@article{zelachowski_rishniw_defrancesco_2024, title={A survey of the use of ultrasound by small animal veterinary clinicians}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13377}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13377}, abstractNote={Abstract This study aimed to determine the current use of ultrasound amongst small animal veterinarians. A total of 1216 small animal veterinary practitioners responded to an electronic survey that was administered through the Veterinary Information Network to all its members. Descriptive statistics were generated; limited inferential statistics were performed to examine specific relationships. Eighty‐four percent of respondents had access to an ultrasound unit, and 86% of respondents reported using their unit multiple times per week. The most common uses were assistance with cystocentesis (93%) and abdominocentesis (71%), pregnancy diagnosis (69%), limited abdominal evaluation (63%), to aid in thoracocentesis (59%), and limited thoracic evaluation (52%). Eighty‐nine percent of respondents received some formal training in ultrasound, most commonly from continuing education courses. Most respondents (52%) reported receiving ≤25 h of training. Additionally, 88% of respondents believed it was either extremely or very important for there to be ultrasound training for veterinary students prior to graduation. Based on this survey, most small animal practitioners commonly use ultrasound for limited examinations, being most confident in the sonographic evaluation and centesis of the bladder and for the detection and centesis of effusion in a body cavity. With most respondents having ≤25 h of training in ultrasound, typically obtained in postgraduate courses, an expansion in standardized basic ultrasound training within the veterinary curriculum may be warranted.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Zelachowski, Kendra A. and Rishniw, Mark and Defrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mcmanamey_lake_defrancesco_2024, title={Cardiovascular images: pacemaker-lead fracture and excessive coiling in a dog}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2024.02.004}, abstractNote={A seven-year-old male castrated Labrador Retriever presented emergently due to concern for pacemaker malfunction five years after successful transvenous pacemaker implantation to treat partial atrial standstill. On presentation, the dog's pulse rate was 30–50 beats per minute. An electrocardiogram showed no spontaneous atrial activity or paced ventricular activity. Pacemaker interrogation revealed an increased impedance of 7557 ohms, indicating a lead malfunction. Thoracic radiographs confirmed the lead was fractured and had excessive coiling. The transvenous pacing system was turned off, left in place, and an epicardial pacing system was implanted the following day. The dog was discharged with no perioperative complications. The dog eventually required escalated medical therapy for progressive cardiac disease and was euthanized two years after implantation of the replacement pacemaker. This manuscript illustrates a complete lead fracture and excessive lead coiling, which has not previously been detailed in veterinary medicine.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={McManamey, A. K. and Lake, M. M. and DeFrancesco, T. C.}, year={2024}, month={Apr}, pages={68–71} }
 @article{reuter_defrancesco_robertson_meurs_2024, title={Clinical outcome of idiopathic juvenile ventricular arrhythmias in 25 dogs}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2023.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2023.12.001}, abstractNote={Juvenile ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease have been characterized in a small number of canine breeds with limited long-term follow up. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical outcome of dogs with JVA presenting to a university teaching hospital.Twenty five dogs, less than two years old with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias were retrospectively identified via a medical record search. Young dogs with ventricular arrhythmias were excluded if they had structural heart disease, systemic illness, or an abnormal troponin (if performed). Electrocardiographic and Holter monitor data was evaluated for arrhythmia frequency and complexity at the time of diagnosis and over time. Long-term follow up was achieved through client and primary veterinarian contact.Breeds included German Shepherd (eight), Boxer (four), Great Dane (three), mixed breed (two) and one each of the following: Anatolian Shepherd, French Bulldog, golden retriever, Great Pyrenees, Labrador retriever, Shiloh Shepherd, miniature Poodle and Siberian Husky. The average age at diagnosis was 7.9 months (range, 2-22 months). The overall median survival was 10.96 years (range, 1.75-15.66 years). There was an average reduction in the number of ventricular beats by 86.7 % per year (P value -0.0257) based on Holter data.In most cases, idiopathic juvenile ventricular arrhythmias had a favorable long-term prognosis with reduced ectopy over time in this case series. Juvenile ventricular arrhythmias remains a diagnosis of exclusion but can be considered in a broader range of dog breeds than previously described.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Reuter, A. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Robertson, J. B. and Meurs, K. M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={188–194} }
 @article{kaplan_rivas_walker_grubb_farrell_fitzgerald_kennedy_pjauregui_crofton_pmclaughlin_et al._2023, title={Delayed-release rapamycin halts progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in subclinical feline hypertrophic results of the RAPACAT trial}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/65523912/}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.04.0187}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kaplan, Joanna L. and Rivas, Victor N. and Walker, Ashley L. and Grubb, Louise and Farrell, Aisling and Fitzgerald, Stuart and Kennedy, Susan and Pjauregui, Carina E. and Crofton, Amanda E. and Pmclaughlin, Chris and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={1628–1637} }
 @article{barron_defrancesco_chou_bonagura_tropf_murphy_mcmanamey_yuan_mochel_ward_2023, title={Echocardiographic caudal vena cava measurements in healthy cats and in cats with congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of cavitary effusions}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2023.05.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2023.05.004}, abstractNote={Echocardiographic indices of the inferior vena cava have been associated with elevated right atrial pressures in humans.Describe caudal vena caval (CVC) sonographic dimensions in healthy cats compared to cats with cardiogenic cavitary effusion (CCE), cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE), or non-cardiac causes of cavitary effusion (NCE).30 healthy control cats and 52 client-owned cats with CCE, CPE, or NCE examined at two university hospitals.Sagittal 2-dimensional (2D) and M-mode CVC dimensions were acquired from the subxiphoid view. Caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVC-CI) was calculated. Variables were compared between study groups using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Bonferroni testing. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic categories.Healthy cats had sagittal 2D and M-mode (median, interquartile range) CVC maximal dimensions of 2.4 mm (1.3-4.0) and 3.4 mm (1.5-4.9) and CVC-CI of 52% (45.2-61.8) and 55% (47.8-61.3), respectively. The CVC maximal dimensions in healthy controls were smaller than in cats with cavitary effusions or pulmonary edema (all P<0.05). CVC-CI was different between CCE and NCE (P<0.0001) with cutoffs of CVC-CI ≤38% (2D) or ≤29% (M-mode) being 90.5% and 85.7% sensitive, and 94.4% and 100% specific for diagnosis of CCE, respectively.Caudal vena cava measurements are larger in cats with cavitary effusions and cats with CPE than healthy cats. In cats with cavitary effusion, decreased CVC-CI, ≤38% (2D) or ≤29% (M-mode), was helpful in distinguishing between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic etiology.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Barron, L. Z. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Chou, Y. -y. and Bonagura, J. D. and Tropf, M. A. and Murphy, S. D. and McManamey, A. K. and Yuan, L. and Mochel, J. P. and Ward, J. L.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={7–18} }
 @article{adin_atkins_domenig_glahn_defrancesco_meurs_2023, title={Evaluation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Components and Enzymes in Systemically Hypertensive Cats Receiving Amlodipine}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/22/3479}, DOI={10.3390/ani13223479}, abstractNote={Background: Chronic renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) activation is harmful. Amlodipine activates RAAS in humans and dogs, but contradictory data exist for systemically hypertensive (SHT) cats. Hypothesis: Cats with SHT and chronic kidney disease treated with amlodipine (SHT/CKD-A) are RAAS activated. Animals: Client-owned cats: unmedicated normotensive (NT) cats (n = 9); SHT/CKD-A cats (n = 5) with median systolic blood pressure of 170 mmHg (vs. 195 mmHg, pre-treatment), chronic kidney disease, and receiving no RAAS-suppressive therapy. Methods: Serum was frozen (−80 °C) until RAAS analysis via equilibrium analysis. The RAAS variables (reported as median (minimum–maximum)) were compared between groups, using Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Angiotensin 1, angiotensin 1,7, angiotensin III, and angiotensin 1,5, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 activity were higher in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats, while ACE activity was lower in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats (p < 0.05 all). A marker for alternative RAAS influence (ALT-S) was significantly higher (69; 58–73 pmol/pmol) in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats (35; 14–63 pmol/pmol; p = 0.001). Aldosterone concentrations were significantly higher (393; 137–564 pmol/L) in SHT/CKD-A cats compared to NT cats (129; 28–206 pmol/L; p = 0.007). Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Circulating RAAS is activated in systemically hypertensive cats receiving amlodipine. Although this study did not parse out the individual contributions of SHT, chronic kidney disease, and amlodipine, the findings suggest that the use of concurrent RAAS-suppressant therapy, specifically aldosterone antagonism, in amlodipine-treated SHT cats with chronic kidney disease might be indicated.}, number={22}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Adin, Darcy and Atkins, Clarke and Domenig, Oliver and Glahn, Catherine and Defrancesco, Teresa and Meurs, Kathryn}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mcgrath_dixon_hirst_bode_defrancesco_fries_gordon_hogan_pereira_mederska_et al._2023, title={Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis in dogs: a multicenter retrospective study}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2023.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2023.06.004}, abstractNote={Pacemaker implantation is the treatment of choice for clinically relevant bradyarrhythmias. Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis (PLAT) occurs in 23.0–45.0% of people with permanent transvenous pacemakers. Serious thromboembolic complications are reported in 0.6–3.5%. The incidence of PLAT in dogs is unknown. multicenter retrospective study of seven centers with 606 client-owned dogs undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation between 2012 and 2019. 260 dogs with a transvenous pacemaker with echocardiographic follow-up, 268 dogs with a transvenous pacemaker without echocardiographic follow-up and 78 dogs with an epicardial pacemaker. 10.4% (27/260) of dogs with transvenous pacemakers and echocardiographic follow-up had PLAT identified. The median time to diagnosis was 175 days (6–1853 days). Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis was an incidental finding in 15/27 (55.6%) dogs. Of dogs with a urine protein:creatinine ratio measured at pacemaker implantation, dogs with PLAT were more likely to have proteinuria at pacemaker implantation vs. dogs without PLAT (6/6 (100.0%) vs. 21/52 (40.4%), P=0.007). Urine protein:creatinine ratio was measured in 12/27 (44.4%) dogs at PLAT diagnosis, with proteinuria identified in 10/12 (83.3%) dogs. Anti-thrombotic drugs were used following the identification of PLAT in 22/27 (81.5%) dogs. The thrombus resolved in 9/15 (60.0%) dogs in which follow-up echocardiography was performed. Dogs with PLAT had shorter survival times from implantation compared to those without PLAT (677 days [9–1988 days] vs. 1105 days [1–2661 days], P=0.003). Pacemaker-lead-associated thrombosis is identified in 10.4% (27/260) of dogs following transvenous pacing, is associated with proteinuria, can cause significant morbidity, and is associated with reduced survival times.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, author={McGrath, C. and Dixon, A. and Hirst, C. and Bode, E.F. and DeFrancesco, T. and Fries, R. and Gordon, S. and Hogan, D. and Pereira, Y. Martinez and Mederska, E. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mcmanamey_defrancesco_meurs_papich_2023, title={Pharmacokinetics of pimobendan after oral administration to dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16891}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16891}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={McManamey, Anna K. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Meurs, Kathryn M. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{cabot_papich_harrison_thomson_defrancesco_ozawa_2023, title={Population pharmacokinetics of single dose oral pimobendan in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.09.002}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2023.09.002}, abstractNote={Therapeutic options and dosing recommendations for congestive heart failure in the domestic ferret are currently extrapolated from domestic dogs and cats. The goal of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral pimobendan in the domestic ferret. Twelve domestic ferrets were administered a single dose (average 0.4 mg/kg) of pimobendan in a commercially available, chewable, meat-flavored tablet formulation. High-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection were used to measure pimobendan and the metabolite O-desmethylpimobendan (ODMP) in plasma samples collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 hours after administration using a sparse sampling protocol. Pharmacokinetic parameters for pimobendan and ODMP were as follows: peak plasma concentration, 14.29 ng/mL and 16.88 ng/mL; time to peak plasma concentration, 1.69 hours and 1.97 hours; area under the curve, 129.87 ng*h/mL and 190.97 ng*h/mL; and elimination half-life, 4.97 hours and 6.32 hours, respectively. No adverse events were noted. A single dose of oral pimobendan in ferrets reached concentrations higher than that reported for dogs by the manufacturer and similar to peak plasma concentrations correlated with a therapeutic effect in healthy dogs in a separate study. Individual variability was high and plasma concentrations in at least half of the ferrets remained at or below the lower limit of quantification throughout the duration of the study. Additional studies are needed to characterize the pharmacodynamics, oral bioavailability, and duration of action to facilitate dosing recommendations for pimobendan in the domestic ferret.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Cabot, Megan L. and Papich, Mark G. and Harrison, Tara M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Defrancesco, Teresa and Ozawa, Sarah M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{ward_defrancesco_2023, title={The Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Managing Cardiac Emergencies}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.017}, abstractNote={Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a useful imaging tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiac emergencies. Unlike complete echocardiography , POCUS is a time-sensitive examination involving a subset of targeted thoracic ultrasound views to identify abnormalities of the heart, lungs, pleural space, and caudal vena cava. When integrated with other clinical information, POCUS can be helpful in the diagnosis of left-sided and right-sided congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and tamponade, and severe pulmonary hypertension and can help clinicians monitor resolution or recurrence of these conditions.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Ward, Jessica L. and Defrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={1429–1443} }
 @article{walker_defrancesco_bonagura_keene_meurs_tou_kurtz_aona_barron_mcmanamey_et al._2022, title={Association of diet with clinical outcomes in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure*}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.001}, abstractNote={Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been associated with feeding of grain-free (GF), legume-rich diets. Some dogs with presumed diet-associated DCM have shown improved myocardial function and clinical outcomes following a change in diet and standard medical therapy. Prior GF (pGF) diet influences reverse cardiac remodeling and clinical outcomes in dogs with DCM and congestive heart failure (CHF). A retrospective study was performed with 67 dogs with DCM and CHF for which diet history was known. Dogs were grouped by diet into pGF and grain-inclusive (GI) groups. Dogs in the pGF group were included if diet change was a component of therapy. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and the Cox proportional-hazards model. The median survival time was 344 days for pGF dogs vs. 253 days for GI dogs (P = 0.074). Statistically significant differences in median survival were identified when the analysis was limited to dogs surviving longer than one week (P = 0.033). Prior GF dogs had a significantly worse outcome the longer a GF diet was fed prior to diagnosis (P = 0.004) or if they were diagnosed at a younger age (P = 0.017). Prior GF dogs showed significantly greater improvement in normalized left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (P = 0.038) and E-point septal separation (P = 0.031) measurements and significant decreases in their furosemide (P = 0.009) and pimobendan (P < 0.005) dosages over time compared to GI dogs. Prior GF dogs that survived at least one week after diagnosis of DCM, treatment of CHF, and diet change had better clinical outcomes and showed reverse ventricular remodeling compared to GI dogs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Walker, A. L. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Bonagura, J. D. and Keene, B. W. and Meurs, K. M. and Tou, S. P. and Kurtz, K. and Aona, B. and Barron, L. and McManamey, A. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={99–109} }
 @article{guillaumin_defrancesco_scansen_quinn_whelan_hanel_goy-thollot_bublot_robertson_bonagura_2022, title={Bilateral lysis of aortic saddle thrombus with early tissue plasminogen activator (BLASTT): a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study in feline acute aortic thromboembolism}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612X221135105}, abstractNote={Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) on the treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE). }, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Guillaumin, Julien and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Scansen, Brian A. and Quinn, Rebecca and Whelan, Megan and Hanel, Rita and Goy-Thollot, Isabelle and Bublot, Isabelle and Robertson, James B. and Bonagura, John D.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{karp_freeman_rush_arsenault_cunningham_defrancesco_karlin_laste_lefbom_plante_et al._2022, title={Dilated cardiomyopathy in cats: survey of veterinary cardiologists and retrospective evaluation of a possible association with diet}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2021.11.002}, abstractNote={The objectives were to conduct a survey of cardiologists on their recent experiences with cats that have dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and to retrospectively review individual cases of feline DCM.Part one: A survey was distributed to cardiologists with questions regarding caseload and clinical management of cats with DCM diagnosed over the past two years. Part two: Cardiologists completing the survey were invited to submit data from cats recently diagnosed with DCM. Data on signalment, clinical signs, diet, echocardiographic measurements and outcome were recorded.Part one: From 52 completed surveys, many cardiologists responded that measuring and supplementing taurine and recommending a diet change in cats with DCM are common practices. Few (15%) cardiologists reported an increase in the number of feline DCM cases over the past two years, although some had cases that improved even if taurine deficiency was not present. Part two: Twenty of 37 (54%) cats ate low pea/lentil (low PL) diets, and 14/37 (38%) ate high PL diets at the time of diagnosis; three had incomplete diet information. Two of 13 cats (15%) in which taurine was measured had levels below the reference range. After adjusting for other variables, cats eating high PL diets that changed diets after diagnosis had a significantly longer survival time than that of cats eating high PL diets that did not change diets after diagnosis (P = 0.025).Additional research is warranted to determine whether there could be a possible association between diet and DCM in cats.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Karp, S. and Freeman, L. M. and Rush, J. E. and Arsenault, W. G. and Cunningham, S. M. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Karlin, E. T. and Laste, N. J. and Lefbom, B. K. and Plante, C. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={22–34} }
 @article{meurs_williams_deprospero_friedenberg_malarkey_ezzell_keene_adin_defrancesco_tou_2021, title={A deleterious mutation in the ALMS1 gene in a naturally occurring model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1750-1172"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13023-021-01740-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ORPHANET JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES}, author={Meurs, Kathryn M. and Williams, Brian G. and DeProspero, Dylan and Friedenberg, Steven G. and Malarkey, David E. and Ezzell, J. Ashley and Keene, Bruce W. and Adin, Darcy B. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Tou, Sandra}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{k. o'donnell_adin_atkins_defrancesco_keene_tou_meurs_2021, title={Absence of known feline MYH7 and MYBPC3 variants in a diverse cohort of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1365-2052"]}, DOI={10.1111/age.13074}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={ANIMAL GENETICS}, author={K. O'Donnell and Adin, D. and Atkins, C. E. and DeFrancesco, T. and Keene, B. W. and Tou, S. and Meurs, K. M.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={542–544} }
 @article{defrancesco_ward_2021, title={Focused Canine Cardiac Ultrasound}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.07.005}, abstractNote={Focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) is a useful point-of-care imaging tool to assess cardiovascular status in symptomatic dogs in the acute care setting. Unlike complete echocardiography, FCU is a time-sensitive examination involving a subset of targeted ultrasound views to identify severe cardiac abnormalities and is performed as part of an integrated thoracic ultrasound including interrogation of the pleural space and lungs. When integrated with other clinical information, FCU can be helpful in the diagnosis of left-sided and right-sided congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and tamponade, and severe pulmonary hypertension, and can provide estimates of fluid responsiveness in hypotensive dogs.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Ward, Jessica L.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={1203–1216} }
 @article{chou_ward_barron_murphy_tropf_lisciandro_yuan_mochel_defrancesco_2021, title={Focused ultrasound of the caudal vena cava in dogs with cavitary effusions or congestive heart failure: A prospective, observational study}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0252544}, abstractNote={
Introduction
Ultrasonographic indices of the inferior vena cava are useful for predicting right heart filling pressures in people.
}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Chou, Yen-Yu and Ward, Jessica L. and Barron, Lara Z. and Murphy, Shane D. and Tropf, Melissa A. and Lisciandro, Gregory R. and Yuan, Lingnan and Mochel, Jonathan P. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @misc{atkins_keene_defrancesco_tou_chetboul_cote_ettinger_fox_hamlin_mochel_et al._2021, title={Letter to the editor regarding "Efficacy of adding ramipril (VAsotop) to the combination of furosemide (Lasix) and pimobendan (VEtmedin) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration: The VALVE trial"}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16035}, abstractNote={Dear Editors, The manuscript entitled Efficacy of adding ramipril (VAsotop) to the combination of furosemide (Lasix) and pimobendan (VEtmedin) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration: The VALVE trial reports a study which sought to answer the question “could pimobendan be all that is needed beyond loop diuretics to manage congestive heart failure (CHF) in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD)?” This was done by prospectively comparing the efficacy of pimobendan + ramipril + furosemide (triple treatment) to pimobendan + furosemide (double treatment) to treat new-onset CHF caused by MMVD. While agreeing with the authors that this question has merit, we share several comments and questions regarding applicability of their study results to current practice. During the VALVE trial, worsening signs of CHF were primarily managed with progressively larger diuretic dosages, as opposed to other potential pharmacological interventions such as greater renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) suppression, alternative diuretic use, higher pimobendan dosing, and arterial vasodilator treatment. While the angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) ramipril (VASOTOP) was begun at a once daily dosage according to label recommendation, the initial furosemide dosage (median, 8 mg/kg/d), high by current clinical standards, was increased to as much as 15 mg/kg/d, before predefined treatment failure was reached; ramipril dosage was increased (doubled) in only 3 dogs. Spironolactone dosing was left to the clinicians' discretion (added to baseline treatment in only 13 dogs, 8 in the triple treatment group, and 5 dogs in the double treatment group). The VALVE trial did not assess the efficacy of RAAS suppression using biomarkers. Therefore, the question of whether ramipril adequately or optimally suppressed RAAS, while failing to improve survival in the face of these diuretic dosages, remains unanswered. We are also concerned that dogs in both treatment groups received ACEI for an average of 9 months before entering the study (44% of triple treatment group vs 26% of double treatment group; P = .02), indicating that over one-quarter of the double treatment group (the no ACEI group) previously had received an ACEI—and for a duration longer than the median 7.6 months that these dogs remained in the study. This is important because it is known that RAAS suppression before the onset of CHF has favorable effects on cardiac remodeling. Although unknowable by the authors at the time of the VALVE trial design, other studies completed during the 10-year duration of the VALVE trial have demonstrated significant benefit from greater, longer, and more broad-spectrum RAAS suppression (eg, higher or q12h ACEI dosing and mineralocorticoid antagonist [MRA] inclusion) in treating proteinuria and CHF. Because the VALVE trial was performed under Good Clinical Practice guidelines, owner adherence to the trial protocol was quantified. It would be useful to know whether those measurements identified “adherence parity” between the 2 treatment groups, thus eliminating 1 potential source of unintentional bias. Ramipril, a narrow-spectrum RAAS suppressant (ie, it causes no direct MRA effect), was tested as an “add-on” to drugs providing symptomatic relief (pimobendan and furosemide). Although the absence of an MRA as part of the test article is understandable because of the timing of the VALVE study design, its absence impairs our understanding of the potential role that true RAAS suppression (ie, more RAAS suppression than ACE inhibition alone) might play in managing CHF caused by MMVD. It is now known that incomplete RAAS suppression (aldosterone breakthrough) is common with either ACEI or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in normal dogs challenged with furosemide or amlodipine; with ACEI in natural MMVD before CHF (without furosemide); and in MMVD with CHF in dogs receiving ACEI and furosemide. Furthermore, inclusion of MRAs in therapeutic protocols has improved survival in CHF caused by MMVD. Although it has not been directly investigated, it is likely that the high doses of furosemide used in the VALVE Trial, with greater RAAS stimulatory potential, enhanced the propensity for aldosterone breakthrough. In dogs treated with ACEI and ARBs, there is an estimated 30% to 40% incidence of aldosterone breakthrough at conventional furosemide dosages, and a proportional clinical benefit is seen with broad-spectrum RAAS suppression. For this Received: 11 January 2021 Accepted: 12 January 2021}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Atkins, Clarke and Keene, Bruce and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Tou, Sandra and Chetboul, Valerie and Cote, Etienne and Ettinger, Stephen and Fox, Philip R. and Hamlin, Robert L. and Mochel, Jonathan P. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={698–699} }
 @article{deprospero_kerry a. o'donnell_defrancesco_keene_tou_adin_atkins_meurs_2021, title={Myxomatous mitral valve disease in Miniature Schnauzers and Yorkshire Terriers: 134 cases (2007-2016)}, volume={259}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.20.05.0291}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={DeProspero, Dylan J. and Kerry A. O'Donnell and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Keene, Bruce W. and Tou, Sandra P. and Adin, Darcy B. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Meurs, Kathryn M.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1428–1432} }
 @article{williams_friedenberg_keene_tou_defrancesco_meurs_2021, title={Use of whole genome analysis to identify shared genomic variants across breeds in canine mitral valve disease}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1432-1203"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00439-021-02297-w}, abstractNote={Familial mitral valve prolapse in human beings has been associated with several genetic variants; however, in most cases, a known variant has not been identified. Dogs also have a naturally occurring form of familial mitral valve disease (MMVD) with similarities to the human disease. A shared genetic background and clinical phenotype of this disease in some dog breeds has indicated that the disease may share a common genetic cause. We evaluated DNA from 50 affected dogs from five different dog breeds in a whole genome sequencing approach to identify shared variants across and within breeds that could be associated with MMVD. No single causative genetic mutation was found from the 50 dogs with MMVD. Ten variants were identified in 37/50 dogs around and within the MED13L gene. These variants were no longer associated with MMVD when evaluated with a larger cohort including both affected and unaffected dogs. No high/moderate impact variants were identified in 10/10 miniature poodles, one was identified in 10/10 Yorkshire Terriers and 10/10 dachshunds, respectively, 14 were identified in 10/10 Miniature schnauzers, and 19 in 10/10 CKCS. Only one of these could be associated with the cardiac valve (Chr12:36801705, COL12A1; CKCS) but when evaluated in an additional 100 affected CKCS the variant was only identified in 84/100 affected dogs, perhaps indicating genetic heterogeneity in this disease. Our findings indicate that development of MMVD in the dog may be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors that impact specific molecular pathways rather than a single shared genetic variant across or within breeds.}, journal={HUMAN GENETICS}, author={Williams, Brian and Friedenberg, Steven G. and Keene, Bruce W. and Tou, Sandy P. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Meurs, Kathryn M.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{murphy_ward_viall_tropf_walton_fowler_ware_defrancesco_2021, title={Utility of point-of-care lung ultrasound for monitoring cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15990}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15990}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Murphy, Shane D. and Ward, Jessica L. and Viall, Austin K. and Tropf, Melissa A. and Walton, Rebecca L. and Fowler, Jennifer L. and Ware, Wendy A. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={68–77} }
 @article{coleman_defrancesco_griffiths_lascelles_kleisch_atkins_keene_2020, title={Atenolol in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of effect on quality of life, activity, and cardiac biomarkers}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2020.06.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2020.06.002}, abstractNote={To compare quality of life (QOL) and activity measures between healthy control cats and cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and to evaluate the effect of oral atenolol therapy on QOL, activity, and circulating biomarkers in cats with subclinical HCM. Thirty-two client-owned cats with subclinical HCM and 27 healthy control cats. Owner responses to a QOL questionnaire, circulating cardiac biomarker concentrations, and accelerometer-based activity measures were compared prospectively in cats with and without HCM, and in cats with HCM before and after treatment with oral atenolol (6.25 mg/cat q 12 h) for 6 months. Owner-assessed activity of daily living score was lower in cats with HCM than in cats in controls (p=0.0420). No differences were identified between control cats and cats with HCM for any activity variable. Compared with placebo, treatment with atenolol was associated with a lower baseline-adjusted mean ± SD heart rate (157 ± 30 vs. 195 ± 20 bpm; p=0.0001) and rate-pressure product (22,446 ± 6,237 vs. 26,615 ± 4,623 mmHg/min; p=0.0146). A treatment effect of atenolol on QOL or activity was not demonstrated. This study failed to identify an effect of subclinical HCM on owner-assessed QOL or activity or a treatment effect of atenolol on these variables at the dosage evaluated. These findings do not support a treatment benefit of atenolol for the goal of symptom reduction in cats with subclinical HCM.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Coleman, A. E. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Griffiths, E. H. and Lascelles, B. D. X. and Kleisch, D. J. and Atkins, C. E. and Keene, B. W.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={77–91} }
 @article{adin_atkins_domenig_defrancesco_keene_tou_stern_meurs_2020, title={Renin-angiotensin aldosterone profile before and after angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor administration in dogs with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15746}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15746}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Adin, Darcy and Atkins, Clarke and Domenig, Oliver and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Keene, Bruce and Tou, Sandra and Stern, Joshua A. and Meurs, Kathryn M.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={600–606} }
 @article{ward_kussin_tropf_tou_defrancesco_keene_2020, title={Retrospective evaluation of the safety and tolerability of pimobendan in cats with obstructive vs nonobstructive cardiomyopathy}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15920}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15920}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Ward, Jessica L. and Kussin, Efrem Z. and Tropf, Melissa A. and Tou, Sandra P. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2211–2222} }
 @article{meurs_friedenberg_kolb_saripalli_tonino_woodruff_olby_keene_adin_yost_et al._2019, title={A missense variant in the titin gene in Doberman pinscher dogs with familial dilated cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death}, volume={138}, ISSN={0340-6717 1432-1203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-019-01973-2}, DOI={10.1007/s00439-019-01973-2}, abstractNote={The dog provides a large animal model of familial dilated cardiomyopathy for the study of important aspects of this common familial cardiovascular disease. We have previously demonstrated a form of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher breed that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is associated with a splice site variant in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) gene, however, genetic heterogeneity exists in this species as well and not all affected dogs have the PDK4 variant. Whole genome sequencing of a family of Doberman pinchers with dilated cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death without the PDK4 variant was performed. A pathologic missense variant in the titin gene located in an immunoglobulin-like domain in the I-band spanning region of the molecule was identified and was highly associated with the disease (p < 0.0001). We demonstrate here the identification of a variant in the titin gene highly associated with the disease in this spontaneous canine model of dilated cardiomyopathy. This large animal model of familial dilated cardiomyopathy shares many similarities with the human disease including mode of inheritance, clinical presentation, genetic heterogeneity and a pathologic variant in the titin gene. The dog is an excellent model to improve our understanding of the genotypic phenotypic relationships, penetrance, expression and the pathophysiology of variants in the titin gene.}, number={5}, journal={Human Genetics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Meurs, Kathryn M. and Friedenberg, Steven G. and Kolb, Justin and Saripalli, Chandra and Tonino, Paola and Woodruff, Kathleen and Olby, Natasha J. and Keene, Bruce W. and Adin, Darcy B. and Yost, Oriana L. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={515–524} }
 @article{adin_defrancesco_keene_tou_meurs_atkins_aona_kurtz_barron_saker_et al._2019, title={Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.002}, abstractNote={Canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) can result from numerous etiologies including genetic mutations, infections, toxins, and nutritional imbalances. This study sought to characterize differences in echocardiographic findings between dogs with DCM fed grain-free (GF) diets and grain-based (GB) diets.Forty-eight dogs with DCM and known diet history.This was a retrospective analysis of dogs with DCM from January 1, 2015 to May 1, 2018 with a known diet history. Dogs were grouped by diet (GF and GB), and the GF group was further divided into dogs eating the most common grain-free diet (GF-1) and other grain-free diets (GF-o). Demographics, diet history, echocardiographic parameters, taurine concentrations, and vertebral heart scale were compared between GB, all GF, GF-1, and GF-o groups at diagnosis and recheck.Dogs eating GF-1 weighed less than GB and GF-o dogs, but age and sex were not different between groups. Left ventricular size in diastole and systole was greater, and sphericity index was less for GF-1 compared with GB dogs. Diastolic left ventricular size was greater for all GF compared with that of GB dogs. Fractional shortening, left atrial size, and vertebral heart scale were not different between groups. Taurine deficiency was not identified in GF dogs, and presence of congestive heart failure was not different between groups. Seven dogs that were reevaluated after diet change (6 received taurine supplementation) had clinical and echocardiographic improvement.Dietary-associated DCM occurs with some GF diets and can improve with nutritional management, including diet change. The role of taurine supplementation, even without deficiency, is uncertain.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Adin, Darcy and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Keene, Bruce and Tou, Sandra and Meurs, Kathryn and Atkins, Clarke and Aona, Brent and Kurtz, Kari and Barron, Lara and Saker, Korinn and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{ward_lisciandro_ware_miles_viall_defrancesco_2019, title={Lung ultrasonographic findings in dogs with various underlying causes of cough}, volume={255}, DOI={10.2460/javma.255.5.574}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Ward, J.L. and Lisciandro, G.R. and Ware, W.A. and Miles, K.G. and Viall, A.K. and DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={574–583} }
 @article{meurs_adin_k. o'donnell_keene_atkins_defrancesco_tou_2019, title={Myxomatous mitral valve disease in the miniature poodle: A retrospective study}, volume={244}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.019}, abstractNote={Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common cardiovascular disease in the dog. The natural history of the disease is wide ranging and includes patients without clinical signs as well as those with significant clinical consequences from cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension and/or congestive heart failure. The factors that determine which dogs remain asymptomatic and which develop clinical disease are not known. Disease characteristics could be breed or family related; some breeds of dogs, particularly the Cavalier King Charles spaniels, develop MMVD at an early age. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively characterize MMVD in the miniature poodle, a commonly affected breed in which MMVD has not been well characterized. Thirty-two miniature poodles met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 11±three years. Clinical signs included exercise intolerance, syncope and coughing. Eighteen dogs were classified as ACVIM Stage B1, 12 as stage B2, and two as stage C. Mean vertebral heart scale (VHS) was 10.2 (±standard deviation of 0.9); 15 of 28 dogs had a VHS <10.3. One dog had radiographic evidence of congestive heart failure. Mean diastolic left ventricle dimension normalized to body weight was 1.6 (±0.4) and mean systolic was 0.8 (±0.3). Mitral valve prolapse was subjectively classified as mild or moderate in 19 dogs and severe in two. In the miniature poodles reported here, MMVD appears to be a fairly late onset disease and often is a mild phenotype.}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Meurs, K. M. and Adin, D. and K. O'Donnell and Keene, B. W. and Atkins, C. E. and DeFrancesco, T. and Tou, S.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={94–97} }
 @article{defrancesco_royal_2018, title={A survey of point-of-care ultrasound use in veterinary general practice}, volume={1}, ISSN={2590-1761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ehp.ehp_21_18}, DOI={10.4103/ehp.ehp_21_18}, abstractNote={Background: The use of ultrasound (US) continues to expand in veterinary and human medicine. The purpose of this study was to assess the current practices and potential barriers to the use of US in veterinary small animal general practices. Methods: An electronic survey was administered to approximately 1000 veterinary practitioners in the Southeastern United States. A total of 296 veterinarians completed the survey. Results: Among respondents, 53% reported having an US unit in their practice and 45% reported performing USs more than five times weekly. The most common reasons for not having an US unit were prohibitive cost (27%) and lack of training (27%). In addition, 74% responded that US training for a new graduate was extremely or very important. Conclusions: This study is the first to document the common use of US in small animal general practices and highlights the need for instruction of basic US skills for veterinary students and small animal practitioners.}, number={2}, journal={Education in the Health Professions}, publisher={Medknow}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa and Royal, Kenneth}, year={2018}, pages={50} }
 @article{meurs_olsen_reimann_keene_atkins_adin_aona_condit_defrancesco_reina-doreste_et al._2018, title={Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with an ACE gene polymorphism and myxomatous mitral valve disease}, volume={28}, url={https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0000000000000322}, DOI={10.1097/FPC.0000000000000322}, abstractNote={Objectives Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart disease in the dog. It is particularly common in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) breed and affected dogs are frequently managed with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I). We have previously identified a canine ACE gene polymorphism associated with a decrease in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the prevalence of the ACE polymorphism in CKCS with mitral valve disease and to determine whether the presence of the polymorphism is associated with alterations in ACE activity at different stages of cardiac disease. Methods Seventy-three dogs with a diagnosis of mitral valve disease were evaluated and a blood sample was drawn for ACE polymorphism genotyping and ACE activity measurement. Results Forty-three dogs were homozygous for the ACE polymorphism; five were heterozygous and 25 were homozygous wild type. The mean age and the median severity of disease were not different for dogs with the polymorphism and dogs with the wild-type sequence. The median baseline ACE activity was significantly lower for the ACE polymorphism (27.0 U/l) than the wild-type sequence dogs (31.0 U/l) (P=0.02). Dogs with more severe disease and the ACE polymorphism had significantly lower levels of ACE activity than dogs with the wild-type sequence (P=0.03). Conclusion The CKCS appears to have a high prevalence of the ACE variant. Dogs with the ACE variant had lower levels of ACE activity even in more advanced mitral valve disease than dogs without the variant. The clinical significance of this finding and its impact on the need for ACE-I in dogs with the polymorphism and heart disease deserves further study.}, number={2}, journal={Pharmacogenetics and Genomics}, author={Meurs, K.M. and Olsen, L.H. and Reimann, M.J. and Keene, B.W. and Atkins, C.E. and Adin, D. and Aona, B. and Condit, J. and DeFrancesco, T. and Reina-Doreste, Y. and et al.}, year={2018}, pages={37–40} }
 @article{ward_lisciandro_defrancesco_2018, title={Distribution of alveolar-interstitial syndrome in dogs and cats with respiratory distress as assessed by lung ultrasound versus thoracic radiographs}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12750}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Ward, Jessica L. and Lisciandro, Gregory R. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2018}, pages={415–428} }
 @article{meurs_friedenberg_williams_keene_atkins_adin_aona_defrancesco_tou_mackay_et al._2018, title={Evaluation of genes associated with human myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs with familial myxomatous mitral valve degeneration}, volume={232}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.002}, abstractNote={Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart disease in the dog. It is believed to be heritable in Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS) and Dachshunds. Myxomatous mitral valve disease is a familial disease in human beings as well and genetic mutations have been associated with its development. We hypothesized that a genetic mutation associated with the development of the human form of MMVD was associated with the development of canine MMVD. DNA was isolated from blood samples from 10 CKCS and 10 Dachshunds diagnosed with MMVD, and whole genome sequences from each animal were obtained. Variant calling from whole genome sequencing data was performed using a standardized bioinformatics pipeline for all samples. After filtering, the canine genes orthologous to the human genes known to be associated with MMVD were identified and variants were assessed for likely pathogenic implications. No variant was found in any of the genes evaluated that was present in least eight of 10 affected CKCS or Dachshunds. Although mitral valve disease in the CKCS and Dachshund is a familial disease, we did not identify genetic cause in the genes responsible for the human disease in the dogs studied here.}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Meurs, Kathryn and Friedenberg, S. G. and Williams, B. and Keene, B. W. and Atkins, C. E. and Adin, D. and Aona, B. and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Tou, S. and Mackay, T. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={16–19} }
 @article{ward_lisciandro_ware_viall_aona_kurtz_reina-doreste_defrancesco_2018, title={Evaluation of point-of-care thoracic ultrasound and NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15246}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15246}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats is challenging. Point‐of‐care (POC) thoracic ultrasound and NT‐proBNP testing are emerging tools that may aid in diagnosis.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Ward, Jessica L. and Lisciandro, Gregory R. and Ware, Wendy A. and Viall, Austin K. and Aona, Brent D. and Kurtz, Kari A. and Reina-Doreste, Yamir and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2018}, pages={1530–1540} }
 @article{ward_lisciandro_keene_tou_defrancesco_2017, title={Accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats with acute dyspnea}, volume={250}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.250.6.666}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Ward, Jessica L. and Lisciandro, Gregory R. and Keene, Bruce W. and Tou, Sandra P. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={666–675} }
 @article{meurs_stern_atkins_adin_aona_condit_defrancesco_reina-doreste_keene_tou_et al._2017, title={Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and inhibition in dogs with cardiac disease and an angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1752-8976"]}, url={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5843865}, DOI={10.1177/1470320317737184}, abstractNote={Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in dogs and with and without an ACE polymorphism in the canine ACE gene, before and after treatment with an ACE inhibitor. Methods: Thirty-one dogs (20 wild-type, 11 ACE polymorphism) with heart disease were evaluated with ACE activity measurement and systolic blood pressure before and after administration of an ACE inhibitor (enalapril). Results: Median pre-treatment ACE activity was significantly lower for ACE polymorphism dogs than for dogs with the wild-type sequence (P=0.007). After two weeks of an ACE inhibitor, ACE activity was significantly reduced for both genotypes (wild-type, P<0.0001; ACE polymorphism P=0.03); mean post-therapy ACE activity was no different between the groups. Conclusion: An ACE polymorphism is associated with lower levels of ACE activity. Dogs with the polymorphism still experience suppression of ACE activity in response to an ACE inhibitor. It is possible that the genetic status and ACE activity of dogs may impact the response of dogs with this variant to an ACE inhibitor.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM}, author={Meurs, Kathryn M. and Stern, Joshua A. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Adin, Darcy and Aona, Brent and Condit, Julia and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Reina-Doreste, Yamir and Keene, Bruce W. and Tou, Sandy and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{adin_atkins_papich_defrancesco_griffiths_penteado_kurtz_klein_2017, title={Furosemide continuous rate infusion diluted with 5% dextrose in water or hypertonic saline in normal adult dogs: a pilot study}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2016.09.004}, abstractNote={The goal of this study was to investigate the short-term safety and diuretic efficacy of furosemide constant rate infusion (CRI) diluted with 5% dextrose in water (D5W) compared to dilution with 2.4% hypertonic saline in healthy dogs.Six healthy dogs.Dogs were studied in a randomized, blinded, crossover manner. Furosemide 3.3mg/kg was diluted to 2.2mg/mL with either 1.5mL/kg D5W for the DEX method or with 1.0mL/kg D5W and 0.5mL/kg of 7.2% hypertonic saline for the H-SAL method. After a 0.66mg/kg furosemide IV bolus, the infusion rate was 0.3 mL/kg/hr for 5 h such that both methods delivered 0.66 mg/kg/hr (total 3.3mg/kg) furosemide in equal volume for the study duration. Urine output, water intake, central venous pressure (CVP), physical parameters, furosemide concentrations, blood and urine electrolytes, and urine aldosterone to creatinine ratio (UAldo:C) were evaluated.Measured variables were not different between methods but showed changes over time consistent with diuresis. Mean CVP decreased over time similarly for both methods. Plasma furosemide and urine concentrations were stable and not different between methods. Both furosemide CRI methods showed an increase in the UAldo:C, however, the rise was greater for DEX than for H-SAL.Diuresis was similar for both furosemide CRI methods; however, the H-SAL method induced less renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation than the DEX method. The absence of intravascular volume expansion based on CVP suggests that dilution of a furosemide CRI with 2.4% hypertonic saline may be well tolerated in heart failure.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Adin, D. and Atkins, C. and Papich, M. and DeFrancesco, T. and Griffiths, E. and Penteado, M. and Kurtz, K. and Klein, A.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={44–56} }
 @article{hensley_tang_woodruff_defrancesco_tou_williams_breen_meurs_keene_cheng_et al._2017, title={Intracoronary allogeneic cardiosphere-derived stem cells are safe for use in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy}, volume={21}, ISSN={1582-1838}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13077}, DOI={10.1111/jcmm.13077}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hensley, Michael Taylor and Tang, Junnan and Woodruff, Kathleen and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Tou, Sandra and Williams, Christina M. and Breen, Mathew and Meurs, Kathryn and Keene, Bruce and Cheng, Ke and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={1503–1512} }
 @article{nolan_arkans_lavine_defrancesco_myers_griffith_posner_keene_tou_gieger_et al._2017, title={Pilot study to determine the feasibility of radiation therapy for dogs with right atrial masses and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion}, volume={19}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2016.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2016.12.001}, abstractNote={To determine the short-term safety and biologic activity of radiation therapy (RT) for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma in pet dogs.Six dogs with echocardiographic evidence of a right atrial/auricular mass, and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, were enrolled in a prospective, single-arm clinical trial.A single fraction of 12 Gy was delivered using conformal external beam irradiation. Serum cardiac troponin I and plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor were quantified before, 4 and 24 h after RT. The frequency of required pericardiocenteses (quantified as the number of pericardiocenteses per week) before RT was compared to that after treatment. Overall survival time was determined.No treatment-related complications were observed. Pericardiocentesis was performed an average of 0.91 times per week before RT, and an average of 0.21 times per week after RT; this difference was statistically significant (p=0.03, as compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test of paired data). Pre- and post-treatment plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were not significantly different at any time point; there was a statistically significant (p=0.04; Friedman's test for non-parametric repeated measures) increase in cardiac troponin concentrations 4 h after irradiation. Median overall survival time was 79 days.In this population of dogs, RT was delivered without complication, and appears to have reduced the frequency of periacardial tamponade that necessitated pericardiocentesis. Serum cardiac troponin levels are altered after RT. RT alone, or in combination with chemotherapy, may provide clinical benefit to dogs with presumptive diagnoses of cardiac hemangiosarcoma.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nolan, M.W. and Arkans, M.M. and LaVine, D. and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Myers, J.A. and Griffith, E.H. and Posner, L.P. and Keene, B.W. and Tou, S.P. and Gieger, Tracy and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={132–143} }
 @article{ward_defrancesco_tou_atkins_griffith_keene_2016, title={Outcome and survival in canine sick sinus syndrome and sinus node dysfunction: 93 cases (2002-2014)}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2016.04.004}, abstractNote={To evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of a group of dogs with sinoatrial node abnormalities.Ninety-three client-owned dogs at a referral institution.Medical records were reviewed for clinical history, diagnostic testing, and medical or permanent artificial pacemaker (PAP) treatment. Owners or veterinarians were contacted for long-term follow-up.Sixty-one dogs were symptomatic for their bradyarrhythmia and were diagnosed with sick sinus syndrome (SSS). Thirty-two dogs were asymptomatic for their bradyarrhythmia and were diagnosed with sinus node dysfunction (SND). Miniature Schnauzers, West Highland White terriers, Cocker spaniels, and female dogs were overrepresented. Medical management with positive chronotropic drugs successfully controlled syncope long-term in 54% of SSS dogs, and acted as a bridge to PAP in 20%. Positive atropine response predicted medical treatment success. Forty-six percent of SSS dogs eventually underwent PAP implantation. Median survival time was approximately 18 months in SND and SSS dogs regardless of treatment strategy. Congestive heart failure (CHF) associated with progressive valvular heart disease occurred commonly in all groups, particularly in dogs with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.Sinus node dysfunction and SSS represent a spectrum of sinoatrial node disease, which for some dogs may also involve a component of autonomic dysfunction. Dogs with SND do not require treatment. Dogs with SSS often require treatment to reduce the frequency of syncope; medical management is often useful, particularly in atropine responsive dogs. Prognosis of SSS with treatment is good, though development of CHF does not appear to be mitigated by treatment.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Ward, J. L. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Tou, S. P. and Atkins, C. E. and Griffith, E. H. and Keene, B. W.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={199–212} }
 @article{lantis_ames_atkins_defrancesco_keene_werre_2015, title={Aldosterone breakthrough with benazepril in furosemide-activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal dogs}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12154}, abstractNote={Pilot studies in our laboratory revealed that furosemide‐induced renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) activation was not attenuated by the subsequent co‐administration of benazepril. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of benazepril on angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity and furosemide‐induced circulating RAAS activation. Our hypothesis was that benazepril suppression of ACE activity would not suppress furosemide‐induced circulating RAAS activation, indicated by urinary aldosterone concentration. Ten healthy hound dogs were used in this study. The effect of furosemide (2 mg/kg p.o., q12h; Group F; n = 5) and furosemide plus benazepril (1 mg/kg p.o., q24h; Group FB; n = 5) on circulating RAAS was determined by plasma ACE activity, 4–6 h posttreatment, and urinary aldosterone to creatinine ratio (UAldo:C) on days −1, −2, 1, 3, and 7. There was a significant increase in the average UAldo:C (μg/g) after the administration of furosemide (Group F baseline [average of days −1 and −2] UAldo:C = 0.41, SD 0.15; day 1 UAldo:C = 1.1, SD 0.56; day 3 UAldo:C = 0.85, SD 0.50; day 7 UAldo:C = 1.1, SD 0.80, P < 0.05). Benazepril suppressed ACE activity (U/L) in Group FB (Group FB baseline ACE = 16.4, SD 4.2; day 1 ACE = 3.5, SD 1.4; day 3 ACE = 1.6, SD 1.3; day 7 ACE = 1.4, SD 1.4, P < 0.05) but did not significantly reduce aldosterone excretion (Group FB baseline UAldo:C = 0.35, SD 0.16; day 1 UAldo:C = 0.79, SD 0.39; day 3 UAldo:C 0.92, SD 0.48, day 7 UAldo:C = 0.99, SD 0.48, P < 0.05). Benazepril decreased plasma ACE activity but did not prevent furosemide‐induced RAAS activation, indicating aldosterone breakthrough (escape). This is particularly noteworthy in that breakthrough is observed at the time of initiation of RAAS suppression, as opposed to developing after months of therapy.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Lantis, A. C. and Ames, M. K. and Atkins, C. E. and Defrancesco, T. C. and Keene, B. W. and Werre, S. R.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={65–73} }
 @article{ward_defrancesco_tou_atkins_griffith_keene_2015, title={Complication Rates Associated with Transvenous Pacemaker Implantation in Dogs with High-Grade Atrioventricular Block Performed During versus After Normal Business Hours}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12512}, abstractNote={BackgroundTransvenous pacemaker implantation in dogs is associated with a relatively high complication rate. At our institution, pacemaker implantation in dogs with high‐grade atrioventricular block (HG‐AVB) frequently is performed as an after‐hours emergency.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Ward, J. L. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Tou, S. P. and Atkins, C. E. and Griffith, E. H. and Keene, B. W.}, year={2015}, pages={157–163} }
 @article{ferasin_defrancesco_2015, title={Management of acute heart failure in cats}, volume={17}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2015.09.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2015.09.007}, abstractNote={Acute heart failure in cats represents a complex clinical situation in feline practice and this review has been designed to focus on the description of acute heart failure in cats, the diagnostic approach and clinical management of acutely decompensated feline cardiac patients. The authors acknowledge the lack of scientific evidence regarding many treatments used for heart disease in cats, and hence their approach may differ from recommendations given by other cardiologists. Every individual cardiac cat is also different, and it is important that all treatments are carefully tailored to the individual. Therefore this review provides generic advice based on the authors' personal experience but should not provide prescriptive guidelines on when to use particular drugs and doses and readers are encouraged to seek the latest information when managing these challenging cases.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ferasin, L. and DeFrancesco, T.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={S173–S189} }
 @article{defrancesco_2015, place={Tulsa, OK}, title={Mitral valve disease in a dog}, url={https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/mitral-valve-disease-dog}, journal={Plumb's Therapeutics Brief}, publisher={Brief Media}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2015}, month={May} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2015, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={3rd}, title={Myocarditis}, booktitle={Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats}, publisher={Elsevier (Mosby)}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Cote, E.Editor}, year={2015}, pages={685–686} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2015, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={3rd}, title={Pacemaker: Transthoracic Cardiac Pacing}, booktitle={Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats}, publisher={Elsevier (Mosby)}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Cote, E.Editor}, year={2015} }
 @article{fox_oyama_hezzell_rush_nguyenba_defrancesco_lehmkuhl_kellihan_bulmer_gordon_et al._2015, title={Relationship of Plasma N- terminal Pro- brain Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations to Heart Failure Classification and Cause of Respiratory Distress in Dogs Using a 2nd Generation ELISA Assay}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12472}, abstractNote={BackgroundCardiac biomarkers provide objective data that augments clinical assessment of heart disease (HD).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Fox, P. R. and Oyama, M. A. and Hezzell, M. J. and Rush, J. E. and Nguyenba, T. P. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Lehmkuhl, L. B. and Kellihan, H. B. and Bulmer, B. and Gordon, S. G. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={171–179} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2015, title={Temporary Cardiac Pacing}, ISBN={9781455703067}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-0306-7.00203-8}, DOI={10.1016/b978-1-4557-0306-7.00203-8}, booktitle={Small Animal Critical Care Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa}, year={2015}, pages={1049–1054} }
 @article{reina-doreste_stern_keene_tou_atkins_defrancesco_ames_hodge_meurs_2014, title={Case-control study of the effects of pimobendan on survival time in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.245.5.534}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.5.534}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Reina-Doreste, Yamir and Stern, Joshua A. and Keene, Bruce W. and Tou, Sandra P. and Atkins, Clarke E. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Ames, Marisa K. and Hodge, Timothy E. and Meurs, Kathryn M.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={534–539} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2014, place={Ames, IA}, edition={1st}, title={Focused or COAST3 : echo (heart)}, booktitle={Focused Ultrasound Techniques for the Small Animal Practitioner}, publisher={Wiley & Sons, Inc}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Liscandro, G.Editor}, year={2014}, pages={189–205} }
 @article{edwards_coleman_brainard_defrancesco_hansen_keene_koenig_2014, title={Outcome of positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats with congestive heart failure: 16 cases (1992-2012)}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12230}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Edwards, Thomas H. and Coleman, Amanda Erickson and Brainard, Benjamin M. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Keene, Bruce W. and Koenig, Amie}, year={2014}, pages={586–593} }
 @article{meurs_stern_sisson_kittleson_cunningham_ames_atkins_defrancesco_hodge_keene_et al._2013, title={Association of Dilated Cardiomyopathy with the Striatin Mutation Genotype in Boxer Dogs}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jvim.12163}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12163}, abstractNote={BackgroundMyocardial disease in the Boxer dog is characterized by 1 of 2 clinical presentations, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) characterized by ventricular systolic dysfunction, dilatation and tachyarrhythmias, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) characterized by ventricular tachyarrhythmias, syncope, and sudden death. Boxer ARVC has been associated with a deletion in the striatin gene in some families.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Meurs, K. M. and Stern, J. A. and Sisson, D. D. and Kittleson, M. D. and Cunningham, S. M. and Ames, M. K. and Atkins, C. E. and DeFrancesco, T. and Hodge, T. E. and Keene, B. W. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1437–1440} }
 @article{kane_defrancesco_boyle_malarkey_ritchey_atkins_cullen_kornegay_keene_2013, title={Cardiac structure and function in female carrier's of a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1532-2661"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.027}, abstractNote={This investigation tested the hypothesis that carriers of golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD), a genetically homologous condition of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), have quantifiable abnormalities in myocardial function, structure, or cardiac rhythm. Eleven GRMD carriers and four matched controls had cardiac evaluations and postmortem examinations. 24-h ECG Holter monitoring disclosed ventricular ectopy in 10 of 11 carriers and 2 of 4 controls. Conventional echocardiography failed to demonstrate significant differences between carriers and controls in systolic function. All carriers had multifocal, minimal to marked myofiber necrosis, fibrosis, mineralization, inflammation, and/or fatty change in their hearts. Immunohistochemistry revealed a mosaic dystrophin deficiency in scattered cardiac myofibers in all carriers. No controls had cardiac histologic lesions; all had uniform dystrophin staining. Despite cardiac mosaic dystrophin expression and degenerative cardiac lesions, GRMD carriers at up to 3 years of age could not be distinguished statistically from normal controls by echocardiography or 24-h Holter monitoring.}, number={3}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Kane, A. M. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Boyle, M. C. and Malarkey, D. E. and Ritchey, J. W. and Atkins, C. E. and Cullen, J. M. and Kornegay, J. N. and Keene, B. W.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={610–617} }
 @article{defrancesco_2013, title={Management of Cardiac Emergencies in Small Animals}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.012}, abstractNote={Cardiac emergencies are life-threatening conditions that must be diagnosed quickly to avoid delays in therapy. A timely and accurate diagnosis leads to early relief of symptoms and improved survival. This article provides both a comprehensive review and updated management recommendations for common cardiac emergencies in dogs and cats. Specifically, the article confers updates for the efficient clinical recognition of decompensated cardiac patients, including focused echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and electrocardiogram interpretation. This article also reviews the latest recommendations for the treatment of heart failure (including the use of pimobendan) and the management of arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and aortic thromboembolism.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={817-+} }
 @article{leblanc_defrancesco_adams_atkins_tou_fudge_keene_2012, title={Cutting balloon catheterization for interventional treatment of cor triatriatum dexter: 2 Cases}, volume={14}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.04.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2012.04.006}, abstractNote={Cutting balloon dilatation was performed successfully in two dogs with cor triatriatum dexter and clinical signs of ascites. The cutting balloon catheter uses incisional microtomes embedded in a balloon catheter. During balloon expansion, these microtomes incise the adjacent tissue, decreasing circumferential wall stress. This theoretically reduces both the likelihood of fracturing the adjacent tissues in an uncontrolled manner and the potential neoproliferative response to standard balloon dilatation and the subsequent incidence of re-stenosis. In both cases described, clinical signs resolved completely following cutting balloon dilatation of the anomalous membrane. Based on the outcome of these 2 cases, cutting balloon dilatation appears to be a viable treatment option for dogs affected with cor triatriatum dexter.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={LeBlanc, Nicole and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Adams, Allison K. and Atkins, Clark E. and Tou, Sandra P. and Fudge, James Curt and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={525–530} }
 @article{defrancesco_2012, title={Electrocardiographic review – 5 cases}, url={www.cliniciansbrief.com}, journal={Clinician's Brief}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2012}, month={May} }
 @article{coleman_defrancesco_chanoit_2012, title={Pacemaker malfunction due to mechanical failure of the lead–header interface}, volume={14}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.07.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2012.07.003}, abstractNote={An 8 year old female spayed Boxer dog, diagnosed with concurrent vasovagal syncope and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, presented for routine evaluation approximately three months following epicardial pacemaker implantation. Routine device interrogation revealed intermittent loss of ventricular capture and intermittent failure to appropriately sense. Following evaluation of chronic impedance data, failure of the pacemaker lead-header interface or lead conductor fracture was suspected. Radiographic and pacemaker interrogator findings suggested incomplete lead insertion into the device header with intermittent loss of ventricular capture and variable pacemaker sensing. We hypothesize that either the presence of a loose or cross-threaded set screw or operator error at the time of device implantation may have caused this complication. This report details the diagnosis of mechanical failure of the lead-header interface, a complication not previously reported in a veterinary patient.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Coleman, Amanda E. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Chanoit, Guillaume}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={519–523} }
 @article{defrancesco_2011, title={Cardiac biomarkers}, journal={NAVC Clinicians’ Brief}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2011}, month={Feb} }
 @article{olby_sharp_nghiem_keene_defrancesco_sidley_kornegay_schatzberg_2011, title={Clinical progression of X-linked muscular dystrophy in two German Shorthaired Pointers}, volume={238}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.2.207}, DOI={10.2460/javma.238.2.207}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Sharp, Nick J. H. and Nghiem, Peter E and Keene, Bruce W. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Sidley, Jennifer A. and Kornegay, Joe N. and Schatzberg, Scott J.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={207–212} }
 @article{meurs_heaney_atkins_defrancesco_fox_keene_kellihan_miller_oyama_oaks_et al._2011, title={Comparison of Polymerase Chain Reaction with Bacterial 16s Primers to Blood Culture to Identify Bacteremia in Dogs with Suspected Bacterial Endocarditis}, volume={25}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0742.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0742.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Identification of the bacterial organism in dogs with endocarditis is challenging. Human studies have reported the utility of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and identify bacterial nucleic acid from infected valvular tissue and blood.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meurs, K.M. and Heaney, A.M. and Atkins, C.E. and DeFrancesco, T.C. and Fox, P.R. and Keene, B.W. and Kellihan, H.B. and Miller, M.W. and Oyama, M.A. and Oaks, J.L. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={959–962} }
 @article{hofer_defrancesco_williams_2011, title={Detection of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in dogs with lymphoma}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1476-5810"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00267.x}, abstractNote={Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) production by malignant lymphoblasts has been identifiedin vitroandin vivoin mice and humans, respectively. The goals of this study were (1) to evaluate a novel single‐sample TNF‐αassay and (2) to determine whether TNF‐αis increased in dogs with lymphoma prior to and following treatment. Canine TNF‐αwas analysed concurrently using the novel Siemens Immulite®single‐sample automated ELISA and the previously validated Quantikine®standard ELISA. Serum from dogs with lymphoma and from breed‐, age‐ and gender‐matched control dogs was evaluated at two time points. Three of 25 (12%) dogs with lymphoma had detectable TNF‐αat diagnosis, whereas none had detectable TNF‐αfollowing complete or partial remission. TNF‐αwas not detectable in control dogs. Despite 91% homology between human and canine TNF‐α, the Immulite®automated ELISA failed to detect canine TNF‐α. Serum TNF‐αappears to have limited value as a tumour marker in dogs with lymphoma.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Hofer, J. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Williams, L. E.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={290–295} }
 @article{tou_defrancesco_keene_2011, title={ECG of the Month}, volume={239}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.239.1.55}, number={1}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Tou, Sandra P. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={55–57} }
 @article{lantis_atkins_defrancesco_keene_werre_2011, title={Effects of furosemide and the combination of furosemide and the labeled dosage of pimobendan on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs}, volume={72}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1646}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1646}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Lantis, Andrea C. and Atkins, Clarke E. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Keene, Bruce W. and Werre, Stephen R.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1646–1651} }
 @article{fox_rush_reynolds_defrancesco_keene_atkins_gordon_schober_bonagura_stepien_et al._2011, title={Multicenter Evaluation of Plasma N-Terminal Probrain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro BNP) as a Biochemical Screening Test for Asymptomatic (occult) Cardiomyopathy in Cats}, volume={25}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Fox, P. R. and Rush, J. E. and Reynolds, C. A. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Keene, B. W. and Atkins, C. E. and Gordon, S. G. and Schober, K. E. and Bonagura, J. D. and Stepien, R. L. and et al.}, year={2011}, pages={1010–1016} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2011, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={2nd}, title={Myocarditis}, booktitle={Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats}, publisher={Mosby}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Cote, E.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={743–744} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2011, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={2nd}, title={Pacemaker: Transthoracic Cardiac Pacing}, booktitle={Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats}, publisher={Mosby}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Cote, E.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={1320–1321} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2010, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={1st}, title={Aortic Thromboembolism}, booktitle={Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult clinical companion: Small animal emergency and critical care}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Mazzaferro, E.Editor}, year={2010}, pages={55–65} }
 @article{sayer_atkins_fujii_adams_defrancesco_keene_2009, title={Acute Effect of Pimobendan and Furosemide on the Circulating Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Healthy Dogs}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0367.x}, abstractNote={Background:The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in states of decreased cardiac output and by certain cardiovascular therapeutic agents, such as loop diuretics and vasodilators.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Sayer, M. B. and Atkins, C. E. and Fujii, Y. and Adams, A. K. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Keene, B. W.}, year={2009}, pages={1003–1006} }
 @article{scott_hansen_defrancesco_2009, title={Coagulation effects of low molecular weight heparin compared with heparin in dogs considered to be at risk for clinically significant venous thrombosis}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00339.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Scott, Kielyn C. and Hansen, Bernie D. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={74–80} }
 @article{holowaychuk_hansen_defrancesco_marks_2009, series={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings}, title={Ionized Hypocalcemia in Critically Ill Dogs}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0280.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) is a common electrolyte disturbance in critically ill people, especially those with sepsis. The cause of the iHCa is not entirely understood and is likely multifactorial. Critically ill people with iHCa have longer hospital stays and higher mortality rates compared to people with normocalcemia. There are no published clinical studies evaluating the incidence and impact of iHCa in critically ill dogs.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Holowaychuk, M.K. and Hansen, B.D. and DeFrancesco, T.C. and Marks, S.L.}, year={2009}, pages={509–513}, collection={Contributed cases and assisted in data collection and interpretation of findings} }
 @article{cherry_diniz_maggi_hummel_hardie_behrend_rozanski_defrancesco_cadenas_breitschwerdt_et al._2009, title={Isolation or Molecular Detection of Bartonella  henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii from Dogs with Idiopathic Cavitary Effusions}, volume={23}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0246.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0246.x}, abstractNote={There are a substantial number of pathophysiologic causes for effusions in dogs.1 Previously, using an insect cell culture medium (Bartonella alpha-proteobacteria growth medium—BAPGM), our laboratory isolated Mycobacterium kansasii from a dog with therapeutically intractable pleural effusion.2 Recently, we developed a combined assay incorporating BAPGM pre-enrichment culture, so as to increase Bartonella bacterial numbers, followed by PCR amplification of organism-specific DNA sequences.3 The combined assay has substantially increased the sensitivity of molecular detection of Bartonella infection.3-5 This pre-enrichment culture medium has also isolated numerous other bacterial species of undetermined pathogenicity from human patients in our laboratory.4 In the past decade, several Bartonella species, including B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. clarridgeiae, B. elizabethae, B. washoensis, and B. quintana, have been found to infect dogs.6 Currently, case-based evidence suggests that occult infection with these bacteria may contribute to a wide range of disease manifestations in dogs, humans, and potentially other animals.6B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii have been reported in association with granulomatous lymphadenitis, hepatic disease,7 and endocarditis in dogs.8 Between July 2004 and December 2007, blood and effusion samples from 20 dogs of varying breeds and ages, were submitted for BAPGM culture by veterinarians at Auburn University, North Carolina State University and Tufts University's Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, of which 5 were found to be infected with a Bartonella spp. Using a previously described approach, DNA was extracted directly from EDTA-anticoagulated blood or thoracic and abdominal effusion samples, from BAPGM pre-enrichment liquid blood and effusion cultures, and from pooled bacterial subculture isolates.3-5, 9 Extracted DNA was screened by PCR with Bartonella genus primers, targeting the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (ITS), which has a detection limit of 2–3 genomic copies per reaction.9 ITS amplicons were sequenced to confirm the Bartonella species and strain.5, 9 This study provides the first molecular and microbiologic evidence to support infection with B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in dogs with idiopathic cavitary effusions or constrictive pericarditis. An 8-year-old-female spayed Labrador mix was referred to Tufts for evaluation of recurrent pleural effusion. Thoracic fluid cytology was consistent with a transudate with a specific gravity of 1.019, total protein of 2.6 g/dL and 255 cells/μL. No bacterial growth or neoplastic cells were documented. A CBC, serum biochemical profile, coagulation profile, and urinalysis were unremarkable except for mild hyperbilirubinemia and hematuria. A torsed lung lobe was surgically removed. Postoperatively despite administration of azathioprine, prednisone, and spironolactone, thoracocentesis was required for 10 consecutive months. When immunosuppressive therapy was tapered, pleural effusion rapidly recurred. Antibiotics, including doxycycline, azithromycin, or enrofloxacin, did not decrease the rate of fluid accumulation, which had become a modified transudate. The dog underwent an exploratory thoracotomy and died postoperatively. B. henselae strain Houston-I was isolated and sequenced from the thoracic fluid and B. henselae strain Houston-I and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype II were isolated from a BAPGM blood culture. Bartonella serology was not requested. A 3-year-old-female spayed Leonberger was referred to Auburn for evaluation of lethargy, anorexia, weight loss (11 kg), and cervical pain. The only central nervous system abnormality was mild pain on cervical flexion. A possible abdominal mass was noted. There were no hematologic abnormalities. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased alkaline phosphatase (130 U/L; reference range, 4–95) and alanine amino transferase activities (385 U/L; reference range, 26–200), increased serum creatinine concentration (1.5 mg/dL; reference range, 0.68–1.45), and hypoglobulinemia (2.1 g/dL; reference range, 2.6–5.0). Urinalysis was within normal limits and urine culture failed to grow bacteria. Thoracic radiographs indicated moderate pleural effusion. Ultrasonographic abnormalities included a thickened, stiff stomach wall, abdominal effusion, and irregular kidney margins. An echocardiogram identified no cardiac abnormalities. Pleural fluid analysis was consistent with a modified transudate with a specific gravity of 1.026, total protein of 3.9 g/dL, and 670 total cells/μL. Serum antibodies were not detected to Neospora caninum, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsii, Toxoplasma gondii, canine distemper virus, and Pythium insidiosum. Abdominal exploratory surgery identified a large volume of grossly pink peritoneal fluid. No histologic lesions were found in stomach, liver, omentum, duodenum, mesenteric, and pyloric lymph nodes, kidney, pancreas, and jejunum. B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antibodies were not detected, but B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype II was sequenced from the BAPGM pre-enrichment blood culture and the subculture isolate. Azithromycin 250 mg daily and doxycycline 100 mg PO q12 h were administered for 14 days. Nine days after beginning treatment, the dog was eating and drinking normally but pleural effusion failed to resolve. Antibiotics were continued for 2 more weeks. During the next year, the cervical pain continued. The dog was euthanized because of severe peripheral edema with spontaneous fluid extravasation 2 years later. An insulin-dependent diabetic 12-year-old-male castrated Vizsla was evaluated for coughing, gagging, and lethargy. Idiopathic chylothorax initially was diagnosed by the referring veterinarian based on cytological evaluation, which was confirmed by pleural fluid analysis at NCSU-VTH as chylous with a specific gravity of 1.023, total protein of 3.3 g/dL, and 1,940 total cells/μL. A CBC was normal. Biochemical abnormalities included hyperglycemia (serum glucose concentration 258 g/dL; reference range, 73–116), and increased SAP (270 U/L; reference range, 15–156), and ALT activities (100 U/L; reference range, 16–73). Abdominal and thoracic ultrasonography, an echocardiogram, and a helical computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax and anterior abdomen with lymphangiography were unremarkable, except for pleural effusion. Thoracic duct ligation and partial pericardectomy were performed. The dog recovered uneventfully but continued to accumulate lesser quantities of thoracic fluid, consistently characterized as a modified transudate. Two months postsurgery, the dog developed lethargy, inability to rise, and edema involving the neck, sternum, and right front leg. Urine and pleural fluid cultures failed to grow bacteria. Pleural fluid again was classified as a modified transudate, containing atypical mesothelial cells. A seroma, accompanied by spontaneous leakage of fluid, formed in the ventral neck region. The owner elected euthanasia before availability of the BAPGM culture results. B. henselae DNA was amplified and sequenced directly from the pleural fluid and from the BAPGM enrichment culture. After subculture, an Arthrobacter spp. was isolated, as defined by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Serology was not requested. At necropsy, no cause was identified for the severe emaciation, pleural effusion, and subcutaneous edema. A 5-year-old-female spayed Pomeranian was referred to the NCSU-VTH for diagnostic evaluation of panhypoproteinemia. The owners reported infrequent bouts of diarrhea and poorly localized abdominal pain. Serum total protein concentration (2.6 g/dL; reference range, 5.1–7.4), albumin (1.3 g/dL; reference range, 2.8–4.0), and globulin concentrations (1.3 g/dL; reference range, 2.0–4.1) were low. Hematologic abnormalities included lymphopenia (283 lymphocytes/μL; reference range, 480–3,762) and neutrophilia (13,745 neutrophils/μL; reference range, 2,529–12,876). With the exception of bilirubinuria, urinalysis was unremarkable, urine protein/creatinine ratio was normal, and urine culture was negative. Radiographs confirmed thoracic and abdominal effusion. Ultrasonography identified bicavitary anechoic effusion, consistent with a transudate, a collapsed right lung lobe, and portal vein thrombosis. The liver was hypoechoic, abdominal lymph nodes slightly enlarged, and the intestinal lumen was distended with fluid. Echocardiography did not identify pericardial effusion or support a diagnosis of right-sided heart failure. By abdominocentesis, a clear transudative fluid with a specific gravity of 1.005 was obtained. Aerobic and anaerobic culture of the abdominal fluid failed to grow bacteria. Endoscopic gastric biopsies were unremarkable, whereas the duodenum was moderately infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells, accompanied by multifocal lymphangiectasia. A heartworm antigen test was negative. Antibodies to B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, R. rickettsii, E. canis, and Babesia canis were not detected by IFA testing. B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype II was isolated from pleural fluid and B. henselae from the blood. Protein-losing enteropathy, accompanied by a portal vein thrombosis, was diagnosed. Treatment consisted of a high protein, low residue diet and metronidazole 10.5 mg/kg PO q8h for 4 weeks. Within 2 weeks, the portal vein thrombosis was no longer visible by ultrasonography. Serum protein concentrations increased progressively and were within reference ranges (total protein, 5.8 g/dL; albumin, 3.6 g/dL; globulin, 2.2 g/dL) by 3 months after initial evaluation. Effusion resolved and did not recur during a 3-year follow-up period. A 6-year-old-female spayed Labrador Retriever was referred for diagnostic evaluation of abdominal effusion. Historically, the dog had remained alert and active. Six liters of serosanguineous, modified transudate with a specific gravity of 1.026, total protein of 4 g/dL and 770 total cells/μL was aspirated from the abdomen. There were no hematologic or coagulation abnormalities, except hypocholesterolemia (134 mg/dL; reference range, 138–317). Central venous pressure was slightly increased (8–9 mmHg). Abdominal and thoracic CT scans identified distention of the hepatic veins and the cranial and caudal vena cava, indicative of right-sided heart failure. By echocardiography, minimal pericardial effusion and hypokinetic left ventricle free wall were documented. Catheterization of the right side of the heart detected a cranial vena cava pressure of 16.1 mmHg, right atrial pressure of 17.4 mmHg, right ventricle pressure at the end of the diastole of 15.6 mmHg and wedge pressure of 17.4 mmHg. The tracing of the right atrial pressure, with prominent x and y descents, was consistent with constrictive pericarditis. Subtotal pericardectomy was performed. On histopathology, the pericardium was variably thickened (up to 0.5 cm) with densely packed collagen fibers, containing few blood vessels and rare hemosiderin-laden macrophages. No etiologic agents were seen, no fungal species were isolated and aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures were negative. On day 8 postpericardectomy, the dog became febrile (T 104°F), vomited, and had diarrhea. A CBC was unremarkable. Two liters of serosanguineous fluid, removed by thoracocentesis, was classified cytologically as an inflammatory sterile effusion containing neutrophils, some phagocytosed by macrophages, and large, atypical mesothelial cells. Anaerobic and aerobic cultures again were negative, potentially because amoxicillin-clavulanate was started by the referring veterinarian 36 hours before sample collection. The treatment regimen was changed to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and metoclopramide. Pleural fluid, cultured in BAPGM, resulted in the isolation of Bartonella spp., which was not successfully sequenced. Serum was not available for Bartonella IFA testing. Once culture results became available, treatment with azithromycin (7.8 mg/kg PO q2h) was begun for 5 weeks. At reevaluation 1 month later, the dog was eating normally, active, and alert, and there was no radiographic evidence of thoracic or abdominal effusion. Nine months postpericardectomy, the dog remained healthy with normal exercise tolerance when running and swimming. In this study, we detected infection with B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii or both organisms in 5 dogs ranging in age from 3 to 12 years that were diagnosed with pleural, pericardial (constrictive pericarditis), or abdominal effusion. Clinical signs generally were nonspecific and included lethargy, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distention, lameness, and cervical pain. DNA was not amplified directly from 3 of 3 blood samples or from 2 of 3 effusion samples, but was amplified from pre-enrichment BAPGM blood and effusion cultures and from subculture isolates, a finding that further supports the utility of the enrichment process before PCR for more optimal detection of infection with a Bartonella spp.3, 5, 9 In humans, thoracic effusions have been reported as infrequent sequelae of Cat Scratch Disease, caused by B. henselae and due to infection with B. quintana.10 Unfortunately, BAPGM cultures often were established after administration of antibiotics. If blood and effusion samples had been cultured earlier in the course of illness and before antibiotic therapy, enhanced detection of Bartonella or other fastidious bacteria may have been achieved in other cases. As extravascular accumulation of fluid is always caused by a pathologic process and as dogs can be chronically infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii for at least a year,11 microbiologic and molecular documentation of infection with this genus of bacteria may reflect an opportunistic role, a cofactor in disease expression or a primary pathogenic role in various patients with cavitary effusion. Exudates are the expected inflammatory response induced by bacterial infection, but this paradigm may not apply to Bartonella spp. Recently, the lipopolysaccharide of B. quintana was shown to have anti-inflammatory rather than proinflammatory properties.12 In addition, previous experimental infection studies in dogs suggest that B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is associated with organism-induced immunosuppression.11 These and other unknown factors potentially could contribute to the development of an effusion in the absence of a strong host inflammatory response. Recent experimental studies using rodent models emphasize the ability of Bartonella spp. to invade vascular endothelial cells.13 In immunocompromised people, endothelial infection with B. henselae induces single or multiple vasoproliferative lesions (peliosis hepatis and bacillary angiomatosis).14, 15 Therefore, it is plausible that vascular endothelial infection contributes to increased vascular permeability and aberrant fluid accumulation. Despite isolation or molecular detection of B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in these dogs, no direct cause and effect association can be implicated. However, our results may be clinically relevant because most idiopathic effusions obtained from dogs generally are considered aseptic based on conventional microbiological culture approaches. Two dogs in this study, for which serum was available for testing, were not seroreactive to B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antigens by IFA testing, as described previously.9 Antigenic variability among B. henselae test strains previously has resulted in false negative B. henselae IFA results in human patients with suspected cat scratch disease,16 and a similar occurrence may explain discrepant serology and PCR results. The concept that bacterial infection in transudates or modified transudates obtained from dogs is an infrequent occurrence should be reassessed in the context of Bartonella infection. This research was supported by the State of North Carolina and in part through graduate student stipend support provided to NA Cherry by Novartis Animal Health, and salary support provided by IDEXX Laboratories and Bayer Corporation. We thank Mrs Tonya Lee for editorial assistance.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cherry, N. A. and Diniz, P. P. V. P. and Maggi, Ricardo and Hummel, J. B. and Hardie, E. M. and Behrend, E. N. and Rozanski, E. and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Cadenas, M. B. and Breitschwerdt, Edward and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={186–189} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2009, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Temporary Transvenous Pacing}, booktitle={Critical Care Medicine for Dogs and Cats}, publisher={Saunders Elsevier}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Silverstein, D and Hopper, KEditors}, year={2009}, pages={214–216} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2009, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Transcutaneous Pacing}, booktitle={Small Animal Critical Care Medicine}, publisher={Saunders Elsevier}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Silverstein, D. and Hopper, K.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={217–219} }
 @article{fox_oyama_reynolds_rush_defrancesco_keene_atkins_macdonald_schober_bonagura_et al._2009, title={Utility of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to distinguish between congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of acute dyspnea in cats}, volume={11}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2008.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2008.12.001}, abstractNote={Circulating plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration facilitates emergency diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) in people. Its utility to discriminate between dyspneic cats with CHF vs. primary respiratory disease requires further assessment. Our objectives were to determine if NT-proBNP (1) differentiates dyspneic cats with CHF vs. primary respiratory disease; (2) increases with renal insufficiency; (3) correlates with left atrial dimension, radiographic cardiomegaly, and estimated left ventricular filling pressure (E/E(a)).NT-proBNP was measured in 167 dyspneic cats (66 primary respiratory disease, 101 CHF) to evaluate (1) relationship with clinical parameters; (2) ability to distinguish CHF from primary respiratory disease; (3) optimal cut-off values using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.NT-proBNP (1) was higher (median and inter-quartile [25th-75th] percentile) in CHF (754 pmol/L; 437, 1035 pmol/L) vs. primary respiratory disease (76.5 pmol/L; 24, 180 pmol/L) cohorts (P<0.001); (2) positively correlated in CHF cats with increased inter-ventricular septal end-diastolic thickness (rho=0.266; P=0.007) and LV free wall thickness (rho=0.218; P=0.027), but not with radiographic heart size, left atrial size, left ventricular dimensions, E/E(a) ratio, BUN, creatinine, or thyroxine; (3) distinguished dyspneic CHF cats from primary respiratory disease at 265 pmol/L cut-off value with 90.2% sensitivity, 87.9% specificity, 92% positive predictive value, and 85.3% negative predictive value (area under ROC curve, 0.94).NT-proBNP accurately discriminated CHF from respiratory disease causes of dyspnea.}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fox, Philip R. and Oyama, Mark A. and Reynolds, Caryn and Rush, John E. and DeFrancesco, Terri C. and Keene, Bruce W. and Atkins, Clark E. and MacDonald, Kristin A. and Schober, Karsten E. and Bonagura, John D. and et al.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={S51–S61} }
 @article{cruse_booth_defrancesco_2008, title={ECG of the month}, volume={232}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.232.4.510}, number={4}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Cruse, Ashley M. and Booth, Margaret A. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={510–512} }
 @article{defrancesco_2008, title={Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in heart failure}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0195-5616"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.005}, abstractNote={Advanced heart failure and its treatment are often associated with a variety of hemodynamic, fluid, and electrolyte derangements. This article gives the practitioner an overview of the pathophysiology of common fluid and electrolyte alterations present in animals with heart failure, highlighting specific clinical correlates. Additionally, specific therapeutic interventions are discussed to manage these fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={727-+} }
 @article{finster_defrancesco_atkins_hansen_keene_2008, title={Supraventricular tachycardia in dogs: 65 cases (1990-2007)}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00346.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Finster, Sharon T. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Hansen, Bernie D. and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={503–510} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2007, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={4th}, title={Aortic Thromboembolism}, booktitle={Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Professional}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Tilley, LP and Smith, FWKEditors}, year={2007}, pages={98–99} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2007, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={4th}, title={Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Cats}, booktitle={Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing Professional}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Tilley, LP and Smith, FWKEditors}, year={2007}, pages={208–209} }
 @article{gardner_atkins_rausch_defrancesco_chandler_keene_2007, title={Estimation of 24-h aldosterone secretion in the dog using the urine aldosterone:Creatinine ratio}, volume={9}, ISSN={1760-2734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2006.11.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2006.11.001}, abstractNote={One potential method of evaluating renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) activation involves the quantification of urinary aldosterone excretion. While blood concentrations of aldosterone are easily obtained, results may be misleading because of minute-to-minute variation in aldosterone secretion and subsequent blood concentrations. Urinary aldosterone concentration measurement represents a more consistent “pooled” index of aldosterone secretion, but obtaining 24-h urine samples is time-consuming, difficult, and fraught with potential error. We postulated that the urinary aldosterone:creatinine ratio, measured from spot urine samples, would correlate well with 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion, and would provide a simple index of aldosterone excretion that would eliminate the need for 24-h urine collection. After validating an assay for aldosterone in canine urine, 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion was determined by radioimmunoassay from 8 normal, male beagle dogs under control conditions, after RAAS stimulation with amlodipine administration, and after RAAS attenuation with the addition of enalapril to amlodipine administration. Spot urine samples, each obtained at the same time of day, were used to determine the aldosterone:creatinine ratio during control conditions, RAAS stimulation, and RAAS attenuation. The aldosterone:creatinine ratio from spot-checked urine samples correlated well with 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001). A spot urinary aldosterone:creatinine ratio might be substituted for 24-h urinary aldosterone determination.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Cardiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gardner, Sarah Y. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Rausch, William P. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Chandler, Donald Walt and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{defrancesco_rush_rozanski_hansen_keene_moore_atkins_2007, title={Prospective clinical evaluation of an ELISA B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in dogs presenting with cough or dyspnea}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[243:PCEOAE]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Background:B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increased in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). 
 
 
 
Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of a novel canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of BNP for the diagnosis of CHF in dogs presenting with either cough or dyspnea. 
 
 
 
Animals:Three hundred and thirty dogs from 2 large university teaching hospitals. 
 
 
 
Methods:We prospectively measured plasma BNP concentrations in 3 groups of dogs: (1) normal adult dogs (n = 75), (2) dogs with asymptomatic heart disease (n = 76), and (3) dogs with cough or dyspnea (n = 179). The final diagnosis of dogs with cough or dyspnea and the severity of CHF (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council Heart Failure Classification [ISACHC]) were determined by medical record review by a study cardiologist who was blinded to the results of the BNP assay. 
 
 
 
Results:Dogs with CHF had a higher median BNP concentration (24.6 pg/mL) than dogs with noncardiac causes of cough or dyspnea (2.6 pg/mL) (P < .0001). The area under the curve was 0.91 for the receiver operating curve analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the BNP measurement to differentiate CHF from other causes of cough or dyspnea. The median BNP concentrations in dogs were 3.0 pg/mL with ISACHC I, 17.8 pg/mL with ISACHC II, and 30.5 pg/mL with ISACHC III. (P < .0001) 
 
 
 
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Measurement of BNP is useful in establishing or in excluding the diagnosis of CHF in dogs with cough or dyspnea. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations rose significantly as a function of severity of CHF.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Rush, John E. and Rozanski, Elizabeth A. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Keene, Bruce W. and Moore, Dominic T. and Atkins, Clarke E.}, year={2007}, pages={243–250} }
 @article{atkins_keene_brown_coats_crawford_defrancesco_edwards_fox_lehmkuhl_luethy_et al._2007, title={Results of the veterinary enalapril trial to prove reduction in onset of heart failure in dogs chronically treated with enalapril alone for compensated, naturally occurring mitral valve insufficiency}, volume={231}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.7.1061}, DOI={10.2460/javma.231.7.1061}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Atkins, Clarke E. and Keene, Bruce W. and Brown, William A. and Coats, Julie R. and Crawford, Mary Ann and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Edwards, N. Joel and Fox, Phillip R. and Lehmkuhl, Linda B. and Luethy, Michael W. and et al.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={1061–1069} }
 @article{atkins_rausch_gardner_defrancesco_keene_levine_2007, title={The effect of amlodipine and the combination of amlodipine and enalapril on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the dog}, volume={30}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00894.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00894.x}, abstractNote={Excessive aldosterone secretion is detrimental to the heart, vessels and kidneys, contributing to hypertension and the signs and progression of heart failure. Aldosterone secretion, abnormally elevated in heart failure and hypertension, can be blunted with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Amlodipine, used to treat hypertension and heart failure, was hypothesized to activate the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS). A study was conducted with six normal adult male beagle dogs. Each dog received amlodipine (0.57 mg/kg b.i.d.) for 6 days, followed by amlodipine (0.57 mg/kg b.i.d.) and enalapril (0.57 mg/kg b.i.d.) for 4 days. Blood pressure, heart rate, serum chemistries and urinary aldosterone excretion, as a measure of RAAS activation, were compared with baseline values. Blood pressure fell by approximately 7% with amlodipine (P = 0.05) and a further 7% with the combination of amlodipine and enalapril (P < 0.01). Blood urea nitrogen increased with the combination (P < 0.05) but only one dog became mildly azotemic. Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system activation, based on 24 h urinary aldosterone excretion and by aldosterone:creatinine ratio was increased by approximately threefold (P < 0.05) with amlodipine administration. This effect was blunted by enalapril, such that aldosterone excretion was no longer different from that observed under control conditions, although values for 24‐h aldosterone excretion did not return to pretreament levels.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Atkins, C. E. and Rausch, W. P. and Gardner, S. Y. and Defrancesco, T. C. and Keene, B. W. and Levine, J. F.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={394–400} }
 @article{fujii_keene_mathews_atkins_defrancesco_hardie_wakao_2006, title={Coil occlusion of residual shunts after surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00222.x}, abstractNote={Objective— To describe use of coil embolization to occlude residual flow through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after incomplete surgical ligation.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Fujii, Yoko and Keene, Bruce W. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Defrancesco, Teresa C. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Wakao, Yoshito}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={781–785} }
 @article{buur_baynes_yeatts_davidson_defrancesco_2005, title={Analysis of diltiazem in Lipoderm (R) transdermal gel using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography applied to homogenization and stability studies}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0731-7085"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.053}, abstractNote={A simple and novel method for the extraction and quantification of diltiazem hydrochloride was developed and applied to homogenization and stability studies. The method used solid phase extraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Validation showed inter-day recoveries ranging from 84.00 to 96.52% with relative standard deviations ranging from 12.01 to 15.94%. Intra-day recoveries ranged from 67.95 to 106.1% with relative standard deviations less than 5%. The method showed excellent linearity from 50 to 250 mg/ml in undiluted gel (R2 = 0.996). The homogenization study showed good homogenization using both 50 and 100 depression techniques. Diltiazem was stable at a concentration of 246 mg/ml for 30 days and at a concentration of 99.6 mg/ml for 60 days no matter the storage conditions explored in this study.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS}, author={Buur, JL and Baynes, RE and Yeatts, JL and Davidson, G and DeFrancesco, TC}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={60–65} }
 @article{baumwart_meurs_atkins_bonagura_defrancesco_keene_koplitz_fuentes_miller_rausch_et al._2005, title={Clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic abnormalities in Boxers with cardiomyopathy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: 48 cases (1985-2003)}, volume={226}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.1102}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.1102}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Baumwart, Ryan D. and Meurs, Kathryn M. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Bonagura, John D. and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Keene, Bruce W. and Koplitz, Shianne and Fuentes, Virginia Luis and Miller, Matthew W. and Rausch, William and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={1102–1104} }
 @article{defrancesco_2003, title={Diagnosing congestive heart failure: Could a blood test increase our diagnostic accuracy in heart failure?}, volume={7}, journal={Abaxis VetCom}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1–4} }
 @book{defrancesco_atkins_hurley_devlin_2003, place={Lyon, France}, title={Getting to the heart of the matter : advances in the management of cardiac patients}, publisher={Merial}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa and Atkins, Clarke and Hurley, Karyl and Devlin, Pauline}, editor={Hurley, Dr Karyl and Devlin, Dr PaulineEditors}, year={2003} }
 @article{defrancesco_hansen_atkins_sidley_keene_2003, title={Noninvasive transthoracic temporary cardiac pacing in dogs}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0663:NTTCPI>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 17, Issue 5 p. 663-667 Open Access Noninvasive Transthoracic Temporary Cardiac Pacing in Dogs Teresa C. DeFrancesco, Corresponding Author Teresa C. DeFrancesco Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606; e-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorBernard D. Hansen, Bernard D. Hansen Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorClarke E. Atkins, Clarke E. Atkins Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Sidley, Jennifer A. Sidley Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorBruce W. Keene, Bruce W. Keene Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author Teresa C. DeFrancesco, Corresponding Author Teresa C. DeFrancesco Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606; e-mail: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorBernard D. Hansen, Bernard D. Hansen Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorClarke E. Atkins, Clarke E. Atkins Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Sidley, Jennifer A. Sidley Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this authorBruce W. Keene, Bruce W. Keene Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02497.xCitations: 33AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Temporary cardiac pacing is used in the emergency treatment of life-threatening bradyarrhythmias and for the support of heart rate and blood pressure of patients with sick sinus syndrome or high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block undergoing general anesthesia, typically for permanent pacemaker implantation. We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of a noninvasive transthoracic external cardiac pacing system in 42 dogs treated for bradyarrhythmias. Optimal placement of the patch electrodes on the skin of the thorax was initially established on 2 anesthetized normal dogs. The optimal electrode placement was determined to be on the right and left hemithoraces, directly over the heart. Afterward, by means of this electrode placement, all 42 dogs treated for bradyarrhythmias in this study were successfully paced with the noninvasive transthoracic system. Dogs ranged in age from 1 to 15 years and weighed between 3.2 and 40 kg. Miniature Schnauzers, German Shepherds, and mixed breeds were most common in the study population. Indications for noninvasive transthoracic pacing included emergency treatment of hemodynamically unstable 3rd-degree AV block (2 dogs); support of heart rate during general anesthesia for permanent pacemaker implantation or lead-wire adjustment (38 dogs); and support of heart rate during general anesthesia for ophthalmologic surgery in dogs with sick sinus syndrome (2 dogs). Complications included pain and skeletal muscle stimulation, which required general anesthesia. We conclude that the noninvasive transthoracic pacing system evaluated is satisfactory for clinical veterinary use. References 1 Yoshioka MM, Tilley LP, Harvey HJ, et al. Permanent pacemaker implantation in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981; 17: 746–750. 2 Bonagura JD, Helphrey ML, Muir WW. Complications associated with permanent pacemaker implantation in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 182: 149–155. 3 Klement P., Del-Nido PJ, Wilson GJ. The use of cardiac pacemakers in veterinary practice. Compendium 1984; 6: 893–902. 4 Fox PR, Matthiesen DT, Purse D., et al. Ventral abdominal, trans-diaphragmatic approach for implantation of cardiac pacemakers in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 189: 1303–1308. 5 Sisson D., Thomas WP, Woodfield J., et al. Permanent transvenous pacemaker implantation in forty dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1991; 5: 322–331. 6 Flanders JA, Moise NS, Gelzer ARM, et al. Introduction of an endocardial pacing lead through the costocervical vein in six dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215: 46–48. 7 Cote E., Laste NJ. Transvenous cardiac pacing. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2000; 15: 165–176. 8 Hynes JK, Holmes DR, Harrison CE. Five-year experience with temporary pacemaker therapy in the coronary care unit. Mayo Clin Proc 1983; 58: 122–126. 9 Hildick-Smith DJR, Petch MC. Temporary pacing before per-manent pacing should be avoided unless essential. Br Med J 1999; 317: 79–80. 10 Murphy JJ. Problems with temporary cardiac pacing. Br Med J 2001; 323: 527. 11 Zoll PM. Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation. N Engl J Med 1952; 13: 768–771. 12 Zoll PM, Zoll RH, Belgard AH. External noninvasive electric stimulation of the heart. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 393–394. 13 Falk RH, Zoll PM, Zoll RH. Safety and efficacy of noninvasive cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 1166–1168. 14 Zoll PM, Zoll RH, Falk RH, et al. External noninvasive temporary cardiac pacing: Clinical trials. Circulation 1985; 71: 937–944. 15 White JD, Brown CG. Immediate transthoracic pacing for cardiac asystole in an emergency department setting. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 125–128. 16 Allen PW, OToole JJ. External transthoracic pacemaking. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 895–896. 17 Madsen JK, Meibom J., Videbak R., et al. Transcutaneous pacing: Experience with the Zoll noninvasive temporary pacemaker. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 7–10. 18 Normal myocardial enzymes and normal echocardiographic findings during noninvasive transcutaneous pacing Pacing Clin Elec-trophysiol 1988; 11: 1188–1193. 19 Kirschenbaum LP, Eisenkraft JB, Mitchell J., Hillel Z. Transtho-racic pacing for the treatment of severe bradycardia during induction of anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989; 3: 329–332. 20 Wood M., Ellenbogen KA. Bradyarrhythmias, emergency pacing and implantable defibrillation devices. Crit Care Clin 1989; 5: 551–568. 21 Hedges JR, Feero S., Shultz B., et al. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophy-siol 1991; 14: 1473–1478. 22 Gammage MD. Temporary cardiac pacing. Heart 2000; 83: 715–720. 23 Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, Hedges JR, et al. Transcutaneous cardiac pacing: Determination of myocardial injury in the canine model. Ann Emerg Med 1983; 12: 745–748. 24 Kicklighter EJ, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, et al. Pathological aspects of transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 108–113. 25 Syverud SA, Hedges JR, Dalsey WC, et al. Hemodynamics of transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4: 17–20. 26 Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Garner D., et al. External nonin-vasive cardiac pacing; comparative hemodynamic study of two techniques with conventional endocardial pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophy-siol 1988; 11: 575–582. 27 Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, et al. Threshold, enzymatic, and pathologic changes associated with prolonged transcuta-neous pacing in a chronic heart block model. J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 1–4. 28 Oyama MA, Sisson DD, Lehmkuhl LB. Practices and outcomes of artificial cardiac pacing in 154 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15: 229–239. Citing Literature Volume17, Issue5September 2003Pages 663-667 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={DeFrancesco, TC and Hansen, BD and Atkins, CE and Sidley, JA and Keene, BW}, year={2003}, pages={663–667} }
 @article{meurs_spier_wright_atkins_defrancesco_gordon_hamlin_keene_miller_moise_et al._2002, title={Comparison of the effects of four antiarrhythmic treatments for familial ventricular arrhythmias in Boxers}, volume={221}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.221.522}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.522}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Meurs, K. M. and Spier, A. W. and Wright, N. A. and Atkins, C. E. and DeFrancesco, Teresa and Gordon, S. G. and Hamlin, R. L. and Keene, B. W. and Miller, M. W. and Moise, N. S. and et al.}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={522–527} }
 @article{atkins_brown_coats_crawford_defrancesco_edwards_fox_keene_lehmkuhl_luethy_et al._2002, title={Effects of long-term administration of enalapril on clinical indicators of renal function in dogs with compensated mitral regurgitation}, volume={221}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.221.654}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.654}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Atkins, Clarke E. and Brown, William A. and Coats, Julie R. and Crawford, Mary Ann and DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Edwards, Joel and Fox, Philip R. and Keene, Bruce W. and Lehmkuhl, Linda and Luethy, Michael and et al.}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={654–658} }
 @article{sidley_atkins_keene_defrancesco_2002, title={Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy as a Treatment for Recurrent Pericardial Effusion in 6 Dogs}, volume={16}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02384.x}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0541:PBPAAT>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy (PBP) has been performed in people and in a small number of dogs as a treatment for recurrent pericardial effusion with tamponade (PET). We performed this technique on 6 dogs with recurrent PET (5 with heart base tumors and 1 with no identifiable mass). Under general anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance, a balloon-dilating catheter (diameters 14-20 mm) was introduced percutaneously at the 5th intercostal space through a sheath-introducing catheter, positioned across the parietal pericardium, and inflated 3 times. No dog experienced serious complications. The procedure was considered successful in 4 of 6 dogs. One dog is still alive without recurrence of PET 1 year after the procedure. Three dogs died of unrelated disease without recurrence of PET 5. 19, and 32 months after the procedure. The procedure was not beneficial in 1 dog that was euthanized 9 weeks later because of recurrence of pleural and abdominal effusion thought to be secondary to PET. One dog may have temporarily benefited but developed symptomatic PET 6 months after PBP. PBP appears to be a safe, economical, and potentially effective palliative treatment for recurrent PET and is a reasonable, less invasive alternative to surgery for dogs with recurrent PET, especially effusions caused by heart base tumors and possibly idiopathic pericardial effusion. Premature closure of the stoma is a potential cause for long-term failure and was thought to have been responsible for the recurrence of clinical signs in 2 dogs.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sidley, J.A. and Atkins, C.E. and Keene, B.W. and DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={541–546} }
 @article{defrancesco_atkins_keene_coats_hauck_2002, title={Prospective clinical evaluation of serum cardiac troponin T in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0553:PCEOSC>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to measure serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) with a commercially available human enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test in various groups of dogs, including those undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy. Serum samples were obtained from 6 groups of dogs: (1) normal adult dogs (n = 15); (2) dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 5); (3) dogs with congestive heart failure (n = 10); (4) dogs with untreated neoplasia (n = 20); (5) dogs with skeletal muscle trauma (n = 10); and (6) dogs with neoplasia receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy (n = 4). One serum sample was obtained from each of the normal dogs, those with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy, those with congestive heart failure, and those with untreated neoplasia. Serum samples were obtained serially from the dogs that were undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy; samples were collected before doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) administration and then 1, 5, 7, and 14 days after administration throughout 6 cycles for a cumulative total dose of 180 mg/m2. All normal dogs, dogs with untreated neoplasia, and dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy had cTnT concentrations below the lower limits of detection for the assay used (<0.05 ng/mL). Detectable concentrations of cTnT were found in 3 dogs with congestive heart failure and in 2 dogs with skeletal muscle trauma. Detectable concentrations also were found in both dogs that had received 180 mg/m2 of doxorubicin. We conclude that dogs with congestive heart failure and those with skeletal muscle trauma and dogs with neoplasia receiving high-dose doxorubicin chemotherapy may have increased serum cTnT concentration, which may be suggestive of myocardial damage.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={DeFrancesco, TC and Atkins, CE and Keene, BW and Coats, JR and Hauck, ML}, year={2002}, pages={553–557} }
 @article{hansen_defrancesco_2002, title={Relationship between hydration estimate and body weight change after fluid therapy in critically ill dogs and cats}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1534-6935"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1435-6935.2002.t01-1-00050.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Hansen, B and DeFrancesco, T}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={235–243} }
 @article{defrancesco_2002, title={The case of the fainting Boxer: review of Boxer cardiomyopathy}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={Waltham FOCUS}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={2002}, pages={28–30} }
 @article{baty_malarkey_atkins_defrancesco_sidley_keene_2001, title={Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic thromboembolism in a family of domestic shorthair cats}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0595:NHOHCA>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={A feline domestic shorthair queen and her 3 offspring were all diagnosed with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The family has been followed for 13 years, and 3 cats have died of aortic thromboembolism (ATE). This communication documents the long-term progression of HCM in these cats that presented with mild left ventricular hypertrophy and hyperdynamic systolic ventricular function, developed progressive left atrial enlargement, and eventually resulted in hypodynamic left ventricular systolic function with relative left ventricular chamber dilation at the time of ATE.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Baty, CJ and Malarkey, DE and Atkins, CE and DeFrancesco, TC and Sidley, J and Keene, BW}, year={2001}, pages={595–599} }
 @article{defrancesco_atkins_miller_meurs_keene_2001, title={Use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats: 43 cases (1985-1997)}, volume={218}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.66}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.218.66}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Miller, Matthew W. and Meurs, Kathryn M. and Keene, Bruce W.}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={66–69} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2000, title={AMBULATORY ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY}, ISBN={9781560533528}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-56053-352-8.50024-9}, DOI={10.1016/b978-1-56053-352-8.50024-9}, booktitle={Small Animal Cardiology Secrets}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={DeFrancesco, Teresa C.}, year={2000}, pages={115–118} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2000, title={CVT update: Infectious endocarditis}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={DeFrancesco, T. C.}, year={2000}, pages={768} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2000, place={Philadelphia, PA}, edition={7th}, title={Cardiac Emergencies, Hypertension, Electrocution, and Exam of the Cardiovascular System}, booktitle={Kirk and Bistner's handbook of veterinary procedures and emergency treatment}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Bistner, S. and Ford, R.B. and Raffe, M.R. and Kirk, R.W.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={54–74, 282–313} }
 @article{atkins_defrancesco_coats_sidley_keene_2000, title={Heartworm infection in cats: 50 cases (1985-1997)}, volume={217}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.355}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Atkins, CE and DeFrancesco, TC and Coats, JR and Sidley, JA and Keene, BW}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={355–358} }
 @article{maggio_defrancesco_atkins_pizzirani_gilger_davidson_2000, title={Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985-1998)}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.695}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Maggio, F and DeFrancesco, TC and Atkins, CE and Pizzirani, S and Gilger, BC and Davidson, MG}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={695–702} }
 @misc{atkins_defrancesco_2000, title={Untitled}, volume={14}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Atkins, C. E. and DeFrancesco, T.}, year={2000}, pages={471} }
 @inbook{defrancesco_2000, place={Philadelphia, PA}, title={Update: Infectious Endocarditis}, booktitle={Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Bonagura, J.D. and Kirk, R.W.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={768–771} }
 @article{ward_forrester_defrancesco_troy_1999, title={Treatment of severe chronic digoxin toxicosis in a dog with cardiac disease, using ovine digoxin-specific immunoglobulin G Fab fragments}, volume={215}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Ward, D. M. and Forrester, S. D. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Troy, G. C.}, year={1999}, pages={1808–1812} }
 @article{atkins_defrancesco_miller_meurs_keene_1998, title={Prevalence of heartworm infection in cats with signs of cardiorespiratory abnormalities}, volume={212}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Atkins, C. E. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Miller, M. W. and Meurs, K. M. and Keene, B.}, year={1998}, pages={517–520} }
 @misc{defrancesco_1997, place={Cardiopet}, title={Feline Heartworm Disease: Should I be concerned?}, journal={Cardiopet Educator}, publisher={Little Falls, NJ}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={1997}, month={Oct} }
 @book{defrancesco_1997, place={Baltimore}, title={Taurine Deficiency in The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline}, journal={The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline}, publisher={Williams and Wilkins}, author={DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={1093} }
 @article{defrancesco_atkins_keene_1996, title={Myocardial infarction complicating management of congestive heart failure in a dog}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-32-1-68}, abstractNote={A 7.5-kg, 10-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was evaluated for sudden onset of weakness, tachypnea, and an irregular cardiac rhythm. Congestive heart failure secondary to mitral valve regurgitation had been diagnosed six weeks earlier. The dog was stable on furosemide, enalapril, and hydralazine. Complex ventricular tachycardia, altered QRS conformation of sinus complexes, echocardiographic evidence of a hypokinetic left-ventricular free wall, and elevated creatine kinase suggested a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Despite antiarrhythmic therapy, the dog developed ventricular fibrillation and died 36 hours after admission. Postmortem examination confirmed the myocardial infarction. Although a rare diagnosis in the veterinary patient, myocardial infarction must be considered in the differential diagnosis for sudden onset of weakness, tachypnea, and ventricular tachycardia.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={DeFrancesco, TC and Atkins, CE and Keene, BW}, year={1996}, pages={68–72} }
 @inbook{moise_defrancesco_1995, place={Philadelphia}, title={Ambulatory (Holter) Electrocardiography}, booktitle={Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XII}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={Moise, N.S. and DeFrancesco, T.C.}, editor={Bonagura, J.D. and Kirk, R.W.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={792–799} }
 @article{schulz_baruffaldi_carrig_defrancesco_1993, title={What Is Your Diagnosis?}, volume={203}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Schulz, K. and Baruffaldi, J. and Carrig, C. and DeFrancesco, T.C.}, year={1993}, pages={645–646} }