@article{arora_wisniewski_tuong_livingston_2023, title={Infrared thermography of in situ natural freezing and mechanism of winter-thermonasty in Rhododendron maximum}, volume={175}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1111/ppl.13876}, abstractNote={Evergreen leaves of Rhododendron species inhabiting temperate/montane climates are typically exposed to both high radiation and freezing temperatures during winter when photosynthetic biochemistry is severely inhibited. Cold-induced 'thermonasty', i. e. lamina rolling and petiole curling, can reduce the amount of leaf area exposed to solar radiation and has been associated with photoprotection in overwintering rhododendrons. The present study was conducted on natural, mature plantings of a cold-hardy and large-leaved thermonastic North American species (R. maximum) during winter freezes. Infrared thermography was used to determine initial sites of ice formation, patterns of ice propagation, and dynamics of the freezing process in leaves to understand the temporal and mechanistic relationship between freezing and thermonasty. Results indicated that ice formation in whole plants is initiated in the stem, predominantly in the upper portions, and propagates in both directions from the original site. Ice formation in leaves initially occurred in the vascular tissue of the midrib and then propagated into other portions of the vascular system/venation. Ice was never observed to initiate or propagate into palisade, spongy mesophyll, or epidermal tissues. These observations, together with the leaf- and petiole-histology, and a simulation of the rolling effect of dehydrated leaves using a cellulose-based, paper-bilayer system, suggest that thermonasty occurs due to anisotropic contraction of cell wall cellulose fibers of adaxial versus abaxial surface as the cells lose water to ice present in vascular tissues. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Arora, Rajeev and Wisniewski, Michael and Tuong, Tan and Livingston, David}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_tisdale_zobel_2022, title={Visualising the effect of freezing on the vascular system of wheat in three dimensions by in-block imaging of dye-infiltrated plants}, ISSN={["1365-2818"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmi.13101}, abstractNote={Infrared thermography has shown after roots of grasses freeze, ice spreads into the crown and then acropetally into leaves initially through vascular bundles. Leaves freeze singly with the oldest leaves freezing first and the youngest freezing later. Visualising the vascular system in its native 3‐dimensional state will help in the understanding of this freezing process. A 2 cm section of the crown that had been infiltrated with aniline blue was embedded in paraffin and sectioned with a microtome. A photograph of the surface of the tissue in the paraffin block was taken after the microtome blade removed each 20 μm section. Two hundred to 300 images were imported into Adobe After Effects and a 3D volume of the region infiltrated by aniline blue dye was constructed. The reconstruction revealed that roots fed into what is functionally a region inside the crown that could act as a reservoir from which all the leaves are able to draw water. When a single root was fed dye solution, the entire region filled with dye and the vascular bundles of every leaf took up the dye; this indicated that the vascular system of roots was not paired with individual leaves. Fluorescence microscopy suggested the edge of the reservoir might be composed of phenolic compounds. When plants were frozen, the edges of the reservoir became leaky and dye solution spread into the mesophyll outside the reservoir. The significance of this change with regard to freezing tolerance is not known at this time.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY}, author={Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Tisdale, Ripley and Zobel, Rich}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{takahashi_johnson_hao_tuong_erban_sampathkumar_bacic_livingston_kopka_kuroha_et al._2021, title={Cell wall modification by the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase XTH19 influences freezing tolerance after cold and sub-zero acclimation}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13953}, abstractNote={Freezing triggers extracellular ice formation leading to cell dehydration and deformation during a freeze-thaw cycle. Many plant species increase their freezing tolerance during exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures, a process termed cold acclimation. In addition, exposure to mild freezing temperatures after cold acclimation evokes a further increase in freezing tolerance (sub-zero acclimation). Previous transcriptome and proteome analyses indicate that cell wall remodeling may be particularly important for sub-zero acclimation. In the present study, we used a combination of immunohistochemical, chemical and spectroscopic analyses to characterize the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized a mutant in the XTH19 gene, encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH). The mutant showed reduced freezing tolerance after both cold and sub-zero acclimation, compared to the Col-0 wild type, which was associated with differences in cell wall composition and structure. Most strikingly, immunohistochemistry in combination with 3D reconstruction of centers of rosette indicated that epitopes of the xyloglucan-specific antibody LM25 were highly abundant in the vasculature of Col-0 plants after sub-zero acclimation but absent in the XTH19 mutant. Taken together, our data shed new light on the potential roles of cell wall remodeling for the increased freezing tolerance observed after low temperature acclimation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Takahashi, Daisuke and Johnson, Kim and Hao, Pengfei and Tuong, Tan and Erban, Alexander and Sampathkumar, Arun and Bacic, Antony and Livingston, David P., III and Kopka, Joachim and Kuroha, Takeshi and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={915–930} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_tuong_schwartz_patton_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2021, title={Identification of QTL associated with cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Zoysia japonica}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20368}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20368}, abstractNote={Abstract Zoysiagrasses ( Zoysia spp.) are relatively low‐input and warm‐season turfgrasses which have grown in popularity in the United States since their introduction in the 1890s. Over 30 improved zoysiagrass cultivars were released in the past three decades, but many lack freezing tolerance and their use is limited to warm‐humid climates. Understanding the genetic controls of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance in zoysiagrass could considerably benefit the breeding efforts to increase tolerance to freezing stress. In the present study, controlled environment acclimation and freezing tests were used to evaluate a Meyer × Victoria zoysiagrass mapping population for post‐freezing surviving green tissue (SGT) and regrowth (RG). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping analysis identified nine QTL associated with SGT, eight QTL linked to RG, and 22 QTL common in both traits, accounting for between 6.4 and 12.2% of the phenotypic variation. Eleven regions of interest overlapped with putative winter injury QTL identified in a previous field study. Upon sequence analysis, homologs of several abiotic response genes were found underlying these overlapping QTL regions. The homologs of these gene encode transcription factors, cell wall modification‐related proteins, and defense signal transduction‐related proteins. After further validation, these QTL and their associated markers have potential to be used in future breeding efforts for the development of a broader pool of zoysiagrass cultivars capable of surviving in cold climates.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and Tuong, Tan D. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Patton, Aaron J. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3044–3055} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_dacosta_bernstein_lu_tuong_patton_dunne_arellano_et al._2020, title={Differences in proteome response to cold acclimation in Zoysia japonica cultivars with different levels of freeze tolerance}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20225}, abstractNote={Abstract Zoysiagrasses ( Zoysia spp.) are warm‐season turfgrasses primarily grown in the southern and transition zones of the United States. An understanding of the physiological and proteomic changes that zoysiagrasses undergo during cold acclimation may shed light on phenotypic traits and proteins useful in selection of freeze‐tolerant genotypes. We investigated the relationship between cold acclimation, protein expression, and freeze tolerance in cold acclimated (CA) and nonacclimated (NA) plants of Zoysia japonica Steud. cultivars Meyer (freeze‐tolerant) and Victoria (freeze‐susceptible). Meristematic tissues from the grass crowns were harvested for proteomic analysis. Freeze testing indicated that cold acclimation accounted for a 1.9‐fold increase in plant survival than nonacclimation treatment. Overall, proteomic analysis identified 62 protein spots differentially accumulated in abundance under cold acclimation. Nine and 22 unique protein spots were identified for Meyer and Victoria, respectively, with increased abundance or decreased abundance. In addition, 23 shared protein spots were found among the two cultivars in response to cold acclimation. Function classification revealed that these proteins were involved primarily in transcription, signal transduction and stress defense, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and protein and amino acid metabolism. Several proteins of interest for their association with cold acclimation were identified. Further investigation of these proteins and their functional categories may contribute to increase our understanding of the differences in freezing tolerance among zoysiagrass germplasm.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and DaCosta, Michelle and Bernstein, Rachael P. and Lu, Jefferson and Tuong, Tan D. and Patton, Aaron J. and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Arellano, Consuelo and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={2744–2756} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_2020, title={Using Pixel-Based Microscope Images to Generate 3D Reconstructions of Frozen and Thawed Plant Tissue}, volume={2156}, ISBN={["978-1-0716-0659-9"]}, ISSN={["1940-6029"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-0716-0660-5_10}, abstractNote={Histological analysis of frozen and thawed plants has been conducted for many years but the observation of individual sections only provides a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional phenomenon. Currently available optical sectioning techniques for viewing internal structures in three dimensions are either low in resolution or the instrument cannot penetrate deep enough into the tissue to visualize the whole plant. Methods using higher resolution equipment are expensive and often require time-consuming training. In addition, conventional stains cannot be used for optical sectioning techniques. We present a relatively simple and less expensive technique using pixel-based (JPEG) images of conventionally stained histological sections of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant. The technique uses commercially available software to generate a 3D representation of internal structures.}, journal={PLANT COLD ACCLIMATION, 2 EDITION}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D.}, year={2020}, pages={119–139} }
 @article{nogueira_livingston_tuong_sinclair_2020, title={Xylem vessel radii comparison between soybean genotypes differing in tolerance to drought}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1542-7536"]}, DOI={10.1080/15427528.2020.1724225}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Xylem element radius can be a key factor in determining plant hydraulic conductance and vulnerability to cavitation. Most studies of xylem element radius have been on woody species with a focus on plant survival under severe water-deficit stress. However, xylem element radius, particularly the largest radius elements, can potentially have an influence on hydraulic flow at more moderate water-deficits. Few studies have offered a detailed distribution of xylem element radii, and even fewer on the distribution in crop species. In this study, the xylem element radii of two genotypes of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were compared because these two genotypes had been documented to react differently to drying soil. The stems of young plants were harvested from three positions, and in stem cross-sections, the number of xylem elements and the radius of each element were determined. While the number of xylem elements did not differ significantly between the two genotypes, the distribution of the radii was skewed to smaller radii in drought-tolerant PI 4719386 as compared to Hutcheson. This contrast extended to a difference between the genotypes in the radii of the largest elements, which are considered most vulnerable to cavitation.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF CROP IMPROVEMENT}, author={Nogueira, Marco and Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Sinclair, Thomas R.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={404–413} }
 @article{dunne_tuong_livingston_reynolds_milla-lewis_2019, title={Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Bermudagrass Germplasm for Cold Hardiness and Freezing Tolerance}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667}, abstractNote={Bermudagrass [Cynodon spp. (L.) Rich.] is a high-quality, durable turfgrass with excellent heat and drought tolerance. However, its lack of freezing tolerance limits its use in the transition zone. The development of cultivars with enhanced freezing tolerance would constitute a significant improvement in the management of bermudagrass in this region and could extend its area of adaptation further north. There has been substantial work on screening of commontype bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] germplasm for freezing tolerance, but not for the African (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) germplasm. The purpose of this research was to conduct multiyear field testing and laboratory-based freezing test evaluations of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance, respectively, of an African and common bermudagrass germplasm collection. A high level of cold hardiness was observed among the germplasm in this study. In field evaluations, plant introductions (PIs) PI 290905, PI 647879, PI 255447, PI 289923, and PI 615161 were the top performers, having consistently greater spring green-up and reduced winterkill compared with ‘Patriot’, ‘Tifsport’, ‘Quickstand’, and ‘Tifway’, though not always significantly. A comparison between field-based ratings and calculated lethal temperatures for 50% death (LT50) from laboratory-based freezing tests showed significant correlations of −0.26 and −0.24 for spring green-up and winterkill, respectively, suggesting that these controlled freeze experiments could be used to prescreen materials prior to field testing. Overall, results indicate that some of the PIs evaluated in this study can be used as additional sources of cold hardiness in bermudagrass breeding. J.C. Dunne and S.R. Milla-Lewis, Dep. of Crop Science, Campus Box 7620, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620; T.D. Tuong and D.P. Livingston, Dep. of Agriculture and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695; W.C. Reynolds, Turfgrass Producers International, 444 E. Roosevelt Rd., Suite 346, Lombard, IL 60148. Received 8 Nov. 2017. Accepted 19 Sept. 2018. *Corresponding author (susana_milla-lewis@ncsu.edu). Assigned to Associate Editor Emily Merewitz. Abbreviations: LT50, lethal temperature for 50% death; NPGS, National Plant Germplasm System; PI, plant introduction. Published in Crop Sci. 59:392–399 (2019). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published January 4, 2019}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Tuong, Tan D. and Livingston, David P. and Reynolds, W. Casey and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2019}, pages={392–399} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_nogueira_sinclair_2019, title={Three-dimensional reconstruction of soybean nodules provides an update on vascular structure}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1537-2197"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajb2.1249}, abstractNote={Premise of the Study In many cases, the functioning of a biological system cannot be correctly understood if its physical anatomy is incorrectly described. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] nodules and its connection with the root vasculature is important for understanding its function in supplying the plant with nitrogenous compounds. Previous two‐dimensional anatomical observations of soybean nodules led to the assumption that vascular bundles terminate within the cortex of the nodule and that a single vascular bundle connects the nodule to the root. We wanted to see whether these anatomical assumptions would be verified by digitally reconstructing soybean nodules in three dimensions. Methods Nodules were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 15 μm thick sections. Over 200 serial sections were stained with safranin and fast green, and then photographed using light microscopy. Images were digitally cleared, aligned, and assembled into a three‐dimensional (3D) volume using the Adobe program After Effects. Key Results In many cases, vascular bundles had a continuous connection around the nodules. The 3D reconstruction also revealed a dual vascular connection originating in the nodule and leading to the root in 22 of the 24 nodules. Of the 22 dual connections, 11 maintained two separate vascular bundles into the root with independent connections to the root vasculature. Conclusions A more robust and complex anatomical pathway for vascular transport between nodules and root xylem in soybean plants is indicated by these observations and will contribute to a better understanding of the symbiotic relationship between soybean plants and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria within the nodules.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Nogueira, Marco and Sinclair, Thomas}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={507–513} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2018, title={Linkage analysis and identification of quantitative trait loci associated with freeze tolerance and turf quality traits in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={38}, ISSN={1380-3743, 1572-9788}, url={http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, number={5}, journal={Molecular Breeding}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tanduy D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={67} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_hoffman_fernandez_2018, title={Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants}, volume={9}, ISSN={1940-087X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/58025}, DOI={10.3791/58025}, abstractNote={Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions. The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.}, number={139}, journal={Journal of Visualized Experiments}, publisher={MyJove Corporation}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Hoffman, Mark and Fernandez, Gina}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: II. acclimation treatment effects}, volume={213}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-2074-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-2074-2}, number={12}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze-tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: temperature response and evaluation methods}, volume={213}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-1899-z}, number={5}, journal={Euphytica}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kuprian_munkler_resnyak_zimmermann_tuong_gierlinger_mueller_livingston_neuner_2017, title={Complex bud architecture and cell-specific chemical patterns enable supercooling of Picea abies bud primordia}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13078}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Kuprian, Edith and Munkler, Caspar and Resnyak, Anna and Zimmermann, Sonja and Tuong, Tan D. and Gierlinger, Notburga and Mueller, Thomas and Livingston, David P., III and Neuner, Gilbert}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={3101–3112} }
 @article{kuprian_tuong_pfaller_wagner_livingston_neuner_2016, title={Persistent Supercooling of Reproductive Shoots Is Enabled by Structural Ice Barriers Being Active Despite an Intact Xylem Connection}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0163160}, abstractNote={Extracellular ice nucleation usually occurs at mild subzero temperatures in most plants. For persistent supercooling of certain plant parts ice barriers are necessary to prevent the entry of ice from already frozen tissues. The reproductive shoot of Calluna vulgaris is able to supercool down to below -22°C throughout all developmental stages (shoot elongation, flowering, fruiting) despite an established xylem conductivity. After localization of the persistent ice barrier between the reproductive and vegetative shoot at the base of the pedicel by infrared differential thermal analysis, the currently unknown structural features of the ice barrier tissue were anatomically analyzed on cross and longitudinal sections. The ice barrier tissue was recognized as a 250 μm long constriction zone at the base of the pedicel that lacked pith tissue and intercellular spaces. Most cell walls in this region were thickened and contained hydrophobic substances (lignin, suberin, and cutin). A few cell walls had what appeared to be thicker cellulose inclusions. In the ice barrier tissue, the area of the xylem was as much as 5.7 times smaller than in vegetative shoots and consisted of tracheids only. The mean number of conducting units in the xylem per cross section was reduced to 3.5% of that in vegetative shoots. Diameter of conducting units and tracheid length were 70% and 60% (respectively) of that in vegetative shoots. From vegetative shoots water transport into the ice barrier must pass pit membranes that are likely impermeable to ice. Pit apertures were about 1.9 μm x 0.7 μm, which was significantly smaller than in the vegetative shoot. The peculiar anatomical features of the xylem at the base of the pedicel suggest that the diameter of pores in pit membranes could be the critical constriction for ice propagation into the persistently supercooled reproductive shoots of C. vulgaris.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Kuprian, Edith and Tuong, Tan D. and Pfaller, Kristian and Wagner, Johanna and Livingston, David P., III and Neuner, Gilbert}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_2014, title={Understanding the response of winter cereals to freezing stress through freeze-fixation and 3D reconstruction of ice formation in crowns}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1873-7307"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.12.010}, abstractNote={One of the more difficult aspects of discovering mechanisms involved in winterhardiness is detecting where ice is formed and how it interacts with tissues in the frozen state. Many tissues recover and change shape during thawing which prevents a clear picture of ice formation and how individual cells might have responded to this form of stress. Cryo-sectioning and related techniques, while providing valuable information, only allow a two-dimensional view of what is in fact, a three-dimensional phenomenon. In this study, an established freeze-fixation protocol was used in conjunction with histology to visualize empty spaces or voids created by ice within crowns of oat. Images of sections were aligned and background color was cleared to provide 3D visualization of voids that had formed within tissues as a result of freezing. Reconstruction in 3 dimensions revealed that ice had formed continuously in the roots but terminated at the root-shoot junction. This supports previous research that a barrier exists at the base of the crown in freezing tolerant cultivars of winter cereals. In addition, ice-induced voids within the crown were narrow and vertically inclined; they did not form large spherical shapes as had previously been suggested from two-dimensional analysis. Within apical regions of the crown, voids always formed just below the epidermis on what would eventually become the lower surface of the leaf. The 3D structure of these formations resembled a curtain with a termination point at the top of the transition zone and which extended continuously into the leaves. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms must be operative concurrently for the crown to survive. This underscores the need for a variety of approaches that includes clear and detailed observational data to fully comprehend winter survival of cereal crops.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={24–33} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_kissling_cullen_2014, title={Visualizing surface area and volume of lumens in three dimensions using images from histological sections}, volume={256}, ISSN={["1365-2818"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmi.12171}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Kissling, Grace E. and Cullen, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={190–196} }
 @article{livingston_henson_tuong_wise_tallury_duke_2013, title={Histological Analysis and 3D Reconstruction of Winter Cereal Crowns Recovering from Freezing: A Unique Response in Oat (Avena sativa L.)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0053468}, abstractNote={The crown is the below ground portion of the stem of a grass which contains meristematic cells that give rise to new shoots and roots following winter. To better understand mechanisms of survival from freezing, a histological analysis was performed on rye, wheat, barley and oat plants that had been frozen, thawed and allowed to resume growth under controlled conditions. Extensive tissue disruption and abnormal cell structure was noticed in the center of the crown of all 4 species with relatively normal cells on the outside edge of the crown. A unique visual response was found in oat in the shape of a ring of cells that stained red with Safranin. A tetrazolium analysis indicated that tissues immediately inside this ring were dead and those outside were alive. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the barrier fluoresced with excitation between 405 and 445 nm. Three dimensional reconstruction of a cross sectional series of images indicated that the red staining cells took on a somewhat spherical shape with regions of no staining where roots entered the crown. Characterizing changes in plants recovering from freezing will help determine the genetic basis for mechanisms involved in this important aspect of winter hardiness.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Henson, Cynthia A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Wise, Mitchell L. and Tallury, Shyamalrau P. and Duke, Stanley H.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hinton_livingston_miller_peacock_tuong_2012, title={Freeze tolerance of nine zoysiagrass cultivars using natural cold acclimation and freeze chambers}, volume={47}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinton, J. D. and Livingston, D. P. and Miller, G. L. and Peacock, C. H. and Tuong, T.}, year={2012}, pages={112–115} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_haigler_avci_tallury_2009, title={Rapid Microwave Processing of Winter Cereals for Histology Allows Identification of Separate Zones of Freezing Injury in the Crown}, volume={49}, ISSN={0011-183X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0077}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0077}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Livingston, D. P., III and Tuong, T. D. and Haigler, C. H. and Avci, U. and Tallury, S. P.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1837–1842} }