@article{marasinghe_hongsanan_zeng_jones_boonmee_hyde_2022, title={Taxonomy and ecology of epifoliar fungi}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2077-7000"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.7.714}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 84, No. 7Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck of Apple: Etiology, Biology, and Control PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseSooty Blotch and Flyspeck of Apple: Etiology, Biology, and ControlSharon M. Williamson and Turner B. SuttonSharon M. WilliamsonSearch for more papers by this author and Turner B. SuttonSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Sharon M. Williamson Turner B. Sutton , North Carolina State University, Raleigh Published Online:23 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.7.714AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 84, No. 7 July 2000SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 23 Feb 2007 Pages: 714-724 Information© 2000 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byAlterations in morphological and biochemical properties in ‘Namwa’ banana associated with freckles caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in ThailandPhysiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 117Phylogenetic and Morphological Characterization of Cladosporium perangustum Associated with Flyspeck on Shine Muscat Grapes in South Korea26 March 2021 | Mycobiology, Vol. 49, No. 2Precipitation Impacts Dissemination of Three Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Taxa on Apple FruitHafizi Rosli, Jean C. Batzer, Edward Hernández, Gustavo Beruski, Philip M. Dixon, and Mark L. Gleason16 July 2020 | Plant Disease, Vol. 104, No. 9Conventional and alternative pre-harvest treatments affect the quality of ‘Golden delicious’ and ‘York’ apple fruitEnvironmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 173Fungal Diseases of Traveler’s Palm (Ravenala madagascariensis)11 November 2020One stop shop III: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 51–75 (2019)17 September 2019 | Fungal Diversity, Vol. 98, No. 1Stealth Pathogens: The Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungal ComplexAnnual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 57, No. 1Peltaster gemmifer : A new species in the sooty blotch and flyspeck species complex from the United States21 September 2018 | Mycologia, Vol. 110, No. 5Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals Adaptation to the Ectophytic Lifestyle of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi6 November 2017 | Genome Biology and Evolution, Vol. 9, No. 11Evaluating the Performance of a Relative Humidity-Based Warning System for Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck in IowaHafizi Rosli, Derrick A. Mayfield, Jean C. Batzer, Philip M. Dixon, Wendong Zhang, and Mark L. Gleason15 August 2017 | Plant Disease, Vol. 101, No. 10A Review of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Disease in German Organic Apple Production8 February 2016 | Erwerbs-Obstbau, Vol. 58, No. 2Peltaster fructicola genome reveals evolution from an invasive phytopathogen to an ectophytic parasite11 March 2016 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 1Ancestral state reconstruction infers phytopathogenic origins of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi on apple20 January 2017 | Mycologia, Vol. 108, No. 2Phenology of Infection on Apple Fruit by Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Species in Iowa Apple OrchardsS. I. Ismail, J. C. Batzer, T. C. Harrington, and M. L. Gleason4 December 2015 | Plant Disease, Vol. 100, No. 2Diversity of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple in Germany9 December 2015 | Mycological Progress, Vol. 15, No. 1Unusual preservation of a microthyriaceous fungus (Ascomycota) on Sphenobaiera (ginkgophyte foliage) from the Middle Jurassic of ChinaReview of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Vol. 223Three New Species of Cyphellophora (Chaetothyriales) Associated with Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck23 September 2015 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, No. 9Composition of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple in Norway is influenced by location and management practices16 November 2014 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 141, No. 2Effect of Lime Sulfur on Changes of Fungal Diversity in Pear Fallen Leaves1 January 2015 | The Korean Journal of Mycology, Vol. 43, No. 4Molecular and Morphological Analysis Reveals Five New Species of Zygophiala Associated with Flyspeck Signs on Plant Hosts from China20 October 2014 | PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, No. 10Secondary spread of Zygophiala wisconsinensis on the surface of apple fruit5 January 2014 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 139, No. 1Production of Trichothecenes by the Apple Sooty Blotch Fungus Microcyclospora tardicrescens14 April 2014 | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 62, No. 16A new species of Scolecobasidium associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on banana from China11 September 2012 | Mycological Progress, Vol. 12, No. 3Diversity of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi from apples in northeastern Turkey18 November 2012 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 135, No. 4Susceptibility of cider apple cultivars to the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex in Spain21 September 2012 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 135, No. 1Temporal Patterns in Appearance of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apples26 July 2012 | Microbial Ecology, Vol. 64, No. 4Comparative spatial analysis of the sooty blotch/flyspeck disease complex, bull’s eye and bitter rots of apples15 August 2011 | Plant Pathology, Vol. 61, No. 2Variability Among Forecast Models for the Apple Sooty Blotch/Flyspeck Disease ComplexDaniel R. Cooley, David A. Rosenberger, Mark L. Gleason, Glen Koehler, Kerik Cox, Jon M. Clements, Turner B. Sutton, Angela Madeiras, and John R. Hartman11 August 2011 | Plant Disease, Vol. 95, No. 9Sooty blotch and flyspeck control with fungicide applications based on calendar, local IPM, and warning systemPesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Vol. 46, No. 7Improving sooty blotch and flyspeck severity estimation on apple fruit with the aid of standard area diagrams22 October 2010 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 129, No. 1Scleroramularia gen. nov. associated with sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple and pawpaw from the Northern Hemisphere3 December 2010 | Fungal Diversity, Vol. 46, No. 1Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United StatesMaría M. Díaz Arias, Jean C. Batzer, Thomas C. Harrington, Amy Wang Wong, Steven C. Bost, Daniel R. Cooley, Michael A. Ellis, John R. Hartman, David A. Rosenberger, George W. Sundin, Turner B. Sutton, James W. Travis, Michael J. Wheeler, Keith S. Yoder, and Mark L. Gleason5 March 2010 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 100, No. 4Relative Susceptibility of Selected Apple Cultivars to Sooty Blotch and FlyspeckAlan R. Biggs, Daniel R. Cooley, David A. Rosenberger, and Keith S. Yoder27 July 2018 | Plant Health Progress, Vol. 11, No. 1Fungal Disease Management in Environmentally Friendly Apple Production – A Review21 August 2009Adaptation of an Apple Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Warning System for the Upper Midwest United StatesK. B. Duttweiler, M. L. Gleason, P. M. Dixon, T. B. Sutton, P. S. McManus, and J. E. B. A. Monteiro11 July 2008 | Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 8Cladosporium sp. is the Major Causal Agent in the Microbial Complex Associated with the Skin Sooty Dapple Disease of the Asian Pear in KoreaThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2An RFLP-Based Technique for Identifying Fungi in the Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Complex on AppleK. B. Duttweiler, G. Y. Sun, J. C. Batzer, T. C. Harrington, and M. L. Gleason4 April 2008 | Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 5Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple20 January 2017 | Mycologia, Vol. 100, No. 2Spatial Heterogeneity of Leaf Wetness Duration in Apple Trees and Its Influence on Performance of a Warning System for Sooty Blotch and FlyspeckJ. C. Batzer, M. L. Gleason, S. E. Taylor, K. J. Koehler, and J. E. B. A. Monteiro11 December 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 1Maturation of Thyriothecia of Schizothyrium pomi on the Reservoir Host Rubus allegheniensisDaniel R. Cooley, Susan M. Lerner, and Arthur F. Tuttle16 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 91, No. 2Venturia inaequalis Resistance in Apple22 January 2007 | Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 6Expansion of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples based on analysis of ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphology27 January 2017 | Mycologia, Vol. 97, No. 6Sensitivity of Newly Identified Clades in the Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Complex on Apple to Thiophanate-methyl and ZiramTara Tarnowski, Jean Batzer, Mark Gleason, Sara Helland, and Phillip Dixon27 July 2018 | Plant Health Progress, Vol. 4, No. 1Evaluation of Postharvest Removal of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck on Apples Using Sodium Hypochlorite, Hydrogen Peroxide with Peroxyacetic Acid, and SoapJ. C. Batzer, M. L. Gleason, B. Weldon, P. M. Dixon, and F. W. Nutter23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 86, No. 12Methionine-Riboflavin and Potassium Bicarbonate-Polymer Sprays Control Apple Flyspeck and Sooty BlotchJohn H. Andrews, Jessica K. O'Mara, and Patricia S. McManus27 July 2018 | Plant Health Progress, Vol. 2, No. 1Apple Diseases and their Management}, number={1}, journal={MYCOSPHERE}, author={Marasinghe, D. S. and Hongsanan, S. and Zeng, X. Y. and Jones, E. B. G. and Boonmee, S. and Hyde, K. D.}, year={2022}, pages={558–601} }
 @article{seth carley_jordan_dharmasri_shew_sutton_brandenburg_2018, title={Examples of Differences in Red Edge Reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index caused by Stress in Peanut}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2018.06.0042}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Canopy reflectance is a potential tool for peanut management.
Lesions caused by disease decreased red edge reflectance and NDVI.
Leaves expressing nitrogen deficiency and drought stress decreased red edge reflectance and NDVI.
}, number={1}, journal={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management}, author={Seth Carley, D. and Jordan, D.L. and Dharmasri, C.L. and Shew, B.B. and Sutton, T.B. and Brandenburg, R.L.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1–2} }
 @misc{li_aldwinckle_sutton_tsuge_kang_cong_cheng_2013, title={Interactions of Apple and the Alternaria alternata Apple Pathotype}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1549-7836"]}, DOI={10.1080/07352689.2012.722026}, abstractNote={Apple is one of the most cultivated tree fruits worldwide, and is susceptible to many diseases. Understanding the interactions between the host and pathogen is critical in implementing disease management strategies and developing resistant cultivars. This review provides an update on the interactions of apple with Alternaria alternata apple pathotype, which causes Alternaria blotch, with a brief history about the discovery of the disease and pathogen and its damage and epidemiology. The focus of the review is placed on the physiological and genetic response of the host to pathogen infection, including resistance and susceptibility, and the molecular markers associated with them. Of the response of the pathogen to the host, the emphasis is placed on the role of the selective toxins on pathogenicity and their genetic controls and regulations. The review ends with a perspective on future directions in the research on the apple-A. alternata pathosystem in the era of genomics and post genomics, particularly on how to identify candidate genes from both host and pathogen for potential genetic engineering for disease resistant cultivars.}, number={3}, journal={CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES}, author={Li, Ying and Aldwinckle, Herbert. S. and Sutton, Turner and Tsuge, Takashi and Kang, Guodong and Cong, Pei-Hua and Cheng, Zong-Ming}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={141–150} }
 @article{samuelian_greer_cowan_priest_sutton_savocchia_steel_2013, title={Phylogenetic relationships, pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity of Greeneria uvicola isolates from Vitis vinifera and Muscadinia rotundifolia grapevines}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1365-3059"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02689.x}, abstractNote={Greeneria uvicola causes bitter rot on Vitis vinifera (bunch grapes) and Muscadinia rotundifolia (muscadine grapes) in warm moist temperate and subtropical regions. This study investigated the phylogenetic relationship of G. uvicola representatives from Australia (67 isolates), the USA (31 isolates), India (1 isolate) and Costa Rica (1 isolate) and compared their pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity. Differences in cultural and conidial morphology were observed between the isolates from Australia and the USA. Phylogenetic relationships were determined based on three gene regions: the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1–5∙8S–ITS2), 28S large subunit (LSU) nuclear rDNA and β‐tubulin‐2. Greeneria uvicola isolates were clearly differentiated into four groups: isolates from Australia and India; USA isolates from V. vinifera; USA isolates from M. rotundifolia; and the isolate from Costa Rica. All isolates were pathogenic on V. vinifera (cv. Chardonnay) berries although those originating from M. rotundifolia were not as aggressive as isolates from V. vinifera, irrespective of geographical origin. Sensitivity to pyraclostrobin and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) was studied. Despite differences in fungicide applications, hyphal growth inhibition was not significantly different for geographical location, cultivar, tissue, year of collection or different spray regimes. For the Australian and USA isolates, fungal growth inhibition was significantly greater for pyraclostrobin than for SHAM, and was significantly greater for the combined treatment than for each of the fungicides applied singly. The aetiological and epidemiological knowledge of bitter rot collected through this study will aid better prediction and management strategies of this pathogen.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Samuelian, S. K. and Greer, L. A. and Cowan, K. and Priest, M. and Sutton, T. B. and Savocchia, S. and Steel, C. C.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={829–841} }
 @article{liu_louws_sutton_correll_2012, title={A rapid qualitative molecular method for the identification of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1573-8469"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10658-011-9904-1}, number={4}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Liu, Bo and Louws, Frank J. and Sutton, Turner B. and Correll, James C.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={593–607} }
 @article{gleason_batzer_sun_zhang_arias_sutton_crous_ivanovic_mcmanus_cooley_et al._2011, title={A New View of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-08-10-0590}, abstractNote={ Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi colonize the surface wax layer of the fruit of apple, pear, persimmon, banana, orange, papaya, and several other cultivated tree and vine crops. In addition to colonizing cultivated fruit crops, SBFS fungi also grow on the surfaces of stems, twigs, leaves, and fruit of a wide range of wild plants. The disease occurs worldwide in regions with moist growing seasons. SBFS is regarded as a serious disease by fruit growers and plant pathologists because it can cause substantial economic damage. The smudges and stipples of SBFS often result in downgrading of fruit from premium fresh-market grade to processing use. This review describes the major shifts that have occurred during the past decade in understanding the genetic diversity of the SBFS complex, clarifying its biogeography and environmental biology, and developing improved management strategies. }, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Gleason, Mark L. and Batzer, Jean C. and Sun, Guangyu and Zhang, Rong and Arias, Maria M. Diaz and Sutton, Turner B. and Crous, Pedro W. and Ivanovic, Milan and McManus, Patricia S. and Cooley, Daniel R. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={368–383} }
 @article{cooley_rosenberger_gleason_koehler_cox_clements_sutton_madeiras_hartman_2011, title={variability among forecast models for the apple sooty blotch/flyspeck disease complex}, volume={95}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-03-11-0248}, abstractNote={ Several disease forecast models have been developed to guide treatment of the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) disease complex of apple. Generally, these empirical models are based on the accumulation of hours of leaf wetness (leaf wetness duration [LWD]) from a biofix at or near the phenological growth stage petal fall, when apple flower petals senesce and drop. The models recommend timing of the initial fungicide application targeting SBFS. However, there are significant differences among SBFS forecast models in terms of biofix and the length of LWD thresholds. A comparison of models using a single input data set generated recommendations for the first SBFS fungicide application that differed by up to 5 weeks. In an attempt to improve consistency among models, potential sources for differences were examined. Leaf wetness (LW) is a particularly variable parameter among models, depending on whether on-site or remote weather data were used, the types of sensors and their placement for on-site monitors, and the models used to estimate LW remotely. When SBFS models are applied in the field, recommended treatment thresholds do not always match the method of data acquisition, leading to potential failures. Horticultural factors, such as tree size, canopy density, and cultivar, and orchard site factors such as the distance to potential inoculum sources can impact risk of SBFS and should also be considered in forecast models. The number of fungal species identified as contributors to the SBFS disease complex has expanded tremendously in recent years. A lack of understanding of key epidemiological factors for different fungi in the complex, and which fungi represent the most challenging management problems, are obvious issues in the development of improved SBFS models. If SBFS forecast models are to be adopted, researchers will need to address these issues. }, number={9}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Cooley, D. R. and Rosenberger, D. A. and Gleason, M. L. and Koehler, G. and Cox, K. and Clements, J. M. and Sutton, T. B. and Madeiras, A. and Hartman, J. R.}, year={2011}, pages={1179–1186} }
 @article{arias_batzer_harrington_wong_bost_cooley_ellis_hartman_rosenberger_sundin_et al._2010, title={Diversity and Biogeography of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apple in the Eastern and Midwestern United States}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-100-4-0345}, abstractNote={Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi on apple fruit were sampled from nine orchards in four midwestern U.S. states during 2000 and 30 orchards in 10 eastern U.S. states during 2005 in order to estimate taxonomic diversity and discern patterns of geographic distribution. Forty apple fruit per orchard were arbitrarily sampled and colonies of each mycelial phenotype were counted on each apple. Representative colonies were isolated, cultures were purified, and DNA was extracted. For representative isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of ribosomal DNA were amplified and sequenced. In total, 60 SBFS putative species were identified based on ITS sequences and morphological characteristics; 30 of these were discovered in the 2005 survey. Modified Koch's postulates were fulfilled for all 60 species in an Iowa orchard; colonies resulting from inoculation of apple fruit were matched to the original isolates on the basis of mycelial type and ITS sequence. Parsimony analysis for LSU sequences from both surveys revealed that 58 putative SBFS species were members of the Dothideomycetes, 52 were members of the Capnodiales, and 36 were members of the Mycosphaerellaceae. The number of SBFS species per orchard varied from 2 to 15. Number of SBFS species and values of the Margalef and Shannon indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 21 orchards that had received conventional fungicide sprays during the fruit maturation period than in 14 unsprayed orchards. Several SBFS species, including Schizothyrium pomi, Peltaster fructicola, and Pseudocercosporella sp. RH1, were nearly ubiquitous, whereas other species, such as Stomiopeltis sp. RS5.2, Phialophora sessilis, and Geastrumia polystigmatis, were found only within restricted geographic regions. The results document that the SBFS complex is far more taxonomically diverse than previously recognized and provide strong evidence that SBFS species differ in geographic distribution. To achieve more efficient management of SBFS, it may be necessary to understand the environmental biology of key SBFS species in each geographic region.}, number={4}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Arias, Maria M. Diaz and Batzer, Jean C. and Harrington, Thomas C. and Wong, Amy Wang and Bost, Steven C. and Cooley, Daniel R. and Ellis, Michael A. and Hartman, John R. and Rosenberger, David A. and Sundin, George W. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={345–355} }
 @article{williamson_sutton_2010, title={First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Persimmon Fruit in the United States.}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-94-5-0634a}, abstractNote={ Persimmon trees are important for their fruit as well as their colorful fruit and foliage in the fall. Persimmon fruit (Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) were collected in November 2008 from a tree in Windsor, NC, located in the Coastal Plain. Fruit were not symptomatic on the tree but developed dark lesions after harvest. Isolations from six fruit yielded seven isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds. After incubation at 25°C under continuous light for 15 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA), all isolates had gray aerial mycelium, but the inverse sides of the plates of six isolates were maroon and one was beige. Masses of salmon-colored conidia were formed first in the center of the colonies, then were observed scattered across the colonies in older cultures. Conidia were hyaline, one-celled, elliptic with one or both ends pointed, and measured 8.1 to 16.3 × 3.1 to 5 μm. Setae and sclerotia were not observed. There were also dark structures measuring 1 to 10 mm that were partially embedded in the agar that contained conidia. Cultural and conidial characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of C. acutatum (3). PCR amplification was performed with the species-specific primer pair CaInt2/ITS4 (2) and genomic DNA from the original isolates and isolates obtained from inoculated fruit. An amplification product of approximately 490 bp, which is specific for C. acutatum, was observed. To fulfill Koch's postulates, persimmon fruit obtained from the grocery store were surface disinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and sterile filter paper disks dipped in conidial suspensions (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of two C. acutatum isolates (maroon and beige reverse) or sterile, deionized water were placed on the fruit. Three fruit were inoculated per treatment and the disks were placed on four locations on each fruit. Parafilm was wrapped around the diameter of the fruit to keep the filter paper disks moist and in place. Fruit were placed in moist chambers and incubated at 25°C. After 3 days, the Parafilm was removed and the fruit returned to the moist chambers. Small, dark lesions were observed on fruit inoculated with each isolate of C. acutatum when the filter paper disks were removed. Ten days after inoculation, dark lesions and acervuli with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit inoculated with both isolates of C. acutatum and the fruit were soft. After 12 days, there were abundant masses of conidia and the inoculated areas were decayed. Control fruit remained firm and did not develop symptoms. Cultures obtained from the fruit and the conidia produced were typical of the isolates used to inoculate the fruit. C. acutatum has been reported to cause fruit rot on persimmon fruit in New Zealand (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum on persimmon fruit in the United States. }, number={5}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Williamson, S. M. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={634–634} }
 @article{duttweiler_gleason_dixon_sutton_mcmanus_monteiro_2008, title={Adaptation of an apple sooty blotch and flyspeck warning system for the Upper Midwest United States}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-92-8-1215}, abstractNote={ A warning system for sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) of apple, developed in the southeastern United States, uses cumulative hours of leaf wetness duration (LWD) to predict the timing of the first appearance of signs. In the Upper Midwest United States, however, this warning system has resulted in sporadic disease control failures. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the warning system's algorithm could be modified to provide more reliable assessment of SBFS risk. Hourly LWD, rainfall, relative humidity (RH), and temperature data were collected from orchards in Iowa, North Carolina, and Wisconsin in 2005 and 2006. Timing of the first appearance of SBFS signs was determined by weekly scouting. Preliminary analysis using scatterplots and boxplots suggested that cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97% could be a useful predictor of SBFS appearance. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to compare the predictive performance of cumulative LWD and cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97%. Cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97% was a more conservative and accurate predictor than cumulative LWD for 15 site years in the Upper Midwest, but not for four site years in North Carolina. Performance of the SBFS warning system in the Upper Midwest and climatically similar regions may be improved if cumulative hours of RH ≥ 97% were substituted for cumulative LWD to predict the first appearance of SBFS. }, number={8}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Duttweiler, K. B. and Gleason, M. L. and Dixon, P. M. and Sutton, T. B. and McManus, P. S. and Monteiro, J. E. B. A.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1215–1222} }
 @article{williamson_guzman_marin_anas_jin_sutton_2008, title={Evaluation of Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC-11 for biocontrol of crown rot and anthracnose of banana}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.05.016}, abstractNote={Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC-11 and 250 μg/ml each of thiabendazole (TBZ) and imazalil reduced crown rot of banana caused by Fusarium aff. sacchari by 30–36% and 83–86%, respectively, in laboratory experiments. Four field trials performed in Costa Rica varied in treatment combinations. In field trials 1 and 2, 125 and 250 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil + 0.5% or 1% alum (aluminum ammonium sulfate) and ESC-11, and 250 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil + 1% alum reduced rot and mold. ESC-11 alone or with 0.5% alum significantly reduced rot and mold in field trial 2. In trial 3, 50 and 100 μg/ml of TBZ alone and with ESC-11 reduced mold. In trial 4, 125 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil and ESC-11, and 300 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil reduced rot, and 50 and 125 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil and ESC-11, and 300 μg/ml each of TBZ and imazalil reduced mold. In three field trials, there was no significant difference among treatments for latex staining. In field trial 2 only, combinations of TBZ, imazalil, and alum with or without ESC-11, reduced anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum musae. The complex of crown rot fungi, order of treatment application, effect of alum and fungicides on ESC-11, concentration of ESC-11, and level of disease may contribute to the variation in crown rot and anthracnose control by ESC-11. Though ESC-11 alone was not effective in reducing disease, further testing in combination with low rates of fungicide should be done.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Williamson, S. M. and Guzman, M. and Marin, D. H. and Anas, O. and Jin, X. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={279–286} }
 @article{longland_sutton_2008, title={Factors affecting the infection of fruit of Vitis vinifera by the bitter rot pathogen Greeneria uvicola}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-98-5-0580}, abstractNote={ Bitter rot, caused by the fungus Greeneria uvicola, is one of the most important fruit rot diseases that threaten the burgeoning winegrape (Vitis vinifera) industry in the southeastern United States. Epidemiological studies were conducted to examine the period of fruit susceptibility of V. vinifera to G. uvicola, influence of temperature and duration of wetness on infection, and relative susceptibility of cultivars to bitter rot. In field studies, susceptibility of Merlot, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Franc fruit increased from bloom until véraison in 2003 and from bloom until 2 weeks before véraison in 2004. When detached V. vinifera fruit were inoculated and incubated at 14, 22, 26, and 30°C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h of wetness, 22.4 to 24.6°C and 6 or 12 h of wetness were the optimal conditions for infection of fruit by G. uvicola. The relative susceptibility of 38 cultivars and selections, including 23 V. vinifera cultivars and five French-American hybrids, was determined in a detached fruit inoculation assay. A wide range in susceptibility was observed among the cultivars and selections. Fruit of cultivars of V. vinifera were significantly more susceptible than French-American hybrids. Isolates of G. uvicola differed in aggressiveness when tested on cv. Chardonnay. }, number={5}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Longland, J. M. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={580–584} }
 @article{carley_jordan_dharmasri_sutton_brandenburg_burton_2008, title={Peanut response to planting date and potential of canopy reflectance as an indicator of pod maturation}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2006.0352}, abstractNote={Determining when to dig peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is complicated because of its indeterminate growth habit. Pod mesocarp color is often used an indicator of pod maturation. However, this process is time consuming and is usually based on a relatively small subsample of pods from peanut fields. Research was conducted during 2003–2005 to determine if reflectance of the peanut canopy, using multispectral imaging (350–2500 nm), could be used as an indicator of pod maturation. The cultivars VA 98R and NC‐V 11 were planted beginning in early May through early June during each year with reflectance and the percentage of pods at optimum maturity (percentage of pods with brown or black mesocarp color) determined in mid‐September. The highest yield observed for VA 98R across the 3 yr of the experiment was noted when peanut was planted in mid‐May rather than early or late May or when planted in early June when peanut was dug based on optimum pod maturity using pod mesocarp color. Pod yield for the cultivar NC‐V 11 did not differ when comparing planting dates. For cultivar VA 98R, Pearson's correlations were significant for all bandwidth categories except the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) when reflectance was compared with percentage of mature pods. Reflectance for NC‐V 11 was not significant for any of the correlations even though significant differences in the percentage of mature pods were noted in mid September when comparing planting dates. These data suggest that canopy reflectance could potentially aid in predicting pod maturation, but more research is needed to determine feasibility of this approach.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Carley, Danesha S. and Jordan, David L. and Dharmasri, L. Cecil and Sutton, Turner B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Burton, Michael G.}, year={2008}, pages={376–380} }
 @article{magarey_fowler_borchert_sutton_colunga-garcia_2007, title={NAPPFAST: An internet system for the weather-based mapping of plant pathogens}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0336}, abstractNote={In recent years, the number of exotic pest introductions has increased rapidly as a result of increased volume of trade (22). The serious and sometimes irreparable ecological and economic damage of exotic pathogens, such as Cryphonectria parasitica, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, and Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agents of chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease, and Sudden Oak Death, respectively, are amply documented (1,6,42). An estimate of annual losses for exotic plant pathogens is $21 billion dollars (32). The Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) (Sidebar 1) division within the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) has the goal of safeguarding agriculture and natural resources from the risks associated with the entry, establishment, and spread of exotic pathogens. Two important components of the APHIS-PPQ mission are risk analysis and pest detection. A key goal of the risk analysis program is to identify exotic pest pathways and to assess the risks these exotic pests pose to plants and plant products as well as to the environment. Three types of risk assessments that evaluate the probability of the introduction and establishment of exotic plant pests are pathway analysis, organism pest risk assessment, and commodity risk assessment. The PPQ pest detection program and its state cooperators provide a continuum of pest surveillance, from offshore preclearance programs through port inspections, to surveys in rural and urban sites across the United States. The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) and the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) programs are instrumental in APHIS-PPQ’s pest detection programs. CAPS is responsible for supplying a means of detection, documentation, and rapid dissemination of information regarding the survey of regulated significant plant pests and weeds in the United States. The survey information gathered by CAPS is entered into a central database known as National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS). CPHST, headquartered in Raleigh, NC, is a multi-program scientific support organization for PPQ. One way CPHST scientists help facilitate the APHIS-PPQ activities of risk analysis and pest detection is by mapping the potential introduction and establishment of exotic pathogens in the United States. These maps are the result of pathogen-specific information analyses, including climate, pathogen distribution, host distribution, and trade. Given its influence on pest phenology, reproduction, dispersion, and overwintering survival, climate is a critical component for the geographic assessment of potential pathogen distribution. A large number of climate-based risk mapping systems, such as CLIMEX, BIOCLIM, and GARP, have been used for pest risk analysis (3,10,38,44). Literature typically focuses on the development and/or evaluation of the best modeling techniques (10); however, often the quality of the inputs, including biological parameters, weather}, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Magarey, R. D. and Fowler, G. A. and Borchert, D. M. and Sutton, T. B. and Colunga-Garcia, M.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={336–345} }
 @article{myers_sutton_abad_kennedy_2007, title={Pierce's disease of grapevines: Identification of the primary vectors in North Carolina}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-97-11-1440}, abstractNote={ In the past 10 years, the winegrape industry in the southeastern United States has experienced rapid growth; however, further expansion may be inhibited by Pierce's disease (PD). Epidemiological studies were conducted to identify the primary vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, the cause of PD of grape, by surveying sharpshooter population dynamics in the eastern Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. Sharpshooter species were assessed for the presence of X. fastidiosa in the field. Leafhoppers were trapped in three vineyards in the eastern Piedmont and one vineyard in the northeastern Coastal Plain in 2004 and 2005. Four insects were identified as most abundant: Oncometopia orbona, Graphocephala versuta, Paraphlepsius irroratus, and Agalliota constricta. Adult specimens of O. orbona, G. versuta, and P. irroratus were tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa by nested polymerase chain reaction. In all, 27% of O. orbona, 28% of G. versuta, and 33% of P. irroratus trapped were positive for X. fastidiosa over the two seasons. Transmission experiments demonstrated that both O. orbona and G. versuta have the ability to transmit X. fastidiosa to grape. These vectors are likely to be important in all winegrowing regions of the Southeast, because their presence has been documented throughout the southern states. In DNA analyses, X. fastidiosa strains from insects trapped in North Carolina were genetically similar to one another and to the known “PD strain” from California. This is the first report of these two leafhopper species transmitting X. fastidiosa to grapevines in the Southeast. }, number={11}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Myers, Ashley L. and Sutton, Turner B. and Abad, Jorge A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1440–1450} }
 @book{albertson_mitchem_poling_safley_sutton_2007, title={The North Carolina winegrape grower's guide}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Albertson, A. L. and Mitchem, W. E. and Poling, E. B. and Safley, C. D. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2007} }
 @article{gonzalez_sutton_correll_2006, title={Clarification of the etiology of Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apple caused by Colletotrichum spp. based on morphology and genetic, molecular, and pathogenicity tests}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-96-0982}, abstractNote={ Morphological characteristics and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of 486 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum collected from apple leaves with Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) symptoms and fruit with bitter rot symptoms in the United States and Brazil were studied. From this collection, 155 isolates of G. cingulata (93 from fruit, 61 from leaves, and 1 from buds), 42 isolates of C. gloeosporioides from fruit, and 14 isolates of C. acutatum (10 from fruit and 4 from leaves) were studied using mitochondrial (mt)DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes. A subset of 24 isolates was studied by examining the sequence of a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDPH) nuclear gene. In addition, 98 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on leaves of cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious in the greenhouse, and 24 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on fruit of cv. Gala in growth chambers. In total, 238 and 225 isolates of G. cingulata were separated into four distinct morphological types and six VCGs, respectively. Five morphological types and six VCGs were identified among 74 and 36 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, respectively. Three morphological types and four VCGs were identified among 74 and 23 isolates of C. acutatum, respectively. Seven different mtDNA RFLP haplotypes were observed within isolates of G. cingulata, two within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and two within isolates of C. acutatum. Phylogenetic trees, inferred based on maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods using the intron sequence, produced similar topologies. Each species was separated into distinct groups. All isolates tested were pathogenic on fruit, though only isolates with specific VCGs and haplotypes were pathogenic to leaves. Vegetative compatibility was a better tool than molecular characters for distinguishing isolates of G. cingulata pathogenic on both leaves and fruit from the ones pathogenic only on fruit. Isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot were included in haplotypes and groups based on the sequence analysis of the 200-bp intron that also included isolates capable of causing bitter rot only. Additionally, isolates of G. cingulata from the United States and Brazil which cause GLS were included in different haplotypes and sequence analysis groups. Therefore, one hypothesis is that isolates of G. cingulata from the United States capable of causing both GLS on foliage and bitter rot on fruit may have arisen independently of Brazilian isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot, and the two groups of isolates may represent distinct populations. }, number={9}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Gonzalez, Eugenia and Sutton, Turner B. and Correll, James C.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={982–992} }
 @article{partridge_sutton_jordan_2006, title={Effect of environmental factors and pesticides on mycoparasitism of Sclerotinia minor by Coniothyrium minitans}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-90-1407}, abstractNote={ The effects of soil temperature and moisture, and nine pesticides commonly used in peanut production, on the mycoparasitic activity of Coniothyrium minitans on sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were evaluated. In vitro mycelial growth and conidia germination of C. minitans were sensitive to azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and diclosulam. C. minitans survived and infected sclerotia of S. minor in the presence of azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, diclosulam, fluazinam, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole. Mycoparasitic activity was reduced by all pesticides except S-metolachlor compared with the nontreated control. Optimum conditions for infection of sclerotia were temperatures from 14 to 22°C and soil moisture from -0.33 to -1 kPa × 102. Mycoparasitic activity of C. minitans remained high (98% sclerotia infected) at temperatures ranging from 14 to 22°C, but decreased at temperatures above 28°C. Viability of sclerotia was inversely related to the proportion infected by C. minitans (r = -0.9963, P = 0.001). Mycoparasitic activity also declined when soil moisture was greater than -1 kPa × 102 or less than -0.10 kPa × 102. These results indicate that C. minitans should not be applied when temperatures exceed 28°C, during extremes in soil moisture, or when there is a high risk of contact with pesticides before it becomes established in the soil. }, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Partridge, D. E. and Sutton, T. B. and Jordan, D. L.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={1407–1412} }
 @article{partridge_sutton_jordan_curtis_2006, title={Management of Sclerotinia blight of peanut with the biological control agent Coniothyrium minitans}, volume={90}, DOI={10.1094/PD-90-0957}, abstractNote={ Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia minor, is an important disease of peanut in North Carolina. The effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite of sclerotia of Sclerotinia spp., was studied in a 5-year field experiment and in eight short-term experiments in northeastern North Carolina. The 5-year experiment was initiated in November 1999 to evaluate the effectiveness of repeated soil applications of C. minitans (commercial formulation, Contans WG) at 2 and 4 kg ha-1 in reducing Sclerotinia blight. In addition, individual commercial peanut fields were selected in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate a single application of C. minitans at 4 kg ha-1. No differences were found between the 2 and 4 kg ha-1 rates of C. minitans in reducing Sclerotinia blight. In 2002, there was less disease in plots receiving applications of C. minitans for either 1 or 3 years compared with the nontreated control; whereas, in 2003, C. minitans applications for 1, 2, or 3 years reduced disease and the number of sclerotia isolated from soil. A single application of C. minitans reduced sclerotia in only two of the eight short-term experiments. The integration of consecutive years of soil applications of C. minitans at 2 kg ha-1 with moderately resistant cultivars and fungicide applications may aid in the management of Sclerotinia blight in peanut. }, number={7}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Partridge, D. E. and Sutton, T. B. and Jordan, D. L. and Curtis, V. L.}, year={2006}, pages={957–963} }
 @article{magarey_sutton_thayer_2005, title={A Simple Generic Infection Model for Foliar Fungal Plant Pathogens}, volume={95}, ISSN={0031-949X 1943-7684}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0092}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-95-0092}, abstractNote={In this study, a simple generic infection model was developed for predicting infection periods by fungal foliar pathogens. The model is designed primarily for use in forecasting pathogens that do not have extensive epidemiological data. Most existing infection models require a background epidemiological data set, usually including laboratory estimates of infection at multiple temperature and wetness combinations. The model developed in this study can use inputs based on subjective estimates of the cardinal temperatures and the wetness duration requirement. These inputs are available for many pathogens or may be estimated from related pathogens. The model uses a temperature response function which is scaled to the minimum and optimum values of the surface wetness duration requirement. The minimum wetness duration requirement (Wmin) is the number of hours required to produce 20% disease incidence or 5% disease severity on inoculated plant parts at a given temperature. The model was validated with published data from 53 controlled laboratory studies, each with at least four combinations of temperature and wetness. Validation yielded an average correlation coefficient of 0.83 and a root mean square error of 4.9 h, but there was uncertainty about the value of the input parameters for some pathogens. The value of Wminvaried from 1 to 48 h and was relatively uniform for species in the genera Cercospora, Alternaria, and Puccinia but less so for species of Phytophthora, Venturia, and Colletotrichum. Operationally, infection models may use hourly or daily weather inputs. In the case of the former, information also is required to estimate the critical dry-period interruption value, defined as the duration of a dry period at relative humidities <95% that will result in a 50% reduction in disease compared with a continuous wetness period. Pathogens were classified into three groups based on their critical dry-period interruption value. The infection model is being used to create risk maps of exotic pests for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service.}, number={1}, journal={Phytopathology®}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Magarey, R. D. and Sutton, T. B. and Thayer, C. L.}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={92–100} }
 @article{gonzalez_sutton_2005, title={Differentiation of isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples using growth rate, response to temperature, and benomyl sensitivity}, ISBN={1535-1025}, DOI={10.1094/php-2005-0719-01-rs}, abstractNote={ Cultural characteristics were investigated as a way to distinguish isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples from those that cause only bitter rot. The growth rate, response to temperature, and benomyl sensitivity of 27 isolates of Glomerella cingulata, 12 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and 7 isolates of C. acutatum, collected from apple orchards located in the U.S. and Brazil and previously characterized based on morphology, vegetative compatibility, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, were determined. These isolates represent the genetic and molecular diversity within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, and G. cingulata from apples found in a previous study. Slower growth, lower optimum growth temperature, and less sensitivity to benomyl distinguished isolates of C. acutatum from isolates of G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides. However, growth rate and benomyl sensitivity were not useful for distinguishing between G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides or differentiating isolates of G. cingulata that cause leaf spot and bitter rot from those that only cause bitter rot. }, journal={Plant Health Progress}, author={Gonzalez, E. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2005}, pages={1} }
 @article{peterson_leonard_roelfs_sutton_2005, title={Effect of barberry eradication on changes in populations of Puccinia graminis in Minnesota}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-89-0935}, abstractNote={ Proportions of formae speciales of Puccinia graminis in collections of aeciospores from barberry were determined from cereal rust survey records from 1912 to 2002 in Minnesota. The frequency of P. graminis f. sp. avenae in aeciospore collections fluctuated between 0 and 10% from 1920 to 2002, even though oat was the dominant small grain crop in Minnesota until 1970. In early years, P. graminis f. sp. tritici was common, but the frequency of P. graminis f. sp. tritici in aeciospore collections declined to a low of 4% in the 1980s, whereas P. graminis f. sp. secalis increased to 96%. After 1990, the frequency of P. graminis f. sp. tritici increased and P. graminis f. sp. secalis declined in aecial collections, possibly indicating a changing proportion of P. graminis f. sp. secalis and tritici on wild grasses near barberry bushes. Diversity of races among uredinial collections of P. graminis f. sp. tritici from wheat in Minnesota declined sharply from 1912 to 1930 and remained low to 2002. Although the races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici most common in uredinial collections also were most common in the aecial collections in five of nine decades from 1912 to 1999 as well in the years 2000 to 2002, the diversity of races was greater among aecial than uredinial collections. Diversity in aecial collections remained nearly constant for 90 years, indicating a continuing contribution of the sexual stage to diversity of P. graminis f. sp. tritici. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Peterson, PD and Leonard, KJ and Roelfs, AP and Sutton, TB}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={935–940} }
 @article{peterson_leonard_miller_laudon_sutton_2005, title={Prevalence and distribution of common barberry, the alternate host of Puccinia graminis, in Minnesota}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-89-0159}, abstractNote={ A federal and state program operated from 1918 until the 1980s to eradicate common barberry (Berberis vulgaris), the alternate host of Puccinia graminis, from the major areas of cereal production in the United States. Over 500 million bushes were destroyed nationally during the program, approximately 1 million in Minnesota. Some sites in Minnesota where barberry bushes were destroyed remained in the “active” class when eradication was phased out in the 1980s. Active sites were defined as those on which there was still a possibility of emergence of barberry seedlings or sprouts arising from the parent bush. In the present study, from 1998 to 2002, 72 of the approximately 1,200 active sites in Minnesota were surveyed. Areas within 90 m of mapped locations of previously destroyed bushes were searched carefully at each site. Reemerged barberry plants were found on 32 sites. The reproductive status and GPS coordinates were recorded for each reemerged bush. More than 90% of the barberry bushes were found in counties with less than 400 ha of wheat per county, mostly in southeastern Minnesota, but one bush was found in a major wheat-producing county in northwestern Minnesota. Reemergence of barberry may serve as a source of new wheat stem rust races in future epidemics. }, number={2}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Peterson, PD and Leonard, KJ and Miller, JD and Laudon, RJ and Sutton, TB}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={159–163} }
 @article{bell_ranney_eaker_sutton_2005, title={Resistance to fire blight among flowering pears and quince}, volume={40}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Bell, A. C. and Ranney, T. G. and Eaker, T. A. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2005}, pages={413–415} }
 @article{gonzalez_sutton_2004, title={Population diversity within isolates of Colletotrichum spp. causing Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples in three orchards in north Carolina}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.1335}, abstractNote={ The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-1, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established. }, number={12}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Gonzalez, E and Sutton, TB}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1335–1340} }
 @article{williamson_hodges_sutton_2004, title={Re-examination of Peltaster firucticola, a member of the apple sooty blotch complex}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1557-2536"]}, DOI={10.2307/3762121}, abstractNote={Peltaster fructicola is one of several fungi that causes sooty blotch on apple. Johnson et al (1996 ———, ———, Hodges CS. 1996. Peltaster fructicola: a new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease. Mycologia 88:114–120. [Google Scholar], 1997 ———, ———, ———. 1997. Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina. Phytopathology 87:88–95. [Google Scholar]) correctly described P. fructicola but illustrated two different fungi. One is P. fructicola and the other is an unidentified ascomycete. In this paper, P. fructicola is more completely described and accurately illustrated.}, number={4}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, author={Williamson, SM and Hodges, CS and Sutton, TB}, year={2004}, pages={885–890} }
 @misc{marin_romero_guzman_sutton_2003, title={Black sigatoka: An increasing threat to banana cultivation}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.3.208}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 87, No. 3Black Sigatoka: An Increasing Threat to Banana Cultivation PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseBlack Sigatoka: An Increasing Threat to Banana CultivationDouglas H. Marín, Ronald A. Romero, Mauricio Guzmán, and Turner B. SuttonDouglas H. MarínSearch for more papers by this author, Ronald A. RomeroSearch for more papers by this author, Mauricio GuzmánSearch for more papers by this author, and Turner B. SuttonCorresponding author: Turner B. Sutton, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Douglas H. Marín , Del Monte Fresh Produce Ronald A. Romero , Chiquita Brands Mauricio Guzmán , National Banana Corporation of Costa Rica Turner B. Sutton , North Carolina State University, Raleigh Published Online:23 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.3.208AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 87, No. 3 March 2003SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 23 Feb 2007 Pages: 208-222 Information© 2003 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byEffect of duration of mycelia fragmentation and concentration on virulence of Mycosphaerella fijiensis in banana16 June 2023 | Brazilian Journal of Science, Vol. 2, No. 11Leaf disease detection using machine learning and deep learning: Review and challengesApplied Soft Computing, Vol. 3Screening and Optimization of Fermentation Medium for Bacillus velezensis BP-1 and Its Biocontrol Effects against Peyronellaea arachidicola7 April 2023 | Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 8High level of somatic mutations detected in a diploid banana wild relative Musa basjoo26 October 2022 | Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Vol. 298, No. 1Plant extracts as potential control agents of Black Sigatoka in banana7 September 2022 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 104, No. 4Prediction of Banana Production Using Epidemiological Parameters of Black Sigatoka: An Application with Random Forest29 October 2022 | Sustainability, Vol. 14, No. 21Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception1 November 2022 | Plant Production Science, Vol. 25, No. 4The long road to a sustainable banana trade16 September 2022 | PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET, Vol. 18Regional disparities in impacts of climate extremes require targeted adaptation of Fairtrade supply chainsOne Earth, Vol. 5, No. 8Gene Expression, Histology and Histochemistry in the Interaction between Musa sp. and Pseudocercospora fijiensis27 July 2022 | Plants, Vol. 11, No. 15Novel mating-type-associated genes and gene fragments in the genomes of Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae fungiMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol. 171Producing Crops without Mancozeb? 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E. Brooks11 December 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 1Molecular Diagnostics for the Sigatoka Disease Complex of BananaMahdi Arzanlou, Edwin C. A. Abeln, Gert H. J. Kema, Cees Waalwijk, Jean Carlier, Ineke de Vries, Mauricio Guzmán, and Pedro W. Crous9 August 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 97, No. 9A Quantitative Assay Using Mycelial Fragments to Assess Virulence of Mycosphaerella fijiensisBruno Giuliano Garisto Donzelli and Alice C. L. Churchill11 July 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 97, No. 8Phenalenone-Type Compounds from Musa acuminata var. “Yangambi km 5” (AAA) and Their Activity against Mycosphaerella fijiensis12 April 2007 | Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 70, No. 5Rapid Screening of Musa Species for Resistance to Black Leaf Streak Using In Vitro Plantlets in Tubes and Detached LeavesM. Twizeyimana, P. S. Ojiambo, A. Tenkouano, T. Ikotun, and R. Bandyopadhyay28 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 91, No. 3Evaluating the Performance of Chemical Control in the Presence of Resistant Pathogens18 July 2006 | Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 69, No. 2Accumulation of Current-Use Pesticides in Neotropical Montane Forests10 January 2007 | Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41, No. 4Isolation and characterization of the mating type locus of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of black leaf streak disease of bananaMolecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 8, No. 1Distribuição e impacto da sigatoka-negra na bananicultura do estado do AcreFitopatologia Brasileira, Vol. 29, No. 5Mating and Pseudothecial Development in Mycosphaerella citri, the Cause of Citrus Greasy SpotS. N. Mondal, D. S. Howd, R. H. Brlansky, and L. W. Timmer5 February 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 94, No. 9}, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Marin, DH and Romero, RA and Guzman, M and Sutton, TB}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={208–222} }
 @article{marin_barker_kaplan_sutton_opperman_2000, title={Development and evaluation of a standard method for screening for resistance to Radopholus similis in bananas}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.689}, abstractNote={ The description and evaluation of a standard assay method for screening for resistance of bananas to the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) under greenhouse conditions is presented. Seven banana genotypes, ranging from susceptible to resistant, were used to evaluate the method. Banana plants from tissue culture, grown in 0.4-liter Styrofoam cups containing sterilized sand as substrate, were maintained in the greenhouse for 4 weeks before inoculation. Two hundred burrowing nematodes, reared in monoxenic carrot-disk culture, were used as inoculum for each container. Plants were kept in the greenhouse for an additional 8 weeks at about 27°C and 80% relative humidity after inoculation. Burrowing nematodes reproduced well in the susceptible cultivars False Horn, Grande Naine, Valery, and Lacatan, whereas the reproductive fitness was very low in the resistant cultivars Pisang Jari Buaya and Yangambi. An intermediate reaction between these two groups was observed with Pisang mas. A similar trend was obtained in a follow-up field test, which indicated that the method is accurate and reliable. Assessments of total-root necrosis associated with this pathogen were also comparable between greenhouse and field conditions. However, nematode effects on the roots were more severe in the greenhouse test than in the field. In spite of low nematode reproductive fitness, root necrosis was relatively high in the two resistant cultivars tested in the greenhouse trial. }, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Marin, DH and Barker, KR and Kaplan, DT and Sutton, TB and Opperman, CH}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={689–693} }
 @article{marin_barker_sutton_2000, title={Efficacy of 'ABG-9008' against burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) on bananas}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Nematropica}, author={Marin, D. H. and Barker, K. R. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={2000}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{belding_sutton_blankenship_young_2000, title={Relationship between apple fruit epicuticular wax and growth of Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontidium elatius, two fungi that cause sooty blotch disease}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.7.767}, abstractNote={Sooty blotch severity varied among apple cultivars or selections surveyed in 1989 and 1992. No mycelial growth was observed on russetted areas of the cuticle that are considered impermeable. Ursolic acid and n-alkanes were the most prominent components of the epicuticular waxes of the cultivars or selections evaluated. Although there were differences in the relative proportions of these compounds among the cultivars, the differences were not related to the severity of sooty blotch. Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontidium elatius were grown on compounds that comprise the epicuticular wax of the fruit to determine if one or more of these were needed for growth. The fungi did not grow on any of the five major components of the epicuticular wax unless dilute apple juice was included. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that mycelia of P. fructicola grew on the surface of the wax and did not appear to degrade it. Our studies support the hypothesis that P. fructicola and L. elatius fungi are epiphytes and obtain their nutrients not from components of the cuticle, but more likely from fruit leachates.}, number={7}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Belding, RD and Sutton, TB and Blankenship, SM and Young, E}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={767–772} }
 @article{johnson_sutton_2000, title={Response of two fungi in the apple sooty blotch complex to temperature and relative humidity}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.362}, abstractNote={ Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontium elatius, two of the causal fungi of apple sooty blotch, responded differently to temperature and relative humidity in vitro. Conidia of L. elatius germinated from 12 to 32°C at relative humidities ≥97%, whereas conidia of P. fructicola germinated from 12 to 24°C at relative humidities ≥95%. Germination of conidia of L. elatius was optimum at 32°C and 99% relative humidity compared with 24°C and 97 or 99% relative humidity for P. fructicola. When L. elatius and P. fructicola were grown in Parafilm culture, sporulation was greatest at relative humidities of 97 to 99%. In agar culture, mycelia of L. elatius expanded radially from 12 to 32°C, and that of P. fructicola at 12 to 28°C. Mycelia of P. fructicola did not survive exposure for 7 days or more to temperatures ≥32°C. Mycelial growth was inhibited at relative humidities <95% for both fungi and no growth occurred at 88% relative humidity. Conidia of P. fructicola were more sensitive to air drying than were those of L. elatius. Conidial viability of P. fructicola was reduced significantly after 8 h of air drying and nearly completely inhibited after 12 h. Conidia of L. elatius required 24 h of air drying before a significant reduction in conidial viability was observed. These results support the hypothesis that environmental factors influence the temporal and geographical distributions of the fungi associated with the apple sooty blotch disease. }, number={4}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Johnson, EM and Sutton, TB}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={362–367} }
 @article{marin_barker_kaplan_sutton_opperman_1999, title={Aggressiveness and damage potential of Central American and Caribbean populations of Radopholus spp. in banana}, volume={31}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Marin, D. H. and Barker, K. R. and Kaplan, D. T. and Sutton, T. B. and Opperman, C. H.}, year={1999}, pages={377–385} }
 @article{romero_sutton_1998, title={Characterization of benomyl resistance in Mycosphaerella fijiensis, cause of black Sigatoka of banana, in Costa Rica}, volume={82}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.8.931}, abstractNote={ Sixty-eight and eighty-six percent of monoascosporic isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis from two banana plantations in Costa Rica, in which benomyl was used for ≈10 years to control black Sigatoka, were resistant to benomyl in February and November 1994, respectively. No resistance to benomyl was detected in isolates collected during February 1994 from farms with no history of benomyl use that were located ≈50 km from the nearest banana plantations. Only 1% of isolates was resistant to benomyl in a sample taken during November 1994. In three additional banana farms where benomyl had not been used for 3 to 5 years before sampling, ben-omyl resistance persisted at a high frequency. Benomyl-resistant and -sensitive isolates were distributed equally throughout the range of isolate sensitivity to propiconazole, indicating no relationship between resistance to benomyl and lower sensitivity to propiconazole but double resistance to these two compounds. Five benomyl-resistant and five benomyl-sensitive isolates of M. fijiensis were inoculated to banana plants under greenhouse conditions. Benomyl-resistant isolates were more aggressive than benomyl-sensitive isolates, as determined by measures of disease severity, incubation time, and number of lesions at 40 days after inoculation. }, number={8}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Romero, R. A. and Sutton, T. B.}, year={1998}, pages={931–934} }
 @article{marin_sutton_barker_1998, title={Dissemination of bananas in Latin America and the Caribbean and its relationship to the occurrence of Radopholus similis}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.964}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 82, No. 9Dissemination of Bananas in Latin America and the Caribbean and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of Radophouls similis PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseDissemination of Bananas in Latin America and the Caribbean and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of Radophouls similisDouglas H. Marin, Turner B. Sutton, and Kenneth R. BarkerDouglas H. MarinSearch for more papers by this author, Turner B. SuttonSearch for more papers by this author, and Kenneth R. BarkerSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Douglas H. Marin Turner B. Sutton Kenneth R. Barker , North Carolina State University, Raleigh Published Online:22 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.9.964AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 82, No. 9 September 1998SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 22 Feb 2007 Pages: 964-974 Information© 1998 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byThe Dispersal of Bananas (Musa spp.) to the Americas in the Sixteenth Century10 November 2022 | Economic Botany, Vol. 76, No. 4Modelling the Influence of Climatic Factors on the Population Dynamics of Radopholus Similis: Banana-Plantain Pest8 July 2022 | Acta Biotheoretica, Vol. 70, No. 3Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A Major Constraint in Fruit Production2 March 2022Optimal and sustainable management of a soilborne banana pestApplied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 397Towards consensus on the transfer of Fusarium oxysporum V5w2-enhanced tissue culture banana technology to farmers through public-private partnerships in East AfricaScientific African, Vol. 10Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the Fusarium Wilt Pathogen of Banana, in Ecuador1 September 2020 | Plants, Vol. 9, No. 9Modelling and control of a banana soilborne pest in a multi-seasonal frameworkMathematical Biosciences, Vol. 322The genome of the migratory nematode, Radopholus similis, reveals signatures of close association to the sedentary cyst nematodes25 October 2019 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, No. 10Nematostatic activity of root extracts of banana ( Musa spp.) genotypes as pre-infectional resistance mechanism against the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis6 March 2018 | The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, Vol. 94, No. 1Status of Pratylenchus coffeae in banana-growing areas of TanzaniaPhysiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 105Pest risk assessment of Radopholus similis for the EU territoryEFSA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 8Associations of soil type and previous crop with plant-feeding nematode communities in plantain agrosystemsApplied Soil Ecology, Vol. 113Frequencies and population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes on banana (Musa AAA) plantations in Ecuador from 2008 to 20141 January 2016 | Agronomía Colombiana, Vol. 34, No. 1Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne and Radopholus citrophilus Huettel, Dickson and Kaplan16 October 2014 | EFSA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 10Plant-parasitic nematodes as invasive species: characteristics, uncertainty and biosecurity implications14 September 2013 | Annals of Applied Biology, Vol. 271A historical overview of the appearance and spread of Musa pests and pathogens on the African continent: highlighting the importance of clean Musa planting materials and quarantine measures22 November 2012 | Annals of Applied Biology, Vol. 162, No. 1Niche partitioning based on soil type and climate at the landscape scale in a community of plant-feeding nematodesSoil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 44, No. 1Support for the ‘out-of-Southeast Asia’ hypothesis for the origin of Australian populations of Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)20 October 2010 | Systematic Parasitology, Vol. 77, No. 3Emerging molecular knowledge on Radopholus similis , an important nematode pest of bananaMolecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 11, No. 3Contrastant banana accessions for resistance to the burrowing nematode, based on molecular markers RAPD18 July 2009 | Euphytica, Vol. 172, No. 1Host range as an axis of niche partitioning in the plant-feeding nematode community of banana agroecosystemsSoil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 41, No. 6Nematode dispersion by runoff water: Case study of Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne on nitisol under humid tropical conditionsApplied Soil Ecology, Vol. 41, No. 2Integrated Management Of Banana NematodesManaging Nematodes In Citrus OrchardsChallenges in Tropical Plant NematologyAnnual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 45, No. 1Frequency of occurrence and abundance of root nematodes on banana ( Musa AAA) in BelizeInternational Journal of Pest Management, Vol. 52, No. 1Liste des nématodes phytoparasites (Tylenchida et Dorylaimida) des départements français d’Amérique (Guadeloupe, Martinique et Guyane) et dispositions réglementaires19 December 2005 | EPPO Bulletin, Vol. 35, No. 3PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY NEMATODESNematode Problems: Most Prevalent27 February 2004Population differentiation in the banana leaf spot pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola, examined at a global scalePlant Pathology, Vol. 52, No. 6}, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Marin, DH and Sutton, TB and Barker, KR}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={964–974} }
 @misc{sutton_sanhueza_1998, title={Necrotic leaf blotch of Golden Delicious Glomerella leaf spot: A resolution of common names}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.1998.82.3.267}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 82, No. 3Necrotic Leaf Blotch of Golden Delicious—Glomerella Leaf Spot: A Resolution of Common Names Next Letters OPENOpen Access licenseNecrotic Leaf Blotch of Golden Delicious—Glomerella Leaf Spot: A Resolution of Common NamesTurner B. Sutton and Rosa Maria SanhuezaTurner B. SuttonSearch for more papers by this author and Rosa Maria SanhuezaSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Turner B. Sutton , Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616 Rosa Maria Sanhueza , EMBRAPA, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa, de Uva e Vinho, Bento Goncalves-RS, Brazil Published Online:22 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.267AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat "Necrotic Leaf Blotch of Golden Delicious—Glomerella Leaf Spot: A Resolution of Common Names." , 82(3), pp. 267–268DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 82, No. 3 March 1998SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 22 Feb 2007 Pages: 267-268 Information© 1998 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byFungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer24 May 2023 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals significant differences in gene expression between pathogens of apple Glomerella leaf spot and apple bitter rot31 March 2022 | BMC Genomics, Vol. 23, No. 1Sustainable Apple Disease Management in China: Challenges and Future Directions for a Transforming IndustryXiaofei Liang, Rong Zhang, Mark L. Gleason, and Guangyu Sun7 March 2022 | Plant Disease, Vol. 106, No. 3Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase Subunit CgCPS1 Is Necessary for Virulence and to Regulate Stress Tolerance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3Control effect of fungicide pyraclostrobin alternately applied with Bordeaux mixture against apple Glomerella leaf spot and its residue after preharvest application in ChinaCrop Protection, Vol. 142Study of infection process of five species of Colletotrichum comparing symptoms of glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot in two apple cultivars21 October 2020 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 159, No. 1Transcription Factor CfSte12 of Colletotrichum fructicola Is a Key Regulator of Early Apple Glomerella Leaf Spot PathogenesisApplied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 87, No. 1Emergence of Benzimidazole- and Strobilurin-Quinone Outside Inhibitor-Resistant Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, the Causal Fungus of Japanese Pear Anthracnose, and Alternative Fungicides to Resistant Strains15 April 2020Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the leaf infection events of Colletotrichum fructicola on Malus domestica ‘Gala’3 February 2020 | Plant Pathology, Vol. 69, No. 3Development of simple sequence repeat markers based on whole-genome sequencing to reveal the genetic diversity of Glomerella cingulata in China22 October 2019 | Journal of General Plant Pathology, Vol. 86, No. 1Sensitivity of the Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex From Apple Trees in Brazil to Dithiocarbamates, Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates, and Quinone Outside Inhibitor FungicidesRafaele R. Moreira, Natasha A. Hamada, Natalia A. Peres, and Louise L. May De Mio9 August 2019 | Plant Disease, Vol. 103, No. 10Unraveling Colletotrichum species associated with Glomerella leaf spot of apple15 October 2018 | Tropical Plant Pathology, Vol. 44, No. 2Ascospore Infection and Colletotrichum Species Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot of Apple in UruguayThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2Investigation and genetic mapping of a Glomerella leaf spot resistance locus in apple22 November 2016 | Plant Breeding, Vol. 136, No. 1Modulation of oxidative responses by a virulent isolate of Colletotrichum fructicola in apple leavesFungal Biology, Vol. 120, No. 10Genetic Structure of Colletotrichum fructicola Associated to Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot in Southern Brazil and UruguayMathias F. Rockenbach, Aline C. Velho, Amanda E. Gonçalves, Pedro E. Mondino, Sandra M. Alaniz, and Marciel J. Stadnik6 May 2016 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 106, No. 7Characterization of Colletotrichum fructicola, a new causal agent of leaf black spot disease of sandy pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)5 August 2015 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 143, No. 4Occurrence and Analysis of Apple Blotch-like Symptoms on Apple LeavesKorean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 3First Report of Glomerella cingulata Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot on Pear in Hebei, ChinaX. L. Du, T. L. Hu, Y. J. Liu, Y. N. Wang, S. T. Wang, and K. Q. Cao1 April 2015 | Plant Disease, Vol. 99, No. 4New insights into the characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with apple diseases in southern Brazil and UruguayFungal Biology, Vol. 119, No. 4Effects of Temperature, Wetness Duration, and Moisture on the Conidial Germination, Infection, and Disease Incubation Period of Glomerella cingulataBing Wang, Bao-Hua Li, Xiang-Li Dong, Cai-Xia Wang, and Zhen-Fang Zhang13 January 2015 | Plant Disease, Vol. 99, No. 2The effect of hail protection nets on Glomerella leaf spot in ‘royal Gala’ appleCrop Protection, Vol. 31, No. 1Ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinilglycine on glomerella leaf spot in apple cultivar 'Royal Gala'24 June 2011 | Ciência Rural, Vol. 41, No. 6ITS-rDNA phylogeny of Colletotrichum spp. causal agent of apple Glomerella leaf spot9 April 2010 | Ciência Rural, Vol. 40, No. 4Clarification of the Etiology of Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apple Caused by Colletotrichum spp. Based on Morphology and Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenicity TestsEugenia González, Turner B. Sutton, and James C. Correll16 February 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 96, No. 9Differentiation of Isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. Associated with Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples Using Growth Rate, Response to Temperature, and Benomyl SensitivityEugenia González and Turner B. Sutton27 July 2018 | Plant Health Progress, Vol. 6, No. 1Population Diversity within Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples in Three Orchards in North CarolinaEugenia González and Turner B. Sutton23 February 2007 | Plant Disease, Vol. 88, No. 12One stop mycologyMycological Research, Vol. 103, No. 3}, number={3}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Sutton, TB and Sanhueza, RM}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={267–268} }
 @article{hidalgo_sutton_arauz_1997, title={Epidemiology and control of citrus greasy spot on Valencia orange in the humid tropics of Costa Rica}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1015}, abstractNote={ An epidemiological study of Mycosphaerella citri, the cause of greasy spot of citrus, was conducted for 2 years at Finca 6 and El Parque, Costa Rica. Ascospores were the primary source of inoculum; only a few conidia were trapped during the study. Ascospores were trapped first during late April or early May. The spore discharge pattern was associated closely with seasonal rainfall distribution; in both years, the number of ascospores trapped increased rapidly through May, peaked during early June, declined rapidly through July, and were negligible during the rest of the year. Most ascospores were trapped during a 6- to 8-week period. Three principal discharge patterns were observed. One pattern, associated with rainfall, was characterized by the release of large numbers of ascospores within 1 h of the beginning of rainfall. Ascospore release often continued for several hours after the rainfall ended. A second discharge pattern was associated with dew. Large numbers of spores were trapped during periods when dew was heaviest (0200 to 0700 h). A third pattern consisted of a combination of the first two patterns (i.e., discharge during evening rain followed by a second discharge associated with dew). No relationship was found between different combinations of rainfall data and either the first or peak ascospore catch. Similarly, there was no consistent relationship between weekly percentages of leaves at different stages of decomposition and ascospore catch that could be used to predict the period of peak ascospore discharge. Weekly total number of leaves on the orchard floor was a better predictor of total ascospore catch. Two sprays of a copper fungicide reduced greasy spot incidence, severity, and defoliation compared to an unsprayed control. Oil, sprayed twice as a standard grower treatment, did not reduce disease incidence or severity compared to the unsprayed control. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Hidalgo, H and Sutton, TB and Arauz, F}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={1015–1022} }
 @article{johnson_sutton_hodges_1997, title={Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.1.88}, abstractNote={ Sooty blotch disease of apples (Malus × domestica), previously attributed to the fungus Gloeodes pomigena, was shown to be a disease complex caused by fungi previously considered mycelial types of G. pomigena. Peltaster fructicola and Geastrumia polystigmatis were associated with the ramose mycelial type. A fungus similar to P. fructicola, but with smaller pycnothyria and conidia, was associated with the punctate mycelial type. The diffuse fuliginous mycelial type was caused by Leptodontium elatius. Fungi that fit the classical morphological description of G. pomigena were not observed. Pycnothyria of P. fructicola developed on overwintered colonies on blackberries, and conidia were a source for primary infection during the entire growing season. Secondary spread was through conidia produced in colonies on fruit. L. elatius was observed infrequently producing conidia on fruit during periods of extended high moisture. Histological examination did not reveal penetration of the cuticle of apple fruit for any of the fungi of the apple sooty blotch complex. }, number={1}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Johnson, EM and Sutton, TB and Hodges, CS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={88–95} }
 @article{romero_sutton_1997, title={Reaction of four Musa genotypes at three temperatures to isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis from different geographical regions}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.10.1139}, abstractNote={ Two tetraploid banana hybrids, FHIA1 and FHIA2, with resistance to black Sigatoka, and two highly susceptible, naturally occurring triploids, Grand Naine and False Horn, were evaluated at three temperatures for their resistance to isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis from five geographical regions. The youngest open leaf of young plants was inoculated, and plants were incubated at 22, 26, and 30°C in growth chambers. Duration of the incubation period and disease severity were used to evaluate the reactions of the genotypes. The incubation period was the shortest at 26°C. Disease severity was greatest at 26°C on Grand Naine and False Horn, but there was no clear temperature effect for the FHIA genotypes. The incubation period was longer on both FHIA genotypes than on Grand Naine and False Horn. With few exceptions, isolates with the shortest incubation periods caused greater disease severity than those with longer incubation periods. The level of resistance between the two FHIA genotypes was similar, and both expressed high resistance across temperatures and isolates of M. fijiensis, indicating that no physiological races of the pathogen were detected. There were differences in durations of the incubation periods and disease severities associated with the geographical origin of the isolates. Isolates that originated in Honduras, Colombia, and Costa Rica produced more disease on Grand Naine and False Horn than did isolates from Cameroon and Asia. However, no differences associated with the geographical origin of the isolates were observed for both FHIA genotypes. Also, there were no differences in disease severities within isolates that originated from Honduras, Colombia, and Costa Rica. }, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Romero, RA and Sutton, TB}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={1139–1142} }
 @article{romero_sutton_1997, title={Sensitivity of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of Black Sigatoka of Banana, to Propiconazole}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.1.96}, abstractNote={ One hundred monoascosporic isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis were collected in February and November 1994 from each of two banana (Musa spp.) plantations in Costa Rica. Locations at San Pablo and Coopecariari had been sprayed with propiconazole for the past 7 years to control black Sigatoka. One hundred monoascosporic isolates from a third location, San Carlos, with no history of fungicide use, also were tested for sensitivity to propiconazole. Fifty percent effective concentration (EC50) values were calculated for individual isolates by regressing the relative inhibition of colony growth against the natural logarithm of the fungicide concentration. In the February sample, the mean EC50 values for San Pablo and Coopecariari populations were 0.06 and 0.05 μg a.i. ml-1, respectively, which were not statistically different (P = 0.05). The mean EC50 value of the population at San Carlos was 0.008 μg a.i. ml-1, which was significantly lower (P = 0.001) than the mean EC50 values obtained at San Pablo and Coopecariari. Frequency distributions of EC50 values of isolates from the three populations collected in February showed that 80% of isolates from San Pablo and Coopecariari had EC50 values greater than the highest EC50 value from San Carlos, indicating a significant shift in reduced sensitivity to propiconazole. Isolates collected in November 1994, after eight treatments of propiconazole at San Pablo and Coopecariari, showed a significant increase in mean EC50 values compared with the means observed in February. The high proportion of isolates with reduced sensitivity to propiconazole may account for the unsatisfactory control of black Sigatoka between 1992 and 1993 in the two banana plantations at San Pablo and Coopecariari. }, number={1}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Romero, RA and Sutton, TB}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={96–100} }
 @misc{sutton_1996, title={Changing options for the control of deciduous fruit tree diseases}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0066-4286"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.527}, abstractNote={ ▪ Abstract  The evolution of disease management programs for deciduous fruit trees in the United States over the past 50 years has been influenced by factors that include public concern over pesticide residues on fruit and in the environment, the development of resistance of many important tree pathogens to fungicides and bactericides, the loss of fungicide registrations and restrictions on their use due to concern for human health and the environment and/or marketing decisions by the manufacturers, and changes in cultural practices and marketing objectives. These factors have led to wider use of forecasting models and cultural controls, the development of resistance management strategies, and the introduction of new equipment and methods for pesticide application. These same factors will most likely continue to drive the fruit industry to adopt disease management programs that rely less on pesticides in the future. }, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Sutton, TB}, year={1996}, pages={527–547} }
 @article{sutton_arauz_1991, title={INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON GERMINATION OF ASCOSPORES AND CONIDIA OF BOTRYOSPHAERIA-DOTHIDEA}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-75-1146}, abstractNote={Predicted optimum temperatures for germination of conidia of isolates 1, 2, and 3 of Botryosphaeria dothidea in free water were 26.7, 27.8, and 29.5 C. Conidia ofisolates and 2 germinated at 8 C after 24 hr but none from isolate 3 germinated. Conidia of isolate 1 incubated at 95-100% relative humidity (RH) germinated after 12 hr, the percent germination declined with RH. Few conidia of isolates 2 or 3 germinated in the absence of free water. The predicted optimum temperature for ascospore germination was 24.6 C}, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={SUTTON, TB and ARAUZ, LF}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={1146–1149} }
 @article{sutton_1990, title={DISPERSAL OF CONIDIA OF ZYGOPHIALA-JAMAICENSIS IN APPLE ORCHARDS}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-74-0643}, abstractNote={Sutton, T. B. 1990. Dispersal of conidia of Zygophiala jamaicensis in apple orchards. Plant Dis. 74: 643-646. Conidia of Zygophiala jamaicensis, the causal agent of flyspeck, were trapped in apple (Malus domestica) orchards or near reservoir inoculum sources from late May or early June through harvest (mid-September). Hourly spore concentrations were positively correlated with temperature and windspeed and negatively correlated with relative humidity and leaf wetness. Conidia concentration in the air was characterized by a distinct diurnal periodicity; most conidia were trapped between 0700 and 1300 hours. Fruit infections were usually observed about 1 mo after the first conidia were trapped. Management practices for flyspeck in apple orchards need to account for the presence and abundance of reservoir hosts, environmental conditions, orchard management strategies, and fungicide choice and timing. Flyspeck (caused by Zygophiala jamaicensis Mason; teleomorph, Schizothyrium pomi [Mont. & Fr.] Arx), is one of the most important diseases of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the southeastern United States. Z. jamaicensis overwinters on apple twigs and on numerous reservoir hosts (2,9). Ascospores mature in late spring and initiate primary infections on apples and reservoir hosts. Conidia, produced from primary infections, initiate secondary cycles throughout the growing season. Numerous reservoir hosts are sources of inoculum. Rubus spp. are the most abundant reservoir hosts in North Carolina, however, at least 37 additional hosts have been identified (9). Control of flyspeck is based on the application of protectant fungicides applied at 10- to 14-day intervals. Not all fungicides registered for flyspeck control are equally effective against Z. jamaicensis. For instance, the ethylenebis[dithiocarbamate] (EBDC) fungicides are much more effective than captan (1); however, captan is often preferred because it provides better fruit finish early in the season and is more active against white rot (caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea [Moug. ex Fr.] Ces. & De Not.) and black rot (caused by Botryosphaeria obtusa [Schwein.] Shoemaker). Consequently, growers are often faced with the problem of knowing in}, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={SUTTON, TB}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={643–646} }
 @article{sutton_huang_1989, title={EVALUATION OF A MICROEMULSION FORMULATION OF FENARIMOL FOR THE CONTROL OF APPLE SCAB CAUSED BY VENTURIA-INAEQUALIS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-73-0716}, abstractNote={Microemulsion (ME) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of fenarimol were equally effective in greenhouse trials in controlling apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) when applied 48, 72, 96, or 120 hr after inoculation. The percent of surface area affected with chlorotic and sporulating lesions did not differ significantly between the two formulations at 10, 20, or 30 μg a.i./ml}, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={SUTTON, TB and HUANG, JS}, year={1989}, month={Sep}, pages={716–719} }