophoresis analysis further showed rLc-P5L4 could also penetrate into cells and brought about genome DNA degradation. Therefore, rLc-P5L4 was of potential being a candidate to explore new antimicrobial drug or additive agent, especially to P. damselae.}, number={1}, journal={FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Salger, Scott A. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Baltzegar, David A. and Sullivan, Craig V. and Noga, Edward J.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={420–424} }
 @article{morris_sullivan_govoni_2011, title={Oogenesis and spawn formation in the invasive lionfish, Pterois miles and Pterois volitans}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1886-8134"]}, DOI={10.3989/scimar.2011.75n1147}, abstractNote={The Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois miles and P. volitans , have recently invaded the U.S. east coast and the Caribbean and pose a significant threat to native reef fish communities. Few studies have documented reproduction in pteroines from the Indo-Pacific. This study provides a description of oogenesis and spawn formation in P. miles and P. volitans collected from offshore waters of North Carolina, U.S.A and the Bahamas. Using histological and laboratory observations, we found no differences in reproductive biology between P. miles and P. volitans . These lionfish spawn buoyant eggs that are encased in a hollow mass of mucus produced by specialized secretory cells of the ovarian wall complex. Oocytes develop on highly vascularized peduncles with all oocyte stages present in the ovary of spawning females and the most mature oocytes placed terminally, near the ovarian lumen. Given these ovarian characteristics, these lionfish are asynchronous, indeterminate batch spawners and are thus capable of sustained reproduction throughout the year when conditions are suitable. This mode of reproduction could have contributed to the recent and rapid establishment of these lionfish in the northwestern Atlantic and Caribbean.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIA MARINA}, author={Morris, James A., Jr. and Sullivan, Craig V. and Govoni, John J.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={147–154} }
 @misc{reading_hiramatsu_sawaguchi_matsubara_hara_lively_sullivan_2009, title={Conserved and Variant Molecular and Functional Features of Multiple Egg Yolk Precursor Proteins (Vitellogenins) in White Perch (Morone americana) and other Teleosts}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1436-2236"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10126-008-9133-6}, abstractNote={Three complete cDNAs encoding different forms of vitellogenin (Vtg) were isolated from a white perch (Morone americana) liver cDNA library and characterized with respect to immunobiochemical and functional features of the three Vtgs and their product yolk proteins (YPs) in this species and in the congeneric striped bass (Morone saxatilis). The two longest cDNAs encoded Vtgs with a complete suite of yolk protein domains that, based on comparisons with vtg sequences from other species, were categorized as VtgAa and VtgAb using the current nomenclature for multiple teleost Vtgs. The shorter cDNA encoded a Vtg that lacked a phosvitin domain, had a shortened C-terminus, and was categorized as VtgC. Mapping of peptide sequences from the purified Vtgs and their derived YPs to Vtg sequences deduced from the cDNAs definitively identified the white perch VtgAa, VtgAb, and VtgC proteins. Detailed comparisons of the primary structures of each Vtg with partial or complete sequences of Morone yolk proteins or of Vtgs from other fishes revealed conserved and variant structural elements of teleost Vtgs with functional significance, including, as examples, signal peptide cleavage sites, dimerization sites, cathepsin D protease recognition sites, and receptor-binding domains. These comparisons also yielded an interim revision of the classification scheme for multiple teleost Vtgs.}, number={2}, journal={MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Reading, Benjamin J. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Sawaguchi, Sayumi and Matsubara, Takahiro and Hara, Akihiko and Lively, Mark O. and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={169–187} }
 @article{davis_visitacion_riley_hiramatsu_sullivan_hirano_grau_2009, title={Effects of o,p '-DDE, heptachlor, and 17 beta-estradiol on vitellogenin gene expression and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus}, volume={149}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.11.007}, abstractNote={Effects of two endocrine disruptors, o,p'-DDE and heptachlor, and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) on vitellogenin (Vg) and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis were examined in male tilapia. In the first experiment, fish were given 5 weekly injections of either E(2), o,p'-DDE or heptachlor (5 microg/g). E(2) treatment increased plasma Vg and hepatic expression of three Vg genes (Vgs A, B, and C) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), while reducing plasma levels of IGF-I and suppressing the expression of IGF-I, the GH receptor (GHR2) and the putative somatolactin receptor (GHR1). Neither pesticide greatly affected the other parameters examined, except for a significant reduction in expression of GHR2 and increased plasma IGF-I. In the second experiment, fish were given a single injection of o,p'-DDE or heptachlor (100 microg/g), or E(2) (5 microg/g) and sacrificed 5 days post-injection. Treatment with E(2) stimulated expression of all three Vg genes. Both o,p'-DDE and heptachlor increased expression of VgB, whereas only o,p'-DDE increased VgA expression. There was no effect of o,p'-DDE or heptachlor on VgC expression or plasma Vg levels. Treatment with o,p'-DDE and heptachlor as well as E(2) increased ERalpha and ERbeta transcript levels. Similarly, both pesticides increased GHR1 and IGF-I expression, whereas no significant effect of E(2) was observed on GHR1, GHR2 or IGF-I expression. These results indicate that o,p'-DDE and heptachlor have varying temporal and dose effects on modulation of Vg and the GH/IGF-I axis that are distinct from E(2).}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Davis, Lori K. and Visitacion, Nancy and Riley, Larry G. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hirano, Tetsuya and Grau, E. Gordon}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={507–514} }
 @article{davis_fox_lim_hiramatsu_sullivan_hirano_grau_2009, title={Induction of vitellogenin production in male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) by commercial fish diets}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.009}, abstractNote={Mozambique tilapia, (Oreochromis mossambicus), are a euryhaline teleost and an important biological model species. Captive male tilapia frequently have high levels of the estrogen-induced yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (Vg), a common indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. Sex steroids are found in commercial fish diets, but relatively few studies have examined the relationship between commercial diets and Vg production. In a fasting experiment to ascertain a dietary role in male Vg production, plasma Vg was reduced to negligible levels after 2 weeks of fasting, while no change in estrogen receptor (ER) expression was seen. When male tilapia were fed a squid-based diet that replaced the commercial trout diet, plasma Vg was reduced to undetectable levels over 40 days, concomitant with significant reductions in hepatic expression of Vgs A, B, and C, and ERβ, compared with control fish fed commercial trout diet. Female tilapia fed the squid-based for 20 days had no change in these parameters. When male tilapia were fed a defined, soy-based diet, plasma Vg reduced to 20% of levels in fish given either commercial trout diet or a defined, fishmeal-based diet. Overall, results from these studies suggest that estrogens in a commercial trout diet induce vitellogenin production by increasing expression of Vg, but not ER genes in male tilapia.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Davis, Lori K. and Fox, Bradley K. and Lim, Chhorn and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hirano, Tetsuya and Grau, E. Gordon}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={249–254} }
 @inproceedings{sawaguchi_ohkuio_amano_hiramatsu_hara_sullivan_matsubara_2008, title={Controlled accumulation of multiple vitellogenins into oocytes during vitellogenesis in the barfin flounder, Verasper moseri}, volume={32}, number={2}, booktitle={Cybium}, author={Sawaguchi, S. and Ohkuio, N. and Amano, H. and Hiramatsu, N. and Hara, A. and Sullivan, C. V. and Matsubara, T.}, year={2008}, pages={262–262} }
 @inproceedings{reading_hiramatsu_matsubara_hara_sullivan_2008, title={Deduced primary structures of three vitellogenins and specific binding to putative multiple ovarian receptors in white perch (Morone americana)}, volume={32}, number={2}, booktitle={Cybium}, author={Reading, B. J. and Hiramatsu, N. and Matsubara, T. and Hara, A. and Sullivan, C. V.}, year={2008}, pages={159–161} }
 @inproceedings{hiramatsu_inoue_ideuchi_fujita_amano_matsubara_sullivan_hara_2008, title={Differential production and uptake of dual vitellogenins in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)}, volume={32}, number={2}, booktitle={Cybium}, author={Hiramatsu, N. and Inoue, M. and Ideuchi, H. and Fujita, T. and Amano, H. and Matsubara, T. and Sullivan, C. V. and Hara, A.}, year={2008}, pages={260–260} }
 @inproceedings{davis_hiramatsu_sullivan_hirano_grau_2008, title={Estrogen regulation of multiple vitellogenin and estrogen receptor genes and of the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor axis in tilapia}, volume={32}, number={2}, booktitle={Cybium}, author={Davis, L. and Hiramatsu, N. and Sullivan, C. and Hirano, T. and Grau, E. G.}, year={2008}, pages={242–243} }
 @article{davis_pierce_hiramatsu_sullivan_hirano_grau_2008, title={Gender-specific expression of multiple estrogen receptors, growth hormone receptors, insulin-like growth factors and vitellogenins, and effects of 17 beta-estradiol in the male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={156}, ISSN={["0016-6480"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.03.002}, abstractNote={Gender-specific expression of estrogen receptors (ER alpha and ER beta), growth hormone receptors (GHR1 and GHR2), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and three vitellogenins (Vgs A-C) was examined in the liver, gonad, pituitary, and brain of sexually mature male, female, and 17 beta-estradiol (E2)-treated male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Reflecting greater growth rate in male tilapia, hepatic expression of GHR1, GHR2, IGF-I and IGF-II as well as plasma IGF-I levels were higher in males than in females, whereas the expression of Vgs A-C and ER alpha was higher in females. On the other hand, expression of all genes measured was higher in the ovary than in testis. Forty eight hours after E2 injection (5 microg/g) into male fish, hepatic expression of most transcripts measured were altered to levels that were similar to those seen in females. The changes included decreased expression of GHR1, GHR2, IGF-I, and IGF-II, and increased expression of ER alpha and Vgs A-C. E2 treatment also increased Vg and decreased IGF-I in the plasma. Brain expression of ER alpha, ER beta, GHR1, and IGF-I was higher in females than in males, whereas pituitary expression of GHR2 and IGF-I was lower in females; only brain expression of GHR1 was increased by E2 treatment. These findings suggest that E2 stimulates Vg production primarily through activation of ER alpha and down-regulation of the GH/IGF-I axis, thus shifting energy from somatic growth towards vitellogenesis at the level of the liver.}, number={3}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Davis, Lori K. and Pierce, Andrew L. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hirano, Tetsuya and Grau, E. Gordon}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={544–551} }
 @inproceedings{amano_fujita_hiramatsu_kagawa_sawaguchi_matsubara_sullivan_hara_2008, title={Molecular alteration of three forms of vitellogenins and their product yolk proteins during oocyte growth and maturation in grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)}, volume={32}, number={2}, booktitle={Cybium}, author={Amano, H. and Fujita, T. and Hiramatsu, N. and Kagawa, H. and Sawaguchi, S. and Matsubara, T. and Sullivan, C. V. and Hara, A.}, year={2008}, pages={156–158} }
 @article{amano_fujita_hiramatsu_kagawa_matsubara_sullivan_hara_2008, title={Multiple vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins in gray mullet (Mugil cephalus): Disparate proteolytic patterns associated with ovarian follicle maturation}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1098-2795"]}, DOI={10.1002/mrd.20864}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Amano, Haruna and Fujita, Toshiaki and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Kagawa, Hirohiko and Matsubara, Takahiro and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hara, Akihiko}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1307–1317} }
 @article{amano_fujita_hiramatsu_shimizu_sawaguch_iatsubara_kagawa_nagae_sullivan_hara_2007, title={Egg yolk proteins in gray mullet (Mugil cephalus): Purification and classification of multiple lipovitellins and other vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins and molecular cloning of the parent vitellogenin genes}, volume={307A}, ISSN={["2471-5646"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.388}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Amano, Haruna and Fujita, Toshiaki and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Shimizu, Munetaka and Sawaguch, Sayumi and Iatsubara, Takahiro and Kagawa, Hirohiko and Nagae, Masaki and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hara, Akihiko}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={324–341} }
 @article{weber_moore_sullivan_2007, title={In vitro actions of insulin-like growth factor-I on ovarian follicle maturation in white perch (Morone americana)}, volume={151}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.007}, abstractNote={Previous studies of follicle maturation in temperate basses showed that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II can induce meiotic resumption, indicated by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and oocyte maturational competence (OMC), the ability to respond to the maturation-inducing hormone (MIH, 17,20beta-21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 20beta-S). The IGFs-induced GVBD but not OMC in striped bass follicles in vitro, but OMC and not GVBD in white bass follicles. Striped bass are group-synchronous single-clutch spawners whereas white bass and white perch are group-synchronous multiple-clutch spawners. In the present study, we found that IGFs-induced OMC in white perch. Although IGF-I weakly stimulated GVBD in follicles from some late stage fish, it is likely that IGF-I did not directly induce GVBD but instead induced OMC, enabling endogenous MIH to act. Bovine insulin was less potent than IGFs at inducing OMC, suggesting that the IGFs were acting through an IGF-I receptor. IGF-I increased testosterone and estradiol-17beta production by ovarian fragments but decreased production of 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, a precursor to the MIH, which was below detection levels. As with the other Morone species, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY 294002, and the translation inhibitor cyclohexamide, attenuated GVBD induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 20beta-S, and a combination of IGF-I and 20beta-S. Only hCG-induced GVBD was attenuated by the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D. The IGFs have shared and disparate actions on ovarian follicle maturation among Morone species that appear to be linked to reproductive strategy and exhibit similarities in mechanisms of action.}, number={2}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Weber, Gregory M. and Moore, Alicia B. and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={180–187} }
 @article{davis_hiramatsu_hiramatsu_reading_matsubara_hara_sullivan_pierce_hirano_grau_2007, title={Induction of three vitellogenins by 17beta-estradiol with concurrent inhibition of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in a euryhaline teleost, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.107.060947}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of the present study was to utilize the male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) as a model for examining the molecular mechanisms that mediate the physiological transition between somatic and gonadal growth in female teleost fish, and in vertebrates in general. Partial cDNAs that encode multiple forms of vitellogenin (Vtg), which is the major precursor of yolk proteins, were cloned from estrogen-treated males and utilized to develop real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays, which were supplemented by an assay for Vtg immunoreactivity in the plasma. Alignment analyses of the amino acid sequences deduced from the vtg cDNAs revealed three distinct tilapia Vtgs, which were categorized as Aa-, Ab-, and C-type Vtgs. A single injection of male tilapias with 17beta-estradiol (E2) at 5 μg/g body weight significantly increased the plasma E2 and hepatic levels of all three vtg transcripts within 1 day. Plasma E2 levels declined after 3 days, whereas the plasma Vtg immunoreactivity and hepatic levels of the three vtg transcripts continued to increase. Hepatic expression of the estrogen receptor (esr) 1 gene, but not the esr2 gene, also increased markedly 1 day after E2 injection and remained elevated for 5 days. While plasma growth hormone (Gh) levels were unaffected, hepatic expression of transcripts that encoded the Gh receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) was suppressed by E2, as were the plasma Igf1 levels. These results clearly suggest a distinct negative interplay between the growth and reproductive axes at the molecular level of key hepatic regulatory pathways involved in the control of energy utilization by gonadal and somatic growth processes.}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Davis, Lori K. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Hiramatsu, Kaori and Reading, Benjamin J. and Matsubara, Takahiro and Hara, Akihiko and Sullivan, Craig V. and Pierce, Andrew L. and Hirano, Tetsuya and Grau, Gordon}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={614–625} }
 @article{amano_fujita_hiramatsu_sawaguchi_matsubara_sullivan_hara_2007, title={Purification of multiple vitellogenins in grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1432-1793"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00227-007-0768-z}, abstractNote={Three female specific serum proteins were detected immunologically in the sera of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) which were named vitellogenin A (VgA), VgB, and VgC, based upon their distinct antigenicity against specific antisera raised against three types of mullet lipovitellins (Lvs). These Vgs were subsequently purified from the serum of estradiol-treated mullet by combining several types of chromatography columns (anion exchanger, hydroxylapatite, immunoadsorbent column, and gel filtration). Purified native VgA, VgB, and VgC exhibited molecular masses of 570, 580, and 335 kDa, respectively. Following, SDS-PAGE, the estimated mass of polypeptide bands evident for VgA and VgB were ∼179 and ∼175 kDa, respectively; VgC appeared to be ∼132 kDa. The two larger Vgs (VgA and VgB) appeared to be phosphorylated, suggesting that these Vgs contain a highly phosphorylated, serine-rich phosvitin (Pv) domain. Furthermore, two discrete Vg-type specific antisera, anti-VgA and anti-VgB, were developed and each generated two precipitin lines against ovary extracts in immunoelectrophoresis, indicating that these Vgs contain additional antigenic yolk protein domains: Lv and β′-component. The small Vg (VgC) appeared to lack a Pv domain because of its low serine content (5.35%) and failure to show positive results in phospho-staining experiments. In conjunction with N-terminal amino acid sequencing analyses of the purified Vgs, our present results have conclusively identified the purified Vg products in grey mullet as typical A-type (VgA), B-type (VgB), and C-type (VgC) Vgs.}, number={6}, journal={MARINE BIOLOGY}, author={Amano, Haruna and Fujita, Toshiaki and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Sawaguchi, Sayumi and Matsubara, Takahiro and Sullivan, Craig V. and Hara, Akihiko}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1215–1225} }
 @article{skalski_couch_garber_weir_sullivan_2006, title={Evaluation of DNA pooling for the estimation of microsatellite allele frequencies: A case study using striped bass (Morone saxatilis)}, volume={173}, ISSN={["1943-2631"]}, DOI={10.1534/genetics.105.053702}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={GENETICS}, author={Skalski, Garrick T. and Couch, Charlene R. and Garber, Amber F. and Weir, Bruce S. and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={863–875} }
 @article{rexroad_vallejo_coulibaly_couch_garber_westerman_sullivan_2006, title={Identification and characterization of microsatellites for striped bass from repeat-enriched libraries}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1572-9737"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10592-006-9122-0}, number={6}, journal={CONSERVATION GENETICS}, author={Rexroad, Caird and Vallejo, Roger and Coulibaly, Issa and Couch, Charlene and Garber, Amber and Westerman, Mark and Sullivan, Craig}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={971–982} }
 @article{couch_garber_rexroad_abrams_stannard_westerman_sullivan_2006, title={Isolation and characterization of 149 novel microsatellite DNA markers for striped bass, Morone saxatilis, and cross-species amplification in white bass, Morone chrysops, and their hybrid}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1471-8278"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01292.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES}, author={Couch, C. R. and Garber, A. . F. and Rexroad, C. E., III and Abrams, J. . M. and Stannard, J. . A. and Westerman, M. E. and Sullivan, C. V.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={667–669} }
 @article{sawaguchi_kagawa_ohkubo_hiramatsu_sullivan_matsubara_2006, title={Molecular characterization of three forms of vitellogenin and their yolk protein products during oocyte growth and maturation in red seabream (Pagrus major), a marine teleost spawning pelagic eggs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1098-2795"]}, DOI={10.1002/mrd.20446}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Sawaguchi, S and Kagawa, H and Ohkubo, N and Hiramatsu, N and Sullivan, CV and Matsubara, T}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={719–736} }
 @article{hiramatsu_matsubara_fujita_sullivan_hara_2006, title={Multiple piscine vitellogenins: biomarkers of fish exposure to estrogenic endocrine disruptors in aquatic environments}, volume={149}, ISSN={["1432-1793"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00227-005-0214-z}, abstractNote={Vitellogenin (Vg), a major estrogen-inducible yolk precursor protein, has become an important biomarker for assessing the estrogenic potency of chemicals and the exposure of animals to estrogenic contaminants present in aquatic environments. These contaminants, which can disrupt functioning of the vertebrate neuroendocrine system, are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In general, investigations of the significance of estrogenic EDCs have failed to keep pace with recent developments in our understanding of vitellogenesis in fishes. Recent gene cloning and immunobiochemical analyses have verified the general multiplicity of piscine Vg and led to exploration of the unique roles of yolk proteins derived from different forms of Vg in the processes of oogenesis and embryogenesis. The levels of circulating Vg proteins (or Vg gene transcripts) during oogenesis and their degree of induction by estrogens appear to vary among species and among different types of Vg within species. The kinetics of induction of distinct types of Vg by estrogens in fishes appears to depend on environmental factors (e.g., water temperature and photoperiod), life history stage, and the concentration and type of estrogenic compound. Consideration of these findings will contribute to development of Vg-based bioassays superior to those currently based on the outdated “single Vg” model.}, number={1}, journal={MARINE BIOLOGY}, author={Hiramatsu, N and Matsubara, T and Fujita, T and Sullivan, CV and Hara, A}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={35–47} }
 @misc{garber_sullivan_2006, title={Selective breeding for the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops, Rafinesque x M-saxatilis, Walbaum) industry: status and perspectives}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1365-2109"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01439.x}, abstractNote={The hybrid striped bass (HSB) farming industry has considerable potential for growth into domestic retail markets, but expansion of this industry is limited by high production costs that dictate high prices for HSB. It is widely recognized within the industry that selective breeding of an improved HSB will be required to increase production efficiency and reduce market prices. A National Program of Genetic Improvement and Selective Breeding for the HSB Industry has been initiated and some progress has been made toward domestication of the parent species of the hybrid. However, uncertainty remains as to which breeding procedures will most rapidly yield sustainable genetic gains in key production traits. This paper consolidates and reviews general information on the biology of temperate basses (genus Morone) relevant to selective breeding of improved HSB. The topics covered include control of reproduction, geographic distribution of stocks and population genetic variation. This is followed by a brief review of the current application of selective breeding techniques, including those based on molecular markers. Finally, we discuss potential avenues for genetic improvement of HSB in a selective breeding program.}, number={4}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Garber, AF and Sullivan, CV}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={319–338} }
 @article{clark_henderson-arzapalo_sullivan_2005, title={Disparate effects of constant and annually-cycling daylength and water temperature on reproductive maturation of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)}, volume={249}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.001}, abstractNote={Adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were exposed to various combinations of constant or anually-cycling daylength and water temperature. Constant conditions (15 h days, 18 °C) were those normally experienced at spawning and cycling conditions simulated natural changes at Chesapeake Bay latitude. Females exposed to constant long (15 h) days and cycling water temperature (TEMPERATURE group) had blood plasma levels of sex steroids (testosterone [T] and estradiol-17β [E2]) and vitellogenin (Vg), and profiles of oocyte growth, that were nearly identical to those of females held under a natural photothermal cycle (CONTROL group). Several fish from these two groups were induced to spawn fertile eggs. Females constantly exposed to warm water (18 °C), with or without a natural photoperiod cycle (PHOTOPERIOD and STATIC groups, respectively), had diminished circulating levels of gonadal steroid hormones and Vg, impaired deposition of yolk granules in their ooplasm, and decreased oocyte growth, and they underwent premature ovarian atresia. Males exposed to cycling water temperature (CONTROL and TEMPERATURE groups) spermiated synchronously during the natural breeding season, at which time they also had had high plasma androgen (T and 11-ketotestosterone [11-KT]) levels. The timing of spermiation was highly asynchronous among males in groups of fish held constantly at 18 °C (STATIC and PHOTOPERIOD groups) and this asynchrony was associated with diminished plasma androgen levels. Termination of spermiation by males exposed to cycling water temperature coincided with a sharp decline in levels of plasma androgens about a month after water temperature rose above 18 °C. In contrast, most males held constantly at 18 °C sustained intermediate levels of plasma androgens and spermiated until the end of the study in late July. The annual cycle of water temperature clearly plays a prominent role in the initiation, maintenance, and termination of the striped bass reproductive cycle. In females, a decrease in water temperature below values experienced at spawning appears to be required for vitellogenesis and oocyte growth to proceed normally. Constant exposure of males to spawning temperature disrupts synchronous spermiation but also delays testicular regression, which may be useful for spawning fish after the natural reproductive season.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Clark, RW and Henderson-Arzapalo, A and Sullivan, CV}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={497–513} }
 @article{weber_sullivan_2005, title={Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces oocyte maturational competence but not meiotic resumption in white bass (Morone chrysops) follicles in vitro: Evidence for rapid evolution of insulin-like growth factor action}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.104.036251}, abstractNote={Abstract A combination of recombinant human (rh) insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (25 nM) and the maturation-inducing hormone (MIH), 17,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S; 72.5 nM), induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in ovarian follicles of white bass incubated in vitro, whereas a four times greater concentration of each hormone was ineffective alone. These results indicate that IGF-I induces oocyte maturational competence (OMC) but not meiotic resumption in white bass. Culture medium concentrations of 20β-S remained below detection limits for ovarian fragments incubated with rhIGF-I. Actinomycin D blocked GVBD in response to hCG but not to rhIGF-I plus 20β-S, suggesting that IGF-I requires de novo translation but not transcription to induce OMC. Gap junction uncouplers, 1-octanol and 1-heptanol, and the phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) inhibitors, wortmannin and LY 294002, attenuated hCG-, 20β-S-, and rhIGF-I plus 20β-S-induced GVBD. Although these inhibitors reduced hCG-induced progestin release, PI 3-K inhibitors did not alter MIH synthesis in some incubations and addition of 20β-S to the incubations did not fully overcome the effects of either class of inhibitors, suggesting that decreasing MIH production is not their only inhibitory effect on gonadotropin (GtH) action. Our data suggest that gap junctions and PI 3-K activity are necessary for GtH and IGF-I to induce and maintain OMC in white bass. The induction of OMC but not meiotic resumption by IGF-I in white bass, compared with the induction of meiotic resumption but not OMC by IGF-I discovered in the congeneric striped bass suggests rapid evolution of the reproductive actions of IGF-I among temperate basses (genus Morone).}, number={5}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Weber, GM and Sullivan, CV}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={1177–1186} }
 @article{sawaguchi_koya_yoshizaki_ohkubo_andoh_hiramatsu_sullivan_hara_matsubara_2005, title={Multiple vitellogenins (Vgs) in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis): Identification and characterization of three functional Vg genes and their circulating and yolk protein products}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.104.037895}, abstractNote={Abstract The objectives of this study were to characterize multiple forms of vitellogenin (Vg) in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and to discover the fate of each Vg during its processing into product yolk proteins. Two Vg preparations, with apparent masses of 600 kDa (600 Vg) and 400 kDa (400 Vg), were isolated from the plasma of fish treated with estradiol-17β (E2) by various chromatographic procedures. Immunological analyses verified the presence of two different Vg proteins (600 VgA and 600 VgB) in the 600 Vg preparation and of a single protein in the 400 Vg preparation. Three major yolk proteins (Yps) with apparent masses of 560, 400, and 28 kDa were observed in extracts of ovarian follicles from vitellogenic females. Immunological analyses demonstrated that the 400 Vg underwent no change in native mass after being incorporated into oocytes. The 600 Vgs gave rise to a 28 kDa β′-component and a native 560 kDa Yp, which was heterodimeric in structure, consisting of two types of complexes between phosvitin (Pv) and lipovitellin (Lv) heavy- and light-chains. Full-length cDNAs encoding the 600 VgA, 600 VgB, and 400 Vg were isolated from a liver cDNA library of E2 treated fish. Similar to the zebrafish vg3 gene, the 400 Vg cDNA lacked a Pv domain and was classified as an incomplete or phosvitinless (C-type) Vg. The deduced primary structures of 600 VgA and 600 VgB were complete, and these were categorized as type A and type B Vgs, respectively, according to our recent classification scheme. This is the first report on the characterization of three functional Vg genes and their circulating and yolk protein products in any vertebrate species.}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Sawaguchi, S and Koya, Y and Yoshizaki, N and Ohkubo, N and Andoh, T and Hiramatsu, N and Sullivan, CV and Hara, A and Matsubara, T}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={1045–1060} }
 @article{jackson_mccormick_madsen_swanson_sullivan_2005, title={Osmoregulatory effects of hypophysectomy and homologous prolactin replacement in hybrid striped bass}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1879-1107"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.10.004}, abstractNote={The effects of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and striped bass prolactin (sbPRL; Morone saxatilis) on plasma osmolality, electrolyte balance, and gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity were investigated in hypophysectomized (Hx), freshwater (FW)-acclimated, hybrid striped bass (M. saxatilisxMorone chrysops). They were kept in dilute (isoosmotic) seawater for about 10 days after surgery. Seven days after transfer to FW, Hx fish had lower plasma osmolality and lower levels of Na(+), Cl(-), and Ca(2+) than sham-operated and intact fish. Fish were injected four times with oPRL (1, 5, or 20 microg/g body mass), sbPRL (10 or 100 ng/g), or hormone vehicle (0.9% NaCl) at 48-h intervals (days 0, 2, 4, and 6) in FW and then sampled for blood plasma 24 h after the fourth injection (day 7). In Hx fish, oPRL (5 and 20 microg/g) and sbPRL (10 and 100 ng/g) were effective in maintaining plasma osmolality and levels of Na(+), Cl(-), and Ca(2+) above values seen in saline-injected controls. Hypophysectomy did not affect branchial Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, but enzyme activity was significantly reduced in Hx fish receiving oPRL (20 mug/g) or sbPRL (10 or 100 ng/g). These results indicate that PRL acts to maintain plasma osmotic and ionic balance in FW-adapted hybrid striped bass, and that this may involve downregulation of branchial Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Jackson, LF and McCormick, SD and Madsen, SS and Swanson, P and Sullivan, CV}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={211–218} }
 @article{cheek_king_burse_borton_sullivan_2004, title={Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) vitellogenin: purification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of endocrine disruption by papermill effluent}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cca.2004.01.005}, abstractNote={Vitellogenin (VTG) is a highly specific marker of exposure to environmental estrogens and has been used extensively in field and laboratory studies of estrogenic endocrine disruption in fishes. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive, competitive, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) vitellogenin. Bluegill VTG was purified by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-agarose. The polypeptide had an apparent mass of 170 kDa and was specifically recognized by the rabbit antiserum raised against bluegill female-specific plasma protein. Plasma samples from vitellogenic females diluted in parallel with the purified VTG standard curve in the ELISA. The detection limit of the assay was 29 ng/ml and the working range extended to 2700 ng/ml. Recovery of purified VTG was 85.8±9.5%, intra-assay variation was 6.4% and interassay variation was 12.3%. We used this ELISA to analyze the seasonal cycle of vitellogenesis in female bluegill and to evaluate potential disruption of this process by exposure to bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME). Captive female bluegill stocked in outdoor experimental streams in New Bern, NC had the lowest levels of VTG, estradiol-17β (E2), and testosterone (T) and the smallest oocyte diameters in January, but these variables increased in March and remained elevated through August, suggesting an extended spawning season. Plasma VTG, E2, T and oocyte diameter were unaffected by exposure to BKME concentrations as high as 30%. Development of the VTG ELISA allowed rapid and convenient analysis of plasma samples to evaluate exposure to potential endocrine disrupting compounds.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Cheek, AO and King, VW and Burse, JR and Borton, DL and Sullivan, CV}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={249–260} }
 @article{luckenbach_sullivan_2004, title={Effective GnRHa dose and gamete ratio for reproduction of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Jordan and Gilbert 1884)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1365-2109"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01168.x}, abstractNote={Aquaculture ResearchVolume 35, Issue 15 p. 1482-1486 Effective GnRHa dose and gamete ratio for reproduction of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Jordan and Gilbert 1884) J Adam Luckenbach, J Adam Luckenbach Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorCraig V Sullivan, Craig V Sullivan Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author J Adam Luckenbach, J Adam Luckenbach Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorCraig V Sullivan, Craig V Sullivan Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 September 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01168.xCitations: 3 Correspondence: C V Sullivan, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA. E-mail: craig_sullivan@ncsu.edu Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume35, Issue15December 2004Pages 1482-1486 RelatedInformation}, number={15}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Sullivan, CV}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1482–1486} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_beasley_sullivan_borski_2004, title={Induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) with homologous and heterologous sperm}, volume={237}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.005}, abstractNote={Effective methods for induction of diploid gynogenesis in North American flounder of the genus Paralichthys are needed to initiate monosex culture, which will allow growers to take advantage of the more rapid growth and larger size attained by females. To test methods for inducing diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) using homologous sperm, four treatments, named for their expected outcome, were employed: haploid, diploid, triploid, and gynogenetic diploid. Diploid gynogenesis was induced by activating egg development with UV-irradiated flounder sperm (70 J/cm2) for 3–4 min in seawater, and then subjecting the eggs to cold shock in 0–2 °C seawater for 45–50 min. Cold shock was used to prevent extrusion of the second polar body. Control treatments omitted one or more of these steps to separately assess the effectiveness of UV irradiation and cold shock. Larvae were observed for physical abnormalities and then histologically processed for ploidy determination. Haploid larvae exhibited abnormal external morphology while diploid, gynogenetic diploid, and triploid larvae showed normal morphologies. Cross-sectional areas of erythrocyte nuclei were measured for larvae in each treatment group and significant differences were found. Nuclear areas for treatment groups corresponded to predicted ploidy (triploid>diploid>haploid) and did not differ between normal diploid controls and gynogenetic diploids. These results suggest that the procedures of sperm irradiation and egg cold shock successfully generated gynogenetic diploids. Due to the low volumes of semen produced by male flounder, and to eliminate any potential genetic contribution by homologous sperm, activation of flounder eggs with heterologous sperm was also investigated. Induction of diploid gynogenesis was successful when flounder eggs were fertilized with irradiated (50 J/cm2) sperm from striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), and then cold shocked. This work provides procedures for induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder using homologous and heterologous sperm, and validates a method for verification of ploidy in larval fish.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Godwin, J and Daniels, HV and Beasley, JM and Sullivan, CV and Borski, RJ}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={499–516} }
 @article{hiramatsu_chapman_lindzey_haynes_sullivan_2004, title={Molecular characterization and expression of vitellogenin receptor from white perch (Morone americana)}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.103.023655}, abstractNote={Abstract A full-length (4021 base pair [bp]) cDNA encoding a polypeptide (844 amino acids) with a predicted mass of 93 kDa and other characteristic structural features of a vertebrate vitellogenin receptor (VgR) was isolated from a white perch (Morone americana) ovarian cDNA library. Northern blotting performed using a specific digoxygenin-labeled VgR cDNA probe revealed a distinct ∼4.1 kilobase (kb) hybridization signal in an mRNA preparation obtained from previtellogenic perch ovaries. The deduced amino acid sequence of the perch VgR was 89% and 82% identical, respectively, to that of the tilapia and rainbow trout. Because it possessed an eight-repeat ligand-binding domain (LR8) but lacked an O-linked sugar domain (−), the perch VgR was identified as a non-O-linked form of VgR (LR8−). Unlike the case in other vertebrates investigated, including tilapia and trout, no species of mRNA encoding an O-linked form of VgR (LR8+) could be detected when perch ovarian or liver mRNA reverse transcripts or cDNA libraries were screened by PCR using primer sets flanking the putative O-linked sugar domain. These novel findings call into question the assumptions that an LR8+ splice variant of the VgR always is dominantly present in somatic tissues and exists at lower levels in ovarian tissues to sequester lipoproteins distinct from Vg. A SYBR-green-based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was developed and used to quantitatively measure VgR expression in gonadal and somatic tissues, for the first time in any vertebrate. The main site of perch VgR mRNA expression was the ovary and the highest level of VgR mRNA expression was in ovaries whose largest follicles contained previtellogenic oocytes. Expression of VgR mRNA decreased with oocyte growth during vitellogenesis and was very limited in ovulated eggs. These quantitative results verify the concept that growing oocytes must extensively recycle LR8− forms of the VgR.}, number={6}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Hiramatsu, N and Chapman, RW and Lindzey, JK and Haynes, MR and Sullivan, CV}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={1720–1730} }
 @article{donato_hiramatsu_arey_hiramatsu_kennedy_morton_hara_sullivan_2003, title={Atresia in temperate basses: cloning of hatching enzyme (choriolysin) homologues from atretic ovaries}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0920-1742"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:FISH.0000030573.04442.19}, number={1-4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Donato, DM and Hiramatsu, N and Arey, KM and Hiramatsu, K and Kennedy, AM and Morton, CL and Hara, A and Sullivan, CV}, year={2003}, pages={329–330} }
 @article{fukada_fujiwara_takahashi_hiramatsu_sullivan_hara_2003, title={Carp (Cyprinus carpio) vitellogenin: purification and development of a simultaneous chemiluminescent immunoassay}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00348-3}, abstractNote={Vitellogenin (Vg) was purified from the serum of vitellogenic female carp (Cyprinus carpio) by hydroxylapatite column chromatography and gel filtration. Vg had an apparent molecular mass of 490 kDa and appeared as two bands corresponding to 190 and 156 kDa after SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. These bands were immunoreacted in Western blotting using antiserum against carp lipovitellin (anti-Lv) which is an egg yolk protein derived from Vg. The amino acid composition of carp Vg was similar to previous reports of cyprinids. The chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) for carp Vg was developed to quantify serum Vg using purified carp Vg and anti-Lv. Its measurable range was from 1.95 to 1000 ng/ml. The dilution curve in the CLIA of vitellogenic female serum was parallel to the standard curve of purified Vg. The coefficient variations of intra- and inter-assay were less than 5%, respectively. Furthermore, the assay had cross-reactivity with the sera of other female cyprinids (crucian carp and Japanese dace). In fish diets-experiments, Vg was detected in all fish in the fish meal containing soybean (20%) group, but was not detected in almost all of the fish in the fish meal-group. This suggests that a soybean based-diet may induce Vg production in the serum of cultivated carp.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Fukada, H and Fujiwara, Y and Takahashi, T and Hiramatsu, N and Sullivan, CV and Hara, A}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={615–623} }
 @article{takahashi_yasuda_sullivan_kawauchi_2003, title={Identification of proopiomelanocortin-related peptides in the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary in coelacanth: evolutional implications}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00632-9}, abstractNote={The coelacanth fish, genus Latimeria, flourished during the Devonian Period and is considered among the closest living relatives of tetrapods. It may therefore provide important information on the evolution of fishes into tetrapods. However, little is known about the components of the endocrine system in this fish. Here we describe the structural characterization of pituitary hormones derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in Latimeria chalumnae. We identified alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), N-Des-acetyl-alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, N-terminal peptide containing gamma-MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP), and N-acetyl-beta-endorpin (END) in an extract from the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, amino acid sequence analysis, and mass spectrometry. The occurrence of three different MSHs and one beta-END indicates that the structural organization of coelacanth POMC is the same as that of lungfish, tetrapods, and primitive ray-finned fish. The coelacanth alpha-MSH is identical to its mammalian counterpart. The coelacanth beta-MSH shows the highest sequence identity with the amphibian counterpart, and gamma-MSH and CLIP show the highest sequence identity with their amphibian and bird counterparts, whereas coelacanth beta-END is most similar to the sturgeon peptide. The coexistence of tetrapod-type and fish-type characteristics in the putative coelacanth POMC molecule reflects the phylogenetic position of this fish. When each hormonal segment was compared between coelacanth, lungfish, and tetrapod, MSH and CLIP of coelacanth were closer to their tetrapod counterparts than those of lungfish, whereas beta-MSH and beta-END of coelacanth are less closely related to their tetrapod counterparts than those of lungfish. gamma-MSH and CLIP may have evolved at a different rate from beta-MSH and beta-END in both the coelacanth and lungfish.}, number={3}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Takahashi, A and Yasuda, A and Sullivan, CV and Kawauchi, H}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={340–349} }
 @article{sullivan_hiramatsu_kennedy_clark_weber_matsubara_hara_2003, title={Induced maturation and spawning: opportunities and applications for research on oogenesis}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:FISH.0000030635.92568.0a}, number={1-4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Sullivan, CV and Hiramatsu, N and Kennedy, AM and Clark, RW and Weber, GM and Matsubara, T and Hara, A}, year={2003}, pages={481–486} }
 @article{matsubara_nagae_ohkubo_andoh_sawaguchi_hiramatsu_sullivan_hara_2003, title={Multiple vitellogenins and their unique roles in marine teleosts}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:FISH.0000030559.71954.37}, number={1-4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Matsubara, T and Nagae, M and Ohkubo, N and Andoh, T and Sawaguchi, S and Hiramatsu, N and Sullivan, CV and Hara, A}, year={2003}, pages={295–299} }
 @article{hiramatsu_hiramatsu_hara_matsubara_sullivan_2003, title={Multiple vitellogenins in white perch (Morone americana)}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:FISH.0000030582.66324.6c}, number={1-4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Hiramatsu, K and Hiramatsu, N and Hara, A and Matsubara, T and Sullivan, CV}, year={2003}, pages={347–348} }
 @article{hiramatsu_hara_matsubara_hiramatsu_sullivan_2003, title={Oocyte growth in temperate basses: multiple forms of vitellogenin and their receptor}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0920-1742"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:FISH.0000030560.79921.10}, number={1-4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Hiramatsu, N and Hara, A and Matsubara, T and Hiramatsu, K and Sullivan, CV}, year={2003}, pages={301–303} }
 @article{pollack_ottinger_sullivan_woods_2003, title={The effects of the soy isoflavone genistein on the reproductive development of striped bass}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1548-8454"]}, DOI={10.1577/C02-041}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE}, author={Pollack, SJ and Ottinger, MA and Sullivan, CV and Woods, LC}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={226–234} }
 @article{salek_sullivan_godwin_2002, title={Arginine vasotocin effects on courtship behavior in male white perch (Morone americana)}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1872-7549"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00003-7}, abstractNote={Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homologue, arginine vasopressin (AVP), have been shown to have widespread behavioral effects in vertebrates. AVT was evaluated for its effectiveness in stimulating an important courtship behavior termed 'attending' in male white perch, Morone americana. Attending consists of close and continuous following of the female with occasional contact in the abdominal area. We tested the behavioral effectiveness of AVT in stimulating attending when administered either intraperitoneally (IP) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV). We also tested IP injections of AVT alone and in combination with an AVP V(1) receptor antagonist (Manning compound). None of the IP injections of either AVT or Manning compound produced consistent effects on attending behavior. In contrast, ICV injections of AVT did significantly increase attending behavior and at low dosages. Circulating levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were not affected approximately 80 min following injection by any of the treatments. The strong behavioral effects observed with ICV administration support a central site of action for AVT in stimulating attending behavior. This is a complex behavior that shows similarities to behaviors mediated by AVT and AVP in other vertebrates, providing further evidence of a conserved behavioral role for these peptides.}, number={2}, journal={BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH}, author={Salek, SJ and Sullivan, CV and Godwin, J}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={177–183} }
 @article{hiramatsu_ichikawa_fukada_fujita_sullivan_hara_2002, title={Identification and characterization of proteases involved in specific proteolysis of vitellogenin and yolk proteins in salmonids}, volume={292}, ISSN={["0022-104X"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.1138}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY}, author={Hiramatsu, N and Ichikawa, N and Fukada, H and Fujita, T and Sullivan, GV and Hara, A}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={11–25} }
 @article{hiramatsu_matsubara_hara_donato_hiramatsu_denslow_sullivan_2002, title={Identification, purification and classification of multiple forms of vitellogenin from white perch (Morone americana)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:FISH.0000009266.58556.9a}, number={4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Hiramatsu, N and Matsubara, T and Hara, A and Donato, DM and Hiramatsu, K and Denslow, ND and Sullivan, CV}, year={2002}, pages={355–370} }
 @misc{patino_sullivan_2002, title={Ovarian follicle growth, maturation, and ovulation in teleost fish}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1023311613987}, number={1}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Patino, R and Sullivan, CV}, year={2002}, pages={57–70} }
 @article{hiramatsu_hara_hiramatsu_fukada_weber_denslow_sullivan_2002, title={Vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins of white perch, Morone americana: Purification, characterization, and vitellogenin-receptor binding}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod67.2.655}, abstractNote={Abstract The objectives of this study were to 1) purify and characterize vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins of white perch (Morone americana), 2) develop a nonisotopic receptor binding assay for vitellogenin, and 3) identify the yolk protein domains of vitellogenin recognized by the ovarian vitellogenin receptor. Four yolk proteins derived from vitellogenin (YP1, YP2 monomer [YP2m] and dimer [YP2d], and YP3) were isolated from ovaries of vitellogenic perch by selective precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The apparent molecular masses of purified YP1, YP2m, and YP2d after gel filtration were 310 kDa, 17 kDa, and 27 kDa, respectively. YP3 appeared in SDS-PAGE as a ∼20-kDa band plus some diffuse smaller bands that could be visualized by staining for phosphoprotein with Coomassie Brilliant Blue complexed with aluminum nitrate. Immunological and biochemical characteristics of YP1, YP2s, and YP3 identified them as white perch lipovitellin, β′-components, and phosvitin, respectively. A novel receptor-binding assay for vitellogenin was developed based on digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled vitellogenin tracer binding to ovarian membrane proteins immobilized in 96-well plates. Lipovitellin from white perch and vitellogenin from perch and other teleosts effectively displaced specifically bound DIG-vitellogenin in the assay, but phosvitin and the β′-component could not, demonstrating for the first time that the lipovitellin domain of teleost vitellogenin mediates its binding to the oocyte receptor. Lipovitellin was less effective than vitellogenin in this regard, suggesting that the remaining yolk protein domains of vitellogenin may interact with its lipovitellin domain to facilitate binding of vitellogenin to its receptor.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Hiramatsu, N and Hara, A and Hiramatsu, K and Fukada, H and Weber, GM and Denslow, ND and Sullivan, CV}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={655–667} }
 @article{salek_godwin_sullivan_stacey_2001, title={Courtship and tank spawning behavior of temperate basses (Genus Morone)}, volume={130}, ISSN={["0002-8487"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0833:CATSBO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Special arenas were used to observe and describe courtship and spawning behavior of captive striped bass Morone saxatilis, white bass Morone chrysops, and white perch Morone americana. To induce final gonadal maturation and spawning, fish were either implanted with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, injected with human chorionic gonadotropin, or both. Behaviors were videotaped and systematically quantified. Broodfish displayed courtship behavior for at least 5 h before spawning, characterized by one female and from one to five males releasing gametes at the water surface. Spawning lasted about 10 s for striped bass, 5 s for white bass, and less than 1 s for white perch. The best predictor of imminent spawning was a significant increase in male attending behavior, defined as extremely close and continuous following of the female, sometimes contacting her abdominal or vent area with the snout. Around the time of spawning, male striped bass attended females less intensely than did white bass or ...}, number={5}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Salek, SJ and Godwin, J and Sullivan, CV and Stacey, NE}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={833–847} }
 @article{salek_sullivan_godwin_2001, title={Courtship behavior of male white perch, Morone americana: evidence for control by androgens}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00405-6}, abstractNote={Courtship behaviors are androgen-dependent in many vertebrates and castration often decreases courtship. We examined the effectiveness of castration in reducing courtship behaviors and 11-ketotestosterone (KT) and testosterone (T) in restoring them in male white perch. Castrates were given implants containing KT, T or no hormone. Sham-operated males received implants without hormone. Three weeks later, males were exposed to an ovulated female for 1 h and two courtship behaviors were quantified. Attending behavior involves close and continuous following of a female with occasional contact. Circling involves rapid transits around the female in a circular pattern or back and forth in front of her. In plasma samples taken immediately after observations, KT and T were below detectable levels in castrated males but at high physiological levels in males implanted with KT or T. Castrated males given KT attended females more than castrated males given T implants or implants containing no hormone, but not more than sham-operated males. Circling was eliminated by castration but restored by implantation with T or 11-KT to values exhibited by sham-operated males. This is one of the few demonstrations that KT can regulate courtship behavior in a non-territorial and economically important fish species.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Salek, SJ and Sullivan, CV and Godwin, J}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={731–740} }
 @article{fukada_haga_fujita_hiramatsu_sullivan_hara_2001, title={Development and validation of chemiluminescent immunoassay for vitellogenin in five salmonid species}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00381-6}, abstractNote={A highly sensitive and specific chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) was developed for quantification of vitellogenin (Vg) in five salmonids. The CLIA for salmon Vg was performed using the two-site method, with anti-masu salmon beta'-component as primary antibody and chemiluminescent acridinium-labeled anti-rainbow trout lipovitellin F(ab)'(2) as the second antibody. Using cutthroat trout Vg as the standard, the working range of the CLIA was from 60 pg to 500 ng Vg/ml. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 3.04 to 6.67% and 3.23 to 5.86%, respectively. For the various salmonid species, serially diluted samples of serum from vitellogenic fish ran parallel to their purified Vg standard curve in the CLIA. In male cutthroat trout maturing during the 4 months before spawning, serum Vg levels ranged from 1.56 to 8000 ng/ml. High levels of Vg in some individuals may have resulted from temporary elevation of estradiol-17beta levels in the same fish during December or January (1-2 months before spawning). This is the first report on changes in serum Vg levels in maturing male trout using CLIA, the most sensitive assay for Vg yet developed.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Fukada, H and Haga, A and Fujita, T and Hiramatsu, N and Sullivan, CV and Hara, A}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={163–170} }
 @article{weber_sullivan_2001, title={In vitro hormone induction of final oocyte maturation in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) follicles is inhibited by blockers of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1096-4959"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00349-9}, abstractNote={Oocyte germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was induced in striped bass ovarian fragments when tissues were incubated with 100-nM recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I), 25-IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ml−1, or 290 nM of the maturation-inducing steroid (MIS), 17,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S). Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K), wortmannin (100 nM) and LY 294002 (50 μM), inhibited GVBD induced by these hormones. Furthermore, the inhibitors attenuated hCG-induced steroid hormone synthesis. Previous studies report that gap junction uncouplers inhibit GVBD induced by hCG, but not by rhIGF-I, in striped bass. We show that 20β-S-induced GVBD is also attenuated by 1 mM 1-heptanol or 1-octanol without being affected by incubation with 3 mM ethanol. Thus, the effects of inhibiting PI 3-K activity on GtH and MIS actions are similar to effects of uncoupling gap junctions. These data suggest that PI 3-K activity is required for GtH- MIS- and IGF-I induction of GVBD in striped bass. Our data are also consistent with the notion that a ligand that regulates PI 3-K activity, possibly an IGF, participates in maintenance of gap junctional communication required for maximal GtH and MIS action.}, number={2-3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Weber, GM and Sullivan, CV}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={467–473} }
 @article{rodgers_weber_sullivan_levine_2001, title={Isolation and characterization of myostatin complementary deoxyribonucleic acid clones from two commercially important fish: Oreochromis mossambicus and Morone chrysops}, volume={142}, ISSN={["0013-7227"]}, DOI={10.1210/en.142.4.1412}, abstractNote={In mammals, skeletal muscle mass is negatively regulated by a muscle-derived growth/differentiating factor named myostatin (MSTN) that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Although putative MSTN homologs have been identified from several vertebrates, nonmammalian orthologs remained poorly defined. Thus, we isolated and characterized MSTN complementary DNA clones from the skeletal muscle of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and the white bass Morone chrysops. The nucleic and amino acid sequences from both fish species are highly homologous to the previously identified mammalian and avian orthologs, and both possess conserved cysteine residues and putative RXXR proteolytic processing sites that are common to all transforming growth factor-beta family members. Western blotting of conditioned medium from human embryonal kidney (HEK293) cells overexpressing a His-tagged tilapia MSTN indicates that the secreted fish protein is processed in a manner similar to mouse MSTN. However, in contrast to mice, MSTN expression in tilapia is not limited to skeletal muscle as it occurs in many tissues. Furthermore, the timing of MSTN expression in developing tilapia larvae coincides with myogenesis. These results suggest that the biological actions of MSTN in the tilapia and possibly in other fishes may not be limited to myocyte growth repression, but may additionally influence different cell types and organ systems.}, number={4}, journal={ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Rodgers, BD and Weber, GM and Sullivan, CV and Levine, MA}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={1412–1418} }
 @article{lund_sullivan_place_2000, title={Annual cycle of plasma lipids in captive reared striped bass: effects of environmental conditions and reproductive cycle}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0920-1742"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1007818114057}, number={3}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Lund, ED and Sullivan, CV and Place, AR}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={263–275} }
 @article{weber_sullivan_2000, title={Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on in vitro final oocyte maturation and ovarian steroidogenesis in striped bass, Morone saxatilis}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod63.4.1049}, abstractNote={Abstract Recombinant human (rh) insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was more potent than rhIGF-II at inducing in vitro germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), a marker for resumption of meiosis, in oocytes of striped bass. Treatment of ovarian fragments containing oocytes in intact follicles with rhIGF-I increased concentrations of estradiol-17β and maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) 17,20β,21-trihydoxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S) in the culture medium and decreased testosterone levels. The follicles were too immature for oocytes to complete GVBD in response to 20β-S (MIS incompetent) or hCG. Addition of 20β-S to cultures did not increase the percentage of oocytes completing GVBD in response to rhIGF-I or rhIGF-II. Bovine insulin was without effect on GVBD or steroid production. Incubation of MIS-competent follicles with actinomycin D, cyanoketone, trilostane, 1-heptanol, or 1-octanol had no effect on rhIGF-I-induced GVBD, but attenuated hCG-induced GVBD and 20β-S production. Cycloheximide inhibited rhIGF-I-induced GVBD. Collectively, these observations indicate that IGF-I can induce GVBD via MIS- and transcription-independent pathways without coupled gap junctions between oocytes and granulosa cells or among granulosa cells, but requires protein synthesis to do so. An rhIGF-I analogue that does not bind IGF-binding proteins, des(1,3)IGF-I, was more potent than rhIGF-I in inducing GVBD, suggesting ovarian IGF-binding proteins may inhibit IGF-I action.}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Weber, GM and Sullivan, CV}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={1049–1057} }
 @article{heppell_sullivan_2000, title={Identification of gender and reproductive maturity in the absence of gonads: muscle tissue levels of sex steroids and vitellogenin in gag (Mycteroperca microlepis)}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1139/f99-188}, abstractNote={ Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) are often landed eviscerated, so their gonads are not available for histological verification of gender and stage of maturity. Information on gender is particularly important for the management of hermaphroditic grouper, where increased mortality through fishing can directly affect sex ratio and therefore the reproductive capacity of the population. Alternative techniques for evaluating fish gender and maturity therefore need to be developed for gag and other grouper. We utilized sensitive immunoassays to measure levels of the sex steroids estradiol-17beta (E2), testosterone (T), and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and the egg-yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) in gag on a quarterly basis. Plasma and muscle levels of E2, T, and VTG in females were lowest during summer, rising in winter to reach peak values in spring. During winter and spring, plasma and muscle levels of 11KT were significantly higher in males than in adult females or immature fish. Combined measurement of VTG and 11KT in gag muscle proved useful for differentiating between males, adult females, and immature fish between December and April, the period of active gonadal recrudescence. This technique should prove useful in cases where fishery data are primarily collected through port sampling and gonads are not available for analysis. }, number={1}, journal={Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences}, author={Heppell, S. A. and Sullivan, C. V.}, year={2000}, pages={148–159} }
 @article{weber_king_clark_hodson_sullivan_2000, title={Morpho-physiological predictors of ovulatory success in captive striped bass (Morone saxatilis)}, volume={188}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00328-8}, abstractNote={This study evaluates morpho-physiological characters as predictors of ovulatory success in cultured striped bass, Morone saxatilis, that could be used by farmers to select females for induced spawning. Diameter, size homogeneity and growth of ovarian follicles; blood plasma levels of testosterone (T), oestradiol-17β (E2) and vitellogenin (VTG); and in vitro maturation of oocytes, in response to a combination of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I, 100 nM) and 17,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S, 290 nM) were examined for females prior to spawning induction and compared with their subsequent ovulatory response. Fish spawning within 8 days of implantation with pelleted analogue of mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa; [d-Ala6-des-Gly10-NEt]-LHRH) were considered to have given a satisfactory maturational response. The in vitro assay was the most reliable predictor for ovulatory success. All fish whose oocytes completed final oocyte maturation (FOM) in vitro in response to the combination of IGF-I and 20β-S spawned, whereas, 12 out of 13 fish, whose oocytes did not complete FOM in vitro, failed to spawn within 8 days of GnRHa treatment. The in vitro assay was field-tested on commercial farms, and correctly identified all four females that spawned out of the eight females that were given hormone treatment. Among the other measurements, follicle diameter best differentiated between fish that later spawned and those that did not spawn. Plasma T concentrations were greater on average in fish that spawned, but the technical complexity of the assay and overlap in T concentrations between fish that spawned and those that did not limits the value of this measurement to farmers. There was no significant difference in follicle size homogeneity, follicle growth over the 2-week period prior to hormone treatment, or plasma levels of E2 and VTG between fish that spawned and those that did not.}, number={1-2}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Weber, GM and King, W and Clark, RW and Hodson, RG and Sullivan, CV}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={133–146} }
 @article{jackson_swanson_duan_fruchtman_sullivan_2000, title={Purification, characterization, and bioassay of prolactin and growth hormone from temperate basses, genus Morone}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1006/gcen.1999.7399}, abstractNote={Prolactin (PRL) and two variants of growth hormone (GH), purified from pituitaries of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its hybrid with white bass (M. saxatilis x M. chrysops) by gel filtration chromatography under alkaline conditions followed by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, appear similar between species. Both the minor (GH I) and the major (GH II) forms of purified GH appeared as single bands (M(r) approximately 23,000) after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as did the purified PRL (M(r) approximately 24,000). The molecular weights of GH II and PRL determined by MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy were 21.2 and 21.3 kDa, respectively. In Western blotting experiments, an antiserum against tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) 24K PRL specifically recognized Morone PRL, while an antiserum against tilapia GH specifically recognized Morone GH I and II. Chemical identities of the putative PRL and GH I were further confirmed by N-terminal peptide sequencing, while internal sequence analysis was performed on GH II because it was blocked at its N-terminus. Over a stretch of 29 amino acids, Morone PRL was found to be 76% identical to tilapia 24K PRL, 72% identical to tilapia 20K PRL, 72% identical to chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) PRL I, and 69% identical to eel (Anguilla japonica) PRL I. Alignment of the hybrid striped bass GH sequences with those of several other advanced marine teleosts indicated 75-85% sequence identity for GH I (40 amino acids) and 95-98% identity for GH II (45 amino acids). Biological activity of striped bass GH II was confirmed using a heterologous in vitro assay of insulin-like growth factor I mRNA production by coho salmon (On. kisutch) hepatocytes. An in vivo bioassay, involving hypophysectomy of hybrid striped bass and treatment of the fish maintained in fresh water with homologous PRL, confirmed that the purified striped bass PRL was also bioactive.}, number={1}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Jackson, LF and Swanson, P and Duan, CM and Fruchtman, S and Sullivan, CV}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={138–150} }
 @article{cheek_thomas_sullivan_2000, title={Sex steroids relative to alternative mating behaviors in the simultaneous hermaphrodite Serranus subligarius (Perciformes : Serranidae)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0018-506X"]}, DOI={10.1006/hbeh.2000.1570}, abstractNote={This study is the first investigation of reproductive endocrinology in a simultaneously hermaphroditic teleost, the belted sandfish (Serranus subligarius). We address two questions: (1) Do steroid hormone levels vary during the spawning season or during the daily spawning cycle of sandfish? (2) Do hormone levels vary relative to an individual's phenotype-size, frequency of spawning and aggressive behaviors, and proportion of testis in the gonad? We analyzed circulating estradiol-17beta (E2), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), 17alpha,20beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20betaS), and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) concentrations in a field population. Only E2 levels were significantly higher at the new and full moon, suggesting peak periods of vitellogenesis at these times. Naturally spawning sandfish were sampled every 2 h during the photophase of a 25-h period (12 pm to 1 pm the following day) and gonadosomatic index, degree of oocyte hydration and ovulation, and plasma levels of E2, T, DHP, and 20betaS were analyzed. E2 and T levels did not vary during photophase, suggesting continuous recruitment of oocytes into vitellogenesis. The 20betaS levels peaked around the time of final oocyte maturation. Since frequency of spawning behaviors changes with body size, we captured individuals of various sizes throughout the spawning season and analyzed circulating levels of hormones. 11KT and 20betaS levels increased significantly with body size. In 1992, we quantified frequency of spawning and aggressive behaviors, circulating T and 11KT levels and testicular mass relative to ovotestis mass in focal animals. 11KT levels tended to be positively correlated with frequency of courting male behavior, but were unrelated to the frequency of aggressive behavior or testis mass. Because hormone levels increased with size and frequency of each spawning behavior changes with size, we propose that sex steroids influence growth-related changes in spawning tactics of individuals.}, number={3}, journal={HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR}, author={Cheek, AO and Thomas, P and Sullivan, CV}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={198–211} }
 @article{roberts_jackson_king_taylor_grier_sullivan_1999, title={Annual reproductive cycle of the common snook: Endocrine correlates of maturation}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0436:ARCOTC>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Wild common snook Centropomus undecimalis were captured off the Gulf coast of Florida over a 2-year period and sampled for serum and gonad tissue to characterize their annual reproductive cycle. During the summer months, levels of the sex steroid hormones estradiol-17β (E2) and testosterone (T) in females were significantly elevated above basal winter values. Mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) was also significantly elevated in females during summer. In addition, fish whose ovaries contained oocytes in vitellogenic and final maturation stages had elevated levels of alkali-labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), an indirect measure of the egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin. Peak levels of E2, T, and ALPP were measured in females during the spawning season (late summer) when GSI was also maximal. Circulating levels of T and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in males were also higher in the summer months than at any other time of the year. Males showed an increase in GSI over basal winter values during the summer mon...}, number={3}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Roberts, SB and Jackson, LF and King, W and Taylor, RG and Grier, WJ and Sullivan, CV}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={436–445} }
 @article{smith_mcvey_jenkins_denson_heyward_sullivan_berlinsky_1999, title={Broodstock management and spawning of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma}, volume={176}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00053-8}, abstractNote={Collaborative studies are underway in South Carolina (SC) and North Carolina (NC) to control reproduction of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Although cultured broodstock are being developed, work to date has been with wild caught adults held in captivity for at least 1 year. Shortly after capture, wild adults should be treated to control diseases and parasites, especially Amyloodinium sp. and fish lice, Argulus sp. Induced spawning using only photothermal control has not occurred, but GnRHa implants have been successfully used to induce ovulation and allow strip-spawning. In addition, during 1997, photothermal conditioning coupled with 100 μg GnRHa implants resulted in successful tank-spawning. During a 99-day period, eggs were collected on 64 days and lowering temperature was shown to inhibit spawning. On days that spawning occurred, mean number of eggs collected was 277,844 (±177,714) and mean fertility was 32.8% (±25.2%). Total number of eggs collected was 17,782,000. Females used in the study were ≥5 years old while the males were ≥3 years old. Fish had been in captivity for ≥1.5 years. The spawning success achieved using the combination of photothermal conditioning and GnRHa implants resulted in less stress to the fish, higher egg production and an extended spawning period. Use of photothermal conditioning coupled with tank-spawning techniques should allow year-round spawning of southern flounder. This should facilitate more rapid development of a culture technology for this species.}, number={1-2}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Smith, TIJ and McVey, DC and Jenkins, WE and Denson, MR and Heyward, LD and Sullivan, CV and Berlinsky, DL}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={87–99} }
 @article{heppell_jackson_weber_sullivan_1999, title={Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of vitellogenin in temperate basses (Genus Morone): Plasma and in vitro analyses}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1548-8659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0532:ELIAEO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Blood levels of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) can be used as a definitive marker for the onset and progress of maturation in female teleosts. In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure VTG in blood plasma from three species of temperate basses. The antigen capture, competitive ELISA is based on a rabbit antiserum raised against striped bass Morone saxatilis VTG and uses purified striped bass VTG as standard and in the final antigen capture step. The assay was validated for detecting VTG in the plasma of maturing female striped bass, white perch M. americana and white bass M. chrysops. Serial dilutions of blood plasma from vitellogenic females of all three species yielded VTG curves that paralleled the standard curve in the ELISA, whereas no cross reactivity was observed for plasma obtained from males of any Morone species. The working range of the ELISA was 33–1,118 ng/mL (90–10% of binding), and the intra- and interassay coefficients o...}, number={3}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Heppell, SA and Jackson, LF and Weber, GM and Sullivan, CV}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={532–541} }
 @article{parks_cheek_denslow_heppell_mclachlan_leblanc_sullivan_1999, title={Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) vitellogenin: purification, characterization and quantitative immunoassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00010-9}, abstractNote={The egg yolk precursor protein, vitellogenin (VTG), was purified from blood plasma of 17beta-estradiol (E2)-treated male fathead minnows (Pimephales promnelas) by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-agarose. A rabbit antiserum was raised against their blood plasma and then adsorbed with plasma from untreated (control) males to render the antiserum specific to VTG. The adsorbed antiserum was used to detect fathead minnow VTG (fVTG) in Western and dot blotting experiments and in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antiserum recognised fVTG as a approximately 156 kDa protein in plasma from vitellogenic females and E2-injected males but not untreated males. Its identity was confirmed by analysis of: (1) amino acid composition; (2) an internal amino acid sequence; (3) reactivity to the homologous antiserum; and (4) recognition by monoclonal antibodies prepared against the VTG from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). Specificity of the homologous antiserum to fVTG was confirmed by Western blotting of serially diluted plasma from vitellogenic females. Utility of the antiserum and purified fVTG for detecting exposure of male fathead minnows to estrogenic compounds was verified using a dot blotting immunoassay of fVTG and detected by chemiluminescence. Adult male fish were exposed to various concentrations of E2 (10(-8), 10(-9) and 10(-10) M) in their rearing water and plasma assayed for the presence of VTG at different time points (2, 7, 14 and 21 days). A competitive, antibody-capture, quantitative ELISA was then developed based on the purified fVTG and its respective antiserum. The ELISA was validated by demonstrating parallel binding slopes of dilution curves prepared with plasma from E2-injected males, vitellogenic females, and aqueous egg extracts as compared with purified fVTG standard. Plasma concentrations of VTG as low as 3 ng ml(-1) were detected in the ELISA, for which inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were both less than 5%. Furthermore, plasma from control males was unreactive with the fVTG antiserum. The VTG ELISA could be useful for the detection of estrogenic properties associated with certain compounds and could be easily incorporated into standard laboratory toxicity assays using this species.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Parks, LG and Cheek, AO and Denslow, ND and Heppell, SA and McLachlan, JA and LeBlanc, GA and Sullivan, CV}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={113–125} }
 @article{heppell_sullivan_1999, title={Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) vitellogenin: purification, characterization and use for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of female maturity in three species of grouper}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1573-5168"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1007730816797}, number={4}, journal={FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Heppell, SA and Sullivan, CV}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={361–374} }
 @article{matsubara_ohkubo_andoh_sullivan_hara_1999, title={Two forms of vitellogenin, yielding two distinct lipovitellins, play different roles during oocyte maturation and early development of barfin flounder, Verasper moseri, a marine teleost that spawns pelagic eggs}, volume={213}, ISSN={["1095-564X"]}, DOI={10.1006/dbio.1999.9365}, abstractNote={Two forms of vitellogenin (Vg), Vg A and Vg B, were identified in serum from estrogen-treated barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). Structural changes of lipovitellins (Lvs) derived from the two Vgs were examined during vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation. Two Lvs, vLv A and vLv B, were identified electrophoretically and immunologically in postvitellogenic oocytes. Each appeared to be composed of distinct heavy chains (vLvH A, M(r) 107,000, and vLvH B, M(r) 94,000) and light chains (vLvL A, M(r) 30,000, and vLvL B, M(r) 28,000) when analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Results from N-terminal amino acid sequencing and Western blotting using antisera to vLvH A and vLvH B verified that there are two Vg polypeptides in serum from estrogen-treated fish, Vg A (M(r) 168,000) and Vg B (M(r) 175,000), which give rise to vLvH A-vLvL A and vLvH B-vLvL B, respectively. N-terminal sequencing revealed two sequences for both phosvitin and beta'-component, supporting the concept of duality for all three classes of Vg-derived yolk proteins. During oocyte maturation, native dimeric vLv B was dissociated into a native M(r) 170,000 monomer (oLv B). Meanwhile, vLv A was extensively cleaved including complete degradation of vLvH A into free amino acids. We propose that the quantitative ratio of vLv A to vLv B in postvitellogenic oocytes regulates the buoyancy of the spawned pelagic eggs by controlling availability of free amino acids which function as osmotic effectors during oocyte hydration. The vLv A/vLv B ratio likely also controls the proportional availability of different types of nutrients, free amino acids versus Lv, for use during embryonic development.}, number={1}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY}, author={Matsubara, T and Ohkubo, N and Andoh, T and Sullivan, CV and Hara, A}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={18–32} }
 @article{king_ghosh_thomas_sullivan_1997, title={A receptor for the oocyte maturation-inducing hormone 17 alpha,20 beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one on ovarian membranes of striped bass}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0006-3363"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod56.1.266}, abstractNote={Previous studies have shown that blood plasma levels of 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17alpha, 20beta, 21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20beta-S) increase in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) undergoing final oocyte maturation (FOM). Both hormones are produced by ovarian fragments undergoing hCG-induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in vitro. In the present study, we investigated binding of DHP and 20beta-S to ovarian membranes from striped bass undergoing FOM. Saturable binding sites for DHP were not detected. Saturation of 20beta-S binding sites with 5 nM [3H]20beta-S occurred within 40 min at 0 degrees C (at 3 min, half of the maximum specific binding of steroid was calculated to have occurred), and the binding was pH-dependent. Scatchard analyses revealed the presence of a single class of high-affinity (dissociation constant [Kd] = 1.4 +/- 0.2 nM), limited-capacity (estimated concentration [Bmax] = 2.7 +/- 0.3 pmol/g ovary) 20beta-S binding sites on membranes from striped bass ovaries undergoing FOM. In contrast, only low levels of specific binding (Bmax < 0.04 pmol/g tissue) were detected on membranes from testes, liver, brain, and muscle. Ovarian membranes prepared from vitellogenic females also had low levels (Bmax < 0.1 pmol/g ovary) of specific 20beta-S binding, less than 5% of that found during FOM. Results of competition assays showed that DHP was approximately 250 times less effective than 20beta-S for displacing 20beta-S from ovarian membranes. In contrast, 20beta, 21-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was a very effective competitor, although it is only a weak inducer of oocyte GVBD in vitro. Of several other steroids tested, only progesterone showed affinity for the 20beta-S binding site within a physiological range of concentrations. Taken together with previous studies of striped bass FOM, these findings indicate that 20beta-S is the oocyte maturation-inducing steroid hormone in striped bass.}, number={1}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={King, W and Ghosh, S and Thomas, P and Sullivan, CV}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={266–271} }
 @article{berlinsky_william_hodson_sullivan_1997, title={Hormone induced spawning of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00964.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Berlinsky, DL and William, K and Hodson, RG and Sullivan, CV}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={79–86} }
 @article{jenkins_smith_sullivan_berlinsky_1997, title={Production of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma juveniles in an outdoor nursery pond}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00859.x}, abstractNote={Journal of the World Aquaculture SocietyVolume 28, Issue 2 p. 211-214 Free to Read Production of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Juveniles in an Outdoor Nursery Pond Wallace E. Jenkins, Corresponding Author Wallace E. Jenkins South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, PO Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina 29422–2559 USACorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorTheodore I. J. Smith, Theodore I. J. Smith South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, PO Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina 29422–2559 USASearch for more papers by this authorCraig V. Sullivan, Craig V. Sullivan North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, PO Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7617 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Berlinsky, David L. Berlinsky North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, PO Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7617 USA University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, East Farm Building 14. Rte. 108, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA.Search for more papers by this author Wallace E. Jenkins, Corresponding Author Wallace E. Jenkins South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, PO Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina 29422–2559 USACorresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorTheodore I. J. Smith, Theodore I. J. Smith South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, PO Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina 29422–2559 USASearch for more papers by this authorCraig V. Sullivan, Craig V. Sullivan North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, PO Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7617 USASearch for more papers by this authorDavid L. Berlinsky, David L. Berlinsky North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, PO Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695–7617 USA University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, East Farm Building 14. Rte. 108, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 03 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00859.xCitations: 11 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Literature Cited Arnold, C. R., W. H. Bailey, T. D. Williams, A. Johnson and J. L. Lasswell 1977. Laboratory spawning and larval rearing of red drum and southern flounder. Proceedings Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 31: 437– 440. Berlinsky, D. L., W. King, T. I. J. Smith, R. D. Hamilton, J. Holloway and C. V. Sullivan 1996. Induced ovulation of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma using gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue implants. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27(2: 143– 152. Bisbal, G. and D. A. Bengston 1993. Reversed asymmetry in laboratory reared summer flounder. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 55: 106– 108. Daniels, H. V., D. L. Berlinsky, R. G. Hodson and C. V. Sullivan 1996. Effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27(2: 153– 159. Deubler, E. E. 1958. A comparative study of the postlarvae of three flounders (Paralichthys) in North Carolina. Copeia 1958(2: 112– 116. Fukusho, W., M. Okauchi, H. Tanaka, S. I. Wahyuni, P. Kraisingdecha and T. Watanabe 1985. Food value of a rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, cultured with Tetraselmis tetrathele for larvae of a flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Bulletin National Research Institute of Aquaculture 7: 29– 36. Harrell, R. M., J. H. Kerby and R. V. Minton 1990. Culture and propagation of striped bass and its hybrids. Striped Bass Committee, Southern Division, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda , Maryland . Holmefjord, I., J. Gulbrandson, I. Lein, T. Refstie, P. Leger, T. Harboe, I. Huse, P. Sorgeloos, S. Boola, Y. Olsen, K. I. Reitan, O. Vadstein, G. Oiem and A. Danielsberg 1993. An intensive approach to Atlantic halibut fry production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 24: 275– 284. Minkhoff, G. and A. P. Broadhurst 1994. Intensive production of turbot, Scorhalmus maximus. fry. Pages 14– 31 in P. Lavens and R. A. M. Remmerswaal Turbot culture: Problems and prospects, volume 22. European Aquaculture Society, Oostende , Belgium . Powell, A. B. and F. J. Schwartz 1977. Distribution of paralichthid flounders (Bothidae: Paralichthys) in North Carolina estuaries. Chesapeake Science 18: 334– 339. Roberts, D. E., B. V. Harpster and G. E. Henderson 1978. Conditioning and induced spawning of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) under varied conditions of photoperiod and temperature. Proceedings World Mariculture Society 9: 311– 332. Seikai, T. and I. Matsumoto 1994. Mechanism of pseudoalbanism in flatfish: an association between pigment cell and skin differentiation. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 25(1: 78– 85. Smigielski, A. S. 1975. Hormone-induced spawnings of the summer flounder and rearing of the larvae in the laboratory. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 37(1: 3– 8. Tucker, C. S. and E. W. Robinson 1990. Channel catfish farming handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York . Citing Literature Volume28, Issue2June 1997Pages 211-214 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Jenkins, WE and Smith, TIJ and Sullivan, CV and Berlinsky, DL}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={211–214} }
 @inbook{sullivan_berlinsky_hodson_1997, title={Reproduction}, DOI={10.1016/s0167-9309(97)80004-x}, booktitle={Striped bass and other morone culture  (Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science;  30)}, publisher={New York: Elsevier}, author={Sullivan, C. V. and Berlinsky, D. L. and Hodson, R. G.}, year={1997}, pages={11–73} }