@article{huber_wehner_2023, title={Heritability and genetic variance estimates for agronomic traits and glycoside yield in four elite stevia breeding populations}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20940}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20940}, abstractNote={Abstract Heritability estimates of traits assist breeders in optimizing cultivar development and can help predict gain from selection in breeding programs. Narrow‐sense heritabilities were measured in agronomic traits and glycoside concentration in four elite stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) populations using half‐sib family analysis. Gain from selection at 20% selection intensity was estimated for morphological, yield, and glycoside traits. Experiments were conducted in two field locations in North Carolina. Variation was observed across cultigens for agronomic traits including stem height, branch width, and leaf size, for both subjective and objective measurements. Yield, lodging resistance, disease resistance, and percent survival showed a high genetic variation across cultigens. In addition, glycosides including Reb A, Reb C, and Reb D also showed high variation by cultigen. Heritability estimates for plant morphological traits were highest for stem height, and moderate for yield and branch width. However, other traits such as leaf area and lodging resistance showed low heritability (0.10). Glycosides including Reb A, Reb C, Reb D, stevioside and total steviol glycosides (TSG) showed high heritability. The estimated gain from selection per year for stem height (24 mm/year), leaf area (131 mm 2 /year) and yield (dry weight) (1.2 Mg/ha per year) suggest significant improvements are possible per breeding cycle. The estimated gain for glycoside concentration and percent of TSG of Reb A (26.44 mg/g, 14.51%), Reb C (20.20 mg/g, 20.17%), Reb D (1.70 mg/g, 1.49%), stevioside (6.73 mg/g, 10.72%), and TSG (20.90 mg/g), similarly, indicate significant gains are possible per breeding cycle.}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Huber, Brandon M. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{patel_quesada-ocampo_wehner_bhatta_correa_malla_2023, title={Recent Advances and Challenges in Management of Colletotrichum orbiculare, the Causal Agent of Watermelon Anthracnose}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101132}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae9101132}, abstractNote={The fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare causes watermelon anthracnose and is an important pathogen of watermelon in the United States, causing a significant impact on yield and quality of the produce. The application of fungicides as preventative and post-occurrence control measures is currently being deployed by growers. Further study of the genetic and molecular basis of anthracnose resistance will help in guiding future watermelon breeding strategies. Several conserved virulence factors (effectors) in C. orbiculare have been reported to interact with the host, at times impairing the host immune machinery. A single dominant gene conferring race 1 anthracnose resistance was reported independently on two watermelon germplasm. The recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics could facilitate a better understanding of the interaction between C. orbiculare effectors and host resistance genes in the already sequenced watermelon genome. In this review, we encompass and discuss (i) the history of watermelon anthracnose, taxonomy, morphology, and diversity in races of C. orbiculare; (ii) the epidemiology of the anthracnose disease and host resistance; (iii) the genetics behind the pathogenesis; and (iv) the current advances in breeding and molecular efforts to elucidate anthracnose resistance.}, number={10}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Patel, Takshay and Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M. and Wehner, Todd C. and Bhatta, Bed Prakash and Correa, Edgar and Malla, Subas}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{bhatta_correa_patel_wehner_crosby_thomson_malla_2022, title={Data on inheritance of race 2 anthracnose resistance in watermelon (Citrullus spp.) biparental mapping populations}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2352-3409"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108546}, DOI={10.1016/j.dib.2022.108546}, abstractNote={Anthracnose of watermelon is caused by a fungal pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare. We generated F2 individuals from three different populations: Population 1 (PI 189225 x 'New Hampshire Midget'), Population 2 ('Perola' x PI 189225), and Population 3 ('Verona' x PI 189225). The biparental F2 populations, parents and F1 individuals were inoculated with an isolate of race 2 anthracnose isolated from watermelon. Leaf lesions were visually rated seven days post inoculation on a scale of 0% (no lesion) to 100% (dead true leaf). Here we present the datasets obtained after the disease inoculation. The distribution of data obtained was visualized using histograms and goodness-of-fit was tested using Chi-Square. These datasets provide information on the mode of inheritance of race 2 anthracnose resistance in watermelon.}, journal={DATA IN BRIEF}, author={Bhatta, Bed Prakash and Correa, Edgar and Patel, Takshay and Wehner, Todd C. and Crosby, Kevin M. and Thomson, MichaelJ. and Malla, Subas}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{bhatta_patel_correa_wehner_crosby_thomson_metz_wang_brun_johnson_et al._2022, title={Dissection of race 1 anthracnose resistance in a watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) biparental mapping population}, volume={218}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-022-03108-7}, abstractNote={Anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. & Mont.) Arx syn. lagenaria, is one of the most important diseases of watermelon in the United States and worldwide. The study was conducted to identify C. orbiculare race 1 resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a ‘Charleston Gray’, resistant parent, and ‘New Hampshire Midget’, susceptible parent, biparental mapping population. The mapping population consisted of 228 F2 and the validation population consisted of 60 individuals each in BC1P1 and BC1P2. The disease severity was rated using a disease index comprising a rating scale of 0–100%. IciMapping was used to draw the linkage map and R/qtl non-parametric method (‘model = np’) was used to identity QTL. We identified a major disease resistance QTL, Qar1-8, on chromosome 8. The significant SNP marker S8_5149002, part of a putative coiled-coil (CC)–nucleotide-binding site (NBS)–leucine-rich repeat (LRR) (CC-NBS-LRR or CNL; ClCG08G002410), had a LOD of 14.06. The significant marker was validated on mapping populations using R package functions ‘chisq.test’, ‘wilcox.test’, ‘kruskal.test’, and ‘dunn.test’. The significant marker S8_5149002 was also tested for its ability to differentiate race 1 anthracnose resistance on 61 watermelon germplasm including 41 plant introduction (PI) lines. Hence, the diagnostic SNP marker S8_5149002 could be used for marker assisted selection (MAS) for race 1 anthracnose resistance in watermelon breeding programs.}, number={11}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Bhatta, Bed Prakash and Patel, Takshay and Correa, Edgar and Wehner, Todd C. and Crosby, Kevin M. and Thomson, Michael J. and Metz, Richard and Wang, Shichen and Brun, Marcel and Johnson, Charles D. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bhandari_shaktawat_tak_shukla_gupta_patel_kakkar_dube_dia_dia_et al._2021, title={Evaluating interactions between hyperglycemia and clotting factors in patients suffering with SARS-CoV-2 infection}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2450-8187"]}, DOI={10.5603/DK.a2021.0022}, abstractNote={Background. With coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), patients with diabetes mellitus are dealing with two pandemics and are at a higher risk of mortality. The present study was undertaken to evaluate interactions between hyperglycemia and clotting factors in COVID-19 patients. Methods. In this retrospective observational study,  53 real-time RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in 40 to 70 years of age, representing both sexes, were enrolled in the study from SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan, India). Based on their history of diabetes mellitus and exclusion criterion, patients were divided into diabetics (N = 11) and non-diabetics (N = 17) groups. The data on clinical profile and coagulation profile was recorded along with the markers of inflammation and infection. The two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney test and the Fisher’s exact test. Correlation coefficients between clotting factors were compared between two groups using Student t test. Results. There was no significant difference in age  (p = 0.25) or gender (p = 0.12) between the two groups. The coagulation indicators FDP (p = 0.79), D-dimer  (p = 0.30), APPT (p = 0.96), PT (p = 0.79), INR (p = 1.00)  PLT (p = 0.17) and the markers of inflammation and infection did not differ significantly between the two groups. There was no significant difference in correlation coefficients among coagulation indicators between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The study concludes that pathogenesis in clotting system is not significantly different in stud-ied groups. Further research is needed to explain the higher mortality in diabetic patients suffering from COVID-19.}, number={1}, journal={CLINICAL DIABETOLOGY}, author={Bhandari, Sudhir and Shaktawat, Ajit Singh and Tak, Amit and Shukla, Jyotsna and Gupta, Jitendra and Patel, Bhoopendra and Kakkar, Shivankan and Dube, Amitabh and Dia, Sunita and Dia, Mahendra and et al.}, year={2021}, pages={114–122} }
 @article{rivera-burgos_silverman_sari_wehner_2021, title={Evaluation of Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight in a Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Watermelon x Citron}, volume={56}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI15599-20}, abstractNote={Gummy stem blight (GSB), a major disease caused by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae), has caused significant losses of watermelon in the United States. The lack of progress in the development of resistant cultivars is the result of complex inheritance of resistance and breeding strategies that rely on single-plant selection. Because the sources of resistance are wild watermelon relatives, good fruit quality has been difficult to maintain during the selection process. Three hundred recombinant inbred line (RILs) in a population that carries resistance genes to GSB as well as good fruit quality were produced. This was accomplished by crossing and intercrossing resistant plant introductions, crossing the resulting progenies with elite cultivars, intercrossing those progenies, and, finally, self-pollinating to the S3 generation. The 300 RILs were evaluated for disease severity and fruit morphological and quality traits under greenhouse and field conditions in a randomized complete block design with 10 replications and 3 years. The means and correlations for disease severity ratings and fruit quality traits were estimated. Approximately 186 RILs had disease severity ratings below the mean value of the disease assessment scale (4.5), indicating that they possibly carry one or more genes for resistance to GSB. All disease severity ratings were correlated to each other (r = 0.67–0.98; P < 0.001), but they were not correlated with fruit quality traits. Most importantly, several resistant RILs showed good to excellent fruit quality. Our results provide evidence of improved germplasm with high resistance and good fruit quality.}, number={3}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. and Silverman, Emily and Sari, Nebahat and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={380–388} }
 @article{rivera-burgos_silverman_wehner_2021, title={NC-GSB-524W, NC-GSB-527W, NC-GSB-528W, NC-GSB-530W, NC-GSB-531W, and NC-GSB-532W Watermelon Lines with Gummy Stem Blight Resistance and Good Fruit Quality}, volume={56}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI16095-21}, abstractNote={Gummy stem blight (GSB) is a major disease of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] that leads to significant economic losses. This disease is caused by three genetically distinct Stagonosporopsis species, S. cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae), S. citrulli, and S. caricae (Stewart et al., 2015). The three species are pathogenic to cucurbits, but S. caricae also causes leaf spot, stem rot, and fruit rot in papaya (Carica papaya L.) (Stewart et al., 2015). GSB was first observed in 1891 by Fautrey and Roumeguere in France on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and in Delaware on watermelon (Sherf and MacNab, 1986). In 1917, GSB was reported in the southern United States, affecting watermelon fruit in Florida (Sherbakoff, 1917). GSB remains an important limiting factor for watermelon production in Florida (Keinath, 1995) and South Carolina (Rennberger et al., 2018, 2019). This disease also affects watermelon production in some important watermelon producing countries (Basim et al., 2016; Huang and Lai, 2019). GSB on watermelon plants is evident as crown blight, stem cankers, and extensive defoliation, with symptoms observed on the cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, and fruit (Maynard and Hopkins, 1999). Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum is seed-borne (Lee et al., 1984), airborne (van Steekelenburg, 1983), and soilborne (Bruton, 1998). There are seven species of Citrullus: C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai is the dessert watermelon. It is closely related to egusi watermelon [C. mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa]. Slightly less related is citron (C. amarus Schrad). Other related species include C. ecirrhosus Cogn. (the tendril-less melon), C. rehmii De Winter, C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., and C. naudinianus (Chomicki and Renner 2015; Levi et al., 2017). All are cross-compatible to varying degrees. Crosses of citron and dessert watermelon may result in progeny having preferential segregation, and reduced pollen fertility (Levi et al., 2003). That makes it difficult, although not impossible, to obtain new (nonparental) combinations in plant breeding programs. In previous studies, plant introduction (PI) 189225 was identified as the most resistant accession in the USDA-ARS watermelon germplasm collection (Sowell and Pointer, 1962). Later, PI 271778, PI 500335, PI 505590, PI 512373, PI 164247 and PI 500334 were also identified as GSB resistant (Boylan et al., 1994). When resistant PI 189225 was crossed with susceptible ‘Charleston Gray’, a single recessive gene (db) was identified controlling the resistance (Norton, 1979). To develop resistant cultivars with yield and quality, PI 189225 and PI 271778 were chosen as resistant parents in crosses with ‘Crimson Sweet’ and ‘Jubilee’. Cultivars having good fruit quality}, number={12}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. and Silverman, Emily J. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1599–1604} }
 @article{huber_wehner_2021, title={Performance of 16 Stevia rebaudiana seed cultigens for glycosides and yield in North Carolina}, volume={277}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109803}, abstractNote={Currently, stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) seeds are available to growers from many sources, but the origin of these populations is often unknown. Since stevia is a natural outcrosser, populations are heterozygous and heterogeneous. We were interested to characterize germplasm from 16 sources of stevia seeds for traits including yield, glycosides, and plant morphology, and then identify trait correlations. The cultigens evaluated were obtained from garden seed companies and commercial sources, and the trials were conducted for two years at two field locations. To quantify plant morphological traits, objective measurements were collected at two intervals to determine stem height, branching width, and leaf area. In addition, we screened for lodging and disease resistance, and yield before flowering stage. The cultigens tested were highly variable for yield and steviol glycosides, suggesting that a diverse genetic base is found among the population which is readily available to growers and breeders. High-yielding cultigens for biomass and glycoside concentration were identified. Cultigens with the highest yield and stability over years were seed-derived progeny from ‘Katupyry’, sourced from Stevia Store, and represent genetics useful in breeding for increased biomass. Cultigens with the highest glycoside level were NC-1003 and NC-1022, seed grown from Seed Savers, and could be used to improve desirable glycosides. This study highlights readily available seed cultigens that can be used to develop elite breeding populations.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Huber, Brandon M. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{daley_wehner_2021, title={Screening for bacterial fruit blotch resistance in watermelon fruit}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20329}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20329}, abstractNote={Abstract Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) caused by Acidovorax citrulli is a serious threat to the watermelon industry. Currently, there are no commercial watermelon cultivars with resistance to BFB. In this 3‐yr study, we conducted a screening of 1,452 Citrullus spp. cultigens (PIs and cultivars) for resistance to BFB at the immature fruit stage. However, due to high levels of missing data, many cultigens require additional testing to confirm resistance. Fruit BFB symptoms presented initially as raised bumps, then progressed to blotching, cracking, and internal necrosis. Resistant cultigens rarely proceeded beyond raised bumps at the infection site. Fruit resistance is significantly affected by environmental conditions and has low heritability. Among a subset of cultigens selected for high resistance and susceptibility during the first 2 yr of screening and retested using increased replications, PI 494819 [ C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai., Zambia], PI 596659 ( C. amarus Schrad., South Africa), PI 596670 ( C. amarus , South Africa), PI 490384 [ C. mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa, Mali], and PI 596656 ( C. amarus , South Africa) had average disease ratings of <1; significantly more resistance than the commercial check, Charleston Gray; low plant‐to‐plant variability within each PI; and infrequent incidence of advanced symptoms. These PIs are potential sources of fruit resistance for breeding programs as well as for research focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms and genetics.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Daley, James and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1228–1240} }
 @article{sari_silverman_reiland_wehner_2021, title={Seed Characterization and Relationships between Seed and Cotyledon Properties in Lagenaria spp. Accessions}, volume={56}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI15569-20}, abstractNote={Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] is widely produced in some Asian and African countries as a fresh vegetable as well as for seed consumption. A major use of bottle gourd is for rootstocks in grafted watermelon production. There are several centers where bottle gourd genetic resources are maintained, with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) germplasm collection being one of the most important. There is little published information on the relationship between seed morphology and the early establishment of seedlings in bottle gourd. The objective of this study was to determine seed characterization, morphology, and cotyledon shape in 163 Lagenaria spp. accessions and measure any relationship between seed and cotyledon characteristics. In USDA Lagenaria germplasm, it has been determined that the common character in seeds was medium in terms of seed size (53% of accessions), intermediate in seed surface lustre (39% of accessions), brown in seedcoat color (89% of accessions), thin and uniform in seed margin (35% of accessions), and tan in seed margin color (64% of accessions). According to the research results, seed weight ranged from 0.11 g (PI 500820) to 0.36 g (PI 675112), seed length from 13.17 mm (PI 500820) to 23.68 mm (PI 675112), and seed width from 5.86 (PI 500808) to 11.21 mm (PI 491274). Cotyledon length ranged from 5.46 cm (PI 368640) to 2.47 cm (PI 381850). The widest cotyledon was 3.00 cm (PI 534552), and the narrowest was 1.50 cm (PI 381831). Interesting correlations were observed for seed weight with seed length (R2 = 0.259), and cotyledon length with cotyledon width (R2 = 0.547).}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Sari, Nebahat and Silverman, Emily and Reiland, Danny and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={185–192} }
 @article{kozik_yücesan_saravitz_wehner_2020, title={Cold tolerance of diverse stevia cultigens under controlled environment conditions}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20120}, DOI={10.1002/agg2.20120}, abstractNote={Abstract Low temperature is a major limiting factor for the growth and development of many crops, including stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), a natural low‐calorie sweetener. In this study, 14 stevia half‐sib families selected from several populations were evaluated for chilling stress using controlled growth chambers. The experiment was set up as a split‐plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Whole plots were chilling temperatures (2, 0, –2, or ‐4 °C) and subplots were the combination of 14 cultigens and 5 chilling durations (2–10 d of chilling). Genetic differences were large at chilling temperatures of +2 °C for a duration of 10 d, 0 °C for 8 d, or –2 °C for a duration of 6 d. Ten days of chilling induced severe damage in all cultigens except for the three with the highest tolerance (7947‐3, 7918‐1, and 7686‐6). In this study, 5 of 14 cultigens were highly susceptible, 8 were moderately susceptible, and 1 was tolerant after 6 d of chilling at –2 °C (7947‐3).}, journal={Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment}, author={Kozik, Elzbieta U. and Yücesan, Buhara and Saravitz, Carole and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{sari_silverman_reiland_wehner_2020, title={Effects of Cold Durations on Chilling Injury in Lagenaria Germplasm}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI15184-20}, abstractNote={Cucurbit plants usually are sensitive to chilling and easily damaged. Although bottle gourds, which are members of the Cucurbitaceae family, are considered as fresh vegetables in some Asian countries, their main use in recent years is to be used as rootstocks in grafted watermelon cultivation. We tested 163 bottle gourd accessions of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) genebank for cold tolerance in the early seedling stage. The experiment was conducted using controlled environment chambers with 3 chilling durations (36, 48, and 60 hours) at 4 °C. Chilling damage was rated 0 to 9 (0 = no damage, 1 to 2 = trace of damage, 3 to 4 = slight damage, 5 to 6 = moderate damage, 7 to 8 = advanced damage, 9 = plant totally dead). We rated damage separately for the cotyledons, true leaf, and growing point. Cold damage was higher at a chilling duration of 60 hours, and decreased at 48 and 36 hours. Most tolerant cultigens were PI 491272, PI 491280, PI 491281, PI 491286, and PI 491326. Most susceptible were PI 381845, PI 381846, PI 534556, PI 636137, and PI 668365.}, number={10}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Sari, Nebahat and Silverman, Emily and Reiland, Danny and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1551–1557} }
 @article{aguado_garcia_iglesias-moya_romero_wehner_gomez-guillamon_pico_garces-claver_martinez_jamilena_2020, title={Mapping a Partial Andromonoecy Locus in Citrullus lanatus Using BSA-Seq and GWAS Approaches}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2020.01243}, abstractNote={The sexual expression of watermelon plants is the result of the distribution and occurrence of male, female, bisexual and hermaphrodite flowers on the main and secondary stems. Plants can be monoecious (producing male and female flowers), andromonoecious (producing male and hermaphrodite flowers), or partially andromonoecious (producing male, female, bisexual, and hermaphrodite flowers) within the same plant. Sex determination of individual floral buds and the distribution of the different flower types on the plant, are both controlled by ethylene. A single missense mutation in the ethylene biosynthesis gene CitACS4, is able to promote the conversion of female into hermaphrodite flowers, and therefore of monoecy (genotype MM) into partial andromonoecy (genotype Mm) or andromonoecy (genotype mm). We phenotyped and genotyped, for the M/m locus, a panel of 207 C. lanatus accessions, including five inbreds and hybrids, and found several accessions that were repeatedly phenotyped as PA (partially andromonoecious) in several locations and different years, despite being MM. A cosegregation analysis between a SNV in CitACS4 and the PA phenotype, demonstrated that the occurrence of bisexual and hermaphrodite flowers in a PA line is not dependent on CitACS4, but conferred by an unlinked recessive gene which we called pa. Two different approaches were performed to map the pa gene in the genome of C. lanatus: bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) and genome wide association analysis studies (GWAS). The BSA-seq study was performed using two contrasting bulks, the monoecious M-bulk and the partially andromonoecious PA-bulk, each one generated by pooling DNA from 20 F2 plants. For GWAS, 122 accessions from USDA gene bank, already re-sequenced by genotyping by sequencing (GBS), were used. The combination of the two approaches indicates that pa maps onto a genomic region expanding across 32.24–36.44 Mb in chromosome 1 of watermelon. Fine mapping narrowed down the pa locus to a 867 Kb genomic region containing 101 genes. A number of candidate genes were selected, not only for their function in ethylene biosynthesis and signalling as well as their role in flower development and sex determination, but also by the impact of the SNPs and indels differentially detected in the two sequenced bulks.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Aguado, Encarnacion and Garcia, Alicia and Iglesias-Moya, Jessica and Romero, Jonathan and Wehner, Todd C. and Gomez-Guillamon, Maria Luisa and Pico, Belen and Garces-Claver, Ana and Martinez, Cecilia and Jamilena, Manuel}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bhandari_tak_singhal_shukla_shaktawat_gupta_patel_kakkar_dube_dia_et al._2020, title={Patient Flow Dynamics in Hospital Systems During Times of COVID-19: Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Analysis}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2296-2565"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2020.585850}, abstractNote={Objectives: The present study is aimed at estimating patient flow dynamic parameters and requirement for hospital beds. Second, the effects of age and gender on parameters were evaluated. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 987 COVID-19 patients were enrolled from SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan, India). The survival analysis was carried out from February 29 through May 19, 2020, for two hazards: Hazard 1 was hospital discharge, and Hazard 2 was hospital death. The starting point for survival analysis of the two hazards was considered to be hospital admission. The survival curves were estimated and additional effects of age and gender were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results: The Kaplan Meier estimates of lengths of hospital stay (median = 10 days, IQR = 5–15 days) and median survival rate (more than 60 days due to a large amount of censored data) were obtained. The Cox model for Hazard 1 showed no significant effect of age and gender on duration of hospital stay. Similarly, the Cox model 2 showed no significant difference of age and gender on survival rate. The case fatality rate of 8.1%, recovery rate of 78.8%, mortality rate of 0.10 per 100 person-days, and hospital admission rate of 0.35 per 100,000 person-days were estimated. Conclusion: The study estimates hospital bed requirements based on median length of hospital stay and hospital admission rate. Furthermore, the study concludes there are no effects of age and gender on average length of hospital stay and no effects of age and gender on survival time in above-60 age groups.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Bhandari, Sudhir and Tak, Amit and Singhal, Sanjay and Shukla, Jyotsna and Shaktawat, Ajit Singh and Gupta, Jitendra and Patel, Bhoopendra and Kakkar, Shivankan and Dube, Amitabh and Dia, Sunita and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{grumet_fei_levi_mazourek_mccreight_schultheis_weng_hausbeck_kousik_ling_et al._2020, title={The CucCAP project: leveraging applied genomics to improve disease resistance in cucurbit crops}, volume={1294}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1294.12}, journal={VI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CUCURBITS}, author={Grumet, R. and Fei, Z. and Levi, A. and Mazourek, M. and McCreight, J. D. and Schultheis, J. and Weng, Y. and Hausbeck, M. and Kousik, S. and Ling, K. S. and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={91–104} }
 @article{wehner_naegele_2019, title={Advances in breeding of cucumber and watermelon}, volume={59}, ISBN={["978-1-78676-236-8"]}, ISSN={["2059-6944"]}, DOI={10.19103/AS.2019.0045.30}, journal={ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES}, author={Wehner, Todd and Naegele, Rachel}, year={2019}, pages={511–525} }
 @article{hartman_perkins-veazie_wehner_2019, title={Citrulline and Arginine Are Moderately Heritable in Two Red-fleshed Watermelon Populations}, volume={54}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI13715-18}, abstractNote={Watermelon fruit [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsum & Nakai] is a natural source of phytonutrients, including lycopene, citrulline, and arginine. Two segregating, highly outcrossed North Carolina watermelon populations, NC High Yield (NCHYW) and NC Small Fruit (NCSFW), were evaluated for these traits and for indicators of ripeness (pH and soluble solids content). Parents tested in 2015 (NSF = 300, NHY = 300) were sampled for the above and offspring were tested in 2016 if the sampled fruit of the parents were of qualifying ripeness [soluble solids concentration (SSC) ≥8, pH 5.5–6.5], resulting in 251 families (NSF = 72, NHY = 175). Narrow-sense heritability was estimated in each of the populations using the methods of 1) parent-offspring regression and 2) variance of half-sibling family means. Heritability for citrulline in NCHYW was moderate in both parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations (38% and 43%), as was arginine (40% and 44%) and lycopene (46% and 47%, respectively). Estimates for these traits in NCSFW were considerably different, with parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations for citrulline (65% and 22%), arginine (9% and 20%), and lycopene (44% and 68%). In NCHYW, moderate phenotypic correlations were found between SSC and citrulline (0.40), arginine (0.40), their combination (0.45), and lycopene (0.30) all of which were significant, except lycopene. Lycopene was significantly and weakly correlated to citrulline (0.22), but was not correlated to arginine (0.06). Similar correlations were found in NCSFW; SSC was significantly correlated to citrulline (0.24), arginine (0.18), and their combination (0.23), whereas lycopene was slightly correlated to citrulline (0.15) and not significantly correlated to arginine. Based on these heritabilities and phenotypic correlations, tandem selection for high lycopene and citrulline content may be accomplished efficiently using progeny rows with minimal replication using the NCSFW population, whereas replication with multiple years, rows, and locations may be necessary for creating stable lines using the NCHYW population.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Hartman, Jordan L. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={200–205} }
 @article{hartman_wehner_ma_perkins-veazie_2019, title={Citrulline and Arginine Content of Taxa of Cucurbitaceae}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae5010022}, abstractNote={Watermelon is the most significant, natural plant source of L-citrulline, a non-proteinaceous amino acid that benefits cardiovascular health and increases vasodilation in many tissues of the body. Watermelon is a member of the Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, melon, pumpkin, and cucumber. It is possible that other cucurbits could be good sources of citrulline or of arginine, its direct precursor. Twenty-one cultigens were evaluated in triplicate at two locations in North Carolina to estimate citrulline and arginine amounts and variation due to cultigen, replication, and environment. Cultigens containing the highest amount of citrulline (based on LS means) in g/kg fresh weight were ’Crimson Sweet’ watermelon (2.85), ’Dixielee’ watermelon (2.43), casaba-type melon (0.86), mouse melon (0.64), and horned melon rind (0.45). Additionally, mouse melon, horned melon, and bitter gourd (arils) may be interesting sources of arginine-family amino acids, perhaps because of their large seed and aril content relative to mesocarp.}, number={1}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Hartman, Jordan L. and Wehner, Todd C. and Ma, Guoying and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @book{wehner_naegele_myers_crosby_dhillon_2019, place={New York, NY}, title={Cucurbits}, publisher={CAB International}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Naegele, R. and Myers, J. and Crosby, K. and Dhillon, N.P.S.}, year={2019} }
 @article{wu_wang_reddy_sun_bao_gao_mao_patel_ortiz_abburi_et al._2019, title={Genome of ‘Charleston Gray’, the principal American watermelon cultivar, and genetic characterization of 1,365 accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System watermelon collection}, volume={5}, ISSN={1467-7644 1467-7652}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13136}, DOI={10.1111/pbi.13136}, abstractNote={Summary Years of selection for desirable fruit quality traits in dessert watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has resulted in a narrow genetic base in modern cultivars. Development of novel genomic and genetic resources offers great potential to expand genetic diversity and improve important traits in watermelon. Here, we report a high‐quality genome sequence of watermelon cultivar ‘Charleston Gray’, a principal American dessert watermelon, to complement the existing reference genome from ‘97103’, an East Asian cultivar. Comparative analyses between genomes of ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘97103’ revealed genomic variants that may underlie phenotypic differences between the two cultivars. We then genotyped 1365 watermelon plant introduction (PI) lines maintained at the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System using genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS). These PI lines were collected throughout the world and belong to three Citrullus species, C. lanatus, C. mucosospermus and C. amarus. Approximately 25 000 high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were derived from the GBS data using the ‘Charleston Gray’ genome as the reference. Population genomic analyses using these SNPs discovered a close relationship between C. lanatus and C. mucosospermus and identified four major groups in these two species correlated to their geographic locations. Citrullus amarus was found to have a distinct genetic makeup compared to C. lanatus and C. mucosospermus. The SNPs also enabled identification of genomic regions associated with important fruit quality and disease resistance traits through genome‐wide association studies. The high‐quality ‘Charleston Gray’ genome and the genotyping data of this large collection of watermelon accessions provide valuable resources for facilitating watermelon research, breeding and improvement.}, journal={Plant Biotechnology Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Wu, Shan and Wang, Xin and Reddy, Umesh and Sun, Honghe and Bao, Kan and Gao, Lei and Mao, Linyong and Patel, Takshay and Ortiz, Carlos and Abburi, Venkata L. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{wang_tan_wu_vandenlangenberg_wehner_wen_zheng_owens_thornton_bang_et al._2019, title={STAYGREEN, STAY HEALTHY: a loss-of-susceptibility mutation in the STAYGREEN gene provides durable, broad-spectrum disease resistances for over 50 years of US cucumber production}, volume={221}, ISSN={["1469-8137"]}, DOI={10.1111/nph.15353}, abstractNote={The Gy14 cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is resistant to oomyceteous downy mildew (DM), bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) and fungal anthracnose (AR) pathogens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for the disease resistances in Gy14 and further map-based cloning identified a candidate gene for the resistant loci, which was validated and functionally characterized by spatial-temporal gene expression profiling, allelic diversity and phylogenetic analysis, as well as local association studies. We showed that the triple-disease resistances in Gy14 were controlled by the cucumber STAYGREEN (CsSGR) gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region resulted in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution in the CsSGR protein, and thus disease resistance. Genes in the chlorophyll degradation pathway showed differential expression between resistant and susceptible lines in response to pathogen inoculation. The causal SNP was significantly associated with disease resistances in natural and breeding populations. The resistance allele has undergone selection in cucumber breeding. The durable, broad-spectrum disease resistance is caused by a loss-of-susceptibility mutation of CsSGR. Probably, this is achieved through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species over-accumulation and phytotoxic catabolite over-buildup in the chlorophyll degradation pathway. The CsSGR-mediated host resistance represents a novel function of this highly conserved gene in plants.}, number={1}, journal={NEW PHYTOLOGIST}, author={Wang, Yuhui and Tan, Junyi and Wu, Zhiming and VandenLangenberg, Kyle and Wehner, Todd C. and Wen, Changlong and Zheng, Xiangyang and Owens, Ken and Thornton, Alyson and Bang, Hailey H. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={415–430} }
 @article{guner_pesic-vanesbroeck_rivera-burgos_wehner_2019, title={Screening for Resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in the Watermelon Germplasm}, volume={54}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI13325-18}, abstractNote={The Florida strain of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-FL) is one of the major viral diseases of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. Although some screening has been performed for ZYMV resistance in watermelon, the germplasm collection has not been screened extensively for resistance. The objectives of this study were to screen the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) watermelon germplasm collection for ZYMV resistance and to verify the disease rating for the most resistant and most susceptible accessions. We used a randomized complete block with four replications, 1613 PI accessions, and 41 cultivars. ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Crimson Sweet’ susceptible controls were used to verify that the ZYMV inoculum was virulent. After the last rating, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the presence of a virus in the plant tissue. The PI accessions with high resistance to ZYMV-FL that also exhibited resistance to other watermelon viruses were PI 595203, PI 386015, PI 386016, PI 386024, PI 386025, PI 386026, PI 244018, PI 244019, PI 485583, PI 494528, and PI 494529. The ZYMV-FL retest of the most resistant 46 PI accessions showed that there were some escapes. Sixteen resistant PI accessions had a rating of 3.0 or less for the average and maximum ratings: PI 595203, PI 537277, PI 560016, PI 386016, PI 386019, PI 485580, PI 494529, PI 595200, PI 494528, PI 595201, PI 386025, PI 494530, PI 386015, PI 386021, PI 386026, and PI 596662. Overall, PI 595203 had the highest resistance according to both the germplasm screening and the retest studies.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Guner, Nihat and Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Zvezdana and Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={206–211} }
 @article{crane_wehner_naegele_2018, title={Cucumber Cultivars for Container Gardening and the Value of Field Trials for Predicting Cucumber Performance in Containers}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11955-17}, abstractNote={Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most popular vegetable crops grown in U.S. home and urban gardens. The objectives of this study were to identify cultivars and planting densities for high yield of container-grown cucumbers. Additional objectives were to determine the value of field trials for predicting cucumber performance in containers and to evaluate different plant types (dwarf-determinate vs. tallindeterminate, gynoecious vs. monoecious, pickling vs. slicing) for container use and disease severity across cultivars. Fourteen cultivars and breeding lines were tested at three planting densities in two seasons for yield, quality, and disease resistance in field and patio trials. Significant differences were detected for seasons, cultivars, and densities. Yields were highest in the spring season compared with the summer season, and the best performance was obtained using three plants per 12 L container. There was a high correlation between patio and field trials, allowing extension specialists to recommend cucumber cultivars with high yield, high quality, and disease resistance based on field trial data. Home gardeners who want space-saving, high-yielding cucumbers with tender skin should consider a dwarf-determinate, pickling type that is monoecious. With monoecious type, no pollenizer is needed, and the harvest will be spread over more weeks than would be for gynoecious types. Cucumber (C. sativus L.) is a popular vegetable originating in India (Harlan, 1975), but grown throughout the world for centuries. The main types of cucumbers grown are American pickling, American slicing,Middle Eastern (Beit Alpha), European greenhouse (parthenocarpic), Asian slicer, and Oriental trellis. Cucumber types differ in fruit length, diameter, skin color, color uniformity, skin thickness, and skin surface texture based on their primary use (Wehner, 1989). Most cucumber cultivars have long vines and are grown flat on the ground or on trellis supports (oriental and greenhouse types). Pickling and slicing cucumbers are the two main types grown for commercial markets and home gardens in the United States; annual per capita consumption of fresh and processed cucumber was 2.9 and 2.2 kg, respectively in 2005 (USDA, 2005). In 2014, per capita consumption of fresh cucumbers was 3.1 kg (Statista GmbH, 2017). Although cucumbers require a large growing area, vines can be trained vertically on a trellis to minimize space. Alternatively, gardeners may choose to grow dwarf, determinate, or compact cucumber cultivars that have shorter vines for patio containers or small garden spaces. These cultivars are sometimes categorized as compact or bush types based on their short internodes. Plant breeders make use of the determinate (de) gene for the dwarf habit because the bush (bu) and compact (cp) genes are associated with poor growth or abnormal seeds. Cucumber cultivars with dwarf growth habit include ‘Bush Whopper II’, ‘Picklebush’, and ‘Bush Champion’. Cucumber plants can produce a combination of three types of flowers: staminate (male), pistillate (female), and perfect (male and female). Based on the type of flowers present, cucumbers are monoecious (staminate and pistillate flowers), androecious (staminate flowers only), gynoecious (pistillate flowers only), hermaphroditic (perfect flowers only), or andromonoecious (staminate and perfect flowers). Cucumber plants are normally monoecious, but most current commercial cultivars are gynoecious hybrid blends (88% gynoecious plus 12% monoecious pollenizer) or parthenocarpic (pistillate flowers only, and fruit set without pollination). Gynoecious and parthenocarpic cultivars usually have earlier and more concentrated yield, whereas monoecious cultivars will produce fruit over a longer period of time. An earlier and concentrated production period is preferred by commercial growers and processors, but may not be ideal for home gardeners. In a study conducted by Wehner and Miller (1985), three versions of the hybrid ‘Meridian 76’ (gynoecious · gynoecious, gynoecious · monoecious, and monoecious · monoecious) were similar in overall yield among the hybrids. The gynoecious hybrids provided an advantage in early yield (higher yield at first harvest), but had more grade No. 2 and cull fruit than the monoecious hybrid, possibly because of the high number of pistillate flowers pollinated and grown in a tight sequence. Urban and container gardening are two of the fastest growing gardening trends in the United States (Crandall and Crandall, 1996; Mason et al., 2008). Urban gardening can occur at the individual or community level, stimulating economic development, creating green space, and providing a source of fresh vegetables, fruits, and flowers for local communities. Urban gardens have a beneficial effect on communities, and cities are starting to include these spaces in city planning (Colasanti et al., 2012; Freeman et al., 2012; Hunter and Brown, 2012). In addition to community gardens, container gardens provide a convenient alternative for the home-production of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. As the number of people living in apartments, condominiums, and townhouses increases, so does the number of potential container gardeners. Despite the popularity of container gardening, information is limited on cultivars and optimal production methods for container-grown vegetable production. Internet resources are plentiful, but might not be based on scientific research. Universities continuously update their extension bulletins and services, but without home gardening studies they have been unable to make research-based recommendations. One such bulletin recommended the use of cultivar H-19 littleleaf, a tall, multibranched inbred with late maturity (Hopkins et al., 2008). This pure-line cultivar does have multiple branching and high yield, but its concentrated set makes it less appealing for many home gardeners. ‘Bush Champion’ is another popular cultivar recommended by extension specialists. In older (pre 2005) resources, many of the recommended cultivars have growth habits unsuited to container production or are no longer available. Also, the cultural practices in the literature are often vague and recommend various cultivars, container sizes, media types, fertilizer, and water regimes. One would hope that they were based on local production requirements. In addition to limited information on production practices, plant diseases can be a hindrance for urban gardeners. Because of space constraints, home gardeners often use higher Received for publication 20 Mar. 2017. Accepted for publication 16 Nov. 2017. We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Tammy L. Ellington. Corresponding author. E-mail: tcwehner@gmail. com. 16 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 53(1) JANUARY 2018 plant densities than university or commercial recommendations. Increased plant densities promote disease development. With the available chemical control options, there is a need for high yielding, dwarf, and resistant cultivars for urban gardens. Heirloom cultivars often lack disease resistance, and commercial cultivars with resistance may be unavailable. Two common diseases of cucumber are powdery mildew (PM) and downy mildew (DM) (Adams and QuesadaOcampo, 2015; Ojiambo et al., 2015). These diseases often appear in midto late summer and affect the leaves of the plant. Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthii, produces chlorotic spots on the upper leaf surface with an eventual white ‘‘powdery’’ appearance as the disease progresses. Downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causes angular chlorotic lesions on the upper leaf surface (Ojiambo et al., 2015). Both pathogens can significantly reduce yield and fruit quality in fieldor container-grown plants. In urban gardening, container size is also an important factor. Cucumber roots grow 30–60 cm deep in field soil (Sanders, 1997). Inadequately sized containers result in small plants and may reduce fruit quality and yield. In addition, small containers can dry out rapidly, resulting in poor nutrient uptake, stressed plants, and reduced yield. Large containers are often preferred, but can be difficult to move and require a large amount of potting media. Various container sizes are recommended in extension publications from U.S. universities, including a 20–40 L container with one to two plants each (Crandall and Crandall, 1996), an 8–20 L container or hanging basket (Harrison, 1996), a container with one plant per 4 L of soil volume (Bass, 1999), a larger container for vining crops (including tall-indeterminate cucumber) than crops with bush habit with 16–20 L of potting medium per plant (Demboski et al., 2001) and 12–20 L per plant (Hopkins et al., 2008; Whiting et al., 2014). The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the optimal cucumber cultivars of several types (dwarf vs. tall, gynoecious vs. monoecious, pickling vs. slicing) and planting density for use in containers and 2) evaluate field trials as a predictor of cultivar performance in containers. Materials and Methods Experiments were conducted at the Horticultural Crops Research Station in Clinton, NC, during the spring (May–July) and summer (August–September) seasons in a single year. Twelve commercial cultivars were evaluated based on NC extension recommendations for field and for container production representing different plant types (monoecious, gynoecious, tall, dwarf, pickling, and slicing) (Table 1). One container garden cultivar, M 27 · NC-25, which had not been released at the time of planting, was also included. Greenhouse and trellis cucumbers were excluded from this trial. Greenhouse cucumbers should be grown in structures that exclude insects as they have bitterfree foliage and parthenocarpic fruit, and both types must be supported to prevent a large proportion of their fruit from curving (common with fruit longer than 300 mm). For container evaluations, 12 L pots were filled with a soille}, number={1}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Crane, Melisa and Wehner, Todd C. and Naegele, Rachel P.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{dia_wehner_elmstrom_gabert_motes_staub_tolla_widders_2018, title={Genotype X Environment Interaction for Yield of Pickling Cucumber in 24 U.S. Environments}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2391-9531"]}, DOI={10.1515/opag-2018-0001}, abstractNote={Abstract Reliable yield performance is important in cucumber because seed companies prefer to market cultivars adapted to multiple rather than single regions of the U.S. Also, growers benefit by using a cultivar that performs well in many environments. Future performance of cultivars is also important. The objectives of the study were to (i) evaluate the yield of cucumber genotypes over successive years and in different locations, and (ii) identify cucumber genotypes with high stability for yield. A diverse set of 22 pickling genotypes was evaluated over 3 years (1986, 1987 and 1988) and in 7 locations across the United States. Yield traits were evaluated using once-over harvest and counting the number of fruit that were marketable, culled or oversize. Total yield, marketable yield (total minus culled fruit), early yield (number of oversize fruit), percent culls and fruit per plant were calculated. Data were analyzed with SASGxE and RGxE programs using SAS and R programming languages, respectively. There were strong effects of environment(E) as well as genotype(G) xE interaction for all traits. Genotypes ‘Regal F1’, ‘Calypso F1’, ‘Carolina F1’, ‘Gy 3’, ‘Gy 14’ and ‘Fremont F1’ had high marketable yield and medium to high stability for all traits. There was an advantage of hybrids over inbreds for trait performance. Hybrids fell into a single cluster with large prediction intervals. Based on the stability statistics and divisive clusters, it appears possible to breed stable cucumber genotypes with high yield. The genotype with highest performance for marketable yield, greatest stability for yield, lowest 1-R2 ratio value (diverse and representative) were ‘Marbel F1’ and Gy 14.}, number={1}, journal={OPEN AGRICULTURE}, author={Dia, Mahendra and Wehner, Todd C. and Elmstrom, Gary W. and Gabert, August and Motes, James E. and Staub, Jack E. and Tolla, Greg E. and Widders, Irvin E.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{guner_pesic-vanesbroeck_rivera-burgos_wehner_2018, title={Inheritance of Resistance to Papaya Ringspot Virus-Watermelon Strain in Watermelon}, volume={53}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12944-18}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci12944-18}, abstractNote={Sources of resistance to the watermelon strain of papaya ringspot viruswatermelon strain (PRSV-W) have been identified within the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) germplasm collection. Inheritance of the resistance to PRSV-W was studied in three Citrullus amarus (formerly C. lanatus var. citroides) PI accessions: PI 244017, PI 244019, and PI 485583. Three susceptible parent lines, ‘Allsweet’, ‘Calhoun Gray’, and ‘NewHampshireMidget’, were crossed with resistant PI accessions to develop F1, F2, and BC1 progenies in six families. A single recessive gene was found to control the resistance to PRSV-W in all three resistant PI accessions. Allelism tests indicated that the three PI accessions carry the same resistance allele to PRSV-W. The gene symbol ‘prv’ is proposed for PRSV-W resistance in PI 244017, PI 244019, and PI 485583 in watermelon.}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Guner, Nihat and Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Zvezdana and Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={624–627} }
 @article{guner_rivera-burgos_wehner_2018, title={Inheritance of Resistance to Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Watermelon}, volume={53}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13169-18}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci13169-18}, abstractNote={Sources of resistance to the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus-Florida strain (ZYMV-FL) have been identified within the Citrullus genus. Inheritance of resistance to ZYMV-FL was studied in PI 595203 (Citrullus mucosospermus), a resistant watermelon accession. The F1, F2, and BC1 progenies derived from the cross ‘Calhoun Gray’ (CHG) × PI 595203 and ‘New Hampshire Midget’ (NHM) × PI 595203 were used to study the inheritance of resistance to ZYMV-FL. Seedlings were inoculated with a severe isolate of ZYMV-FL at the first true leaf stage and rated weekly for at least 6 weeks on a scale of 1 to 9 on the basis of severity of viral symptoms. A single recessive gene (zym-FL) was found to control the high level of resistance to ZYMV-FL in PI 595203.}, number={8}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Guner, Nihat and Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1115–1118} }
 @article{wang_vandenlangenberg_wen_wehner_weng_2018, title={QTL mapping of downy and powdery mildew resistances in PI 197088 cucumber with genotyping-by-sequencing in RIL population}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-017-3022-1}, number={3}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Wang, Yuhui and VandenLangenberg, Kyle and Wen, Changlong and Wehner, Todd C. and Weng, Yiqun}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={597–611} }
 @article{wang_bao_reddy_bai_hammar_jiao_wehner_ramirez-madera_weng_grumet_et al._2018, title={The USDA cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) collection: genetic diversity, population structure, genome-wide association studies, and core collection development}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2052-7276"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41438-018-0080-8}, abstractNote={Germplasm collections are a crucial resource to conserve natural genetic diversity and provide a source of novel traits essential for sustained crop improvement. Optimal collection, preservation and utilization of these materials depends upon knowledge of the genetic variation present within the collection. Here we use the high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology to characterize the United States National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collection of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The GBS data, derived from 1234 cucumber accessions, provided more than 23 K high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are well distributed at high density in the genome (~1 SNP/10.6 kb). The SNP markers were used to characterize genetic diversity, population structure, phylogenetic relationships, linkage disequilibrium, and population differentiation of the NPGS cucumber collection. These results, providing detailed genetic analysis of the U.S. cucumber collection, complement NPGS descriptive information regarding geographic origin and phenotypic characterization. We also identified genome regions significantly associated with 13 horticulturally important traits through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Finally, we developed a molecularly informed, publicly accessible core collection of 395 accessions that represents at least 96% of the genetic variation present in the NPGS. Collectively, the information obtained from the GBS data enabled deep insight into the diversity present and genetic relationships among accessions within the collection, and will provide a valuable resource for genetic analyses, gene discovery, crop improvement, and germplasm preservation.}, journal={HORTICULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Wang, Xin and Bao, Kan and Reddy, Umesh K. and Bai, Yang and Hammar, Sue A. and Jiao, Chen and Wehner, Todd C. and Ramirez-Madera, Axel O. and Weng, Yiqun and Grumet, Rebecca and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inbook{wehner_2017, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, edition={Second}, title={Bitter fruit}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases and pests}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Keinath, A.P. and Wintermantel, W.M. and Zitter, T.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={185} }
 @article{wehner_naegele_perkins-veazie_2017, title={Heritability and Genetic Variance Components Associated with Citrulline, Arginine, and Lycopene Content in Diverse Watermelon Cultigens}, volume={52}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11255-16}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11255-16}, abstractNote={. Citrulline, arginine, and lycopene are naturally occurring compounds found in watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsum & Nakai, with beneficial effects on plant growth and human health. This study evaluated seven commercial cultivars and one breeding line for citrulline, arginine, and lycopene content in mature fruit grown at two locations in North Carolina. Correlations among these compounds and fruit quality traits (percent soluble solids and flesh pH) were evaluated. Watermelon cultigens evaluated were chosen for their fruit trait diversity. ‘Yellow Doll’ and NC-517 possessed the highest citrulline and combined concentration of citrulline and arginine of all cultigens evaluated. Lycopene content was highest in ‘Dixielee’, followed by ‘Sugar Baby’, and ‘Allsweet’, each of which have different shades of red flesh color. Location and its interaction with genotype had no significant effect on arginine or lycopene concentration. Broad-sense heritability was estimated for each trait. Arginine content (89%) and lycopene content (99%) had very high heritability. Citrulline content (41%), percent soluble solids (46%), and flesh pH (61%) had moderate heritability. Lycopene was}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, Todd C. and Naegele, Rachel P. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={936–940} }
 @article{gusmini_rivera-burgos_wehner_2017, title={Inheritance of Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight in Watermelon}, volume={52}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12123-17}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci12123-17}, abstractNote={. Gummy stem blight (GSB), caused by three related species of Stagonosporopsis [ Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae ), Stagonosporopsis citrulli , and Stagonosporopsis caricae ], is a major disease of watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] in most production areas of the United States. We studied the inheritance of resistance to GSB using three PI accessions of watermelon. Four families of six progenies (P r , P s , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 P r , and BC 1 P s ) were developed from four crosses of resistant PI accessions by susceptible cultivars. Each family was tested in 2002 and 2003 in North Carolina under field and greenhouse conditions for resistance to GSB. Artificial inoculation was used to induce uniform and strong epidemics. The effect of the Mendelian gene for resistance, db , was tested. Partial failure of the data to fit the single-gene inheritance suggested that resistance to GSB of PI 482283 and PI 526233 may be under the control of a more complex genetic system. three ,}, number={11}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Gusmini, Gabriele and Rivera-Burgos, Luis A. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1477–1482} }
 @inbook{quesada-ocampo_wehner_staub_2017, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, edition={2nd}, title={Moisture stress}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases and pests}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Quesada-Ocampo, L.M. and Wehner, T.C. and Staub, J.E.}, editor={Keinath, A.P. and Wintermantel, W.M. and Zitter, T.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={187–188} }
 @article{zhang_miao_song_liu_wang_wehner_gu_zhang_2017, title={Molecular mapping and candidate gene analysis for fruit epidermal structure in cucumber}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1439-0523"]}, DOI={10.1111/pbr.12510}, abstractNote={Firmness of skin is an important quality of processing cucumbers, which is a feature of the palisade epidermis in these types compared to flat epidermis in fresh cucumbers. This study was conducted to map the Pe (palisade epidermis) and analyse the candidate gene. Populations derived from the cross of two inbred lines, NCG122 with fruit flat epidermis and NCG121 with fruit palisade epidermis, were used to identify the inheritance of palisade epidermis and to map the gene involved in its development. The results showed that the palisade epidermis trait is controlled by a single gene, Pe, that is dominant over flat epidermis. Seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) and five insertion deletion (Indel) markers were identified to be linked to the Pe gene. It was mapped to cucumber chromosome 5 (Chr.5) between SSR14611 and Indelpe12 with genetic distances of 0.3 cM and 0.2 cM, respectively. The physical distance of the genomic region harbouring the gene was 227.5 kb with 26 predicted candidate genes. The accuracy of marker-assisted selection using the molecular markers, Indelpe12 and SSR14611, was 68% and 88%, respectively.}, number={5}, journal={PLANT BREEDING}, author={Zhang, Song and Miao, Han and Song, Zichao and Liu, Panna and Wang, Ye and Wehner, Todd C. and Gu, Xingfang and Zhang, Shengping}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={767–774} }
 @article{liu_miao_lu_cui_tian_wehner_gu_zhang_2017, title={Molecular mapping and candidate gene analysis for resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus stem}, volume={16}, ISSN={1676-5680}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr16039680}, DOI={10.4238/gmr16039680}, abstractNote={Powdery mildew (PM) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), caused by Podosphaera xanthii, is a major foliar disease worldwide and resistance is one of the main objectives in cucumber breeding programs. The resistance to PM in cucumber stem is important to the resistance for the whole plant. In this study, genetic analysis and gene mapping were implemented with cucumber inbred lines NCG-122 (with resistance to PM in the stem) and NCG-121 (with susceptibility in the stem). Genetic analysis showed that resistance to PM in the stem of NCG-122 was qualitative and controlled by a single-recessive nuclear gene (pm-s). Susceptibility was dominant to resistance. In the initial genetic mapping of the pm-s gene, 10 SSR markers were discovered to be linked to pm-s, which was mapped to chromosome 5 (Chr.5) of cucumber. The pm-s gene's closest flanking markers were SSR20486 and SSR06184/SSR13237 with genetic distances of 0.9 and 1.8 cM, respectively. One hundred and fifty-seven pairs of new SSR primers were exploited by the sequence information in the initial mapping region of pm-s. The analysis on the F2 mapping population using the new molecular markers showed that 17 SSR markers were confirmed to be linked to the pm-s gene. The two closest flanking markers, pmSSR27and pmSSR17, were 0.1 and 0.7 cM from pm-s, respectively, confirming the location of this gene on Chr.5. The physical length of the genomic region containing pm-s was 135.7 kb harboring 21 predicted genes. Among these genes, the gene Csa5G623470 annotated as encoding Mlo-related protein was defined as the most probable candidate gene for the pm-s. The results of this study will provide a basis for marker-assisted selection, and make the benefit for the cloning of the resistance gene.}, number={3}, journal={Genetics and Molecular Research}, publisher={Genetics and Molecular Research}, author={Liu, P.N. and Miao, H. and Lu, H.W. and Cui, J.Y. and Tian, G.L. and Wehner, T.C. and Gu, X.F. and Zhang, S.P.}, year={2017} }
 @inbook{wehner_2017, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, edition={Second}, title={Pollination problems}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases and pests}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Keinath, A.P. and Wintermantel, W.M. and Zitter, T.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={188} }
 @article{dia_wehner_arellano_2017, title={RGxE: An R Program for Genotype x Environment Interaction Analysis}, volume={08}, ISSN={2158-2742 2158-2750}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.87116}, DOI={10.4236/ajps.2017.87116}, abstractNote={Genotype 
x environmental interaction (GxE) can lead to differences in performance of 
genotypes over environments. GxE analysis can be used to analyze the stability 
of genotypes and the value of test locations. We developed an Rlanguage program 
(RGxE) that computes univariate stability statistics, descriptive statistics, 
pooled ANOVA, genotype F ratio 
across location and environment, cluster analysis for location, and location 
correlation with average location performance. Univariate stability statistics 
calculated are regression slope (bi), 
deviation from regression (S2d), 
Shukla’s variance (σi2), S square Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi), and 
Kang’s yield stability (YSi). RGxE 
is free and intended for use by scientists studying performance of polygenic or 
quantitative traits over multiple environments. In the present paper we provide 
the RGxE program and its components along with an example input data and 
outputs. Additionally, the RGxE program along with associated files is also 
available on GitHub at https://github.com/mahendra1/RGxE, 
 
 http://cucurbitbreeding.com/todd-wehner/publications/software-sas-r-project/  
 
 
 and http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/software.html.}, number={07}, journal={American Journal of Plant Sciences}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc,}, author={Dia, Mahendra and Wehner, Todd C. and Arellano, Consuelo}, year={2017}, pages={1672–1698} }
 @inbook{quesada-ocampo_wehner_staub_2017, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, edition={Second}, title={Temperature stress}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases and pests}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Quesada-Ocampo, L.M. and Wehner, T.C. and Staub, J.E.}, editor={Keinath, A.P. and Wintermantel, W.M. and Zitter, T.A.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={188–189} }
 @article{cui_miao_ding_wehner_liu_wang_zhang_gu_2016, title={A New glabrous gene (csgl3) identified in trichome development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={PLoS One}, author={Cui, J. Y. and Miao, H. and Ding, L. H. and Wehner, T. C. and Liu, P. N. and Wang, Y. and Zhang, S. P. and Gu, X. F.}, year={2016} }
 @article{dia_wehner_arellano_2016, title={Analysis of genotype x environment interaction (G x E) using SAS programming}, volume={108}, number={5}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Dia, M. and Wehner, T. C. and Arellano, C.}, year={2016}, pages={1838–1852} }
 @article{vandenlangenberg_wehner_2016, title={Downy Mildew Disease Progress in Resistant and Susceptible Cucumbers Tested in the Field at Different Growth Stages}, volume={51}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.51.8.984}, abstractNote={Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berkeley & Curtis) Rostov, is a major foliar disease of cucumber. Ten years after the reemergence of P. cubensis, downy mildew continues to be a major threat to cucumber production in the United States. Cucumber accessions with high levels of resistance have been identified. Development of cultivars with high levels of resistance remains an important objective of cucumber breeding programs. We tested a set of cucumber cultigens, including highly resistant PI accessions and susceptible control lines, to observe the effect of plant age on resistance. Cultigens responded differently to disease across plant developmental stages. In general, older plants had more disease symptoms, even those classified as resistant, such as PI 197088. However, PI 330628 and PI 605996 held their resistance even at late developmental stages. It is possible that these lines were resistant at late stages due to other factors, such as their rapid, indeterminate growth, that allows them to outgrow the disease. However, although PI 197088 appears to have a rapid, indeterminate growth habit, it did not have more resistance at later stages of plant maturity. Regardless of the mechanism involved, plant breeders should use the genetic resistance in PI 330628 and PI 605996 over PI 197088. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a major vegetable crop. The crop is cultivated in temperate and tropical countries and is the fourth most widely grown vegetable crop behind tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) (Tatlioglu, 1993). In 2013, the U.S. farm value of cucumber was $363 million, with 3.59 · 10 kg produced for the fresh and processing market (USDA, 2013). In North Carolina, in 2012, the fresh and processing cucumber market was valued at $29 million (USDA, 2012). Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen P. cubensisRostov, is a major foliar disease of cucumber (Palti and Cohen, 1980). The disease symptoms on cucumber are characterized by the appearance of small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of leaves. Lesions are often angular and bound by leaf veins, eventually turning chlorotic and necrotic. Heavy sporulation can be observed within the lesions on the abaxial leaf surface. The disease has been reported in over 80 countries on 20 genera, including 50 species of the Cucurbitaceae, causing significant economic losses (Lebeda, 1992; Lebeda and Widrlechner, 2003; Olczak-Woltman et al., 2011; Palti and Cohen, 1980). Downy mildew can cause significant reductions in yield due to a short latent period, high secondary infection frequency, rapid spread, and a year-round presence in some cucurbit production areas (Cohen, 1981; Colucci and Holmes, 2010). Before 2004, it was possible to control epidemics of cucumber downy mildew by growing resistant cultivars. However, a resurgence of the disease in 2004 and subsequent breakdown of the resistance resulted in yield losses of up to 40% (Colucci et al., 2006). Presently, 12 years after the appearance of a new race of cucumber downy mildew, the disease continues to threaten production in warm humid regions around the world, including most production areas of the United States. Development of new cultivars with high levels of resistance remains an important objective of cucumber breeding programs. Without high levels of resistance, expensive fungicide programs have been necessary to maintain fruit yield and quality. P. cubensis reproduces both sexually and asexually and is wind dispersed over long distances. Because of the potential for evolution in downy mildew, and the widespread use of fungicides to control the disease, it is likely that resistance to the fungicides will develop. Several studies published since 2004 report the development of resistance to systemic fungicides (Colucci and Holmes, 2007; Hausbeck and Cortright, 2009; Lebeda and Urban, 2007; Mitani et al., 2001). As fungicide resistances continue to develop, cultivars with genetic resistance are needed. New sources of genetic resistance (reduced leaf damage) and tolerance (high yield in the presence of disease) to the new race(s) of downy mildew in the United States were identified in a germplasm screening study and a multiyear re-evaluation of the most resistant and susceptible cultigens conducted at North Carolina State University (Call et al., 2012). Several cultigens were identified with high levels of resistance to the new downy mildew. Among these cultigens, considerable attention has been given to PI 197088. This accession is being used in breeding efforts as the source of high levels of resistance and the inheritance appears to be quantitative (Call, 2012; VandenLangenberg, 2014). Interestingly, the most resistant cultigens identified by Call et al. (2012), were only moderately resistant in the downy mildew screening of Wehner and Shetty (1997). It is likely that the change in the pathogen population in 2004 altered the rankings of these cultigens. Adult plant resistance has been observed in several crop–disease interactions (Chen, 2005; Coelho and Monteiro, 2003; Shaik, 1985). However, to our knowledge, it has not been reported in cucumber. It is possible that the new resistance present in several PI accessions is a form of adult plant resistance. A better understanding of the pattern of resistance to the new downy mildew will help inform breeders and growers on best practices. The objective of this study was to better understand the interaction between the new race(s) of downy mildew and the newly identified, highly resistant cucumber cultigens, and to assess the presence of adult plant resistance. Materials and Methods Production methods and ratings. In Summer 2013 and 2014, nine cultigens were direct seeded into beds covered by black plastic mulch on raised beds at the Horticultural Crops Research Station at Clinton, NC. After germination, plots were thinned to five plants each. The soil type in Clinton was a mixture of Norfolk, Orangeburg, and Goldsboro loamy sand. The environment is subtropical during the main growing season, with high humidity and frequent rainfall. Cucumbers were grown using recommended horticultural practices as summarized by Schultheis (1990). Irrigation was applied as needed through plastic drip tape for a total of 25 to 40 mm per week. Plots consisted of five single-plant hills, with individual hills 0.6 m apart within the row. Border rows were planted using the susceptible cultivar Coolgreen about every third row to encourage the even spread of inoculum. No artificial inoculum was used in the field tests in North Carolina. Plots were exposed to natural epidemics encouraged by overhead irrigation during the growing season. The experiment design had multiple planting dates throughout the season. Plantings were made every 2nd week for six planting dates. The first Received for publication 2 Mar. 2016. Accepted for publication 23 June 2016. Corresponding author. E-mail: tcwehner@gmail. com. 984 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 51(8) AUGUST 2016 plantings were on 9 May 2013 and 1 May 2014. Disease severity was evaluated weekly in all planting dates after the onset of observable symptoms in the first planting date for six consecutive weeks. Ratings were based on the percentage of symptomatic leaf area [disease rating scale 0 to 9, where 0 = no damage, 1 = 1% to 10%, 2 = 11% to 20%, 3 = 21% to 30%, 4 = 31% to 40%, 5 = 41% to 50%, 6 = 51% to 60%, 7 = 61% to 70%, 8 = 71% to 80%, and 9 = 81% to 100% (or dead)]; as described by Jenkins and Wehner (1983). The first ratings were taken on 11 July 2013 and 3 July 2014. The first rating day was exactly 62 d from planting in both years. Plant material. Nine cucumber cultivars and PI accessions (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) differing in disease resistance were used to evaluate severity of disease at different life-cycle stages. Cultigens were chosen based on previous studies at North Carolina State University (Call, 2012; Call et al., 2012; Shetty et al., 2002; Wehner and Shetty, 1997). ‘Wisconsin SMR 18’ (Wisconsin AES) is highly susceptible, ‘Poinsett 76’ (Clemson and Cornell University) is moderately resistant, and ‘Ashley’ (Clemson University) is moderately susceptible. The PI accessions tested were the most resistant overall environments in a germplasm retest study (Call et al., 2012). They include PI 197085, PI 197086, PI 197088, PI 330628, PI 432875, and PI 605996. Experiment design. We planted nine cultigens (subplots) in each of four replicates through time (planting date) using a split-plot design. In this way, plants in each subsequent planting (main plot) were at an earlier stage of development when inoculum arrived. To observe the true effect of plant age on resistance, we rated the entire study multiple times through the main infection season. A single rating of the entire experiment represents a snapshot of resistance expression on a set of cultigens at different stages of plant development. For example, our fourth rating in 2014 taken on 24 July was 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d after planting each sequential set of plots. This range of dates represents a high degree of spread in plant development stage, from first true leaf (14 d), full flower (28 d), early fruit set (42 d), late fruit set (56 d), early seed maturity (70 d), and late seed maturity (84 d). To study the effect of plant stage on resistance, one must look at a set of cultigens at different stages of growth, all rated at the same time. For that, we used the fourth rating, since it had the best array of growth stages in both years. Earlier ratings lacked plants that were at the seed-set stage, whereas later ratings lacked plants at the preflower stage. Statistical analysis of field data. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis in the statistical packages JMP Pro 10 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), R (R Deve}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={VandenLangenberg, Kyle M. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={984–988} }
 @article{koehler_brown_huber_wehner_shew_2016, title={First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Stevia rebaudiana in North Carolina}, volume={100}, ISSN={0191-2917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-15-1367-pdn}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-11-15-1367-pdn}, abstractNote={HomePlant DiseaseVol. 100, No. 6First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Stevia rebaudiana in North Carolina PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Stevia rebaudiana in North CarolinaA. M. Koehler, J. A. Brown, B. Huber, T. C. Wehner, and H. D. ShewA. M. KoehlerSearch for more papers by this author, J. A. BrownSearch for more papers by this author, B. HuberSearch for more papers by this author, T. C. WehnerSearch for more papers by this author, and H. D. ShewSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations A. M. Koehler J. A. Brown B. Huber T. C. Wehner H. D. Shew , Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607. Published Online:18 Mar 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1367-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is an important plant pathogen on vegetables, ornamentals, and field crops across the southeastern United States (Abad et al. 2005). TSWV was first detected in North Carolina in 1988 in tobacco and tomato fields (Cho et al. 1995). Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) is an emerging perennial crop in the United States, grown for 3 to 5 years with two harvests per growing season. Stevia leaves contain numerous glycosides that are extracted for use as a natural, low-calorie sweetener. In current production practices, stevia plants are started from seed in a greenhouse system and transplanted to the field 8 to 10 weeks after germination. In February 2015, virus-like symptoms were observed on stevia plants in a research greenhouse in Raleigh, NC. Symptomless plants were dug from the field in the fall of 2014 and moved to the greenhouse to make crosses. Symptoms began as mottling, distortion, and chlorosis of leaves and progressed to include necrotic leaf lesions, stem lesions, severe dieback, and plant death. Adult thrips, identified as Frankliniella occidentalis, were present throughout the greenhouse and on plant material. Leaf tissue from symptomatic plants was collected for Immunostrip testing (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). All symptomatic tissue tested positive for TSWV and negative for Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Diagnosis was further confirmed through sequence analysis of a nucleocapsid (N) protein gene fragment amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RNA was extracted from symptomatic tissue using TRIzol Reagent (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and cDNA template was generated using Protoscript II Reverse transcription (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, MA) and amplified using nucleocapsid primers TSWVNC5′PCI (5′-AATTACATGTCTAAGGTTAAGCTCACTAAGG -3′) and TSWVNC3′XBA (5′-AATTTCTAGATTAAGCAAGTTCTGYGAGTTTTGCC-3′) (Sit et al. unpublished). The amplified sequences of the RT-PCR products were 99% identical to TSWV NC-34 N-gene sequence in GenBank Accession No. (DQ777221.1). This is the first known report of TSWV infection in stevia in the United States. In 2007, Chatzivassiliou et al. observed viral symptoms in stevia in Greece and reported TSWV as the causal agent. The endemic nature of TSWV, along with the intended perennial production of stevia in North Carolina and the southeast, warrants monitoring for TSWV in greenhouse and field production.References:Abad, J., et al. 2005. Am. J. Potato Res. 82:255. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02853592 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarChatzivassiliou, E. K., et al. 2007. Plant Dis. 91:1205. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1205C Link, ISI, Google ScholarCho, K., et al. 1995. Popul. Ecol. 24:58. Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 100, No. 6 June 2016SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 12 May 2016Published: 18 Mar 2016First Look: 19 Jan 2016Accepted: 8 Jan 2016 Pages: 1251-1251 Information© 2016 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byFrankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumTomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (tomato spotted wilt)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumElicitor-induced in vitro shoot multiplication and steviol glycosides production in Stevia rebaudianaSouth African Journal of Botany, Vol. 137A global invasion by the thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis : Current virus vector status and its management23 October 2019 | Insect Science, Vol. 27, No. 4First Report of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Identified in Tulbaghia violacea in FloridaK. K. Dey, C. Li, M. C. Sellers, John McVay, L. Whilby, G. Hodges, and T. R. Smith14 June 2019 | Plant Health Progress, Vol. 20, No. 2Stevia rebaudiana (Sweet honey leaf)6 June 2020Tomato chlorotic spot virus Identified in Marsdenia floribunda in FloridaK. K. Dey, M. J. Melzer, S. Xiaoan, and S. Adkins6 July 2017 | Plant Health Progress, Vol. 18, No. 2}, number={6}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Koehler, A. M. and Brown, J. A. and Huber, B. and Wehner, T. C. and Shew, H. D.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={1251–1251} }
 @inbook{naegele_wehner_2016, title={Genetic Resources of Cucumber}, ISBN={9783319493305 9783319493329}, ISSN={2363-9601 2363-961X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7397_2016_15}, DOI={10.1007/7397_2016_15}, abstractNote={The Cucurbitaceae is a monophyletic family without any close relatives. It includes important vegetables such as cucumber, melon, watermelon, squash, pumpkin, and gourd. Within Cucurbitaceae, the genus Cucumis includes cultivated species C. sativus (cucumber) and C. melo (melon), as well as wild species including C. hystrix, C. callosus, and C. sativus L. var. hardwickii. More than 50 species have been identified in Cucumis with high levels of phenotypic and genetic diversity found in centers of diversity in Africa, Asia, and India. Primary and secondary centers of diversity can serve as useful sources of variation, and have been widely used to incorporate traits such as disease resistance into cultivated materials. During domestication, cucumber and melon underwent severe bottlenecks, which resulted in low genetic variation despite high phenotypic diversity. Since its domestication, approximately 3000 years ago, cucumber has undergone significant morphological changes from its small-fruited, black spined, seedy progenitor. More than 150 single gene traits have been described in C. sativus, including powdery mildew and virus resistance, sex expression, leaf morphology, and parthenocarpy, and molecular markers continue to be rapidly developed.}, booktitle={Genetics and Genomics of Cucurbitaceae}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Naegele, Rachel P. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2016}, pages={61–86} }
 @article{dia_wehner_hassell_price_boyhan_olson_king_davis_tolla_2016, title={Genotype x environment interaction and stability analysis for watermelon fruit yield in the United States}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Dia, M. and Wehner, T. C. and Hassell, R. and Price, D. S. and Boyhan, G. E. and Olson, S. and King, S. and Davis, A. R. and Tolla, G. E.}, year={2016}, pages={1645–1661} }
 @article{zhang_liu_miao_wang_liu_wehner_gu_2016, title={Molecular Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis for Numerous Spines on the Fruit of Cucumber}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1465-7333"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esw028}, abstractNote={Number of spines on the fruit is an important quality trait in cucumber. The inheritance and identification of molecular markers for fruit spine density gene can provide a basis for breeding and lay the foundation for gene cloning. Cucumber inbred lines NCG-122 with numerous spines and NCG-121 with few spines were used for genetic analysis and gene mapping in this study. Genetic analysis showed that the numerous spines trait in NCG-122 was qualitative, and a single recessive nuclear gene (ns) controlled this trait. The few spines trait was dominant over the numerous spines trait. In the preliminary genetic mapping of the ns gene, 8 SSR markers were found to be linked to ns, which mapped to chromosome 2 (Chr.2) of cucumber. The closest flanking markers SSR22338 and SSR11596 were linked to the ns gene, with genetic distances of 10.2 and 1.7cM, respectively. One-hundred and thirty pairs of new SSR primers and 28 pairs of Indel primers were developed based on sequence information in the preliminary mapping region of ns Fifteen SSR markers and 2 Indel markers were identified to be linked to the ns gene after analysis on the F2 mapping population using the new molecular markers. The 2 closest flanking markers, SSRns-127 and SSR04219, were 0.7 and 2.4 cM from ns, respectively. The physical distance between SSRns-127 and SSR04219 was 266.1kb, containing 27 predicted genes. Csa2G285390 was speculated as the probable candidate gene for numerous spines. The accuracy of the closest linked marker to the ns gene, SSRns-127, for MAS breeding was 95.0%.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Zhang, Shengping and Liu, Shulin and Miao, Han and Wang, Min and Liu, Panna and Wehner, Todd C. and Gu, Xingfang}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={471–477} }
 @article{wang_vandenlangenberg_wehner_kraan_suelmann_zheng_owens_weng_2016, title={QTL mapping for downy mildew resistance in cucumber inbred line WI7120 (PI 330628)}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-016-2719-x}, number={8}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Wang, Yuhui and VandenLangenberg, Kyle and Wehner, Todd C. and Kraan, Peter A. G. and Suelmann, Jos and Zheng, Xiangyang and Owens, Ken and Weng, Yiqun}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1493–1505} }
 @article{lou_wehner_2016, title={Qualitative Inheritance of External Fruit Traits in Watermelon}, volume={51}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.51.5.487}, abstractNote={Genes for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai] fruit traits have been identified since the 1930s. We conducted a study of fruit traits including fruit stripe width, stripe color, rind color, fruit shape, and blossom end shape (concave vs. convex). Ten watermelon cultivars (inbred lines) were used as parents. Several new genes or alleles were discovered. A series of alleles at the g locus is proposed to explain the inheritance of fruit rind pattern: G (medium or dark solid green), g (wide stripe), g (medium stripe), g (narrow stripe), and g (solid light green or gray). The dominance series is G > g > g > g > g. Another series of alleles at the ob locus is proposed for the fruit shape: allele Ob for elongate fruit, which is the most dominant; allele Ob (not the same as the o gene for round) for the round fruit; and allele ob for oblong fruit, which is the most recessive. Gene csm is proposed for the clear stripe margin in the cultivar RedN-Sweet and is recessive to the blurred stripe margin (Csm) in ‘Crimson Sweet’, ‘Allsweet’, and ‘Tendersweet Orange Flesh’. Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai] is a major vegetable crop cultivated as an annual in warm regions worldwide.Watermelon accounts for 6.8% of vegetable production area around the world (Guner and Wehner, 2004). Harvested area decreased 15% from 2002 to 2012, but total production has remained constant around 2 million Mg. The watermelon industry has increased in value from $497 to $520 million from 2003 to 2012 in the United States (USDA, 2004, 2012). Watermelon has a small genome: 4.2 · 10 base pair for the 22-chromosome diploid (Arumuganathan and Earle, 1991). The watermelon genome has been sequenced and 23,440 predicted protein-coding genes were identified (Guo et al., 2013). Genetic studies since the 1930s have identified more than 100 genes. The genes control traits in seed and seedling, vine, flower, and fruit, as well as resistance to diseases, insects, and stress (Wehner, 2008a). The genes of watermelon have been described in several reviews (Guner and Wehner, 2004; Wehner, 2008a, 2012). The rind of watermelon fruit can be striped or solid colored. The solid rind patterns include solid dark green as in ‘Black Diamond’, solid medium green as in ‘Peacock Shipper’, solid light green as in ‘King&Queen’, gray (medium green reticulations on a light green background) as in ‘CharlestonGray’, or golden as in ‘Royal Golden’ (Guner and Wehner, 2003, 2004; Gusmini and Wehner, 2006a, 2006b). In some reports, gray rind has been described as yellowish white or yellowish green (Porter, 1937). The stripes of watermelon can be characterized by stripe width (narrow, medium, or wide), stripe color, and background color (dark green, medium green, or light green). Since the stripe patterns are alternating light and dark-colored stripes on the rind, there is ambiguity deciding which are the stripes. In this study, we considered the dark area to be the stripes. This follows the observation that the dark areas cover the vascular tissue below the fruit surface (Korn, 2007). Although the developmental basis of the longitudinal stripe pattern in watermelon has not been studied in detail, a clonal mosaic model was proposed based on observational evidence (Korn, 2007). In both young and mature fruit of ‘Ruby Red’, the vascular bundles run beneath the dark green reticular stripes, showing the association of the two. This association is also found on watermelon pedicels. Korn (2007) suggested that the vascular bundles are a prepattern determining the stripes on the fruit surface. The reticulations in the stripe composed of sets of polygons give the basis of the clonal mosaic model. This clonal mosaic model hypothesizes that a cell gives rise to a clone of various types of cells (the polygon) with dark green border, light green center, and medium green region between the two. This model explains the formation of the multiple-celled polygons that compose the darker green stripes with reticulations on the fruit of ‘Ruby Red’. Besides being striped or solid colored, there are additional modifications to watermelon rind, such as the netted reticulations within stripes or on the whole fruit surface, mottling (irregularly shaped light color) on the otherwise solid dark-colored background, ground spot color, furrowed fruit surface, and explosive rind. The reticulations are found on many cultivars, including some light green cultivars such as Charleston Gray, where the reticulations are more intensive near the surface of the vascular bundle and less intensive on the areas between vascular bundles. The reticulations are also found on the medium-green stripes of some striped cultivars, such as Ruby Red, China 23 (the typeline for the p gene) (Weetman, 1937), Crimson Sweet (the medium-width stripe cultivar in our experiment), and in the surrounding area of the ground spot of the otherwise solid dark green fruit such as ‘Black Diamond’. It is possible that the dark green cultivar Black Diamond is actually reticulated, but the reticulations are not visible due to the dark rind color. Consumers often express a preference for particular rind patterns. Striped rind pattern is usually preferred over other patterns such as gray. Resistance to bacterial fruit blotch was associated with cultivars having dark rather than light rind; however, the effect may have been a nongenetic association (Wehner, 2008b). Rind toughness is important for postharvest handling and shipping. Other external rind traits, such as furrowed fruit surface and different fruit shapes, also affect customer acceptance. Studies by Porter (1937) and Weetman (1937) identified three alleles at the g locus that produce solid dark green (G), striped (g), or gray (g) rind pattern. The gray rind pattern has been described as light green in some studies. Solid dark green (G) is dominant to striped (g) and gray (g). Striped rind pattern (g) is dominant to gray (g). The allele G is from ‘California Klondike’, g is from ‘Thurmond Gray’, and g is from ‘Golden Honey’. Recently, Kumar and Wehner (2011) found a second gene controlling the dark green rind vs. gray rind pattern. The g gene is considered g-1 and the second gene g-2, from type-line ‘Minilee’. The g-1 and g-2 genes produce the gray rind pattern. The others (G-1G-1G-2G-2, G-1G-1 g-2g-2, and g-1g-1 G-2G-2) produce dark green rind pattern. The gene ins from ‘Navajo Sweet’ (Ins from ‘Crimson Sweet’) produces intermittent stripes, starting with narrow dark green stripes at the peduncle end of the fruit and becoming irregular in the middle and nearly absent at the blossom end of the fruit (Gusmini and Wehner, 2006a). Very narrow stripe on a light background on the rind of ‘Japan 6’ is called pencilled (p) phenotype. It is recessive to the netted (medium green-colored network) (P) rind pattern of ‘China 23’ when disregarding the dark stripes on the light background (Weetman, 1937). Another rind gene described by Weetman (1937) is the m gene from ‘Long Iowa Belle’ for the particular randomly distributed and irregularly shaped greenish-white mottling pattern. The mottling pattern differs from the rest of the fruit not only in color but also in the character of the epidermis. This special phenotype was called the ‘Iowa Belle’ Received for publication 25 Jan. 2016. Accepted for publication 27 Mar. 2016. We gratefully acknowledge Tammy L. Ellington for assistance with the field tests and Laura Arellano for assistance with greenhouse pollinations. Corresponding author. E-mail: todd_wehner@ ncsu.edu. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 51(5) MAY 2016 487 phenotype by Weetman (1937). It was recessive to the nonmottling trait of ‘Japan 4’ and ‘China 23’ when disregarding the stripes on ‘China 23’ (Weetman, 1937). Since many of the type-lines used byWeetman (1937) are not available, it is not possible to study the p and m genes. ‘Moon and Stars’ has large yellow spots (moons) and small yellow spots (stars) over a dark green background, which occurs on the fruit rind as well as the foliage (cotyledons and true leaves). The trait is controlled by the gene (Sp), which is dominant to the uniform green color (sp) of ‘Allsweet’ (Poole, 1944; Rhodes, 1986). The gene Yb produces the yellow belly trait on the fruit of ‘Black Diamond Yellow Belly’. This cultivar has a dark yellow to orange-colored ground spot on a solid dark green fruit and is dominant to the usual creamy white ground spot (yb) of ‘Black Diamond’ (Gusmini and Wehner, 2006a). The golden gene go produces a golden yellow color of mature fruit as well as on the older leaves of ‘Royal Golden’. This gene is recessive to the normal green leaves and fruit (Go) of ‘NC 34-9-1’ and ‘NC 34-2-1’ (Barham, 1956; Robinson et al., 1976). Watermelon fruit with furrowed parallel indentations (f) was found to be recessive to the smooth surfaced fruit (F). Since type-lines were not given in the original reference, ‘Stone Mountain’ or ‘Black Diamond’ might be used for f, and ‘Mickylee’ for F (Poole, 1944; Wehner, 2008a). The gene e from ‘California Klondike’ produces an explosive rind that is tender and bursting when cut. It is recessive to tough rind (E) from ‘Thurmond Gray’ and ‘Golden Honey’ (Poole, 1944). The explosive trait was not correlated with fruit rind thickness, but with rind cell wall thickness (Kenny and Porter, 1941). Watermelon fruit shape can be elongate, oval, round, or oblong, based on the length to width ratio. Weetman (1937) investigated the inheritance of fruit shape in the families of ‘Long Iowa Belle’ (elongate fruit) · ‘Round Iowa Belle’ and ‘China 23’ (round fruit), as well as ‘Long Iowa Belle’ · ‘Japan 6’ and · ‘Japan 4’ (round fruit). He found that elongate fruit shape (OO) was incompletely dominant to round fruit shape (oo) with the heterozygote (Oo) being oval shaped (Weetman, 1937). Poole and Grimball (1945) found the same inheritance pattern in ‘Peerless’ · ‘Baby Delight’ and ‘Northern Sweet’ · ‘Dove’. The ob}, number={5}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Lou, Lingli and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={487–496} }
 @article{dia_wehner_perkins-veazie_hassell_price_boyhan_olson_king_davis_tolla_et al._2016, title={Stability of fruit quality traits in diverse watermelon cultivars tested in multiple environments}, volume={3}, ISSN={2052-7276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/HORTRES.2016.66}, DOI={10.1038/hortres.2016.66}, abstractNote={Lycopene is a naturally occurring red carotenoid compound that is found in watermelon. Lycopene has antioxidant properties. Lycopene content, sugar content and hollowheart resistance are subject to significant genotype×environment interaction (G×E), which makes breeding for these fruit quality traits difficult. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the influence of years and locations on lycopene content, sugar content and hollowheart resistance for a set of watermelon genotypes, and (ii) identify genotypes with high stability for lycopene, sugar, and hollowheart resistance. A diverse set of 40 genotypes was tested over 3 years and 8 locations across the southern United States in replicated, multi-harvest trials. Lycopene was tested in a subset of 10 genotypes. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate stability statistics (BLUP-GGE biplot) using SASGxE and RGxE programs. There were strong effects of environment as well as G×E interaction on watermelon quality traits. On the basis of stability measures, genotypes were classified as stable or unstable for each quality trait. 'Crimson Sweet' is an inbred line with high quality trait performance as well as trait stability. 'Stone Mountain', 'Tom Watson', 'Crimson Sweet' and 'Minilee' were among the best genotypes for lycopene content, sugar content and hollowheart resistance. We developed a stability chart based on marketable yield and average ranking generated from different stability measures for yield attributes and quality traits. The chart will assist in choosing parents for improvement of watermelon cultivars. See http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wmelon/wmelonmain.html.}, number={1}, journal={Horticulture Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dia, Mahendra and Wehner, Todd C and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Hassell, Richard and Price, Daniel S and Boyhan, George E and Olson, Stephen M and King, Stephen R and Davis, Angela R and Tolla, Gregory E and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec} }
 @article{dia_wehner_hassell_price_boyhan_olson_king_davis_tolla_bernier_et al._2016, title={Value of locations for representing mega-environments and for discriminating yield of watermelon in the US}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Dia, M. and Wehner, T. C. and Hassell, R. and Price, D. S. and Boyhan, G. E. and Olson, S. and King, S. and Davis, A. R. and Tolla, G. E. and Bernier, J. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={1726–1735} }
 @article{reddy_abburi_abburi_saminathan_cantrell_vajja_reddy_tomason_levi_wehner_et al._2015, title={A Genome-Wide Scan of Selective Sweeps and Association Mapping of Fruit Traits Using Microsatellite Markers in Watermelon}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1465-7333"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esu077}, abstractNote={Our genetic diversity study uses microsatellites of known map position to estimate genome level population structure and linkage disequilibrium, and to identify genomic regions that have undergone selection during watermelon domestication and improvement. Thirty regions that showed evidence of selective sweep were scanned for the presence of candidate genes using the watermelon genome browser (www.icugi.org). We localized selective sweeps in intergenic regions, close to the promoters, and within the exons and introns of various genes. This study provided an evidence of convergent evolution for the presence of diverse ecotypes with special reference to American and European ecotypes. Our search for location of linked markers in the whole-genome draft sequence revealed that BVWS00358, a GA repeat microsatellite, is the GAGA type transcription factor located in the 5' untranslated regions of a structure and insertion element that expresses a Cys2His2 Zinc finger motif, with presumed biological processes related to chitin response and transcriptional regulation. In addition, BVWS01708, an ATT repeat microsatellite, located in the promoter of a DTW domain-containing protein (Cla002761); and 2 other simple sequence repeats that association mapping link to fruit length and rind thickness.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Reddy, Umesh K. and Abburi, Lavanya and Abburi, Venkata Lakshmi and Saminathan, Thangasamy and Cantrell, Robert and Vajja, Venkata Gopinath and Reddy, Rishi and Tomason, Yan R. and Levi, Amnon and Wehner, Todd C. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={166–176} }
 @article{staub_gordon_simon_wehner_2015, title={Chilling-tolerant US-processing Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): Three Advanced Backcross and Ten Inbred Backcross Lines}, volume={50}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.50.8.1252}, abstractNote={Chilling-tolerant U.S.-processing Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): Three Advanced Backcross and Ten Inbred Backcross Lines Jack E. Staub Vegetable Crops Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Forage and Range Research Laboratory, 696 N. 1100 E., Logan, UT 84322}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Staub, Jack E. and Gordon, Vanessa S. and Simon, Philipp and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={1252–1254} }
 @article{saminathan_nimmakayala_manohar_malkaram_almeida_cantrell_tomason_abburi_rahman_vajja_et al._2015, title={Differential gene expression and alternative splicing between diploid and tetraploid watermelon}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1460-2431"]}, DOI={10.1093/jxb/eru486}, abstractNote={The exploitation of synthetic polyploids for producing seedless fruits is well known in watermelon. Tetraploid progenitors of triploid watermelon plants, compared with their diploid counterparts, exhibit wide phenotypic differences. Although many factors modulate alternative splicing (AS) in plants, the effects of autopolyploidization on AS are still unknown. In this study, we used tissues of leaf, stem, and fruit of diploid and tetraploid sweet watermelon to understand changes in gene expression and the occurrence of AS. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed along with reverse transcription quantitative PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR to demonstrate changes in expression and splicing. All vegetative tissues except fruit showed an increased level of AS in the tetraploid watermelon throughout the growth period. The ploidy levels of diploids and the tetraploid were confirmed using a ploidy analyser. We identified 5362 and 1288 genes that were up- and downregulated, respectively, in tetraploid as compared with diploid plants. We further confirmed that 22 genes underwent AS events across tissues, indicating possibilities of generating different protein isoforms with altered functions of important transcription factors and transporters. Arginine biosynthesis, chlorophyllide synthesis, GDP mannose biosynthesis, trehalose biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose degradation pathways were upregulated in autotetraploids. Phloem protein 2, chloroplastic PGR5-like protein, zinc-finger protein, fructokinase-like 2, MYB transcription factor, and nodulin MtN21 showed AS in fruit tissues. These results should help in developing high-quality seedless watermelon and provide additional transcriptomic information related to other cucurbits.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={Saminathan, Thangasamy and Nimmakayala, Padma and Manohar, Sumanth and Malkaram, Sridhar and Almeida, Aldo and Cantrell, Robert and Tomason, Yan and Abburi, Lavanya and Rahman, Mohammad A. and Vajja, Venkata G. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={1369–1385} }
 @article{ma_wehner_2015, title={Flowering stage resistance to bacterial fruit blotch in the watermelon germplasm collection}, volume={55}, number={2}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Ma, S. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2015}, pages={727–736} }
 @article{lu_miao_tian_wehner_gu_zhang_2015, title={Molecular mapping and candidate gene analysis for yellow fruit flesh in cucumber}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1572-9788"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-015-0263-z}, number={2}, journal={MOLECULAR BREEDING}, author={Lu, H. W. and Miao, H. and Tian, G. L. and Wehner, T. C. and Gu, X. F. and Zhang, S. P.}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @article{cohen_langenberg_wehner_ojiambo_hausbeck_quesada-ocampo_lebeda_sierotzki_gisi_2015, title={Resurgence of Pseudoperonospora cubensis: The Causal Agent of Cucurbit Downy Mildew}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25844827}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-11-14-0334-fi}, abstractNote={The downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, which infects plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, has undergone major changes during the last decade. Disease severity and epidemics are far more destructive than previously reported, and new genotypes, races, pathotypes, and mating types of the pathogen have been discovered in populations from around the globe as a result of the resurgence of the disease. Consequently, disease control through host plant resistance and fungicide applications has become more complex. This resurgence of P. cubensis offers challenges to scientists in many research areas including pathogen biology, epidemiology and dispersal, population structure and population genetics, host preference, host-pathogen interactions and gene expression, genetic host plant resistance, inheritance of host and fungicide resistance, and chemical disease control. This review serves to summarize the current status of this major pathogen and to guide future management and research efforts within this pathosystem.}, number={7}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Cohen, Yigal and Langenberg, Kyle M. and Wehner, Todd C. and Ojiambo, Peter S. and Hausbeck, Mary and Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M. and Lebeda, Ales and Sierotzki, Helge and Gisi, Ulrich}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={998–1012} }
 @article{reddy_nimmakayala_levi_abburi_saminathan_tomason_vajja_reddy_abburi_wehner_et al._2014, title={High-Resolution Genetic Map for Understanding the Effect of Genome-Wide Recombination Rate on Nucleotide Diversity in Watermelon}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2160-1836"]}, DOI={10.1534/g3.114.012815}, abstractNote={We used genotyping by sequencing to identify a set of 10,480 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for constructing a high-resolution genetic map of 1096 cM for watermelon. We assessed the genome-wide variation in recombination rate (GWRR) across the map and found an association between GWRR and genome-wide nucleotide diversity. Collinearity between the map and the genome-wide reference sequence for watermelon was studied to identify inconsistency and chromosome rearrangements. We assessed genome-wide nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and selective sweep for wild, semi-wild, and domesticated accessions of Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus to track signals of domestication. Principal component analysis combined with chromosome-wide phylogenetic study based on 1563 SNPs obtained after LD pruning with minor allele frequency of 0.05 resolved the differences between semi-wild and wild accessions as well as relationships among worldwide sweet watermelon. Population structure analysis revealed predominant ancestries for wild, semi-wild, and domesticated watermelons as well as admixture of various ancestries that were important for domestication. Sliding window analysis of Tajima’s D across various chromosomes was used to resolve selective sweep. LD decay was estimated for various chromosomes. We identified a strong selective sweep on chromosome 3 consisting of important genes that might have had a role in sweet watermelon domestication.}, number={11}, journal={G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS}, author={Reddy, Umesh K. and Nimmakayala, Padma and Levi, Amnon and Abburi, Venkata Lakshmi and Saminathan, Thangasamy and Tomason, Yan. R. and Vajja, Gopinath and Reddy, Rishi and Abburi, Lavanya and Wehner, Todd C. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={2219–2230} }
 @article{nimmakayala_levi_abburi_abburi_tomason_saminathan_vajja_malkaram_reddy_wehner_et al._2014, title={Single nucleotide polymorphisms generated by genotyping by sequencing to characterize genome-wide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and selective sweeps in cultivated watermelon}, volume={15}, ISSN={1471-2164}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-767}, DOI={10.1186/1471-2164-15-767}, abstractNote={A large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset was used to analyze genome-wide diversity in a diverse collection of watermelon cultivars representing globally cultivated, watermelon genetic diversity. The marker density required for conducting successful association mapping depends on the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) within a population. Use of genotyping by sequencing reveals large numbers of SNPs that in turn generate opportunities in genome-wide association mapping and marker-assisted selection, even in crops such as watermelon for which few genomic resources are available. In this paper, we used genome-wide genetic diversity to study LD, selective sweeps, and pairwise FST distributions among worldwide cultivated watermelons to track signals of domestication.We examined 183 Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus accessions representing domesticated watermelon and generated a set of 11,485 SNP markers using genotyping by sequencing. With a diverse panel of worldwide cultivated watermelons, we identified a set of 5,254 SNPs with a minor allele frequency of ≥ 0.05, distributed across the genome. All ancestries were traced to Africa and an admixture of various ancestries constituted secondary gene pools across various continents. A sliding window analysis using pairwise FST values was used to resolve selective sweeps. We identified strong selection on chromosomes 3 and 9 that might have contributed to the domestication process. Pairwise analysis of adjacent SNPs within a chromosome as well as within a haplotype allowed us to estimate genome-wide LD decay. LD was also detected within individual genes on various chromosomes. Principal component and ancestry analyses were used to account for population structure in a genome-wide association study. We further mapped important genes for soluble solid content using a mixed linear model.Information concerning the SNP resources, population structure, and LD developed in this study will help in identifying agronomically important candidate genes from the genomic regions underlying selection and for mapping quantitative trait loci using a genome-wide association study in sweet watermelon.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Genomics}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Nimmakayala, Padma and Levi, Amnon and Abburi, Lavanya and Abburi, Venkata and Tomason, Yan R and Saminathan, Thangasamy and Vajja, Venkata and Malkaram, Sridhar and Reddy, Rishi and Wehner, Todd C and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={767} }
 @article{nimmakayala_levi_abburi_abburi_tomason_saminathan_vajja_malkaram_reddy_wehner_et al._2014, title={Single nucleotide polymorphisms generated by genotyping by sequencing to characterize genome-wide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and selective sweeps in cultivated watermelon}, volume={15}, journal={BMC Genomics}, author={Nimmakayala, P. and Levi, A. and Abburi, L. and Abburi, V. L. and Tomason, Y. R. and Saminathan, T. and Vajja, V. G. and Malkaram, S. and Reddy, R. and Wehner, T. C. and et al.}, year={2014} }
 @inbook{bharathi_behera_sureja_john_wehner_2014, title={Snake Gourd and Pointed Gourd: Botany and Horticulture}, ISBN={9781118707418 9781118707371}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118707418.ch09}, DOI={10.1002/9781118707418.ch09}, abstractNote={Trichosanthes is the largest genus of the family Cucurbitaceae. Its center of diversity exists in southern and eastern Asia from India to Taiwan, The Philippines, Japan, and Australia, Fiji, and Pacific Islands. Two species, T. cucumerina (snake gourd) and T. dioica (pointed gourd), are widely cultivated in tropical regions, mainly for the culinary use of their immature fruit. The fruit of these two species are good sources of minerals and dietary fiber. Despite their economic importance and nutritive values, not much effort has been invested toward genetic improvement of these crops. Only recently efforts have been directed toward systematic improvement strategies of these crops in India. 457 Horticultural Reviews, Volume 41, First Edition. Edited by Jules Janick. 2013 Wiley-Blackwell. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, booktitle={Horticultural Reviews Volume 41}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, author={Bharathi, L. K. and Behera, T. K. and Sureja, A. K. and John, K. Joseph and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={457–496} }
 @article{kozik_wehner_2014, title={Tolerance of Watermelon Seedlings to Low-temperature Chilling Injury}, volume={49}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.49.3.240}, abstractNote={Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is one of the Cucurbitaceae species and subtropical crops that exhibit chilling injury (CI) when exposed to low temperatures. Watermelon seedlings were tested for chilling tolerance using methods modified from cucumber. Three experiments were conducted using different combinations of chilling durations of 6, 12, 24, or 36 hours and chilling temperatures of 2 or 4 8C. Watermelon seedlings were more resistant to low temperatures than cucumber seedlings, so it was necessary to use long chilling durations to induce significant foliar damage. A diverse set of 16 watermelon cultigens was tested: Allsweet, Black Diamond, Chubby Gray, Charlee, Charleston Gray, Dixielee, Golden, Golden Honey, New Winter, NH Midget, Sugar Baby, Sugarlee, Sunshade, PI 189225, PI 244018, and PI 595203. Experiments were conducted in a controlled environment with a light intensity of 500 mmol·m·s photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Optimal conditions for chilling treatment were 36 hours at 4 8C or 24 hours at 2 8C. The most resistant cultigen was PI 244018, and the most susceptible cultigens were NH Midget and Golden. North Carolina is the seventh leading state in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] production and value in the United States (Arney et al., 2006). Watermelon is second to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in cucurbit area planted in North Carolina (North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 2004). The land devoted to watermelon production in North Carolina from 1994 to 2004 ranged from 3238 to 4616 ha (Arney et al., 2006). Temperatures below 10 C may injure tropical and subtropical crops such as species of the Cucurbitaceae (Raison, 1974). The damage is often referred to as CI and was reviewed by Lyons (1973). There have been several reports on chilling tolerance in cucumber seedlings (Chung et al., 2003; Kozik et al., 2007; Kozik and Wehner, 2008; Smeets and Wehner, 1997), but not watermelon seedlings. Chilling damage in cucumber, like in other thermophylic plants, depends mainly on chilling temperature, duration of chilling, and on light intensity during chilling (Minchin and Simon, 1973; Rietze, 1988; Rietze and Wiebe, 1987, 1989; Van Hasselt, 1972; Wang, 1986; Wright and Wilson, 1973). The environment before and after chilling also is important. Chilling damage is affected by the temperature, light conditions, and water status of the plants before chilling (Lafuente et al., 1991; Pomeroy and Mudd, 1987; Rietze and Wiebe, 1989; Rikin et al., 1976; Saltveit, 1991; Wilson and Crawford, 1974) and the light conditions after chilling (Lasley et al., 1979; Rietze and Wiebe, 1989). Watermelon is susceptible to CI but is more resistant than cucumber (Wehner and Mirdad, 1994). Low-temperature effects have been studied on germination, seedling damage, and fruit damage in cucurbits. For example, there is genetic variation among cucumber cultigens for germination at low temperature (Lower, 1974; Nienhuis et al., 1983; Wehner, 1981). Cold germination has a heritability of 0.15 to 0.61, depending on test temperature and population used (Wehner, 1982, 1984), and can be improved without correlated changes in other important horticultural traits (Staub et al., 1988). Genetic variation for chilling tolerance in cucumber exists (Aoki et al., 1988, 1989; Cabrera et al., 1992; Liu et al., 1984; Saczynska et al., 1993), although not in all populations (Rietze, 1988; Staub, 1988). Smeets and Wehner (1997) developed a method for screening seedlings of cucumber using specific environmental conditions and cultigens that were tolerant (AR75-79, ‘Chipper’, ‘Pixie’, and ‘Wisconsin SMR 18’) or susceptible (Gy14, ‘Marketmore 76’, NCSU M28, NCSU M29, and ‘Poinsett 76’). They concluded that genetic variation for chilling damage was greater at the first true leaf than at the cotyledon stage. Using this method, comparisons of cultigens for their tolerance to low temperatures during the seedling stage of development in cucumber have been reported. Chung et al. (2003) investigated inheritance of CI in progenies of both tolerant ‘Chipper’ and AR75-79 crossed with susceptible Gy14. Their data suggested that chilling tolerance was maternally inherited. Wehner and Kozik (2007) also demonstrated that there was low heritability for chilling tolerance in two cucumber populations that were developed from elite cultivars not chosen for chilling tolerance. A later screening of the cucumber germplasm collection resulted in the identification of a high level of tolerance of PI 246930. Genetic studies in cucumber inbred NC-76 (developed from PI 246930) showed that chilling tolerance was the result of a single, dominant, nuclear gene Ch (Kozik and Wehner, 2008). Sensitivity of watermelon fruit to CI has been studied by Risse et al. (1990), but chilling tolerance of watermelon plants has not been reported. Because efficient testing methods have been developed for screening cucumber cultigens for tolerance to chilling, it may be possible to adapt such methods for investigation of resistant watermelon cultigens and the inheritance of chilling tolerance for plant improvement. Therefore, a study was designed to develop an efficient testing method for chilling tolerance in watermelon and to use that method to identify chilling-resistant cultigens. Materials and Methods Plant material. Sixteen cultigens were chosen on the basis of genetic diversity for horticultural traits: Allsweet, Black Diamond, Chubby Gray, Charlee, Charleston Gray, Dixielee, Golden, Golden Honey, New Winter, NH Midget, Sugar Baby, Sugarlee, Sunshade, PI 189225 (Zaire), PI 244018 (South Africa), and PI 595203 (Nigeria). Seeds were sown in peat pots (57 mm square, 100 mL volume) filled with a standard substrate of gravel and peat in a 1:1 ratio and placed in flats. One seed was sown in each pot with 54 pots contained in each flat. After seeding the flats were placed in growth chambers set at 26/22 C (day/night) temperatures under long days, consisting of 12 h of combined fluorescent (650 mmol·m·s) and incandescent (44 mmol·m·s) light (from 0800 to 2000 HR). Plants were watered to saturation with a standard phytotron nutrient solution (Thomas et al., 2005). Chilling treatments. Experiments were conducted under controlled environment conditions in the growth chambers of the Phytotron of the Southeastern Plant Environment Laboratory at North Carolina State University (Thomas et al., 2005). Chilling tests were performed according to the method developed for cucumber seedlings by Smeets and Wehner (1997) with some modifications. After the plants reached the first true leaf stage, they were moved from the main growth chamber to the chilling chamber for treatment at 2 or 4 C under a light intensity of 500 mmol·m·s PPFD for a duration of 6, 12, 24, or 36 h. After the chilling treatment, they were returned to the main growth chamber and placed under the same light and temperature regime as before. For each experiment, Received for publication 4 Sept. 2013. Accepted for publication 3 Jan. 2014. To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail todd_wehner@ncsu.edu. 240 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 49(3) MARCH 2014 one flat of plants was left unchilled as a control as well as a reference for the rating scale (damage rating of 0). In our experience, it is difficult to maintain uniform treatment conditions when using high light intensity combined with temperature below 2 C. Therefore, it is easier to get high CI by using longer chilling duration rather than lower chilling temperature. Although it is unrealistic to have days longer than 15 h, we used chilling duration of 36 h to develop a chilling test that researchers could actually use in their facilities. Assessment of injury. The chilling damage was manifested on all of the organs parts (leaves, cotyledons, growing points) as watersoaked patches subsequently turning yellow or necrotic. Plants were rated 7 and 14 d after chilling for damage on the cotyledons, growing point, and first true leaf for each plant in each plot. The scale used was 0 to 9: 0 = no damage (based on the unchilled control plants), 1 to 2 = trace of damage, 3 to 4 = slight damage (20% to 50% of tissue necrotic), 5 to 6 = moderate damage (50% to 70% of tissue necrotic), 7 to 8 = advanced damage (70% to 90% of tissue necrotic), 9 = plant dead (90 to 100% tissue necrotic). Data were collected as means overall cotyledons, growing points, and leaves on the plants within each cultigen. Experiment design and data analysis. Three experiments were conducted using a split-plot treatment arrangement (temperature and duration as whole plot, cultigen as subplot) in a randomized complete block design with four replications (six plants of each cultigen per plot). Data analysis was by the procedure GLM in SAS (SAS/STAT User’s Guide, 1988). Means were tested using Fisher’s protected least significant difference (F ratio for that treatment significant at the 5% level). In Expt. 1, the effect of a chilling treatment of 6, 12, or 24 h at 2 or 4 C was studied. In Expt. 2, durations of 12, 24, or 36 h of chilling at 2 or 4 C were used. In Expt. 3, the effect of a chilling treatment of 24 or 36 h at 2 or 4 C was studied. Results and Discussion In each of the three experiments, damage ratings on Days 7 and 14 after chilling were highly correlated (data not shown). Because damage had not developed fully on Day 7, damage on Day 14 was used as the measure of chilling tolerance for the cultigens (data not shown). In Expt. 1, there was little chilling damage at 6and 12-h duration at both temperatures (Table 1). Therefore, in Expt. 2 (Table 2), we added a 36-h duration to increase chilling damage among the cultigens tested. Because we got the best results in chilling damage from 24and 36-h duration in Expt. 2, the third experiment was run using those treatments and a larger number of cultigens (Table 3). Expt. 1. Chilling duration and chill}, number={3}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Kozik, Elzbieta U. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={240–243} }
 @article{nimmakayala_abburi_bhandary_abburi_vajja_reddy_malkaram_venkatramana_wijeratne_tomason_et al._2014, title={Use of VeraCode 384-plex assays for watermelon diversity analysis and integrated genetic map of watermelon with single nucleotide polymorphisms and simple sequence repeats}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1572-9788"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-014-0056-9}, number={2}, journal={MOLECULAR BREEDING}, author={Nimmakayala, Padma and Abburi, Venkata Lakshmi and Bhandary, Abhishek and Abburi, Lavanya and Vajja, Venkata Gopinath and Reddy, Rishi and Malkaram, Sridhar and Venkatramana, Pegadaraju and Wijeratne, Asela and Tomason, Yan R. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={537–548} }
 @article{zhang_liu_miao_zhang_yang_xie_wehner_gu_2013, title={Chromosomal Mapping and QTL Analysis of Resistance to Downy Mildew in Cucumis sativus}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-11-11-0941-re}, abstractNote={Downy mildew of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a major foliar disease worldwide. The cucumber inbred lines K8 (resistant to downy mildew) and K18 (susceptible) were used to study the inheritance of resistance to downy mildew. Chromosomal mapping of the resistance genes was completed to provide a theoretical basis for the resistance mechanisms and for marker assisted selection (MAS). Inoculation was used to test the level of resistance to P. cubensis in the F2 and F2:3 families derived from the cross K8 × K18. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis, combined with bulked segregation analysis (BSA), was done with the DNA of F2 plants using 2,360 pairs of SSR primers. JoinMap Version 3.0 and MapInspect were used to construct SSR linkages and to verify the relationships between these SSR linkages and cucumber chromosomes. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of downy mildew resistance was done using MapQTL Version 4.0. Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew in K8 was quantitative. Five QTLs for resistance to downy mildew were detected: dm1.1, dm5.1, dm5.2, dm5.3, and dm6.1. The loci of dm1.1 and dm6.1 were on chromosomes 1 and 6, respectively. The loci of dm5.1, dm5.2, and dm5.3 were on chromosome 5, and were linked. Six linked SSR markers for these five QTLs were identified: SSR31116, SSR20705, SSR00772, SSR11012, SSR16882, and SSR16110. Six and four nucleotide binding site (NBS)-type resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were predicted in the region of dm5.2 and dm5.3, respectively. These results will be of benefit for fine-mapping the major QTLs for downy mildew resistance, and for MAS in cucumber.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Zhang, S. P. and Liu, M. M. and Miao, H. and Zhang, S. Q. and Yang, Y. H. and Xie, B. Y. and Wehner, T. C. and Gu, X. F.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={245–251} }
 @article{gao_wehner_chen_lin_wang_wei_yang_shi_2013, title={Deciphering the possible mechanism of exogenous NO alleviating alkali stress on cucumber leaves by transcriptomic analysis}, volume={150}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2012.11.033}, abstractNote={Alkali stress is a major factor that limits crop yield, and nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the regulation of plants tolerant to abiotic stress. In the present study, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, reversed the chlorosis of cucumber leaves caused by alkali stress. Physiological analysis indicated that application of SNP protected mesophyll cell ultrastructure from damage by alkali stress. SNP increased nutrient element utilization, pigment content, photosynthetic capacity and accumulation of organic acids. In this study, Solexa sequencing was used to investigate the effect of SNP on expression of genes involved in cucumber response to alkali stress. About 5.9 million (M) and 5.8 M 21-nt cDNA tags were sequenced from the cDNA library of the alkali treatment and SNP treatment, respectively. When annotated, a total of 10,271 genes for the alkali stress treatment from the Solexa sequencing tags and 10,288 genes for SNP treatment were identified. We detected 901 differentially expressed genes in two samples, of which 437 and 464 of them were up- or down-regulated by SNP under alkali stress, respectively. The expression levels of 11 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. The trends observed agreed well with the Solexa expression profiles, although the degree of change was diverse in amplitude. Gene ontology analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in response to abiotic stress, cellular metabolic process, photosynthesis, transmembrane transportation and organelle development, which were in accordance with physiological results.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Gao, Zhongxi and Wehner, Todd C. and Chen, Hao and Lin, Yan and Wang, Xiufeng and Wei, Min and Yang, Fengjuan and Shi, Qinghua}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={377–386} }
 @article{call_wehner_holmes_ojiambo_2013, title={Effects of Host Plant Resistance and Fungicides on Severity of Cucumber Downy Mildew}, volume={48}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.1.53}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.1.53}, abstractNote={Cucurbit downy mildew caused by the oomycetePseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. And Curt) Rostov is a major disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.) (Palti and Cohen, 1980) globally. Chemical control of downy mildew is necessary to achieve high yields in the absence of adequate host plant resistance. Most of the currently grown cultivars have some resistance to downy mildew. Before the resurgence of the disease in 2004, host plant resistance was sufficient to control the disease without fungicide use, and downy mildew was only a minor problem on cucumber. There are currently no cultivars that showresistance at alevelequal tothat observed before 2004.However, differences in resistance exist amongcultivars, rangingfrom moderately resistant to highly susceptible. In this study, we evaluated the disease severity and yield of four cucumber cultivars that differed in disease resistance and were treated with fungicide programs representing a range of efficacy levels. The experiment was a split plot design with six replications and four years. Disease was evaluated as chlorosis, necrosis, and reduction in plant size on a 0 to 9 scale. Cultigen had a large effect in all four years. Fungicide has a smaller effect on resistance component traits and a larger effect on yield traits. The effects of cultivar resistance and fungicides appear to be additive until a threshold where maximum yield is reached. Highly resistant cultigens such as PI 197088 required only the least effective fungicides to achieve highest yields, whereas moderately resistant cultigens required a more effective fungicide to reach a similar level of yield. Susceptible cultigens did not achieve high yield even with the most effective fungicide treatments. It is likely that, even as highly resistant cultivars are released, growers will need to continue a minimal fungicide program to achieve maximum yield.}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Call, Adam D. and Wehner, Todd C. and Holmes, Gerald J. and Ojiambo, Peter S.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={53–59} }
 @article{mccreight_staub_wehner_dhillon_2013, title={Gone Global: Familiar and Exotic Cucurbits Have Asian Origins}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1078}, abstractNote={Cucurbits comprise the highly diverse family known as Cucurbitaceae that includes cultivated, feral, and wild species (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997). Many of the cultivated species such as squash (Cucurbita ssp.), watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai], cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and melon (Cucumis melo L.) are familiar to U.S. and world markets. Others such as bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) are less familiar in the United States. Cucurbits are cultivated more broadly than any other vegetable species after tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. ( ). Cucurbits exhibit great genetic diversity expressed phenotypically in vegetative, e.g., plant architecture and growth habit, floral, e.g., sex expression, and fruit characters that include size, shape, skin texture, exterior and interior colors, sweetness and flavor, and postharvest shelf life. They are especially known for their fruit, which may be consumed fresh, cooked or baked, dried, or processed (Robinson and Decker-Walters, 1997). Immature or mature fruit are, depending on the species, consumed as fresh or cooked vegetables. Melon and watermelon are especially well known for their sweet, flavorful, and colorful fruit that are usually eaten fresh but may be processed in confections or jams (Fig. 1). Cucurbit seeds are edible fresh (Anon., 2012c) or dried (Fig. 1). They are a source of high-quality vegetable oil (Fig. 1) and the expressed meal is high in edible protein (Jacks et al., 1972). Roots (Gathman and Bemis, 1990) and leaves (Jensen, 2012) of some species may also be used for industrial or culinary purposes. Asia and cucurbits are intertwined. Origins of the many members of the Cucurbitaceae have been of great interest for 100+ years, some regarded as Old World (Asia and Africa), whereas others are regarded as New World (the Americas) species (for a somewhat dated overview, see Esquinas-Alcazar and Gulick, 1983). Recent analyses indicate, however, an Asian origin of the family Cucurbitaceae and numerous oversea dispersal events (Schaefer et al., 2009). India and Southeast Asia, including China, comprise the primary and secondary centers of diversity, respectively, of cucumber. India and central and southwest Asia comprise the primary center of diversity for melon with China as a secondary center of diversity (Esquinas-Alcazar and Gulick, 1983). India and Africa are primary centers of watermelon and related species (Esquinas-Alcazar and Gulick, 1983). Melon and cucumber likely moved westward overland through central Asian trade routes, collectively referred to as the Silk Road (Wild, 1992) through central Asia and the Middle East to Europe and Africa and from there onto the New World. In contrast, the center of diversity for watermelon is in Africa (Esquinas-Alcazar and Gulick, 1983); it is thought that cultivated watermelon moved from there to Asia. The center of diversity of bitter gourd is the Old World tropics with its highest diversity in India, China, and Southeast Asia (EsquinasAlcazar and Gulick, 1983). Bitter gourd likely arrived in the United States with Chinese immigrants in the 18th century. Seedless (tetraploid) watermelon, the product of an early 20th century discovery in Japan, entered the U.S. marketplace at the end of that century, where it quickly gained popularity when bred into a small fruit size background and adapted to U.S. growing conditions. Grafting of watermelon onto disease-resistant rootstocks was developed during the 1920s in Japan and Korea (Davis et al., 2008). This technology holds great promise for melon and watermelon production in the United States as the use of methyl bromide and other soil fumigants become more restricted (Davis et al., 2008). New resources, i.e., crop germplasm, and technology, e.g., tetraploidy and grafting, contribute to sustainable crop productivity (Day, 1997). We provide an overview of the positive impact of Asian cucurbit germplasm and technology on U.S. melon, cucumber, and watermelon production and the potential for bitter gourd, a relatively new commercial crop in the United States with many useful attributes.}, number={9}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={McCreight, James D. and Staub, Jack E. and Wehner, Todd C. and Dhillon, Narinder P. S.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1078–1089} }
 @article{kozik_klosinska_call_wehner_2013, title={Heritability and genetic variance estimates for resistance to downy mildew in cucumber accession Ames 2354}, volume={53}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Kozik, E. U. and Klosinska, U. and Call, A. D. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2013}, pages={177–182} }
 @article{kumar_dia_wehner_2013, title={Implications of Mating Behavior in Watermelon Breeding}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.8.960}, abstractNote={Understanding the natural mating behavior (self- or cross-pollination) in watermelon is important to the design of a suitable breeding strategy. The objective of this study was to measure the rate of self- and cross-pollination in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) using the dominant gene Sp (Spotted leaves and fruit) as a marker. The experiment consisted of two studies and was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 years (2009 to 2011) and four locations (Clinton, Kinston, Oxford, Lewiston, NC). For the intercrossing study, whole plots were the two spacings (1.2 3 0.3 m and 1.2 3 0.6 m) with four replications in 2010. For the inbreeding study, whole plots were two equidistant spacings (3 3 3 m and 6 3 6 m) with four replications in 2009 to 2011. Cultivars Allsweet and Mickylee were subplots within each whole plot. In the inbreeding study, spacing and year had a significant effect on the rate of self-pollination, which was moderate (47% and 54%, respectively) when water- melon plants were trained in a spiral and spaced 3 3 3 m or 6 3 6 m apart. Spacing and cultivar did not have a significant effect on cross-pollination in the intercrossing study. Closely spaced watermelon plants (1.2 3 0.3 m and 1.2 3 0.6 m) had low natural outcrossing rate (31% and 35%, respectively) and was not adequate to intercross families. However, breeders should consider the amount of self-pollination in watermelon to calculate the estimates of component of genetic variances.}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Kumar, Rakesh and Dia, Mahendra and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={960–964} }
 @article{tetteh_wehner_davis_2013, title={Inheritance of Resistance to Powdery Mildew Race 2 in Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.10.1227}, abstractNote={Information on the mode of inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in watermelon is important for designing a breeding strategy for the development of new cultivars. Resistance in the watermelon accession PI 270545 was investigated by generation means analysis by crossing it with susceptible PI 267677. The analyses showedinvolvementoftwogenes,arecessiveresistancegene,pmr-1,andadominantgene for moderate resistance, Pmr-2. Resistance to powdery mildew in the leaf had a large dominance effect and a heritability of 71%. The additive-dominance model was inadequate in explaining variation in leaf resistance as revealed by the joint scaling test. However, nonallelic interactions could not be detected by the nonweighted six-parameter scaling test. For stem resistance, the additive-dominance model was adequate, and inheritance was controlled mainly by additive effects. A high narrow-sense heritability of 79% suggested that selection for stem resistance in early generations would be effective.}, number={10}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Tetteh, Antonia Y. and Wehner, Todd C. and Davis, Angela R.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={1227–1230} }
 @article{tetteh_wehner_davis_2013, title={Inheritance of resistance to the new race of powdery mildew in watermelon}, volume={53}, number={3}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Tetteh, A. Y. and Wehner, T. C. and Davis, A. R.}, year={2013}, pages={880–887} }
 @article{zhang_miao_sun_wang_huang_wehner_gu_2013, title={Localization of a New Gene for Bitterness in Cucumber}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1465-7333"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/ess075}, abstractNote={Bitterness in cucumber fruit and foliage is due to the presence of cucurbitacins. Several genes have been described that control the trait, with bi (bi-1) making fruit and foliage bitter free and Bt (Bt-1) making the fruit highly bitter. Previous studies have reported the inheritance and molecular markers linked to bi-1 or Bt-1, but we were interested in studying the inheritance of fruit bitterness in the progeny of 2 nonbitter fruit inbred lines. The objective was to determine the inheritance of cucumber fruit and foliage bitterness and to locate them on a current linkage map using a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived by crossing 9110Gt and 9930. It was concluded from the inheritance analysis that there were 2 loci controlling fruit bitterness in the population. One locus was in the same position as the location previously identified for bi-1, and another locus was for bi-3. Using a simple sequence repeat (SSR) linkage map, 2 loci for fruit bitterness in this RILs population were mapped. The locus of bi-1 was located at the region between SSR0004 and SSR02309 within the genetic distance of 5.2 cM on chromosome 6. The locus of bi-3 was placed in the region of SSR00116-SSR05321 within the genetic distance of 6.3 cM on chromosome 5. The physical distances for the regions of bi-1 and bi-3 were 11,430.94 Kb with 160 predicted genes and 1528.23 Kb with 198 predicted genes, respectively. Among 160 predicted genes for bi-1, there is a terpene synthase gene named Csa008595, which was speculated as the candidate gene of bi-1.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Zhang, Shengping and Miao, Han and Sun, Rifei and Wang, Xiaowu and Huang, Sanwen and Wehner, Todd C. and Gu, Xingfang}, year={2013}, pages={134–139} }
 @article{kumar_wehner_2013, title={Quantitative Analysis of Generations for Inheritance of Fruit Yield in Watermelon}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.7.844}, abstractNote={T here is al arge genetic diversity fo rf ruit size and yield in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus). Current cultivars have high fruit quality but may not be the highest yielders. This study was designed to estimate variance components an dh eritability of fruit yield (Mg·ha L1 ), fruit count (th·ha L1 ), and fruit size (kg/fruit) in a cross involving high-yielding 'Mountain Hoosier' with low-yielding 'Minilee'. Six generations (PaS1 ,P bS1 ,F 1 ,F 2 ,B C1Pa ,a nd BC1Pb )w ere developed and tested in Summer 2008 at two locations in North Carolina. Discrete classes were not observed within the F2 segregating population. The actual distribution of the F2 population for fruit yield, fruit count, and fruit size deviated from the normal distribution. 'Mountain Hoosier' had higher parental and backcross variance than 'Minilee'. High F2 variance for fruit yield indicated large phenotypic variance. There was a larger environmental variance than genetic variance associated with the yield traits. Estimates of broad- and narrow-sense heritability were low to medium. A large number of effective factors indicated polygenic inheritance for fruit yield and fruit size. Gain from selection for yield is amendable by selection. As a result of this complex inheritance, selection based on individual plant selection in pedigree method may not be useful for yield improvement in this population. Hence, a selection scheme based on progeny testing using replicated plots, perhaps at multiple locations, is recommended.}, number={7}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Kumar, Rakesh and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={844–847} }
 @article{wehner_mou_2013, title={Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America List 27 2013}, volume={48}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.2.245}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.2.245}, abstractNote={This list of the North American vegetable cultivars was developed using the database of cultivars registered with the American Seed Trade Association, as well as published descriptions from scientific journals, seed catalogs, and websites of seed companies. Assistant editors responsible for each crop were instructed to obtain as much information as possible about the cultivars available to North American growers. The crop species are listed alphabetically, with cultivars listed alphabetically within each of those. The information about each cultivar is presented in a standard format that includes the cultivar name, experimental designation, breeder, vendor, parentage, plant characteristics, disease and other resistances, similar cultivars, areas of adaptation, plant variety protection information, reference information, and year of release. In many cases, complete information was not available for the cultivars included in the list. Previous vegetable cultivar lists have been published (1–26) in this journal, and its predecessor. 1. Anonymous. 1954. New vegetable varieties list I. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 63:503–525. 2. Anonymous. 1955. New vegetable varieties list II. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 65:493–511. 3. Anonymous. 1956. New vegetable varieties list III. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67:587–609. 4. Anonymous. 1957. New vegetable varieties list IV. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 69:574–587. 5. Anonymous. 1958. New vegetable varieties list V. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 71:591–600. 6. Anonymous. 1960. New vegetable varieties list VI. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 75:842–850. 7. Anonymous. 1961. New vegetable varieties list VII. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 77:648–653. 8. Anonymous. 1963. New vegetable varieties list VIII. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 82:652–660. 9. Anonymous. 1964. New vegetable varieties list IX. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 84:665–673. 10. Minges, P.A. 1965. New vegetable varieties list X and XI. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 86:824–845. 11. Minges, P.A. 1966. New vegetable varieties list XII. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88:718–726. 12. Minges, P.A. 1966. New vegetable varieties list XIII. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88:727–732. 13. Minges, P.A. 1967. New vegetable varieties list XIV. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 90:567–569. 14. Minges, P.A. 1968. New vegetable varieties list XV. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 92:823–840. 15. Barnes, W.C. 1969. New vegetable varieties list XVI. HortScience 4:65–69. 16. Barnes, W.C. 1970. New vegetable varieties list XVII. HortScience 5:146–149. 17. Barnes, W.C. 1971. New vegetable varieties list XVIII. HortScience 6:124–127. 18. Lower, R.L. 1973. New vegetable varieties list XIX. HortScience 8:465–470. 19. Lower, R.L. 1975. New vegetable varieties list XX. HortScience 10:467–470. 20. Tigchelaar, E.C. 1980. New vegetable cultivar list XXI. HortScience 15:565–578. 21. Tigchelaar, E.C. 1986. New vegetable cultivar list 22. HortScience 21:195–212. 22. Tigchelaar, E.C. 1991. New vegetable cultivar list 23. HortScience 26:343–357. 23. Wehner, T.C. 1999. Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America, list 24, 1999. HortScience 34:763–806. 24. Wehner, T.C. 1999. Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America, list 25, 1999. HortScience 34:957–1012. 25. Wehner, T.C. 2002. Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America, list 26, 2002. HortScience 37:15–78.}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, Todd C. and Mou, Beiquan}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={245–286} }
 @article{kumar_wehner_2012, title={Growth regulators improve the intercrossing rate of cucumber families for recurrent selection}, volume={52}, number={5}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Kumar, R. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2012}, pages={2115–2120} }
 @article{wehner_kumar_2012, title={Requirement for pollenizer in new monoecious hybrid cucumber 'NC-Sunshine'}, volume={22}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Kumar, R.}, year={2012}, pages={191–195} }
 @article{call_criswell_wehner_ando_grumet_2012, title={Resistance of Cucumber Cultivars to a New Strain of Cucurbit Downy Mildew}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.47.2.171}, abstractNote={Downy mildew, a foliar disease caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow, is one of the most destructive pathogens of cucurbits. From 1961 to 2003, resistant cucumber cultivars in the United States had sufficient resistance to grow a successful crop without the use of fungicides. The pathogen resurged as a major problem in 2004. Since then, the dm-1 gene has not been effective against the new strain of downy mildew, and yield losses are high without the use of fungicides. The objective of this experiment was to identify cultivars having high yield and resistance to the new downy mildew. The experiment had 86 cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) and was conducted in Clinton, NC, in 2007 and 2009, in Castle Hayne, NC, in 2008 and 2009, and in Bath, MI, in 2007 to 2009. Plots were rated weekly on a 0 to 9 scale (0 = none, 1-2 = trace, 3-4 = slight, 5-6 = moderate, 7-8 = severe, and 9 = dead). Mean ratings for downy mildew leaf damage ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 in Michigan in 2008 and 2009 and from 3.8 to 6.8 in North Carolina in 2007 to 2009. None of the cultigens tested in this study showed a high level of resistance, although differences in resistance were detected. Lines WI 2757 and M 21 and cultivar Picklet were consistently among the top resistant lines in North Carolina and Michigan. The cultivars Coolgreen, Wis. SMR 18, and Straight 8 were identified as moderately to highly susceptible. An unreleased hybrid, 'Nun 5053 F1', and the cultivar Cates were the top yielding lines overall. The highest yield in a single year and location was from the cultivar Cates in Clinton, NC, in 2009, with 25.6 Mgha -1 . The best cultivars in this study were only moderatelyresistantandwouldlikelyrequire fungicideapplications toachievehighyield and quality in the presence of downy mildew. Until high resistance becomes available, growers would benefit by using fungicides in combination with tolerant and moderately resistant cultigens.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Call, Adam D. and Criswell, Adam D. and Wehner, Todd C. and Ando, Kaori and Grumet, Rebecca}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={171–178} }
 @article{call_criswell_wehner_klosinska_kozik_2012, title={Screening Cucumber for Resistance to Downy Mildew Caused by (Berk. and Curt.) Rostov.}, volume={52}, ISSN={0011-183X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.06.0296}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2011.06.0296}, abstractNote={Downy mildew, a foliar disease caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostov. is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Moderately resistant cultivars are available, but yield losses are high without the use of fungicides. Higher levels of resistance are needed to reduce the need for fungicides. The objective of this study was to identify new sources of resistance to downy mildew among Plant Introduction accessions from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System, elite cultivars, and breeding lines of cucumber. A total of 1300 cultigens were tested in Clinton, NC, and Skierniewice, Poland, in 2005 to 2007 under natural fi eld epidemics. The most resistant and susceptible cultigens were further evaluated in replicated experiments in North Carolina and India in 2007 to 2009. Fungicide experiments were run in 2008 and 2009 to identify tolerance, involving weekly applications to one of two sets of material at a location. Results from the retest study confi rmed the results of the initial screening. The most resistant cultigens over all environments were PI 605996, PI 330628, and PI 197088. Cultigens have been found that signifi cantly outperform checks in all resistance traits. High yielding and tolerant cultigens have also been identifi ed that could be used in developing improved cultivars.}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Call, Adam D. and Criswell, Adam D. and Wehner, Todd C. and Klosinska, Urszula and Kozik, Elzbieta U.}, year={2012}, pages={577–592} }
 @inbook{king_davis_wehner_2011, title={Classical Genetics and Traditional Breeding}, ISBN={9781578087662 9781439888070}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11436-4}, DOI={10.1201/b11436-4}, booktitle={Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Cucurbits}, publisher={Science Publishers}, author={King, Stephen R and Davis, Angela R and Wehner, Todd C}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={61–92} }
 @article{kumar_wehner_2011, title={Discovery of Second Gene for Solid Dark Green versus Light Green Rind Pattern in Watermelon}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esr025}, abstractNote={The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus) has high variability for fruit size, shape, rind pattern, and flesh color. This study was designed to measure the qualitative inheritance of rind phenotypes (solid dark green vs. light green). For each of the 2 families, "Mountain Hoosier" × "Minilee" and "Early Arizona" × "Minilee," 6 generations (P(a)S(1), P(b)S(1), F(1), F(2), BC(1)P(a), BC(1)P(b)) were developed. Each family was tested in summer 2008 in 3 environments in North Carolina. Phenotypic data were analyzed with the χ(2) method to test the segregation of Mendelian genes. Deviations from the expected segregation ratios based on hypothesized single dominant gene for solid dark green versus light green rind pattern were recorded, raising questions on the inheritance of this trait. Inheritance of solid dark green rind versus light (gray) rind showed duplicate dominant epistasis. Duplicate dominant epistasis gives rise to a 15:1 ratio (solid dark green:light rind pattern) in F(2) generation. When both the loci are homozygous recessive, we observe light rind pattern. The g-1 and g-2 genes were identified to control light green rind when in homozygous recessive form.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Kumar, Rakesh and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2011}, pages={489–493} }
 @article{yang_miao_zhang_cheng_zhou_dong_wehner_gu_2011, title={Genetic analysis and mapping of gl-2 gene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)}, volume={38}, journal={Acta Horticulturae Sinica}, author={Yang, ShuangJuan and Miao, Han and Zhang, ShengPing and Cheng, ZhouChao and Zhou, Jian and Dong, ShaoYun and Wehner, T.C. and Gu, XingFang}, year={2011}, pages={1685–1692} }
 @article{kumar_wehner_2011, title={Inheritance of fruit yield in two watermelon populations in North Carolina}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-011-0503-1}, number={2}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Kumar, Rakesh and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={275–283} }
 @article{davis_webber_fish_wehner_king_perkins-veazie_2011, title={L-Citrulline Levels in Watermelon Cultigens Tested in Two Environments}, volume={46}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1572}, abstractNote={Producers of fresh fruits and vegetables face increasing production costs and international market competition. Growers who can offer high-quality watermelons (Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai) that are also highly nutritious will have better market opportunities. To accomplish that, germplasm must be identified that has enhanced phytonutrient levels. Surprisingly, there is little information on the genetics of nutritional quality in watermelon. The present study was performed on 56 watermelon cultivars, breeding lines, and PI accessions (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) to determine the importance of genotype and environmental effects on L-citrulline concentration in fruit, an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Our results demonstratedthat L-citrulline concentrationwas affectedbyenvironmentandthe amount of environmental effect varies among cultigens. The mean of fruit tested in Lane, OK, was 3.10 mgg -1 fresh weight and in College Station, TX, it was 1.67 mgg -1 fresh weight. All cultigens had a higher mean L-citrulline concentration when grown in Lane, OK, instead of College Station, TX. Additionally, the L-citrulline concentration varied considerably withincultigens;i.e.,'Congo'hada1.26to7.21mgg -1 freshsampledeviation.The cultigen 'AU-Jubilant' had the most stable L-citrulline concentration (2.23 to 4.03 mgg -1 fresh deviation) when tested from one location. Environment did not significantly increase within-genotype variation (average SE of 10 cultigens tested at each location was ± 35.3% for College Station, TX, and ± 32.9% for Lane, OK). L-citrulline concentration did not correlate with watermelon type (open-pollinated or F1 hybrid) or flesh color (red, orange, salmon yellow, or white). Differences among cultigens for L-citrulline were large (1.09 to 4.52 mgg -1 fresh sample). The cultigens with the highest L-citrulline concentration were 'Tom Watson', PI 306364, and 'Jubilee'. These could be used to develop cultivars having a high concentration of L-citrulline.}, number={12}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Davis, Angela R. and Webber, Charles L., III and Fish, Wayne W. and Wehner, Todd C. and King, Stephen and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1572–1575} }
 @article{zhang_miao_gu_yang_xie_wang_huang_du_sun_wehner_et al._2010, title={Genetic Mapping of the Scab Resistance Gene in Cucumber}, volume={135}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.135.1.53}, abstractNote={Scab, caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. et Arthur, is a prevalent disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) worldwide. Scab can cause serious losses for cucumber production, especially in protected culture such as high tunnel production. Resistance to cucumber scab is dominant and is controlled by a single gene, Ccu. Breeding for resistant cultivars is the most efficient way to control the disease. Selection for resistance might be made easier if the gene were mapped to linked markers. Thus far, there are no tightly linked (genetic distance less than 1 cM) simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the Ccu gene, and no studies on mapping of the Ccu gene in cucumber using SSR markers. The objective of this study was to identify SSR markers for use in molecular breeding of scab resistance. In this study, we used a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The population included 148 individuals derived from the cucumber inbred line 9110 Gt (Ccu Ccu) crossed with line 9930 (ccu ccu). The Ccu gene was mapped to linkage group 2, corresponding to chromosome 2 of cucumber. The flanking markers SSR03084 and SSR17631 were linked to the Ccu gene with distances of 0.7 and 1.6 cM, respectively. The veracity of SSR03084 and SSR17631 was tested using 59 diverse inbred lines and hybrids, and the accuracy rate for the two markers was 98.3%. In conclusion, two SSRs closely linked to scab resistance gene Ccu have been identified and can be used in a cucumber breeding program.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Zhang, S. P. and Miao, H. and Gu, X. F. and Yang, Y. H. and Xie, B. Y. and Wang, X. W. and Huang, S. W. and Du, Y. C. and Sun, R. F. and Wehner, Todd and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={53–58} }
 @article{tetteh_wehner_davis_2010, title={Identifying Resistance to Powdery Mildew Race 2W in the USDA-ARS Watermelon Germplasm Collection}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0135}, abstractNote={Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii has recently become an important disease of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] in the United States. The disease can be controlled with fungicides, but it would be more economical and environmentally safe to use genetic resistance. Here, we report sources of resistance to powdery mildew race 2W identifi ed in the evaluation of the entire U.S. watermelon Plant Introduction collection made of four Citrullus Schrad. ex. Eckl. & Zeyh. species and Praecitrullus fi stulosus (Stocks) Pangalo species. A total of 1654 PI accessions, cultivars, and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) were tested in the greenhouse using at least seven replications. From that, 54 cultigens including the 44 most resistant and 10 susceptible checks were retested in greenhouse and fi eld experiments. All cultigens showed symptoms of powdery mildew. Resistance was identifi ed in wild PI accessions. Eight cultigens had high resistance and 21 had intermediate resistance. Leaf and stem disease severity ratings were positively correlated (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001). Data were summarized from the screening and retest studies, and the most resistant cultigens were PI 632755, PI 386015, PI 189225, PI 346082, PI 525082, PI 432337, PI 386024, and PI 269365. The most susceptible cultigens were PI 222775 and PI 269677. Many of the resistant cultigens originated from Nigeria and Zimbabwe.}, number={3}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Tetteh, Antonia Y. and Wehner, Todd C. and Davis, Angela R.}, year={2010}, pages={933–939} }
 @article{ling_harris_meyer_levi_guner_wehner_bendahmane_havey_2009, title={Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the watermelon eIF4E gene are closely associated with resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-009-1169-0}, number={1}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Ling, Kai-Shu and Harris, Karen R. and Meyer, Jenelle D. F. and Levi, Amnon and Guner, Nihat and Wehner, Todd C. and Bendahmane, Abdelhafid and Havey, Michael J.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={191–200} }
 @article{kozik_wehner_2008, title={A single dominant gene Ch for chilling resistance in cucumber seedlings}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.133.2.225}, abstractNote={ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. cold tolerance, Cucumis sativus, vegetable breeding ABSTRACT. An experiment was conducted to determine the genetics of chilling resistance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) inbred NC-76 that was developed from PI 246930, an accession from the U.S. Department of Agriculture germplasm collection. NC-76 was crossed with 'Chipper' and breeding line Gy 14 to produce F1 ,F 1 reciprocal, F2, and BC1 generations for evaluation. Cucumber seedlings at the first true leaf stage were placed in growth chambers set at 4 8C for 7 h and a photosynthetic photon flux of 500 mmolm -2 s -1 . Segregation in the F2 fit a 3 : 1 inheritance pattern, with resistance being dominant. The backcross of the F1 to the susceptible parent produced a 1 : 1 ratio, confirming that chilling resistance was from a single gene. The single dominant gene controlling chilling resistance in NC-76 was given the symbol Ch.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Kozik, Elzbieta U. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={225–227} }
 @article{zhang_gu_wehner_2008, title={Brief introduction about cucumber production, breeding and processing in U.S.A.}, volume={1}, journal={China Vegetables}, author={Zhang, S. and Gu, X. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={2008}, pages={6–8} }
 @misc{gusmini_wehner_2008, title={Fifty-five years of yield improvement for cucumber, melon, and watermelon in the United States}, volume={18}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2008}, pages={9–12} }
 @inbook{staub_robbins_wehner_2007, title={Cucumber}, ISBN={9780387722917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_8}, DOI={10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_8}, booktitle={Handbook of Plant Breeding}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Staub, Jack E. and Robbins, Matthew D. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={241–282} }
 @article{davis_levi_tetteh_wehner_russo_pitrat_2007, title={Evaluation of watermelon and related species for resistance to race 1W powdery mildew}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.132.6.790}, abstractNote={ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Citrullus lanatus, Podosphaera xanthii, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Cucumis melo, pathotype ABSTRACT. Powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) Braun & Shishkoff (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea auct. p.p.)) is now a common disease on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) in the United States. In this study, the entire available U.S. Plant Introduction collection of Citrullus Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. species was evaluated for resistance to P. xanthii race 1W. The collection consists of four Citrullus species and one Praecitrullus Pangalo species (C. lanatusvar.citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf., C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad.,C. rehmii De Winter, and P. fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo). Wild-type accessions tended to be more resistant more often than the cultivated species, C.lanatusvar.lanatus.Nonewereimmune,eightofthe1573accessions exhibitedhighlevelsofresistance, andanother 86 demonstrated intermediate resistance. Stem and leaf disease severity were weakly correlated (r 2 = 0.64, P = 0.001). The majority of accessions having resistance were collected in Zimbabwe. Resistance was found in four species.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Davis, Angela R. and Levi, Amnon and Tetteh, Antonia and Wehner, Todd and Russo, Vincent and Pitrat, Michel}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={790–795} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2007, title={Heritability and genetic variance estimates for fruit weight in watermelon}, volume={42}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2007}, pages={1332–1336} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_donaghy_2007, title={SASQuant: A SAS software program to estimate genetic effects and heritabilities of quantitative traits in Populations consisting of 6 related generations}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1465-7333"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esm033}, abstractNote={Plant breeders are interested in the analysis of phenotypic data to measure genetic effects and heritability of quantitative traits and predict gain from selection. Measurement of phenotypic values of 6 related generations (parents, F(1), F(2), and backcrosses) allows for the simultaneous analysis of both Mendelian and quantitative traits. In 1997, Liu et al. released a SAS software based program (SASGENE) for the analysis of inheritance and linkage of qualitative traits. We have developed a new program (SASQuant) that estimates gene effects (Hayman's model), genetic variances, heritability, predicted gain from selection (Wright's and Warner's models), and number of effective factors (Wright's, Mather's, and Lande's models). SASQuant makes use of traditional genetic models and allows for their easy application to complex data sets. SASQuant is freely available and is intended for scientists studying quantitative traits in plant populations.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Gusmini, Gabriele and Wehner, Todd C. and Donaghy, Sandra B.}, year={2007}, pages={345–350} }
 @inbook{wehner_2007, title={Watermelon}, ISBN={9780387722917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12}, DOI={10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12}, booktitle={Handbook of Plant Breeding}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={381–418} }
 @article{joobeur_gusmini_zhang_levi_xu_wehner_oliver_dean_2006, title={Construction of a watermelon BAC library and identification of SSRs anchored to melon or Arabidopsis genomes}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-006-0258-6}, number={8}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Joobeur, T. and Gusmini, G. and Zhang, X. and Levi, A. and Xu, Y. and Wehner, T. C. and Oliver, M. and Dean, R. A.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={1553–1562} }
 @article{klosinska_kozik_wehner_2006, title={Inheritance of a new trait - Twin fuse fruit - in cucumber}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.41.2.313}, abstractNote={A new trait, twin fused fruit, was discovered in gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) line B 5263. Plants with the twin fused fruit trait had two fruit fused into a single unit. In addition to having the twin fused fruit trait, line B 5263 had fruit with necks, large tubercles (warts), and dark green skin. The inheritance of twin fused fruit was studied in populations resulting from crosses between gynoecious line B 5263 (twin fused fruit) and monoecious line B 5404 (single fruit). Research was done in 1999 to 2001 in the greenhouses of the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, Poland. The F 1 progeny developed single fruit in all cases. The observed distribution of plant phenotypes in the F 2 fitted the expected ratio of 3 with single fruit: 1 with twin fused fruit. The observed distribution of plant phenotypes in the BO 1A fitted the expected ratio of 1 with single fruit: 1 with twin fused fruit. Twin fused fruit occurred only in gynoecious plants, and never in monoecious plants of the cross. In the F 2 progeny, the ratio of twin fused fruit within gynoecious plants fitted the expected ratio but the gene was not expressed in monoecious plants. In the F 2 generation, the observed distribution of plant phenotypes fitted the expected ratio of 9 gynoecious single: 4 monoecious single: 3 gynoecious twin fused: 0 monoecious twin fused, indicating that there was epistasis, with twin fused fruit hypostatic to monoecious. The new gene will be named tf(twin fused fruit).}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Klosinska, U and Kozik, EU and Wehner, TC}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={313–314} }
 @article{davis_levi_wehner_pitrat_2006, title={PI525088-PMR, a melon race 1 powdery mildew-resistant watermelon line}, volume={41}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.41.7.1527}, abstractNote={PI 525088-PMR is a watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) line having resistance to melon race one powdery mildew (PM) Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea auct. p.p.). The line is derived from the U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) 525088 (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus). PI 525088PMR does not have desirable fruit quality with fruit flesh color being white to light pink and an average Brix value of 6. However, it could be a useful parent for introducing race one powdery mildew (P. xanthii) resistance into adapted watermelon cultivars.}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Davis, A. R. and Levi, A. and Wehner, Todd and Pitrat, M.}, year={2006}, pages={1527–1528} }
 @article{walters_wehner_daykin_barker_2006, title={Penetration rates of root-knot nematodes into Cucumis sativus and C-metuliferus roots and subsequent histological changes}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={Nematropica}, author={Walters, S. A. and Wehner, T. C. and Daykin, M. E. and Barker, K. R.}, year={2006}, pages={231–242} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2006, title={Qualitative inheritance of rind pattern and flesh color in watermelon}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1465-7333"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esj023}, abstractNote={Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] is a diverse species, with fruits of different sizes, shapes, rind patterns, and flesh colors. This study measured the inheritance of novel rind phenotypes and verified the genetics of white, red, salmon yellow, and canary yellow flesh colors. For each of the 11 crosses, six generations (P(a)S1, P(b)S1, F1, F2, BC1P(a), and BC1P(b)) were produced to form 11 families. Three new genes were identified and designated as follows: Scr for the scarlet red flesh color of Dixielee and Red-N-Sweet, Yb for the yellow belly (ground spot) of Black Diamond Yellow Belly, and ins for the intermittent stripes of Navajo Sweet. The inheritance of the C gene for the canary yellow flesh color was verified as single dominant, and a new inbred type line was developed possessing that gene. Aberrations in the segregation of red, white, and salmon yellow flesh colors were recorded, raising questions on the inheritance of these traits. Finally, the spotted phenotype from Moon and Stars was combined with light green and gray rind patterns for the development of novel cultivars with distinctive rind patterns.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Gusmini, G and Wehner, TC}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={177–185} }
 @article{wehner_2005, title={'NC-Davie' and 'NC-Duplin' pickling cucumber hybrids}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1574}, abstractNote={Four pickling (processing) cucumber inbreds (NC-54, NC-55, NC-56, and NC-57) and two pickling cucumber hybrids (‘NCDavie’ and ‘NC-Duplin’), were developed at North Carolina State University. As with most cucumber cultivars released from N.C. State, ‘NC-Davie’ and ‘NC-Duplin’ were named for places around the state. ‘NC-Davie’ is the F 1 of NC-54 × NC-55, and ‘NC-Duplin’ is the F 1 of NC-56 × NC-57. The four inbreds have been self-pollinated past the S 12 generation, and were developed from the North Carolina Elite Determinate Pickling (NCEDP) cucumber population. The NCEDP population was developed by 1) crossing elite hybrids and inbreds with NCSU M 21 dwarf-determinate inbred in 1983; 2) intercrossing the determinate F 2 with determinate hybrids and inbreds; and 3) intercrossing the F 1 to form a population for use in recurrent selection. Selection methods were developed that optimized gain for yield and other traits (Wehner, 1989). Selection in the NCEDP population was for fruit shape, and total, marketable and early yield in the spring season, as well as for resistance to foliar fungal diseases in the summer season. The main diseases in the summer were anthracnose [Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. and Curt.) Arx] and gummy stem blight [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm]. In addition to yield, earliness, quality and disease resistance, the cucumber families were selected for production of suffi cient seeds to plant the test and intercross plots, rapid seed germination and emergence, rapid vine growth and fl owering, and proper fruit type.}, number={5}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1574–1576} }
 @article{wehner_2005, title={'NC-Sunshine' and 'NC-Stratford' slicing cucumber hybrids}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1577}, abstractNote={Four slicing (fresh-market) cucumber inbreds (NC-58, NC-59, NC-62, and NC-63) and two hybrids (‘NC-Stratford’ and ‘NCSunshine’), were developed at North Carolina State University. As with most cucumber cultivars released from N.C. State, ‘NC-Stratford’ and ‘NC-Sunshine’ were named for places around the state. ‘NC-Stratford’ is the F 1 of NC-58 × NC-59, and ‘NC-Sunshine’ is the F 1 of NC-62 × NC-63. The four inbreds have been self-pollinated past the S 12 generation, and were developed from the North Carolina Elite Determinate Slicer (NCEDS) population. The NCEDS population was developed by 1) crossing elite hybrids and inbreds with ‘Spacemaster’ dwarf-determinate inbred in 1983; 2) intercrossing the dwarf-determinate F 2 with dwarf-determinate hybrids and inbreds; and 3) intercrossing the F 1 to form a population for use in recurrent selection. Selection methods were developed that optimized gain for yield and other traits (Wehner, 1989). Selection in the NCEDS population was for fruit shape, and total, marketable and early yield in the spring season, as well as for resistance to foliar fungal diseases in the summer season. The main diseases in the summer were anthracnose [Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. and Curt.) Arx] and gummy stem blight [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm]. In addition to yield, earliness, quality and disease resistance, the cucumber families were selected for production of suffi cient seeds to plant the test and intercross plots, rapid seed germination and emergence, rapid vine growth and fl owering, and proper fruit type.}, number={5}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1577–1579} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2005, title={Foundations of yield improvement in watermelon (vol 45, pg 141, 2003)}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0810}, abstractNote={High yield is a major goal for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] breeders. The objective of this study was to measure yield in a diverse set of watermelon cultivars to identify high-yielding germplasm for use in breeding programs. Phenotypic variation for fruit yield in a diverse set of 80 watermelon cultivars was studied in the field in North Carolina. Yield was evaluated in replicated experiments of three environments (combinations of 2 yr and two locations), and two to four replications per environment. Plots were harvested one to two times, depending on the average maturity of the fruits at the first harvest. The highest yield overall was obtained from 'Mountain Hoosier' and 'Starbrite'. Some of the new, elite hybrid cultivars were in the top-yielding group, but there were old, inbred cultivars in the top group as well. Consistent and significant yield differences among the 80 cultivars across environments indicates genetic variation for the trait. In addition, high-yielding cultivars for use in breeding programs were identified. Watermelon breeders interested in developing new, high-yielding cultivars should make use of top performers in this study in their breeding programs.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Gusmini, G and Wehner, TC}, year={2005}, pages={810–810} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2005, title={Genes determining rind pattern inheritance in watermelon: A review}, volume={40}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2005}, pages={1928–1930} }
 @article{gusmini_song_wehner_2005, title={New sources of resistance to gummy stem blight in watermelon}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0582}, abstractNote={Gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm, is a major disease of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. Plant breeders need sources of resistance that can be incorporated into adapted breeding lines to help control the disease. We tested all the available accessions from the USDA-ARS watermelon germplasm collection, including C. lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf., for resistance to gummy stem blight. The experiment was a randomized complete block with 1332 cultigens, two sites (field and greenhouse), two or four replications, and two to six plants per plot. The resistant check was PI 189225 and the susceptible check was 'Charleston Gray'. PI 279461, PI 482379, PI 254744, PI 526233, PI 482276, PI 271771, PI 164248, PI 244019, PI 296332, and PI 490383 were selected as the most resistant cultigens to be used in future breeding efforts. The most susceptible cultigens were PI 183398, PI 169286, PI 223764, PI 226445, PI 525084, PI 534597, and PI 278041.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Gusmini, G and Song, RH and Wehner, TC}, year={2005}, pages={582–588} }
 @article{guner_wehner_2004, title={A fasciated mutant in watermelon}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Guner, N. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={30} }
 @article{guner_wehner_2004, title={Accessions having opposite leaf arrangement at the first true leaf in watermelon}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Guner, N. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={32} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2004, title={Cultivars suitable for watermelon rind pickles}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={41} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2004, title={Estimates of variance components and broad-sense heritability for yield in watermelon}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={45} }
 @article{wehner_shetty_sloane_2004, title={Field and detached-fruit screening tests for resistance to belly rot in cucumber}, volume={39}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Shetty, N. V. and Sloane, J. T.}, year={2004}, pages={149–152} }
 @article{wehner_guner_2004, title={Growth stage, flowering pattern, yield, and harvest date prediction of four types of cucumber tested at 10 planting dates}, ISBN={["90-6605-667-3"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.637.27}, abstractNote={Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a major vegetable crop worldwide. Compared with many crops, cucumber reaches harvest stage rapidly. Computer growth models have been developed to help researchers, growers, and processors predict plant development and harvest date. The objective of this study was 1) to study growth and development of cucumber using both days after planting and cumulative heat units (HU) to determine their value in prediction of harvest date for pickling cucumbers grown in North Carolina, and 2) to study vegetative and flowering patterns from planting to harvest. The experiment was a split-plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plantings were made every week for 10 weeks (30 April through 2 July). Four cultigens were chosen to represent a range of types. Data on plant growth stage and weather conditions were collected daily. Main growth stages were planting (direct seeding), emergence, vine tip over, flowering, and fruit harvest. Heat units were calculated from weather data using a model with the daily maximum air temperature, a base temperature of 15.5°C, and a reducing ceiling of 32°C. ‘Calypso’ was the earliest maturing cultigen, M 21 and Wis. SMR 18 were intermediate, and WI 2757 was the latest. Plantings made early in the season required more days to reach fruiting stage than those made later. Heat units were more stable over planting dates than days after planting. ‘Calypso’ had more branches per plant and more nodes per branch than the dwarf-determinate cultigen M 21. Early yield was correlated with number of branches/plant and nodes/branch. Additional research is needed to improve the heat unit model so that it predicts harvest date accurately regardless of planting date. INTRODUCTION Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a major vegetable crop in North Carolina, with the second largest production of pickling cucumber, and the third largest production of slicing cucumber in the U.S. (United States Department of Agriculture, 2001). Cucumber develops rapidly, with a shorter time from planting to harvest than for most crops. However, the number of days to harvest changes with temperature, making it difficult to predict. Computer growth models have been developed for crop production systems, providing a means for organizing what is known about their growth and development. An example of a model that has been used successfully for soybean studies is SOYGRO (Wilkerson et al., 1983; Jones et al., 1991). Prediction of growth stage and harvest date have been used to improve crop management. Uses include scheduling labor and machinery, integrated pest management practices, and timely production for high market prices (Perry and Wehner, 1996). Most cucumber cultivars grown before 1980 were monoecious. In monoecious cultivars, the staminate flowers are produced first (nodes 1 to 9), followed by an alternating staminate-pistillate stage, and finally, a continuous pistillate stage (Shifriss, 1961; Tasdighi and Baker, 1981). Yield is dependent on pollination, since fruits develop after bees pollinate the pistillate flowers, unless the plant is parthenocarpic. Now, most Proc. XXVI IHC – Advances in Vegetable Breeding Eds. J.D. McCreight and E.J. Ryder Acta Hort. 637, ISHS 2004 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) 224 cultivars of pickling and slicing cucumber used in the U.S. are gynoecious hybrids. Gynoecious plants usually have a ratio of pistillate to staminate flowers of 9:1 (McMurray and Miller, 1969). Gynoecious cultivars intended for field production are blended with a monoecious hybrid or inbred to provide the pollen necessary for fruit set, with 10 to 15% monoecious plants being optimum (Miller, 1976). Gynoecious hybrid cultivars and mechanical harvesting make harvest prediction for cucumber even more important for harvest scheduling and grower profitability. A heat unit model has been developed for cucumber (Perry et al., 1986; Perry and Wehner, 1990) that predicts harvest date for cucumbers grown under different conditions. Other models (Chen et al., 1975; Haffar and Van Ee, 1990) have been developed to solve additional production problems. The objective of this study was to compare days after planting and cumulative heat units to determine their value in prediction of harvest date for pickling cucumbers grown in North Carolina. Further, we were interested to determine the relationship between yield and vegetative traits such as branch number, node number, and percentage of pistillate nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS All experiments were conducted at the Horticultural Crops Research Station, Clinton, N.C. Plantings were made every week for 10 weeks (30 April through 2 July). The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications and a split plot treatment arrangement. Whole plots were 10 planting dates and subplots were four cultivars and breeding lines (cultigens). The four cultigens ‘Calypso’, M 21, ‘Wis. SMR 18’, and WI 2757 were chosen to represent groups of interest to breeders, including inbreds vs. hybrids, new vs. old releases, anthracnose resistant vs. susceptible, and early vs. late maturity. Plots were seeded on raised, shaped beds in rows 1.5 m apart. Plots were 6 m long separated by 1.5 m alleys at each end and were thinned to 60 plants per plot (64,556 plants/ha). The soil type in the study was a mixture of Norfolk, Orangeburg, and Rains (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) with some Goldsboro (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Aquic Paleudults). Recommended horticultural practices (Schultheis, 1990) were used for all experiments. Fertilizer was incorporated before planting at a rate of 90-39-74 kg/ha (N-P-K), with an additional 34 kg/ha N applied at the vine tip over stage. Curbit (ethalfluralin N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine) was applied for weed control. Irrigation was applied when needed for a total (irrigation plus rainfall) of 25 to 40 mm per week. ‘Sumter’ pollenizer was planted in side rows and end plots to provide additional pollen and border competition for the test plots. No disease problems were observed. Data on plant growth stage and weather conditions were collected daily. Main growth stages were emergence (50% of plants at cotyledon stage), vine tip over (50% of plants had top leaves touching soil), flowering (50% of plants with flowering), and fruit harvest. Harvest stage was further divided into 5, 25, 50, and 75% fruit yield from six harvests. Total yield was the sum of six harvests, and early yield was the sum of the first two harvests. Heat units were calculated from weather data using the method of Perry et al. (1986), which uses the daily maximum air temperature, a base temperature of 15.5°C, and a reducing ceiling of 32°C: If maximum air temperature (Max)≤32°C, then HU=Max-15.5; If maximum air temperature (Max)>32°C, then HU=[32-(Max-32)]-15.5. Vegetative traits were measured at first harvest, including branches/plant, node of branch location, nodes / branch, and number of staminate and pistillate flowers. All plots were harvested when 50-mm-diameter fruit were first observed in the experiment. Plots were harvested twice weekly for three weeks. Fruit were graded as marketable or cull, and weighed to get marketable yield. Marketable yield was highly correlated (r = 0.99) with total yield (marketable + cull), so data on total yield data were not presented in the figures and tables. Early yield was fruit weight in the first two harvests. Data were}, number={637}, journal={ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, TC and Guner, N}, year={2004}, pages={223–229} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2004, title={Heterosis for yield in a watermelon hybrid}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={43} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_jarret_2004, title={Inheritance of egusi seed type in watermelon}, volume={95}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esh031}, abstractNote={An unusual seed mutant in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) has seeds with a fleshy pericarp, commonly called egusi seeds. The origin of the phenotype is unknown, but it is widely cultivated in Nigeria for the high protein and carbohydrate content of the edible seeds. Egusi seeds have a thick, fleshy pericarp that appears during the second to third week of fruit development. We studied the inheritance of this phenotype in crosses of normal seeded Charleston Gray and Calhoun Gray with two plant introduction accessions, PI 490383w and PI 560006, having the egusi seed type. We found that the egusi seed type is controlled by a single recessive gene, and the symbol eg was assigned.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Heredity}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, Todd and Jarret, R. L.}, year={2004}, pages={268–270} }
 @article{xu_kang_shi_shen_wehner_2004, title={Inheritance of resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus in watermelon}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1465-7333"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/esh076}, abstractNote={High resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus-China strain (ZYMV-CH) and moderate resistance to watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) were found in a selection of PI 595203 (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus), an Egusi type originally collected in Nigeria. Mixed inoculations showed primarily that these two viruses have no cross-protection. This fact may explain the high frequency of mixed infection often observed in commercial fields. When plants were inoculated with a mixture of the two viruses, the frequency of plants resistant to ZYMV was lower than expected, indicating that WMV infection may reduce the ability of a plant to resist ZYMV. We studied inheritance of resistance to ZYMV-CH and WMV, using crosses between a single-plant selection of PI 595203 and the ZYMV-susceptible watermelon inbreds 9811 and 98R. According to virus ratings of the susceptible parents, the resistant parent, and the F1, F2, and BC1 generations, resistance to ZYMV-CH was conferred by a single recessive gene, for which the symbol zym-CH is suggested. The high tolerance to WMV was controlled by at least two recessive genes.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Xu, Y and Kang, D and Shi, Z and Shen, H and Wehner, T}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={498–502} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_joobeur_dean_levi_2004, title={Protocol for DNA extraction from watermelon leaves for SSR marker studies}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C. and Joobeur, T. and Dean, R. A. and Levi, A.}, year={2004}, pages={25} }
 @article{wehner_guner_2004, title={Qualitative genes for use in development of elite watermelon cultivars}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Guner, N.}, year={2004}, pages={24} }
 @article{gusmini_schultheis_wehner_2004, title={Rind thickness of watermelon cultivars for use in pickle production}, volume={14}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Gusmini, G. and Schultheis, J. R. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={540–545} }
 @article{song_gusmini_wehner_2004, title={Screening the watermelon germplasm collection for resistance to gummy stem blight}, ISBN={["90-6605-667-3"]}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.637.6}, abstractNote={All available accessions from the USDA watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) germplasm collection, including C. lanatus var. citroides, were screened for resistance to gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae, anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum). The experiment was a randomized complete block with 1,325 cultigens (elite cultivars, obsolete cultivars, breeding lines, and PI accessions), two locations (field and greenhouse), and two or four replications. Isolates used were collected from cucurbits and verified for virulence on watermelon. The most resistant cultigens were significantly better than the check, ‘Charleston Gray’, and the most susceptible cultigens were significantly worse. The most resistant and most susceptible cultigens were retested, along with check cultivars (including a set of cucumber cultigens with known characteristics of resistance and susceptibility), to verify their reaction. The retest was a randomized complete block with 75 (38 in 2000) cultigens, two locations (field and greenhouse), and three or four replications. The most resistant cultigens were PI 279461, PI 254744, PI 482379, PI 244019, PI 526233, PI 482276, PI 164248, PI 482284, PI 296332, PI 490383, PI 271771, and PI 379243. The most susceptible cultigens were PI 226445, PI 534597, PI 525084, PI 223764, PI 169286, and PI 183398. INTRODUCTION Gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm) is one of the most destructive diseases of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai), a major vegetable crop in the U.S. (Schenck, 1962; Keinath, 1995). Gummy stem blight causes crown blight, extensive defoliation and fruit rot, and can cause severe losses in the field. For example, in 1991 over 15% of the watermelon crop in South Carolina was abandoned before harvest (Power, 1992). The disease also causes loss of fruit during storage and transportation (Leupschen, 1961; Sowell and Pointer, 1962; Norton, 1978). Didymella bryoniae is seed-borne (Lee et al., 1984), air-borne (Van Steekelenburg, 1983), and soil-borne (Keinath, 1996; Bruton, 1998). The fungus persists in crop residue even at extreme temperatures, such as –9°C for 14 days (Van Steekelenburg, 1983). D. bryoniae is a facultatively necrotrophic fungus (Svedelius, 1990); thus, wounding the leaves, particularly the old ones (Van Steekelenburg, 1985a), helps disease initiation because the production of exudates from the lesions favors the fungus in its growth and infection. High relative humidity and the presence of free water on the plants are required for the fungus to induce large lesions on leaves and stems (Van Steekelenburg, 1981, 1984, 1985a, b). Finally, there is no evidence of race specialization for this pathogen (St. Amand and Wehner, 1995). Genetic resistance has received attention in the last 50 years. Differences in resistance to gummy stem blight have been demonstrated among cultivars of watermelon. ‘Congo’ was the least susceptible, ‘Fairfax’ was intermediate, and ‘Charleston Gray’ was the most susceptible (Schenck, 1962). PI 189225 was the most resistant accession of 439 evaluated from the USDA watermelon germplasm collection (Sowell and Pointer, 1962). Proc. XXVI IHC – Advances in Vegetable Breeding Eds. J.D. McCreight and E.J. Ryder Acta Hort. 637, ISHS 2004 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) 64 Several years later, PI 271778 was identified as an additional source of resistance (Sowell, 1975). It had a disease response that was intermediate between PI 189225 and ‘Charleston Gray’. A later screening effort of 138 watermelon accessions showed that PI 500335, PI 505590, PI 512373, PI 164247, and PI 500334 were resistant to gummy stem blight (Boyhan et al., 1994). Resistant cultivars were developed from two crosses (‘Jubilee’ x PI 271778 and ‘Crimson Sweet’ x PI 189225) by selecting disease-resistant seedlings from backcrossed families that produced high yield of excellent quality fruit (Norton et al., 1986). ‘AU-Jubilant’ and ‘AU-Producer’ (Norton et al., 1986), ‘AUGolden Producer’ (Norton et al., 1993), and ‘AU-Sweet Scarlet’ (Norton et al., 1995) were released with moderate to high resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, and gummy stem blight in greenhouse screening tests. Seedling screening methods are the most commonly used among breeders to test new cultivars and lines for resistance to gummy stem blight in cucurbits (Zhang et al., 1995; Dias et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 1997; Wehner and Shetty, 2000). Tests involve spraying seedlings with a water suspension of spores collected from in vitro cultures of the pathogen. However, in field tests the gummy stem blight resistance of these cultivars has not proven useful. So far, no cultivars of watermelon (Sumner and Hall, 1993) have been released that have high resistance to gummy stem blight. The objective of this study was to identify new and useful sources of resistance to gummy stem blight by screening the USDA watermelon germplasm collection. The ultimate objective was to develop resistant and adapted cultivars. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locations and Seed Sources All experiments were run at the Plant Pathology greenhouses in Raleigh, N.C., and at the Horticultural Crops Research Station, Clinton, N.C. All Citrullus Plant Introduction (PI) accessions were obtained from the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, Griffin, Ga. The accessions originated from 66 different countries. The checks were 51 watermelon cultivars, along with a set of seven cucumber cultivars, to provide reference points for gummy stem blight resistance. The checks were obtained from public and private plant breeders in the U.S. Inoculum Preparation For all tests, D. bryoniae was increased on petri plates containing 15 ml potato dextrose agar (PDA). Inoculated plates were incubated for 2 to 3 weeks at 24 ± 2°C under alternating periods of 12 h fluorescent light (40 to 90 μmol.m.sec PPFD) and 12 h darkness until sporulating pycnidia formed. For all inoculations, a spore suspension was prepared by flooding the culture plates with 5 to 10 ml of sterile, distilled water and scraping the surface of the agar using a finger. The liquid from each plate was filtered through 4 layers of cheese-cloth to remove mycelia, pycnidia and dislodged agar. The final pH of the inoculum was unadjusted. Spore concentration was measured with a hemacytometer and adjusted to a concentration of 5x10 spores/ml adding deionized water. Immediately before inoculation, Tween 80 (2 drops/L) was added to the inoculum. Inoculation Procedure In the greenhouse test, plants were inoculated at the second true leaf stage, after the leaf surface was damaged by brushing it with a wooden stake. Inoculum was applied using a hand-pumped spray bottle (EcoLogical, Sprayco, Mich.). Immediately after inoculation, plants were placed in a humidity chamber with clear-plastic walls (top open during the summer, top closed during the winter). Humidifiers were used in the chamber (Model 500, Trion, Sanford, N.C.) running continuously for the treatment time (1 day before inoculation through 3 days after inoculation) to keep the relative humidity close to 100% day and night. Plants in all treatments were watered daily using overhead sprinklers, except when humidifiers were running.}, number={637}, journal={ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Song, R and Gusmini, G and Wehner, TC}, year={2004}, pages={63–68} }
 @article{gusmini_schultheis_wehner_2004, title={Some considerations on speed of weighing watermelon fruit in yield trials}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={27}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Schultheis, J. R. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={49} }
 @article{guner_wehner_2004, title={The  genes of watermelon}, volume={39}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Guner, N. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2004}, pages={1175–1182} }
 @inbook{wehner_maynard_2003, place={New York}, title={Cucumbers, melons, and other cucurbits}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Food and Culture}, publisher={Scribner & Sons}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Maynard, D.N.}, editor={Katz, S.H.Editor}, year={2003} }
 @misc{wehner_maynard_2003, title={Cucurbitaceae (Vine Crops)}, ISBN={0470016175 9780470016176 047001590X 9780470015902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0003723}, DOI={10.1038/npg.els.0003723}, abstractNote={Abstract The Cucurbitaceae or vine crop family is a distinct family without any close relatives and includes many important vegetables such as cucumber, melon, watermelon, squash, pumpkin and gourds.}, journal={Encyclopedia of Life Sciences}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, author={Wehner, Todd C and Maynard, Donald N}, year={2003}, month={Jul} }
 @inbook{liu_wehner_donaghy_2003, place={Binghamton, NY}, title={Gene segregation and linkage analysis}, booktitle={Handbook of formulas and software for plant geneticists and breeders}, publisher={Haworth Reference Press}, author={Liu, J. and Wehner, T.C. and Donaghy, S.B.}, editor={Kang, M.S.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={231–253} }
 @article{neppl_wehner_schultheis_2003, title={Interaction of border and center rows of multiple row plots in watermelon yield trials}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1023958321626}, number={2}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Neppl, GP and Wehner, TC and Schultheis, JR}, year={2003}, pages={225–234} }
 @article{xie_wehner_wollenberg_purugganan_conkling_2003, title={Intron and polypeptide evolution of conserved NPA to NPA motif regions in plant aquaporins}, volume={128}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Xie, J. H. and Wehner, T. C. and Wollenberg, K. and Purugganan, M. D. and Conkling, M. A.}, year={2003}, pages={591–597} }
 @article{gusmini_ellington_wehner_2003, title={Mass production of gummy stem blight spores for resistance screening}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={26}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Ellington, T. L. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2003}, pages={26} }
 @inbook{cramer_wehner_donaghy_2003, place={Binghamton, NY}, title={PATHSAS: Path coefficient analysis of quantitative traits}, booktitle={Handbook of formulas and software for plant geneticists and breeders}, publisher={Haworth Reference Press}, author={Cramer, C.S. and Wehner, T.C. and Donaghy, S.B.}, editor={Kang, M.S.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={89–96} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_2003, title={Polygenic inheritance of some vine traits in two segregating watermelon families}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={26}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2003}, pages={32} }
 @article{guner_wehner_2003, title={Survey of US land-grant universities for training of plant breeding students}, volume={43}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.1938}, abstractNote={A survey was conducted to identify land-grant universities in the USA having plant breeding programs, and to determine the number of domestic and international plant breeding students graduating at the M.S. and Ph.D. levels from those programs in 1995 to 2000. A total of 71 U.S. land-grant universities were identified. There were 409 (53%) Ph.D. and 361 (47%) M.S. degrees awarded. Of the total, 362 (47%) graduates were domestic and 408 (53%) were international. There was no major change in the total number of plant breeding graduates during the 6-yr period. The largest numbers of plant breeding students were trained in agronomy (crop science) departments, followed by plant breeding departments or groups, horticulture departments, plant science departments, and combined agronomy-horticulture departments. Universities with an average of seven or more graduates per year were University of Wisconsin-Madison, North Carolina State University, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Cornell University, University of Minnesota-St. Paul, Iowa State University, and Texas A&M University. The downward trend noted in previous surveys has continued to the point where there are only a few universities with large plant breeding programs remaining in each region of the country. If the USA is going to continue its public effort in plant breeding research and graduate student training, sufficient federal and state funding will have to be provided to support at least the current regional centers.}, number={6}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Guner, N. and Wehner, Todd}, year={2003}, pages={1938–1944} }
 @inbook{wehner_2003, place={Chicago, Illinois}, title={Watermelon}, booktitle={World Book Encyclopedia}, publisher={World Book}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, year={2003}, pages={146} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_holmes_2002, title={Disease assessment scales for seedling screening and detached leaf assay for gummy stem blight in watermelon}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={25}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C. and Holmes, G. J.}, year={2002}, pages={36} }
 @article{shetty_wehner_2002, title={Estimation of fruit grade weights based on fruit number and total fruit weight in cucumber}, volume={37}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Shetty, N. V. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2002}, pages={1117–1121} }
 @article{shetty_wehner_thomas_doruchowski_shetty_2002, title={Evidence for downy mildew races in cucumber tested in Asia, Europe, and North America}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0304-4238"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00013-4}, abstractNote={Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostov.) is an important disease in most cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production areas worldwide. A set of cucumber cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter referred to collectively as cultigens) resistant to downy mildew in particular regions of the world were tested for resistance in geographical regions thought to differ in pathogen virulence or race (US, Poland, China, and India). Cucumber cultigens used in the study were developed in the US, Poland or China, and differed in their resistance to downy mildew. These cultigens were evaluated against local isolates of P. cubensis under field conditions (North Carolina and India) or greenhouse conditions (South Carolina and Poland). Significant differences were observed among cultigens for resistance to P. cubensis at all locations. Individual cultigens differed in their resistance to the pathogen at different geographic locations, providing evidence that the different local isolates represented different races of the pathogen. Cultigens from PR China that were resistant to downy mildew in that country were also resistant in India. However, those same cultigens were intermediate in resistance in the US and Poland. Cultigens from the US and Poland that were resistant in those countries were intermediate in resistance in India. The most resistant cultigens over all locations were ‘Nongchen #4’ (PR China) and M 21 (NC State University).}, number={3-4}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Shetty, NV and Wehner, TC and Thomas, CE and Doruchowski, RW and Shetty, KPV}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={231–239} }
 @article{walters_wehner_2002, title={Incompatibility in diploid and tetraploid crosses of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis metuliferus}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0014-2336"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1021212815590}, number={3}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Walters, SA and Wehner, TC}, year={2002}, pages={371–374} }
 @article{guner_strange_wehner_pesic-vanesbroeck_2002, title={Methods for screening watermelon for resistance to papaya ringspot virus type-W}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00007-9}, abstractNote={Papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain (PRSV-W) affects all agriculturally important species of the Cucurbitaceae, and is of economic interest because of its destructiveness. The objective of this study was to develop a consistent and reliable method to screen watermelon for resistance to PRSV-W. PRSV-W isolates 1637, 1870, 2030, 2038, 2040, 2052, 2169, 2201, 2207, and W-1A were maintained in ‘Gray Zucchini’ squash, and were used in the inoculations. Three experiments were run, a preliminary experiment to determine the important factors involved in disease development, a main experiment to quantify the effects of those factors, and a retest of three cultigens to determine test variability. The experiment was a split-plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Whole plots were growth stage (cotyledon, first true leaf), subplots were pot size (55 or 100 mm), and sub-subplots were the 10 isolates. Plants were rated on a scale of 0–9 for each of three traits: leaf necrosis, mosaic symptoms, and leaf deformation. We found the best method for a screening of the watermelon germplasm collection for resistance to PRSV-W is to grow the seedlings in square, 100 mm diameter pots (or 55 mm diameter pots if uniform germination is expected) and inoculate plants at the first true leaf stage using PRSV-W isolate 2052 and the rub method. Significant differences were obtained (with LSD values of 0.6–1.5) using four replications of five plants per plot, but fewer replicates and plants may be adequate for a large germplasm screening experiment. The method can be used by researchers interested in screening for PRSV-W resistance in watermelon, verifying that resistance, studying its inheritance, and transferring it to elite cultivars.}, number={3-4}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Guner, N and Strange, EB and Wehner, TC and Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Z}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={297–307} }
 @article{xie_wehner_conkling_2002, title={PCR-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to clone nine aquaporin genes in cucumber}, volume={127}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Xie, J. H. and Wehner, T. C. and Conkling, M. A.}, year={2002}, pages={925–930} }
 @article{shetty_wehner_2002, title={Screening the cucumber germplasm collection for fruit yield and quality}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.2174}, abstractNote={Yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the United States has not been significantly increased during the last two decades. Our objective was to evaluate the USDA cucumber germplasm collection for fruit yield and quality. All cucumber plant introduction accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System collection plus check cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) were evaluated for early, total, and marketable yield (number and weight), fruit quality rating, and days to harvest in small plots harvested once. All plants were treated with ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) to make them gynoecious. Highly significant differences were observed among cultigens for all traits evaluated in the study. Pickling type cultigens with the highest yield (fruit weight) were PI 209065, PI 326598, PI 137848, PI 285610, and PI 264666. Slicing type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 234517, PI 118279, PI 304085, and PI 512614. Beit Alpha type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 167050, PI 163213, PI 532519, PI 211978, PI 357864, PI 183231, and PI 211117. Trellis type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 264228, PI 478366, PI 390262, PI 532524, PI 390267, and PI 532520. The USDA collection also exhibited a wide range in diversity for marketable fruit number, fruit weight, percentage of culled fruit at harvest, fruit quality, and days to harvest. High yielding cultigens identified in the study could be used to develop high yielding cultivars.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Shetty, NV and Wehner, TC}, year={2002}, pages={2174–2183} }
 @article{strange_guner_pesic-vanesbroeck_wehner_2002, title={Screening the watermelon germplasm collection for resistance to papaya ringspot virus type-W}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.1324}, abstractNote={Papaya ringspot virus watermelon strain (PRSV-W), formerly watermelon mosaic virus-1, is a major disease of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. The objectives of this study were (i) to screen the USDA watermelon germplasm collection for PRSV-W resistance, (ii) to verify the disease rating for the most resistant and most susceptible accessions, (iii) to determine the number of escapes on the basis of the retest of the germplasm screening test. The experiment was a randomized complete block with five replications and 1275 accessions. 'Charleston Gray' susceptible checks were used to verify that the PRSV-W inoculum was virulent. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed after the last rating to determine whether the virus was in the plant tissue. The PI accessions with the highest resistance to PRSV-W that also had resistance to other watermelon viruses (ZYMV, zucchini yellow mosaic virus or WMV, watermelon mosaic virus, formerly watermelon mosaic virus-2) were PI 244018, PI 244019, PI 255137, and PI 482299. The first retest of the most resistant 21 PI accessions showed that there were some escapes that were not resistant to PRSV-W. Of the 21 PI accessions in the retest, seven PI accessions were identified for further testing. Of the 60 resistant PI accessions in the final retest, eight had resistance with a rating of 3.6 or less for the best, average, and maximum ratings: PI 244017 (best over all tests), PI 244019, PI 482342, PI 482318, PI 485583, PI 482379, PI 595203, and PI 244018.}, number={4}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Strange, EB and Guner, N and Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Z and Wehner, TC}, year={2002}, pages={1324–1330} }
 @article{wehner_2002, title={Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America - List 26 - 2002}, volume={37}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.37.1.15}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, Todd}, year={2002}, pages={15–78} }
 @article{levi_thomas_zhang_joobeur_dean_wehner_carle_2001, title={A genetic linkage map for watermelon based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers}, volume={126}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.126.6.730}, abstractNote={.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Levi, A and Thomas, CE and Zhang, XP and Joobeur, T and Dean, RA and Wehner, TC and Carle, BR}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={730–737} }
 @book{wehner_shetty_elmstrom_2001, place={Alexandria, VA}, title={Breeding and seed production}, journal={Watermelons: Characteristics, production, and marketing}, publisher={ASHS Press}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Shetty, N.V. and Elmstrom, G.W.}, editor={Maynard, D.N.Editor}, year={2001}, pages={27–73} }
 @article{xie_wehner_2001, title={Gene list 2001 for cucumber}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={Xie, J. H. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2001}, pages={110} }
 @article{amand_wehner_2001, title={Generation means analysis of leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight in cucumber}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.126.1.95}, abstractNote={Leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight ( Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm.) in five resistant by susceptible crosses of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was investigated using generation means analysis. No single gene of major effect controls either leaf or stem resistance to gummy stem blight in these five crosses. The mean number of effective factors controlling leaf resistance in the cross 'Slice' x 'Wis. SMR 18' was estimated to be at least five. Estimates of broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities indicated that environmental effects were larger than genetic effects. In general, additive variance was the larger component of genetic variance. Epistasis was significant in most crosses, and dominance was present in several crosses. Additive gene effects contributed more to resistance than to susceptibility in contrast with dominance gene effects. Reciprocal differences for leaf rating were detected in the crosses M 17 x 'Wis. SMR 18' and 'Slice' x 'Wis. SMR 18'. Phenotypic correlations between leaf and stem ratings were moderate ( r = 0.52 to 0.72). Estimates of genetic gain for resistance to gummy stem blight ranged from low to moderate. Breeding methods that make best use of additive variance should be used because much of the variance for resistance is additive, and dominance effects, at least in these crosses, tended to contribute to susceptibility. 2 Professor; to whom reprint requests should be addressed. Gummy stem blight causes severe defoliation and stem necrosis in the late stages of cucumber production. It is the second most important cucumber (Cucumis sativus) disease in North Carolina (St. Amand and Wehner, 1991), and is a serious disease of greenhouse cucumbers in The Netherlands, where it causes fruit rot (Van Steekelenburg, 1982). Gummy stem blight of cucumber is caused by Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm (synonyms: Mycosphae- rella citrullina (C. O. Sm.) Gross., and Mycosphaerella melonis (Pass.) Chiu and Walker) and its anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. (Farr et al., 1989) (synonyms: Ascochyta cucumis Fautr. and Roum., and Phyllosticta cucurbitacearum Sacc.). Several cultigens (breeding lines, cultivars, and plant introduc- tions) resistant to gummy stem blight have been reported. Using field screening methods in Wisconsin, 'Homegreen #2' and PI 200818 were reported to be resistant (Wyszogrodzka et al., 1986). In The Netherlands, greenhouse screening methods were used to identify several plant introduction accessions as resistant, including PI 200818 (Van Der Meer et al., 1978). In North Carolina, PI 164433, 'Slice', PI 390264, M 17 and M 12 were reported resis- tant using field screening methods (Wehner and St. Amand, 1993). Wyszogrodzka et al. (1986) reported that the realized heritability for foliar resistance in one cycle of mass selection within 'Homegreen #2' was 0.14 to 0.35. However, a comprehensive assessment of the inheritance of resistance in cucumber has not been reported. Knowledge of the genetic basis and heritability of resis- tance to Didymella bryoniae is essential for efficient development of resistant cultivars. Thus, a study was designed to determine the types of gene action controlling foliar and stem resistance, estimate the genetic and environmental components of variance, estimate heritability and gain from selection, estimate the minimum number}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Amand, PCS and Wehner, TC}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={95–99} }
 @article{levi_thomas_keinath_wehner_2001, title={Genetic diversity among watermelon (Citrullus lanatus and Citrullus colocynthis) accessions}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1573-5109"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1013888418442}, number={6}, journal={GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION}, author={Levi, A and Thomas, CE and Keinath, AP and Wehner, TC}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={559–566} }
 @article{singh_singh_sanders_wehner_2001, title={Germination of watermelon seeds at low temperature}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={Singh, S. and Singh, P. and Sanders, D. C. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2001}, pages={59} }
 @article{amand_wehner_2001, title={Heritability and genetic variance estimates for leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight in two cucumber populations}, volume={126}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.126.1.90}, abstractNote={ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Cucurbitaceae, Didymella bryoniae, disease resistance, vegetable breeding ABSTRACT. Heritability of resistance to gummy stem blight ( Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm.) was measured in two diverse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) populations (North Carolina elite slicer 1 (NCES1) and North Carolina wide base pickle (NCWBP)). Heritability was estimated using parent-offspring regression and half-sib family analysis in North Carolina field tests during 1991 and 1992. NCES1 is a slicing cucumber population with a narrow genetic base, and NCWBP is a pickling cucumber population with a wide genetic base. Heritability estimates were low to moderate ranging from 0.12 to 0.49 for the gummy stem blight leaf rating and from -0.03 to 0.12 for stem rating. Estimates of gain from selection were at least two times larger for selection based on half-sib families than for mass selection for all traits in bot h populations. Approximately three to five cycles of selection would be required to improve the NCES1 population mean for gummy stem blight leaf resistance by one rating scale unit, and three to four cycles of selection would be required to improve the NCWBP population mean for gummy stem blight leaf resistance by one rating scale unit, based on half-sib family selection. One rating scale unit decrease is equivalent to an 11% reduction in susceptibility. Gain would be slower if selecting for stem, or leaf and stem resistance. A moderate amount of additive genetic variation exists in both populations for gummy stem blight leaf resistance, but estimates for additive genetic variation for stem resistance indicate little to no additive genetic variation. Development of populations specifically for greater initial resistance and greater additive variance than found in these populations should aid in selection for resistance. one cycle of mass selection within the open pollinated slicing cucumber 'Homegreen #2' was 0.14 to 0.35. However, we know of no other estimates of heritability or genetic variance of resis- tance to gummy stem blight in cucumber populations. The objective of this research was to estimate the heritability of leaf and stem resistance to gummy stem blight in two diverse cucumber populations. Other objectives were to estimate additive and environmental variation, to determine the suitability of the examined populations for improvement of resistance to gummy stem blight, and to predict genetic gain from selection in these populations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Amand, PCS and Wehner, TC}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={90–94} }
 @article{mccarthy_wehner_xie_daub_2001, title={Improving culture efficiency of Cucumis metuliferus protoplasts}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={McCarthy, W. H. and Wehner, T. C. and Xie, J. H. and Daub, M. E.}, year={2001}, pages={97} }
 @article{mccarthy_wehner_xie_daub_2001, title={Isolation and callus production from cotyledon protoplasts of Cucumis metuliferus}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={McCarthy, W. H. and Wehner, T. C. and Xie, J. H. and Daub, M. E.}, year={2001}, pages={102} }
 @article{levi_thomas_wehner_zhang_2001, title={Low genetic diversity indicates the need to broaden the genetic base of cultivated watermelon}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.36.6.1096}, abstractNote={Genetic diversity and relatedness were assessed among 46 American cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus), and 12 U.S. Plant Introduction accessions (PIs) of Citrullus sp. using 25 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. These primers produced 288 distinct reproducible bands that could be scored with high confidence among cultivars and PIs. Based on the RAPD data, genetic similarity coeffi- cients were calculated and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair- group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The cultivars and C. lanatus var. lanatus PIs differentiated at the level of 92% to 99.6% and 88% to 95% genetic similarity, respectively. In contrast, the C. lanatus var. citroides, and C. colocynthis PIs were more divergent and differentiated at the level of 65% to 82.5% and 70.5% genetic similarity, respectively. The low genetic diversity among watermelon cultivars in this study empha- sizes the need to expand the genetic base of cultivated watermelon.}, number={6}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Levi, A and Thomas, CE and Wehner, TC and Zhang, XP}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1096–1101} }
 @article{malik_ellington_wehner_sanders_2001, title={Seed treatment effects on emergence of luffa sponge gourd}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={Malik, I. J. and Ellington, T. L. and Wehner, T. C. and Sanders, D. C.}, year={2001}, pages={107} }
 @article{walters_shetty_wehner_2001, title={Segregation and linkage of several genes in cucumber}, volume={126}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Walters, S. A. and Shetty, N. V. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2001}, pages={442–450} }
 @article{neppl_wehner_2001, title={Survey of watermelon trialing methods used by breeders in the United States}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={Neppl, G. P. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2001}, pages={68} }
 @article{neppl_wehner_2001, title={Vine length of a diverse set of watermelon cultivars}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={24}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, publisher={Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative}, author={Neppl, G. P. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={2001}, pages={65} }
 @article{shetty_wehner_2000, title={Breeding for high fruit yield in cucumber}, ISBN={["90-6605-852-8"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2000.510.3}, number={510}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF CUCURBITACEAE 2000}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium :  International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Shetty, NV and Wehner, TC}, year={2000}, pages={21–27} }
 @article{liu_wehner_2000, title={Linkage inheritance among 6 genes in cucumber}, volume={22}, number={3}, journal={Hereditas (Beijing)}, author={Liu, J.S. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={2000}, pages={137–140} }
 @article{cramer_wehner_2000, title={Path analysis of the correlation between fruit number and plant traits of cucumber populations}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.35.4.708}, abstractNote={The relationships between fruit yield and yield components in several cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) populations were investigated as well as how those relationships changed with selection for improved fruit yield. In addition, the correlations between fruit yield and yield components were partitioned into partial regression coefficients (path coefficients and indirect effects). Eight genetically distinct pickling and slicing cucumber populations, differing in fruit yield and quality, were previously subjected to modified half-sib family recurrent selection. Eight families from three selection cycles (early, intermediate, late) of each population were evaluated for yield components and fruit number per plant in four replications in each of two testing methods, seasons, and years. Since no statistical test for comparing the magnitudes of two correlations was available, a correlation (r) of 0.7 to 1.0 or -0.7 to -1.0 (r2 ≥ 0.49) was considered strong, while a correlation of -0.69 to 0.69 was considered weak. The number of branches per plant had a direct positive effect on, and was correlated (r = 0.7) with the number of total fruit per plant over all populations, cycles, seasons, years, plant densities, and replications. The number of nodes per branch, the percentage of pistillate nodes, and the percentage of fruit set were less correlated (r < |0.7|) with total fruit number per plant (fruit yield) than the number of branches per plant. Weak correlations between yield components and fruit yield often resulted from weak correlations among yield components. The correlations among fruit number traits were generally strong and positive (r ≥0.7). Recurrent selection for improved fruit number per plant maintained weak path coefficients and correlations between yield components and total fruit number per plant. Selection also maintained weak correlations among yield components. However, the correlations and path coefficients of branch number per plant on the total fruit number became more positive (r=0.67, 0.75, and 0.82 for early, intermediate, and late cycles, respectively) with selection. Future breeding should focus on selecting for the number of branches per plant to improve total fruit number per plant.}, number={4}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Cramer, CS and Wehner, TC}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={708–711} }
 @article{wehner_shetty_clark_2000, title={Screening the cucumber germplasm collection for combining ability for yield}, volume={35}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Shetty, N. V. and Clark, R. L.}, year={2000}, pages={1141–1150} }
 @article{wehner_shetty_wilson_2000, title={Screening the cucumber germplasm collection for fruit storage ability}, volume={35}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Shetty, N. V. and Wilson, L. G.}, year={2000}, pages={699–707} }
 @article{wehner_shetty_2000, title={Screening the cucumber germplasm collection for resistance to gummy stem blight in North Carolina field tests}, volume={35}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Shetty, N. V.}, year={2000}, pages={1132–1140} }
 @article{wehner_2000, title={What Are Burpless Cucumbers?}, volume={1}, ISSN={1063-0198 1943-7714}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.317}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.10.2.317}, abstractNote={Burpless cucumbers are listed in many seed catalogs as being milder in taste (or easier on the digestion) than the american slicing type. It has been suggested by researchers that burpless cucumbers 1) contain less of a burp-causing compound, 2) are genetically bitterfree, or 3) are just the marketing term for oriental trellis cucumbers sold in the U.S. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether oriental trellis cucumbers cause less burping when eaten, and whether they are genetically bitterfree. An american slicer (‘Marketmore 76’), a bitterfree slicer (‘Marketmore 80’), and a burpless oriental trellis slicer (‘Tasty Bright’) were compared. Burpiness of the fruit was determined in the field in two seasons (spring and summer) and two replications. Six judges were grouped into burpsusceptible and burp-resistant. They evaluated the cultivars over two harvests by eating a 4-inch (100-mm) length of one fruit of the three cultivars (in random order) on three consecutive days. Burpiness was rated 0 to 9 (0 = none, 1 to 3 = slight, 4 to 6 = moderate, 7 to 9 = severe). Bitterness of the plants was determined (using different judges) by tasting one cotyledon of six seedlings per cultivar. Cotyledon bitterness is an indicator of plant bitterness; bitterfree plants lack cucurbitacins, and have mild-tasting fruit. Results of taste tests indicated that burpiness ratings were not significantly different}, journal={HortTechnology}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={317–320} }
 @article{walters_wehner_barker_1999, title={Greenhouse and field resistance in cucumber to root-knot nematodes}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/156854199508270}, abstractNote={Ten cultigens were evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria races 1 and 2, and M. javanica under greenhouse and field conditions. Resistance to M. arenaria races 1 and 2, and M. javanica was verified in Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii line LJ 90430 and to M. arenaria race 2 in C. sativus var. sativus Southern Pickler and Mincu in a greenhouse test. Another cultigen of C. sativus var. hardwickii (PI 215589) was found to be resistant to M. arenaria race 2 but not to other root-knot nematode species tested. LJ 90430 is the cultigen of choice to develop root-knot nematode resistant cucumbers, since it has multiple root-knot nematode resistance and is cross-compatible with cucumber. Greenhouse and field data were positively correlated (r = 0.74) over both years. Experiment repeatabilities were calculated from the cultigens infected with root-knot nematodes under both greenhouse and field conditions. Four environments (greenhouse and field over 2 years) were used in the analysis. Repeatabilities were high in all instances (ranging from 0.83-0.99) and indicated that the environment (field or greenhouse) was not an important factor in assessing root-knot nematode resistance for the cultigens evaluated. Resistenz von Gurkengegen Wurzelgallennematoden im Gewachshaus undim Freiland - Unter Gewachshausund Freilandbedingungen wurden zehn Cultigene auf ihre Resistenz gegen Meloidogyne arenaria Rassen 1 und 2 und gegen M. javanica gepruft. Bei Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii Linie LJ 90430 wurde im Gewachshausversuch Resistenz gegen M. arenaria Rassen 1 und 2 sowie gegen M. javanica nachgewiesen, und in C. sativus var. sativus "Southern Pickler" und "Mincu" Resistenz gegen M. arenaria Rasse 2. Cultigen C. sativus var. hardwickii (PI 215589) war resistent gegen M. arenaria Rasse 2 aber nicht gegen die anderen gepruften Arten von Wurzelgallennematoden. LJ 90430 ist das Cultigen der Wahl bei der Entwicklung von Gurken, die gegen Wurzelgallennematoden resistent sind, da es multiple Resistenzen gegen Wurzelgallennematoden besitzt und kreuzungsvertraglich mit Gurke ist. Die Ergebnisse der Gewachshaus- und Feldversuche waren uber beide Versuchsjahre hin positiv korreliert (r = 0,74). Ausgehend von den Cultigenen, die im Gewachshaus und im Freiland mit Wurzelgallennematoden infiziert waren, wurden die Wiederholbarkeiten der Versuche berechnet. Dabei wurden vier verschiedene Umweltbedingungen (Gewachshaus und Freiland uber zwei Jahre) verwendet. Die Wiederholbarkeiten waren in allen Fallen hoch (0,83-0,99) und zeigten an, dass die Umwelt (Freiland oder Gewachshaus) kein wichtiger Faktor bei der Bestimmung der Resistenz gegen Wurzelgallennematoden bei den gepruften Cultigenen war.}, number={1999 June}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Walters, SA and Wehner, TC and Barker, KR}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={279–284} }
 @inbook{coors_pandey_hallauer_wehner_1999, title={Heterosis in Vegetable Crops}, ISBN={9780891182559}, ISSN={2165-9842}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1999.geneticsandexploitation.c36}, DOI={10.2134/1999.geneticsandexploitation.c36}, abstractNote={This chapter uses heterosis to mean hybrid vigor relative to the better parent, or where inbreeding depression is severe, to the comparable open pollinated cultivars. Although there is heterosis expressed for yield traits in many of the vegetable crops, a primary advantage of hybrid cultivars is the protection they provide for proprietary lines developed by plant breeders. Self-pollinated crops that produce few seeds per cross make it difficult to produce hybrids economically. Vegetable crops such as legumes and lettuce are important in the USA. Many crops in the Solanaceae are self pollinated and are adaptable to hybrid production. Eggplant, pepper, and tomato are examples of successful use of hybrids. Most hybrids are produced by hand emasculation and hand pollination; however, it may be possible to produce seeds less expensively using male sterility or exserted stigma genes to increase the number of seeds and reduce the time required per cross.}, booktitle={The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America}, author={Coors, James G. and Pandey, Shivaji and Hallauer, A. R. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={1999} }
 @article{cramer_wehner_1999, title={Little heterosis for yield and yield components in hybrids of six cucumber inbreds}, volume={110}, ISSN={["0014-2336"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1003764621072}, number={2}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Cramer, CS and Wehner, TC}, year={1999}, pages={99–108} }
 @article{cramer_wehner_donaghy_1999, title={PATHSAS: A SAS computer program for path coefficient analysis of quantitative data}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/90.1.260}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Cramer, CS and Wehner, TC and Donaghy, SB}, year={1999}, pages={260–262} }
 @article{cramer_wehner_1999, title={Testcross performance of three selection cycles from four pickling cucumber populations}, volume={124}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.124.3.257}, abstractNote={Progress was measured in four populations of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) improved by recurrent selection. The populations were the North Carolina wide base pickle (NCWBP), medium base pickle (NCMBP), elite pickle 1 (NCEP1), and hardwickii 1 (NCH1). Families from each of three cycles (early, intermediate, and late) from each population were randomly chosen and crossed with Gy 14 to produce gynoecious hybrids. Gy 14 is a gynoecious inbred used commonly as a female parent in the production of pickling cucumber hybrids. Once the plants had 10% oversized (>51 mm in diameter) fruit, plots were sprayed with paraquat to simulate once-over harvest. Selection cycles were evaluated for total, early, and marketable yield, and fruit shape. Testcross performance for fruit shape rating increased over cycles for the NCWBP and NCMBP populations when tested in either season. Testcross performance for total and early yield of the NCEP1 population tested in the spring decreased with selection, but remained constant over cycles in the summer season. The majority of yield traits in each population remained unchanged across selection cycles. Of the four populations studied, the NCMBP population had the greatest gain (7%) in testcross performance over cycles and averaged over all traits. In addition, testcross performance for fruit shape rating had the greatest gain (11%) with selection and averaged over populations. Years and seasons greatly influenced testcross performance for fruit yield and shape rating. In most instances, the fruit yield and shape of Gy 14 was higher than the testcross performance of population-cycle combinations. The performance of several families exceeded that of Gy 14 when testcross combinations were made. Those families could be selected for use in the development of elite cultivars. Chemical name used: 1,1'- dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ion (paraquat). measuring the progress made for testcross performance with an elite inbred line. Testcross performance for yield has been used in pickling cucumber to measure progress using different breeding strategies (Lertrat and Lower, 1983, 1984; Nienhuis and Lower, 1988). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) determine the performance of random S1 families from four pickling cucum- ber populations hybridized to a common tester, and 2) measure the progress made over selection cycles.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Cramer, CS and Wehner, TC}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={257–261} }
 @article{wehner_1999, title={Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America - List 24 - 1999}, volume={34}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.34.5.763}, abstractNote={This list of the North American vegetable cultivars was developed using the database of cultivars registered with the American Seed Trade Association, as well as published descriptions from scientific journals and seed catalogs. Assistant editors responsible for each crop were instructed to obtain as much information as possible about the cultivars available to North American growers. The crop species are listed alphabetically, with cultivars listed alphabetically within each of those. The information about each cultivar is presented in a standard format that includes the cultivar name, experimental designation, breeder, vendor, parents, plant characteristics, disease and other resistances, similar cultivars, areas of adaptation, plant variety protection information, and year of release. In many cases, complete information was not available for the cultivars included in the list. Cultivars listed here were generally released since 1988, when the last vegetable}, number={5}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={763–806} }
 @article{wehner_1999, title={Vegetable cultivar descriptions for North America - List 25 - 1999}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.34.6.957}, abstractNote={Characteristics: charentais type slightly netted to netted, monoecious with excellent eating quality and very good shelf life; vigorous plant with good foliage development, spherical to oblong fruit, green-gray skin, well ribbed, excellent uniformity of size}, number={6}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={957–1012} }
 @article{wehner_staub_liu_1998, title={A recessive gene for revolute cotyledons in cucumber}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/89.1.86}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the genetics of the revolute cotyledon trait in the cucumber inbred NCG-093 (short petiole mutant). NCG-903 was crossed with inbred WI 2757 to produce F1, F2 and BC1 generations for evaluation. The F1 progeny had normal cotyledons, and the segregation of the F2 progeny fit a ratio of 3 normal: 1 revolute cotyledons. The BC1A(F1 X WI 2757) progeny had normal cotyledons, and the segregation of the BC1B(F1 X NCG-093) fit a ratio of 1 normal:1 revolute cotyledons. We concluded that revolute cotyledons in NCG-093 was conferred by a single recessive gene, revolute cotyledons-2, for which we propose the symbol rc-2. A mutant from Burpless Hybrid was previously described as having revolute cotyledons, controlled by the rc gene. However, that mutant was apparently lost, making it impossible to test allelism with the gene in NCG-093.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Wehner, TC and Staub, JE and Liu, JS}, year={1998}, pages={86–87} }
 @article{shetty_wehner_1998, title={Evaluation of oriental trellis cucumbers for production in North Carolina}, volume={33}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Shetty, N. V. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={1998}, pages={891–896} }
 @article{cramer_wehner_1998, title={Fruit yield and yield component means and correlations of four slicing cucumber populations improved through six to ten cycles of recurrent selection}, volume={123}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.123.3.388}, abstractNote={Increased fruit yield in slicing cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) has been difficult to achieve since yield is quantitatively inherited with low heritability. From 1981 to 1993, four slicing cucumber populations differing in their genetic diversity (wide, medium, elite, and `Beit Alpha') were advanced through six to ten cycles of modified half-sib recurrent selection. The objectives of this research were to determine 1) the fruit yield and yield component means; 2) the correlations between yield components, between yield traits, and between components and yield; and 3) the change in means and correlations with selection for improved yield of four slicing cucumber populations. In 1994 and 1995, four families were randomly selected from three cycles (early, intermediate, and late) from each population and self-pollinated. Thirty plants from each S 1 family were evaluated in 3.1-m plots in Spring and Summer 1995 and 1996 at the Horticultural Crops Research Station in Clinton, N.C. Plants were harvested and data were collected on number of branches per plant and nodes per branch, proportion of pistillate nodes, fruit set and shape, and total, early, and marketable yield. When averaged over all populations, seasons, and years, fruit yield and quality increased with selection while yield components remained unchanged with selection. Fruit yield and components differed between populations, seasons, and years. Most correlations between yield components and between yield components and fruit yield were weak, and strong correlations varied between populations, seasons, and yield components. Indirect selection of proportion of pistillate nodes has potential for improving yield for certain population-season combinations. Selection weakened many strong correlations between yield components and between yield and components. Changes in correlations often did not correspond with changes in trait means. Based on this research, selection for yield components would not be advantageous for improving fruit yield in all slicing cucumber populations. Additional yield components, yield component heritability, and better component selection methods need to be determined before component selection can be used to improve fruit yield.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Cramer, CS and Wehner, TC}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={388–395} }
 @article{walters_wehner_1998, title={Independence of the Mj nematode resistance gene from 17 gene loci in cucumber}, volume={33}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Walters, S. A. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={1998}, pages={1050–1052} }
 @article{henderson_scott_wehner_1998, title={Interaction of flesh color genes in watermelon}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhered/89.1.50}, abstractNote={Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh color is controlled by several genes to produce red, orange, salmon yellow, canary yellow, or white. The objective of these experiments was to study the interaction of three independently reported gene loci, each having two or three alleles: C (canary yellow) versus c (red), y (salmon yellow) versus Y (red) versus y8 (orange), and i (inhibitory to C) versus I (noninhibitory to C). The interaction of C, y, y8, and i is of interest to those developing new cultivars of watermelon and has not been reported previously. Five crosses were used to study gene action: Yellow Baby 3 Tendersweet Orange Flesh, Yellow Doll 3 Tendersweet Orange Flesh, Yellow Baby 3 Golden Honey, Yellow Doll 3 Golden Honey, and Yellow Baby 3 Sweet Princess. Based on performance of PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B, the parents have the following genotypes: Yellow Baby 5 CCYYII, Yellow Doll 5 CCYYII, Tendersweet Orange Flesh 5 ccy8y8II, Golden Honey 5 ccyyII, and Sweet Princess 5 ccYYii. Segregation of flesh color in the progeny of the five families supported the previous report of a multiple allelic series at the y locus, where Y (red) was dominant to y8 (orange) and y (salmon yellow). In conclusion, epistasis is involved in the genes for major flesh colors in watermelon, with ii inhibitory to CC (canary yellow), resulting in red flesh, and CC (in the absence of ii) epistatic to YY, producing canary flesh.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Henderson, WR and Scott, GH and Wehner, TC}, year={1998}, pages={50–53} }
 @article{schultheis_wehner_walters_1998, title={Optimum planting density and harvest stage for little-leaf and normal-leaf cucumbers for once-over harvest}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0008-4220"]}, DOI={10.4141/P97-065}, abstractNote={Optimum planting density and harvest stage were determined for once-over harvest of little-leaf and normal-leaf cucumbers. Three harvest stages (10, 25, and 50% oversize fruit) and four plant densities (37,000, 75,000, 150,000, and 300,000 plants/ha) were evaluated on little-leaf cucumber (H-19) and normal-leaf cucumber (Sumter and Regal). Plant density did not affect skin color, seedcell size, and seed size in the cultivars evaluated. However, lighter skin color, larger seedcell, and larger seed size were detected at the later harvest stages in H-19. Harvest stage did not influence fruit skin color in Regal and Sumter, but seedcell size and seed size increased quadratically with harvest stage. H-19 produced the highest yield (tonne/ha) and dollar value ($/ha) followed by Regal and Sumter. Considering fruit quality and dollar value, the 10% harvest stage at 330 000 plants ha−1 was the optimum stage and density for once-over harvest of H-19 under North Carolina growing conditions. Higher yield occurred at ...}, number={2}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Schultheis, JR and Wehner, TC and Walters, SA}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={333–340} }
 @article{cramer_wehner_1998, title={Performance of three selection cycles from four slicing cucumber populations hybridized with a tester}, volume={123}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.123.3.396}, abstractNote={Recurrent selection has been used as a breeding method to improve traits having low heritability such as fruit yield, earliness, and fruit shape. The objective of this study was to measure the progress of recurrent selection in four slicing cucumber populations in terms of hybrid performance when crossed with a common tester. The four populations, North Carolina wide-base slicer (NCWBS), medium-base slicer (NCMBS), elite slicer 1 (NCES1), and Beit Alpha 1 (NCBA1) populations, which differed in their genetic diversity and mean performance, were developed using modified intrapopulation half-sib recurrent selection to improve fruit yield and quality. Eleven S 0 families were taken randomly from each of three selection cycles (early, intermediate, and advanced) from each population. Those families were self-pollinated to form S 1 families, and the S 1 families were crossed to `Poinsett 76', a popular slicing cucumber cultivar. The experiment was a splitplot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete-block design with 22 replications per population, with the four populations as whole plots and the three cycles as subplots. When 10% of fruit were oversized (>60 mm in diameter), plants were sprayed with paraquat to defoliate them for once-over harvest. Plots were evaluated for total, early, and marketable yield and fruit shape. Recurrent selection for improved fruit yield and shape per se resulted in improved hybrid performance of the NCWBS and NCBA1 populations for fruit yield and shape rating when tested in the selected or nonselected environment. The NCWBS population had the largest gain (21%) in hybrid performance averaged over all traits. In addition, early yield was improved an average of 18% from early to late cycles for each population. Even though the fruit yield and shape rating of `Dasher II' was greater than the hybrid performance of each population mean for the same traits, several F 1 families within each population exceeded the fruit yield of `Dasher II'.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Cramer, CS and Wehner, TC}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={396–400} }
 @article{uchneat_wehner_1998, title={Resistance to belly rot in cucumber identified through field and detached-fruit evaluations}, volume={123}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.123.1.78}, abstractNote={Belly rot, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn., is a severe disease in many regions that produce cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Annual crop loss to belly rot is commonly 5% to 10%, but losses as high as 80% can occur in individual fields. There are no resistant cultivars, so fungicides are used to provide partial control. Genetic resistance in an acceptable cultivar would be more desirable and economical. Studies were conducted in Summers 1991 and 1992 to screen promising germplasm for belly rot resistance using field and detached-fruit screening methods. In 1991, 105 cultigens (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introduction accessions) were evaluated for belly rot resistance. The tests were repeated in 1992 with 63 cultigens, including the most resistant cultigens identified in 1991 and appropriate controls. Several cultigens were identified as potential sources of resistance genes. Pickling cucumbers showing resistance included PI 197085, PI 271328, and an F 4 selection of PI 197087 × PI 280096. Slicing cucumbers with resistance included `Marketmore 76' and the F 1 of Gy 14 × PI 197087. Belly rot resistance was not correlated with other horticultural traits measured, including fruit type, skin type, spine color, and firmness. The resistant cultigens identified should be useful for developing cucumber cultivars with enhanced resistance to Rhizoctonia solani.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Uchneat, MS and Wehner, TC}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={78–84} }
 @article{wehner_1998, title={Three slicing cucumber populations: NCWBS, NCMBS, and NCES1}, volume={33}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1998}, pages={168–170} }
 @article{wehner_1998, title={Two special cucumber populations: NCH1 and NCBA1}, volume={33}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1998}, pages={766–768} }
 @article{wehner_liu_staub_1998, title={Two-gene interaction and linkage for bitterfree foliage in cucumber}, volume={123}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.123.3.401}, abstractNote={A second gene for bitterfree foliage in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) was discovered. In a cross between two inbred lines having bitterfree foliage (NCG-093 and WI2757), the F 1 progeny were bitter, the F 2 progeny segregation frequency fit a ratio of 9 bitter : 7 bitterfree, and the BC 1 segregation frequencies fit a ratio of 1 bitter : 1 bitterfree. Thus, a second factor nonallelic to the previous bitterfree gene, bi , controls the bitterfree trait. When F 2 and BC 1 progeny resulting from crosses of bitterfree NCG-093 with other bitter lines were studied, the second factor for bitterfree in NCG-093 fit a recessive, single-gene model. The existence of a second, recessive bitterfree gene was confirmed in additional crosses, and the gene was designated bi-2. Further analysis of two crosses indicated that bi-2 was linked with the short petiole ( sp ) gene (map distance = 11 cM).}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC and Liu, JS and Staub, JE}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={401–403} }
 @article{wehner_staub_1997, title={1997 gene list for cucumber}, number={20}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Staub, J. E.}, year={1997}, pages={66} }
 @article{walters_wehner_barker_1997, title={A single recessive gene for resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in Cucumis sativus var hardwickii}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023060}, abstractNote={Resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) was identified in the Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii line LJ 90430. Parents, F,, F2, and BC, to both parents of a cross between Sumter (Cucumis sativus var. sativus) and LJ 90430 were evaluated in two greenhouse experiments to determine genetics of resistance to M. javanica. All F, progeny were susceptible, and segregation ratios in the F2 resulted in 1 resistant:3 susceptible. Backcross progeny to the susceptible parent were susceptible, and the BC, to the resistant parent segregated 1 resistant: 1 susceptible. Reciprocal crosses did not differ and therefore showed no evidence of maternal or cytoplasmic effects. Results from the crosses of several inbreds (Addis, Gy 14, Gy 57u, Poinsett 87, and Sumter) with LJ 90430 indicated that use of those five different genetic backgrounds had no influence on gene expression. The five F2 families segregated in a 1 resistant: 3 susceptible ratio. The five BC, (to LJ 90430) families segregated in a 1 resistant: 1 susceptible ratio. F3 families were developed from resistant and susceptible F2 plants using the five inbreds. Resistant FJJ families produced progeny that were all resistant, and susceptible F^ families fit a ratio of 1 susceptible:2 segregating. Thus, resistance to M. javanica is conferred by a single recessive gene for which we propose the symbol mj.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Walters, SA and Wehner, TC and Barker, KR}, year={1997}, pages={66–69} }
 @article{wehner_shetty_1997, title={Downy mildew resistance of the cucumber germplasm collection in North Carolina field tests}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700040050x}, abstractNote={Downy mildew [Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & Curt.) Rostov] is an important disease in most cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production areas of the world. Resistant cultivars are available, but higher levels of resistance are needed if yield losses are to be avoided. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate all available plant introduction accessions (from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System), cultivars, and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) of cucumber for downy mildew resistance under field conditions in North Carolina. All available cultigens were tested in four blocks (2 yr and two replications) under natural field epidemics of the disease. Mean ratings for downy mildew leaf damage ranged from 1.3 to 9.0 on a 0 to 9 scale. The most resistant nine cultigens originated from the USA, and were primarily adapted cultivars or breeding lines. The most resistant cultigens, for which multiple-year data were available, were Gy 4, 'Clinton', PI 234517, 'Poinsett 76', Gy 5, 'Addis', M 21, M 27, and 'Galaxy'. The most susceptible cultigens for which multiple year data were available, were PI 288995, PI 176952, PI 178886, and PI 211985. We classified 17 cultigens as highly resistant (1.3-3.0), 87 as moderately resistant (3.3-5.0), 311 as moderately susceptible (5.3-7.0), and 248 as highly susceptible (7.3-9.0) for the 663 cultigens with multiple-year data. No plant introduction accessions were found to be more resistant than the most resistant elite cultivars and breeding lines tested.}, number={4}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC and Shetty, NV}, year={1997}, pages={1331–1340} }
 @article{smeets_wehner_1997, title={Environmental effects on genetic variation of chilling resistance in cucumber}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0014-2336"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1003084821178}, number={2}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Smeets, L and Wehner, TC}, year={1997}, pages={217–225} }
 @article{wehner_liu_1997, title={Independent segregation among 11 gene loci in cucumber}, number={20}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Liu, J. S.}, year={1997}, pages={1} }
 @article{walters_wehner_1997, title={Lucia, Manteo, and Shelby root-knot nematode-resistant cucumber inbred lines}, volume={32}, number={1997}, journal={HortScience}, author={Walters, S. A. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={1997}, pages={1301–1303} }
 @article{schultheis_wehner_walters_1997, title={Mixtures of cucumber cultigens affect yield in a multiple-harvest system}, volume={32}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Schultheis, J. R. and Wehner, T. C. and Walters, S. A.}, year={1997}, pages={1024–1027} }
 @article{liu_wehner_donaghy_1997, title={SASGENE: A SAS computer program for genetic analysis of gene segregation and linkage}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023099}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Liu, JS and Wehner, TC and Donaghy, SB}, year={1997}, pages={253–254} }
 @article{wehner_ellington_1997, title={Seed treatment effects on emergence of luffa sponge gourd}, number={20}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Ellington, T. L.}, year={1997}, pages={63} }
 @article{wehner_1997, title={Three pickling cucumber populations: NCWBP, NCMBP, and NCEP1}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.32.5.941}, number={5}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={941–944} }
 @article{wehner_stamand_lower_1996, title={'M 17' gummy stem blight resistant pickling cucumber inbred}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1248}, abstractNote={Table 1. Horticultural performance of ‘M 17’ and five standard pickling cucumber cultivars in two seasons and 3 years of performance trials at Clinton, N.C. Fig. 1. Pedigree of NCSU ‘M 17’ as a selection from a family (CH18) in the NCSU germplasm collection. ‘M 17’ is a monoecious, pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) inbred with moderate resistance to gummy stem blight [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm] under North Carolina field conditions. In our research, ‘M 17’ was the most resistant cucumber having American pickling-type fruit (St. Amand and Wehner, 1995; Wehner and St. Amand, 1993). Its resistance was not as high as the slicing cucumbers ‘Slice’ or ‘Homegreen #2’, but was similar to that of ‘Poinsett 76’.}, number={7}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC and StAmand, PC and Lower, RL}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={1248–1249} }
 @article{perry_wehner_1996, title={A Heat Unit Accumulation Method for Predicting Cucumber Harvest Date}, volume={1}, ISSN={1063-0198 1943-7714}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.27}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.6.1.27}, abstractNote={HortTechnology · Jan./Mar. 1996 6(1) Summary. The use of a previously developed model for predicting harvest date in cucumber production systems is described. In previous research we developed a new method using daily maximum temperatures in heat units to predict cucumber harvest dates. This method sums, from planting to harvest, the daily maximum minus a base temperature of 60F (15.5 C), but if the maximum is >90F (32C) it is replaced by 90F minus the difference between the maximum and 90F. This method was more accurate than counting days to harvest in predicting cucumber harvest in North Carolina, even when harvest was predicted using 5 years of experience for a particular location and planting date.}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Perry, Katharine B. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={27–30} }
 @inbook{wehner_1996, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Bitter fruit}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Zitter, T.A. and Hopkins, D.L. and Thomas, C.E.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={65} }
 @inbook{averre_wehner_1996, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Field identification of selected cucurbit diseases with a hand lens}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Averre, C.W. and Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Zitter, T.A. and Hopkins, D.L. and Thomas, C.E.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={76–78} }
 @article{wehner_cramer_1996, title={Gain for pickling cucumber yield and fruit shape using recurrent selection}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600060023x}, abstractNote={Qualitative traits of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) such as disease resistance have been improved significantly during the past 30 yr. On the other hand, quantitative traits such as yield, earliness, and fruit shape have been improved less. The objective of this study was to determine the progress that could be made on such traits with recurrent selection in three pickling cucumber populations (NCMBP, NCEP1, and NCH1). During population improvement, one or two replications of 200 to 335 half-sib families were evaluated in the spring season for total, early, and marketable fruits per plot, a fruit shape rating, and a simple weighted index (SWI = 0.2 x total yield / 2 + 0.3 x Early yield + 0.2 x % marketable yield / 10 + 0.3 x quality). Families from each population were intercrossed in an isolation block during each summer with remnant seeds of the best 12% selected with the index. Progress was evaluated by means of a split-plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 32 replications in each of two seasons (spring and summer). Whole plots were the three populations, and subplots were the 10 to 11 cycles (Cycles 0-9 plus checks). Populations were improved for performance in a selected (spring season) as well as a non-selected environment (summer season). Greatest gains were made for the NCMBP population, with an average of 54% gain from Cycle 0 to 9 over the five traits, and for early yield, with an average of 65% gain from Cycle 0 to 9 over the three populations. In other trials, NCH1 had the best mean performance. Based on those results, modified half-sib recurrent selection can be used to improve fruit yield and quality of NCMBP, NCEP1, and NCH1 populations. Further studies should be made on NCMBP because it had the greatest gain per year, and on NCH1 because it had the highest mean performance.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC and Cramer, CS}, year={1996}, pages={1538–1544} }
 @article{wehner_mccreight_rhodes_zhang_1996, title={Mutually beneficial cucurbit expedition to the People's Republic of China leads to continued collaboration with the United States}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={Diversity}, author={Wehner, T. C. and McCreight, J. D. and Rhodes, B. and Zhang, X.}, year={1996}, pages={13} }
 @article{walters_wehner_barker_1996, title={NC-42 and NC-43: Root-Knot Nematode–Resistant Cucumber Germplasm}, volume={31}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1246}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1246}, abstractNote={Mincu 31 5 14 0 18 41 3 63 PI 215589 23 6 17 0 --46 19 --Root knot caused by Meloidogyne spp. is a serious disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the southeastern United States. In North Carolina, root-knot nematodes destroy ≈11% of the cucumber crop annually (St. Amand and Wehner, 1991). Since M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood are often associated with cucumbers grown in this region (Alabama Agr. Expt. Sta., 1960), genetic resistance is an important breeding objective. In our breeding program for nematode resistance, we consider a selection resistant if it has a gall index rating (0% to 100% of roots galled) consistently below 15%, 10 weeks after being inoculated with rootknot nematodes. Walters et al. (1993) identified resistance in cucumber germplasm to several root-knot nematodes, and we are now releasing two inbreds resistant to root knot: NC-42 and NC-43. Two other cultigens, ‘Mincu’ and PI 215589, have also been identified as resistant and are included as comparisons for this germplasm release (Table 1). ‘Mincu’ is one of the parents of NC-43 (Fig. 1), and PI 215589 is similar to NC-42 in that it is an accession of C. sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. (Table 1). NC-42 is a selection of C. sativus var. hardwickii accession LJ 90430 (from the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture program formerly located in La Jolla, Calif.). It has a high level of resistance to four important root-knot nematodes: M. arenaria races 1 and 2, M. javanica, and M. hapla Chitwood (Table 1). Data will not be presented for M. hapla since all cultigens tested so far were resistant (Walters et al., 1990). NC-43 is a selection of C. sativus var.}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Walters, S. Alan and Wehner, Todd C. and Barker, Kenneth R.}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={1246–1247} }
 @article{wehner_lower_1996, title={Once-over harvest yield of cucumber hybrids made with a determinate parent}, number={19}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Lower, R. L.}, year={1996}, pages={17} }
 @article{staub_gabert_wehner_1996, title={Plant Variety Protection: A Consideration of Genetic Relationships}, volume={31}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1086}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1086}, abstractNote={Increased interest and debate over ownership of intellectual property (e.g., plant proprietary rights) has arisen in agriculture because the protection of research products is necessary to provide incentive for investment. Any unique, documentable invention (a product, service, or process) having potential use in commerce can be considered intellectual property. Intellectual property is any recorded “invention” arising from “new products, new services and new manufacturing processes no less than artistic works or scientific advances ... which can be bought and sold” (Nicholson Green Paper, 1983). In agriculture, unique inventions can become the property of individuals or organizations. For instance, improved plant varieties are inventions developed by breeders who are skilled in the art/ science of genetic manipulation. Inventions, including varieties, gene processes, or genetic constructs, developed by plant breeders or geneticists can be protected by law. Concern for comprehensive remuneration, however, has not always been an important issue in varietal development. For example, crossing and selection were practiced by plantsman from around 1870 onwards (Mastenbroek, 1988). At the turn of this century, selections in many crop species were still made from landraces. During the evolution and refinement of breeding techniques between 1900 to 1960, many methods (e.g., backcross and pedigree selection) were developed that led to improved homogeneous and homozygous varieties (Mastenbroek, 1988).}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Staub, Jack E. and Gabert, August and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={1086–1091} }
 @inbook{wehner_1996, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Pollination problems}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Zitter, T.A. and Hopkins, D.L. and Thomas, C.E.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={66} }
 @article{wehner_ellington_1996, title={Post-harvest bleaching of luffa sponges for reduced stains without reduced strength}, number={19}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Ellington, T. L.}, year={1996}, pages={87} }
 @inbook{staub_wehner_1996, place={St. Paul, Minnesota}, title={Temperature stress}, booktitle={Compendium of cucurbit diseases}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Staub, J.E. and Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Zitter, T.A. and Hopkins, D.L. and Thomas, C.E.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={66–67} }
 @article{wehner_cramer_1996, title={Ten cycles of recurrent selection for fruit yield, earliness, and quality in three slicing cucumber populations}, volume={121}, ISSN={["0003-1062"]}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.121.3.362}, abstractNote={Additional index words. Cucumis sativus, vegetable breeding, quantitative genetics, yield, fruit shape Abstract. Fruit yield, earliness, and quality have low to moderate heritability, but are traits of major importance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The objective of this study was to determine the changes made in those traits using recurrent selection in three slicing cucumber populations (NCMBS, NCES1, and NCBA1). During population improve- ment, one or two replications of 200 to 335 half-sib families were evaluated in the spring season for five traits: total, early, and marketable fruit per plot, fruit shape rating, and a simple weighted index (SWI = 0.2(total yield)/2 + 0.3(early yield) + 0.2(% marketable)/10 + 0.3(fruit shape). Families from each population were intercrossed in an isolation block during the summer season using remnant seeds of the best 10% selected using the index. Response was evaluated using a split- plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 32 replications in each of two seasons (spring and summer). Whole plots were the three populations, and subplots were the 11 cycles (cycles 0 to 9 plus checks). We measured improvement in performance of the populations in a selected (spring) and unselected environment (summer). Significant gains were made for all traits in all populations over the 9 to 10 cycles of recurrent selection. Greatest progress was made for the NCMBS population, with an average of 37% gain from cycle 0 to 9 over all five traits. The trait where most progress was made was early yield, with an average of 63% gain from cycle 0 to 9 over the three populations.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Wehner, TC and Cramer, CS}, year={1996}, month={May}, pages={362–366} }
 @article{wehner_humphries_1995, title={A single-fruit seed extractor for cucumbers}, volume={5}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Humphries, E. G.}, year={1995}, pages={268} }
 @article{wehner_stamand_1995, title={ANTHRACNOSE RESISTANCE OF THE CUCUMBER GERMPLASM COLLECTION IN NORTH-CAROLINA FIELD-TESTS}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500010042x}, abstractNote={The resistance of the entire cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) germplasm collection within the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System and of many available cultigens (improved cultivars, breeding lines, land races, feral cucumbers, and plant introductions) to anthracnose [Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. and Mont.) Arx] was tested under field conditions in North Carolina and compared with known resistant cultigens. Mean anthracnose leaf ratings for environments ranged from 5.5 to 7.7. Data within an environment were standardized to a mean of 4.5 and a standard deviation of 1 to improve comparisons among cultigens by removing the main effect of environments. The most resistant 27 cultigens are all of U.S. origin and are improved cultivars or breeding lines. The most resistant cultigens, for which multiple environment data are available, were 'Dual', 'Regal', 'Slice', and Gy 3. The most susceptible cultigens, for which multiple environment data are available, were PI 390248, PI 251028, and PI 277741. Thirty-one cultigens were classified resistant, 100 moderately resistant, and 773 susceptible. No plant introductions were found to be more resistant than the most resistant named cultivars or breeding lines tested. Cultigens found to be resistant in other studies were generally moderately resistant or resistant in this study, except for PI 179676 and PI 183445, which were susceptible in this test}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={WEHNER, TC and STAMAND, PC}, year={1995}, pages={228–236} }
 @article{st. amand_wehner_1995, title={Eight Isolates of Didymella bryoniae from Geographically Diverse Areas Exhibit Variation in Virulence but No Isolate by Cultivar Interaction on Cucumis sativus}, volume={79}, ISSN={0191-2917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-79-1136}, DOI={10.1094/pd-79-1136}, abstractNote={Eight isolates of Didymella bryoniae from geographically diverse areas were tested for differences in virulence on nine genotypes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in two greenhouse experiments. Cucumber genotypes tested represent the range of resistance currently available. Isolates were collected in Arizona, California, The Netherlands, North Carolina, South Carolina, Sweden, and Wisconsin. The original host for one isolate was unknown, six were from cucumber, and one from muskmelon (C. melo). No significant isolate by cultivar interaction was detected in either experiment. Ranks of isolates were usually consistent across cultivars and experiments, and ranks of cultivars were usually consistent across isolates and experiments. Thus, resistance in cucumber to D. bryoniae appears to be nonspecific in nature. Single degree of freedom contrasts showed that the two foreign isolates (from The Netherlands and Sweden) were significantly more virulent than the U.S. isolates. Regression analysis indicated that the variance among cultivar ratings was not significantly correlated with mean isolate rating and that the variance among isolate ratings was not correlated with mean cultivar rating, indicating that an additive model of host-pathogen interaction may control resistance. The finding that resistance to D. bryoniae in cucumber is nonspecific suggests that breeders can use a single virulent isolate of D. bryoniae to screen for resistance.}, number={11}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={St. Amand, P.C. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1995}, pages={1136–1139} }
 @article{amand_wehner_1995, title={Greenhouse, Detached-leaf, and Field Testing Methods to Determine Cucumber Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight}, volume={120}, ISSN={0003-1062 2327-9788}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.673}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.120.4.673}, abstractNote={The effects of leaf age, guttation, stomata and hydathode characteristics, and wounding on the symptom development of gummy stem blight [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm] of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied to develop a useful germplasm screening method. Older cucumber leaves were more susceptible than younger leaves in field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf tests. Compared to seedlings with true leaves, seedlings at the cotyledon stage were less susceptible, had a smaller variance for ratings, and were more likely to escape infection. Stomata density and hydathode counts were not correlated with field ratings; but, stomata length on older leaves was highly correlated with susceptibility y. In greenhouse and field tests, susceptibility y increased as guttation increased and actively guttating plants were more susceptible than nonguttating plants. Phylloplane moisture and/or nutrition were more important in the infection process than was stomata] opening. Although important, guttation was not necessary for infection. Dawn inoculation of field or greenhouse tests increased leaf symptoms compared with dusk inoculation. The increase was likely due to the free water and nutrients provided by guttation. Genotype ranks and ratings for detached-leaf tests were not correlated with field results. A useful method, highly correlated (r = 0.82 to 0.96) with field ratings. for screening germplasm in the greenhouse was developed. Methods of artificial inoculation or greenhouse screening of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) for resistance to gummy stem blight Didymella bryoniae have been reported in at least 15 articles since 1949. Only Wyszogrodzka et al. (1986) indicated that their test was correlated with field resistance. Their report did not specifically measure the correlation between field and greenhouse tests, but found that cultigens (breeding lines, cultivars, and plant introduction accessions) resistant in greenhouse tests were usually resistant in field tests. They stated that the variability in greenhouse tests was problematic, and that greenhouse tests failed to detect the intermediate levels of resistance they found in field tests. The greenhouse screening method reported by Wyszogrodzka et al. (1986) did not account for the effects of phylloplane nutrition on the infectivity of Didymella bryoniae. Hordijk and Goosen (1962), Svedelius and Unestam (1978), and Svedelius (1990) have demonstrated the importance of nutrition external to the leaf in causing infection by D. bryoniae on cucumber. Nutrition external to the leaf stimulates infection by facultative necrotrophs and in some cases is required for infection to occur (Blakeman, 1971). Svedelius (1990) referred to D. bryoniaeas a facultative necrotroph. Curren ( 1969) reported that, like most facultative necrotrophs, D. bryortiae produces host cell-degrading enzymes. Svedelius and Unestam (1978) and Svedelius (1990) showed that cucumber leaves were most susceptible to infection near hydathodes, which r publication 19 Sept. 1994. Accepted for publication 14 Feb. 1995. The ported herein was funded in part by the North Carolina Agricultural ervice and by a grant from the North Carolina Pickle Producers . Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by or the products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. We cknowledge the advice of E. Echandi and the technical assistance of n, Jr. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be ked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. raduate research assistant. Present address: US DA–ARS, 2004 on Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan KS 66506-5501, to whom reprint requests should be addressed. SOC. HORT. SCI. 120(4):673-680. 1995. exude carbohydrates, salts, and minerals (Ivanoff, 1963). Svedelius and Unestam (1978) speculated that guttation may provide D. bryoniae with increased infectivity. Yarwood (1952) found that infection of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) inoculated with Botrytis cinerea was positively correlated with the amount of guttation. The effects of leaf exudates on the field resistance of cucumbers to D. bryoniae has not been investigated. There are conflicting reports on the infectability of cucumber cotyledons and on the relative susceptibility of differently aged leaves. Chiu and Walker (1949), Van Der Meer et al. (1978), and Wyszogrodzka et al. (1986) found that cotyledons of cucumber at the seedling stage were resistant to D. bryoniae and that inoculation of cotyledons was unreliable. Lee et al. (1984), however, stated that cucumber cotyledons were regularly infected in their tests, but it is unclear whether the plants tested were at the cotyledon stage or were 1 month old. Van Steekelenburg (1985) concluded that wounding was essential for infection of older leaves but not for young leaves. However, that conclusion was based on tests in which old leaves were not inoculated in the same manner as young leaves. Also, in an earlier paper, Van Steekelenburg (198 1) showed that the relative susceptibility of old vs. young leaves depended on the cultigen used. Contrary to Van Steekelenburg’s work, Hordijk and Goosen (1962) found that old leaves were more susceptible to D. bryoniae, and Van Der Meer et al. (1978) showed that the meristem and primordial true leaves were less susceptible than the first true leaf. Also, Prasad and Norton (1967) stated that cucumber leaves become more susceptible to D. bryoniae with age. Detached-leaf tests that detect field resistance to plant pathogens in a number of crops have been developed (Deadman and Cooke, 1986; Randhawa and Civerolo, 1985; Tedford et al., 1990; Yarwood, 1946;). Detached-leaf tests have a number of advantages over other methods such as multi-race or multi-pathogen testing without complications from systemic acquired resistance, the ability to test and maintain susceptible plants (which is impor-}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Amand, Paul C. St. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={673–680} }
 @article{wehner_ellington_1995, title={Growth regulator effects on sex expression of luffa sponge gourd}, number={18}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Ellington, T. L.}, year={1995}, pages={68} }
 @article{wehner_lower_1995, title={North Carolina State University cucumber germplasm and cultivar releases, 1957 to 1988}, number={18}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Lower, R. L.}, year={1995}, pages={3} }
 @article{wehner_humphries_1994, title={A seed dryer for cucumber seeds}, number={17}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Humphries, E. G.}, year={1994}, pages={54} }
 @article{wehner_1994, title={A set of cucumbers to represent the American market}, number={17}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1994}, pages={12} }
 @article{wehner_mirdad_1994, title={Chilling resistance of five cucurbit species}, number={17}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Mirdad, Z. M.}, year={1994}, pages={38} }
 @article{walters_wehner_1994, title={Evaluation of the U.S. Cucumber Germplasm Collection for Early Flowering}, volume={112}, ISSN={0179-9541 1439-0523}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1994.tb00676.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0523.1994.tb00676.x}, abstractNote={A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate 866 cultigens (718 accessions, 38 breeding lines, and 110 new and obsolete cultivars) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for early staminate flower production. Complete data were obtained for 866 cultigens. The study was conducted on plants that were part of a root-knot nematode experiment. Plants were grown from seeds in greenhouses in each of 3 seasons with 2 replications per season. There were significant differences for mean time of flowering over all cultigens among the 3 seasons. Days from planting to first staminate flower ranged from 26 to 45, with a mean of 35 for all cultigens. Root-knot nematode infestation may be related to flowering, since early-flowering cultigens had more root galling. The earliest flowering cultigen was PI 249561 (26 days to flowering); the latest was PI 470254 (45 days to flowering).}, number={3}, journal={Plant Breeding}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Walters, S. A. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={1994}, month={Apr}, pages={234–238} }
 @article{walters_wehner_1994, title={Evaluation of the U.S. cucumber germplasm collection for root size using a subjective rating technique}, volume={79}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00023574}, DOI={10.1007/bf00023574}, number={1-2}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Walters, S. Alan and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1994}, pages={39–43} }
 @article{wehner_shaw_1994, title={Presentation of Analysis of Variance Results and Graphical Data}, volume={29}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.608}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.29.6.608}, abstractNote={values of the independent variable, the model assumptions are violated and interpretation of the regression results is suspect. However, if heterogeneity of variance existed in the experiment, weighted least squares could be used for the analysis, resulting in different error bars for the plotted means. Although many commonly available graphing programs for computers permit calculating and presenting error bars in any combination, it may be better to show a single error bar-calculated using the pooled error for the experiment-for the whole graph. The pooled estimate of error also will have smaller variance itself, being based on more data, and will have more degrees of freedom. Another alternative is to present the 95% confidence limit as bands around the regression curve. In any case, the statistic presented (i.e., SD, SE, CI) should be clearly identified. Presentation of ANOVA and regression results Many authors include regression equations, significance levels for F ratios, and r 2 values in}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, Todd C. and Shaw, Douglas V.}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={608} }
 @article{wehner_stamand_1993, title={FIELD-TESTS FOR CUCUMBER RESISTANCE TO GUMMY STEM BLIGHT IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.28.4.327}, abstractNote={Gummy stem blight [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm] is the second most important pathogen of field-grown cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) in North Carolina and a severe problem for greenhouse-grown cucumbers worldwide. To determine whether resistance exists under North Carolina Field conditions, 83 cultigens [cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introduction (PI) accessions] were evaluated in the field for 4 years for their resistance to a mixture of D. bryoniae isolates. Plants were inoculated at the vine tip-over stage and rated for foliar lesion size and number. Cultigens identified as resistant in Wisconsin and The Netherlands were not resistant in North Carolina [...]}, number={4}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={WEHNER, TC and STAMAND, PC}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={327–329} }
 @article{wehner_1993, title={Gene list update for cucumber}, number={16}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1993}, pages={92} }
 @article{walters_wehner_barkel_1993, title={Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Cucumber and Horned Cucumber}, volume={28}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.2.151}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.28.2.151}, abstractNote={Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and horned cucumber ( C. metuliferus Naud.) germplasm were evaluated for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). All 24 C. metuliferus cultigens evaluated were resistant to all root-knot nematodes tested- M. incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood race 3, M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 2, and M. hapla Chitwood. All 884 C. sativus cultigens (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant in- troduction accessions) tested were resistant to M. hapla and few to M. incognita race 3. Only 50 of 884 C. sativus cultigens evaluated were somewhat resistant to M. arenaria race 2 and M. incognita race 3. A retest of the most resistant C. sativus cultigens revealed that LJ 90430 (an accession of C. sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef.) and 'Mincu' were the only cultigens that were moderately resistant to M. arenaria race 2. LJ 90430 was the only cultigen, besides the two retested C. metuliferus cultigens, that was resistant to M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. All C. sativus cultigens retested, including LJ 90430, were highly susceptible to M. incognita races 1 and 3. The two C. metuliferus cultigens retested were highly resistant to all root-knot nematodes tested- M. arenaria race 2, M. incognita races 1 and 3, and M. javanica.}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Walters, S. Alan and Wehner, Todd C. and Barkel, Kenneth R.}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={151–154} }
 @article{walters_wehner_barker_1992, title={Effects of root decay on the relationship between Meloidogyne spp. gall index and egg mass number in cucumber and horned cucumber}, volume={24}, number={4S}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Walters, S.A. and Wehner, T.C. and Barker, K.R.}, year={1992}, pages={707–711} }
 @article{wehner_uchneat_horton_1992, title={Screening cucumber for resistance to belly rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani}, number={15}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Uchneat, M. S. and Horton, R. R., Jr.}, year={1992}, pages={19} }
 @article{wehner_walters_barker_1992, title={Use of reproduction factor and gall index in determining resistance in Cucumis spp}, number={15}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Walters, S. A. and Barker, K. R.}, year={1992}, pages={28} }
 @article{wehner_robinson_1991, title={A brief history of the development of cucumber cultivars in the U.S}, number={14}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Robinson, R. W.}, year={1991}, pages={1} }
 @article{wehner_walters_barker_1991, title={Correlation of shoot weight with root galling in Cucumis spp. inoculated with root-knot nematodes}, number={14}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Walters, S. A. and Barker, K. R.}, year={1991}, pages={19} }
 @article{wehner_jenkins_lower_1991, title={GY-5 CUCUMBER INBRED AND JOHNSTON HYBRID PICKLING CUCUMBER}, volume={26}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.26.1.78}, abstractNote={Received for publication 5 Sept. 1989. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the NCARS of the products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. Research funded in part by a grant from the North Carolina Pickle Producers Assn. We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of R.R. Horton, Jr. and J.C. Mather. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. lProfessor of Horticultural Sciences. 2Professor of Plant Pathology (deceased). 3Professor of Horticulture. inbred. It has high combining ability for multiple harvest yield, producing high-yielding hybrids when crossed to monoecious inbred lines. In addition, it has a high level of resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum orbiculare) under North Carolina field conditions. Gy 5, in hybrid combination with the monoecious inbred, NCSU M 21, makes the hybrid ‘Johnston’. ‘Johnston’ has about the same yield ($/ha) as ‘Regal’, a popular, longfruited cultivar in North Carolina (Table 1). Fruit quality (shape, color, and seed cell size), length : diameter ratio, firmess, bloater resistance, and early yield were about the same for ‘Johnston’ as for ‘Regal’. Anthracnose resistance for ‘Johnston’ is higher than in}, number={1}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={WEHNER, TC and JENKINS, SF and LOWER, RL}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={78–79} }
 @article{dhillon_wehner_1991, title={Host‐plant resistance to insects in cucurbits—germplasm resources, genetics and breeding}, volume={37}, ISSN={0143-6147}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879109371628}, DOI={10.1080/09670879109371628}, abstractNote={Abstract Cucurbits are important crops for both staple and dessert foods. Past reviews have not covered insect resistance in cucurbits thoroughly, especially since much work has been done recently. Screening methods make a large difference in the efficiency of selection for resistance to insects. Resistance of cultigens should be evaluated using several biotypes of each insect being evaluated, and efficient test conditions with good control of environment. If possible, laboratory tests should be used to improve the repeatability and to reduce experimental error. Resistance to insects has been identified in cucurbits. For example, muskmelons have been identified that have resistance to melon aphid and red pumpkin beetle. On the other hand, resistance to pickleworm has not been identified after screening hundreds of cucumber cultigens. Conclusions drawn on the role of cucurbitacins in insect resistance to cucurbits are not unanimous. Studies on the genetic control of resistance in cucurbits indicate that th...}, number={4}, journal={Tropical Pest Management}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Dhillon, N. P. S. and Wehner, T. C.}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={421–428} }
 @article{wehner_walters_barker_1991, title={Resistance to root-knot nematodes in cucumber and horned cucumber}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Walters, S. A. and Barker, K. R.}, year={1991}, pages={611} }
 @inbook{wehner_cade_locy_1990, place={Ithaca, NY}, title={Cell, tissue, and organ culture techniques for genetic improvement of cucurbits}, ISBN={9780801416705}, DOI={10.7591/9781501745447-032}, booktitle={Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae}, publisher={Cornell University Press}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Cade, R.M. and Locy, R.D.}, editor={Bates, D.M. and Robinson, R.W. and Jeffrey, C.Editors}, year={1990}, pages={367–381} }
 @article{wehner_1990, title={Cucumber cultivars and breeding lines for the U.S.D.A. Plant Introduction Collection}, number={13}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1990}, pages={1} }
 @article{perry_wehner_1990, title={Prediction of cucumber harvest date using a heat unit model}, volume={25}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI.25.4.405}, abstractNote={A heat model developed in a previous study was compared to the standard method (average number of days to harvest) for ability to predict harvest date in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Processing and fresh-market cucumbers were evaluated in 3 years (1984 through 1986), three seasons (spring, summer, and fall), and three North Carolina locations (...)}, journal={HortScience}, author={Perry, K.B. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1990}, pages={405–406} }
 @article{pierce_wehner_1990, title={Review of genes and linkage groups in cucumber}, volume={25}, journal={HortScience}, author={Pierce, L.K. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1990}, pages={605–615} }
 @article{wehner_walters_barker_1990, title={Root knot nematode egg concentration for inoculating Cucumis spp. tests}, number={13}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Walters, S. A. and Barker, K. R.}, year={1990}, pages={8} }
 @article{cade_wehner_blazich_1990, title={Somatic Embryos Derived from Cotyledons of Cucumber}, volume={115}, ISSN={0003-1062 2327-9788}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.4.691}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.115.4.691}, abstractNote={Two studies were conducted to test the effects of various tissue culture media on somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon tissue of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The two best media for embryo initiation were Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins containing either 1 or 2 mg 2,4-D/liter and 0.5 mg kinetin/liter. In the second study, embryos developed more normally. More plantlets developed when tissue was removed from the initiation medium after 3 weeks and transferred to MS containing 1 mg NAA/liter and 0.5 mg kinetin/liter for 3 weeks, rather than leaving the embryos on a medium containing 2,4-D. Histological evidence indicated that the embryos were multicellular in origin. Charcoal in the maturation medium inhibited embryo development. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) -acetic acid (2,4-D); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-lH-purine-6-amine (kinetin); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Cade, Rebecca M. and Wehner, Todd C. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={691–696} }
 @article{wehner_miller_1990, title={Yield of cucumbers in multiple-harvest trials with dissimilar genotypes in border rows}, volume={25}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Miller, C. H.}, year={1990}, pages={106} }
 @inbook{wehner_1989, title={Breeding for improved yield in cucumber}, volume={6}, ISBN={0881921165}, booktitle={The National Plant Germplasm System of the United States}, publisher={Portland, Or.: Timber Press}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1989}, pages={323} }
 @article{wehner_lower_staub_tolla_1989, title={Convergent-divergent selection for cucumber fruit yield}, volume={24}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Lower, R. L. and Staub, J. E. and Tolla, G. E.}, year={1989}, pages={667} }
 @article{wehner_1989, title={Cucumber yield improvement through breeding in the Southeast USA}, number={12}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C.}, year={1989}, pages={9} }
 @inbook{miller_wehner_1989, place={Boca Raton, FL}, title={Cucumbers}, ISBN={9780849355608}, booktitle={Quality and preservation of vegetables}, publisher={CRC Press, Inc}, author={Miller, C.H. and Wehner, T.C.}, editor={Eskin, N.A.M.Editor}, year={1989}, pages={245–264} }
 @article{wehner_horton_1989, title={Delayed pollination successful for cucumbers in North Carolina greenhouse}, number={12}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Horton, R. R., Jr.}, year={1989}, pages={15} }
 @article{swallow_wehner_1989, title={Optimum allocation of plots to years, seasons, locations, and replications, and its application to once-over-harvest cucumber trials}, volume={43}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00037897}, DOI={10.1007/bf00037897}, number={1-2}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Swallow, William H. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1989}, month={Sep}, pages={59–68} }
 @article{wehner_horton_1989, title={Seed weight of cucumber cultivars}, number={12}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Horton, R. R., Jr.}, year={1989}, pages={16} }
 @article{staub_wehner_tolla_1989, title={The effects of chemical seed treatments on horticultural characteristics in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)}, volume={38}, ISSN={0304-4238}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(89)90014-9}, DOI={10.1016/0304-4238(89)90014-9}, abstractNote={Seeds of the cucumber line WI 1606 were treated with Cytozyme, Cytex, Erogstim, Progib, Ga47 or GA47 + ethephon using acetone and water as infusion media. Days to germination (DTG) and percentage germination (PG) at 15 and 25°C after 2 and 20 weeks storage were calculated. No significant differences in PG could be detected among control seeds at 15°C 2 and 20 weeks after treatment. The DTG of control or chemically treated seed at 2 weeks was consistently lower than at 20 weeks, regardless of infusion medium. In contrast, the DTG was increased with storage. The PG of seeds treated with GA47 + ethephon was higher than that of all other treatments after 2 and 20 weeks of storage regardless of infusion medium. Moreover, the PG and DTG of seeds treated with GA47 and Progib were higher after acetone infusion. Seeds treated with Cytex, Cytozyme or Ergostim and infused with acetone did not germinate at either 15 or 25°C. The rate and total emergence of seedlings, sex expression, maturity date and fruit yield were not affected by seed treatment or infusion media when tested in field studies.}, number={1-2}, journal={Scientia Horticulturae}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Staub, Jack E. and Wehner, Todd C. and Tolla, Greg E.}, year={1989}, month={Feb}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{wehner_1988, title={Effect of end-border condition on small-plot yield of cucumber}, volume={38}, number={2}, journal={Euphytica}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={113–119} }
 @article{wehner_1988, title={Genetic considerations in germplasm collection and maintenance: a summary}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, year={1988}, month={Feb}, pages={95–97} }
 @article{ramirez_wehner_miller_1988, title={Growth analysis of three cucumber lines differing in plant habit}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Ramirez, D.R. and Wehner, T.C. and Miller, C.H.}, year={1988}, pages={145–148} }
 @article{ramirez_wehner_miller_1988, title={Source limitation by defoliation and its effect on dry matter production and yield of cucumber}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Ramirez, D.R. and Wehner, T.C. and Miller, C.H.}, year={1988}, pages={704–706} }
 @article{staub_tolla_wehner_1987, title={Effect of treatment of cucumber seeds with growth regulators on emergence and yield of plants in the field}, volume={198}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.198.5}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1987.198.5}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Staub, J.E. and Tolla, G.E. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1987}, month={Jun}, pages={43–52} }
 @article{wehner_1987, title={Efficient methods for testing vegetable cultivars}, volume={22}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, year={1987}, pages={1220–1223} }
 @article{booy_wehner_jenkins_1987, title={Resistance of cucumber lines to Rhizoctonia solani damping off: not related to fruit rot resistance}, volume={22}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Booy, G. and Wehner, T.C. and Jenkins, S.F., Jr}, year={1987}, month={Feb}, pages={105–108} }
 @article{perry_wehner_johnson_1986, title={Comparison of 14 methods to determine heat unit requirements for cucumber harvest}, volume={21}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Perry, K.B. and Wehner, T.C. and Johnson, G.L.}, year={1986}, pages={419–423} }
 @article{strefeler_wehner_1986, title={Comparison of six methods of multiple trait selection for fruit yield and quality traits in three fresh-market cucumber populations}, volume={111}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Strefeler, M.S. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1986}, pages={792–798} }
 @article{rubino_wehner_1986, title={Effect of inbreeding on horticultural performance of lines developed from an open-pollinated pickling cucumber population}, volume={35}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00021854}, DOI={10.1007/bf00021854}, number={2}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Rubino, David B. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1986}, month={Jun}, pages={459–464} }
 @article{wehner_1986, title={Efficiency of 3 single-harvest tests for evaluation of yield in pickling cucumber}, volume={35}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00021857}, DOI={10.1007/bf00021857}, number={2}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1986}, month={Jun}, pages={493–501} }
 @article{rubino_wehner_1986, title={Efficiency of early generation testing in pickling cucumber}, volume={35}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00028545}, DOI={10.1007/bf00028545}, number={1}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Rubino, David B. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1986}, month={Mar}, pages={89–96} }
 @article{strefeler_wehner_1986, title={Estimates of heritabilities and genetic variances of three yield and five quality traits in three fresh-market cucumber populations}, volume={111}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Strefeler, M.S. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1986}, pages={599–605} }
 @article{swallow_wehner_1986, title={Optimum plot size determination and its application to cucumber yield trials}, volume={35}, ISSN={0014-2336 1573-5060}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00021850}, DOI={10.1007/bf00021850}, number={2}, journal={Euphytica}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Swallow, William H. and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={1986}, month={Jun}, pages={421–432} }
 @article{wehner_miller_1985, title={Effect of gynoecious expression on yield and earliness of a fresh-market cucumber hybrid}, volume={110}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Miller, C.H.}, year={1985}, pages={464–466} }
 @article{staub_kupper_schuman_wehner_may_1985, title={Electrophoretic variation and enzyme storage stability in cucumber}, volume={110}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Staub, J.E. and Kupper, R.S. and Schuman, D. and Wehner, T.C. and May, B.}, year={1985}, pages={426–431} }
 @article{sloane_wehner_jenkins_1985, title={Inheritance of resistance to Rhizoctonia fruit rot in cucumber}, volume={20}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Sloane, J.T. and Wehner, T.C. and Jenkins, S.F., Jr}, year={1985}, pages={1119–1120} }
 @article{wehner_jenkins_1985, title={Rate of natural outcrossing in monoecious cucumbers}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Jenkins, S.F., Jr}, year={1985}, pages={211–213} }
 @article{wehner_elsey_kennedy_1985, title={Screening for cucumber antibiosis to pickleworm}, volume={20}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Elsey, K.D. and Kennedy, G.G.}, year={1985}, pages={1117–1119} }
 @article{wehner_monaco_bonanno_1984, title={Chemical defoliation of cucumber vines for simulation of once-over harvest in small-plot yield trials}, volume={19}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Monaco, T.J. and Bonanno, A.R.}, year={1984}, pages={671–673} }
 @article{wehner_miller_1984, title={Efficiency of single-harvest methods for measurement of yield in fresh-market cucumbers}, volume={109}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Miller, C.H.}, year={1984}, pages={659–664} }
 @article{wehner_1984, title={Estimates of heritabilities and variance components for low-temperature germination ability in cucumber}, volume={109}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T.C.}, year={1984}, pages={664–667} }
 @article{wehner_fleming_1984, title={Evaluation of bloater resistance in pickling cucumbers using a brine carbonation method}, volume={109}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Fleming, H.P.}, year={1984}, pages={261–265} }
 @article{wehner_tolla_humphries_1983, title={A plot scale extractor for cucumber seeds}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Tolla, G. E. and Humphries, E. G.}, year={1983}, pages={246} }
 @article{wehner_miller_1983, title={Effect of plant density on yield of determinate and normal cucumbers}, volume={18}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Miller, C. H.}, year={1983}, pages={602} }
 @article{jenkins_wehner_1983, title={Occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on Greenhouse-Grown Cucumis sativus Seed Stocks in North Carolina}, volume={67}, ISSN={0191-2917}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-67-1024}, DOI={10.1094/pd-67-1024}, number={9}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Jenkins, S.F., Jr. and Wehner, T.C.}, year={1983}, pages={1024} }
 @article{wehner_saltveit_1983, title={Photographic analysis of cucumber fruit elongation}, volume={108}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Saltveit, M. E., Jr.}, year={1983}, pages={465} }
 @article{wehner_saltveit_1982, title={A compressed air test for carpel adhesion in pickling cucumbers}, volume={107}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T. C. and Saltveit, M. E., Jr.}, year={1982}, pages={631} }
 @article{wehner_gritton_1981, title={Effect of the n gene on pea pod characteristics}, volume={106}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Gritton, E.T.}, year={1981}, pages={181–183} }
 @article{wehner_gritton_1981, title={Horticultural evaluation of eight foliage types of peas near-isogenic for the genes af, tl and st}, volume={106}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Gritton, E.T.}, year={1981}, pages={272–278} }
 @article{wehner_locy_1981, title={In vitro adventitious shoot and root formation of cultivars and lines of Cucumis sativus L}, volume={16}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Wehner, T.C. and Locy, R.D.}, year={1981}, pages={759–760} }