@article{garcia_gutierrez-li_2023, title={The Self-Employment Effects of Secure Communities in the United States}, volume={113}, ISSN={["2574-0776"]}, DOI={10.1257/pandp.20231126}, abstractNote={ Illegal immigration has increased substantially in recent years. In this paper, we analyze how Secure Communities (SC), a major internal immigration enforcement program, affected self-employment participation and income in the United States between 2008 and 2013. Following a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the staggered implementation of the SC reduced self-employment rates across the country, but not substantially. However, the policy had a significant negative impact on the income of the self-employed, particularly affecting White and male individuals and workers in the manufacturing and service sectors. Overall, our results highlight the unintended consequences of SC on entrepreneurship in the United States. }, journal={AEA PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS}, author={Garcia, Raffi e. and Gutierrez-li, Alejandro}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={361–366} }
 @article{a. l. e. j. a. n. d. r. o. gutierrez-li_2022, title={Self-Employment and Migration: Evidence from Mexico}, volume={112}, ISSN={["2574-0776"]}, DOI={10.1257/pandp.20221112}, abstractNote={ Mexico has one of the highest self-employment rates in the OECD. I study the relationship between business ownership and migration from Mexico to the United States using longitudinal data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). I find that the self-employed have a substantially lower probability of moving north, either legally or illegally. Although running a business could allow a person to finance a costly trip to the US, it also raises the opportunity costs of leaving and the nonpecuniary benefits of staying at home. The findings highlight the role of self-employment in a developing country in the likelihood of emigration. }, journal={AEA PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS}, author={A. L. E. J. A. N. D. R. O. GUTIERREZ-LI}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={361–365} }