@article{arora_wisniewski_tuong_livingston_2023, title={Infrared thermography of in situ natural freezing and mechanism of winter-thermonasty in Rhododendron maximum}, volume={175}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1111/ppl.13876}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Arora, Rajeev and Wisniewski, Michael and Tuong, Tan and Livingston, David}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_tisdale_zobel_2022, title={Visualising the effect of freezing on the vascular system of wheat in three dimensions by in-block imaging of dye-infiltrated plants}, ISSN={["1365-2818"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmi.13101}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY}, author={Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Tisdale, Ripley and Zobel, Rich}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{takahashi_johnson_hao_tuong_erban_sampathkumar_bacic_livingston_kopka_kuroha_et al._2021, title={Cell wall modification by the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase XTH19 influences freezing tolerance after cold and sub-zero acclimation}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13953}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Takahashi, Daisuke and Johnson, Kim and Hao, Pengfei and Tuong, Tan and Erban, Alexander and Sampathkumar, Arun and Bacic, Antony and Livingston, David P., III and Kopka, Joachim and Kuroha, Takeshi and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={915–930} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_tuong_schwartz_patton_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2021, title={Identification of QTL associated with cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Zoysia japonica}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20368}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20368}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and Tuong, Tan D. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Patton, Aaron J. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3044–3055} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_dacosta_bernstein_lu_tuong_patton_dunne_arellano_et al._2020, title={Differences in proteome response to cold acclimation in Zoysia japonica cultivars with different levels of freeze tolerance}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20225}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and DaCosta, Michelle and Bernstein, Rachael P. and Lu, Jefferson and Tuong, Tan D. and Patton, Aaron J. and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Arellano, Consuelo and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={2744–2756} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_2020, title={Using Pixel-Based Microscope Images to Generate 3D Reconstructions of Frozen and Thawed Plant Tissue}, volume={2156}, ISBN={["978-1-0716-0659-9"]}, ISSN={["1940-6029"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-0716-0660-5_10}, abstractNote={Histological analysis of frozen and thawed plants has been conducted for many years but the observation of individual sections only provides a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional phenomenon. Currently available optical sectioning techniques for viewing internal structures in three dimensions are either low in resolution or the instrument cannot penetrate deep enough into the tissue to visualize the whole plant. Methods using higher resolution equipment are expensive and often require time-consuming training. In addition, conventional stains cannot be used for optical sectioning techniques. We present a relatively simple and less expensive technique using pixel-based (JPEG) images of conventionally stained histological sections of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant. The technique uses commercially available software to generate a 3D representation of internal structures.}, journal={PLANT COLD ACCLIMATION, 2 EDITION}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D.}, year={2020}, pages={119–139} }
 @article{nogueira_livingston_tuong_sinclair_2020, title={Xylem vessel radii comparison between soybean genotypes differing in tolerance to drought}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1542-7536"]}, DOI={10.1080/15427528.2020.1724225}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Xylem element radius can be a key factor in determining plant hydraulic conductance and vulnerability to cavitation. Most studies of xylem element radius have been on woody species with a focus on plant survival under severe water-deficit stress. However, xylem element radius, particularly the largest radius elements, can potentially have an influence on hydraulic flow at more moderate water-deficits. Few studies have offered a detailed distribution of xylem element radii, and even fewer on the distribution in crop species. In this study, the xylem element radii of two genotypes of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were compared because these two genotypes had been documented to react differently to drying soil. The stems of young plants were harvested from three positions, and in stem cross-sections, the number of xylem elements and the radius of each element were determined. While the number of xylem elements did not differ significantly between the two genotypes, the distribution of the radii was skewed to smaller radii in drought-tolerant PI 4719386 as compared to Hutcheson. This contrast extended to a difference between the genotypes in the radii of the largest elements, which are considered most vulnerable to cavitation.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF CROP IMPROVEMENT}, author={Nogueira, Marco and Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Sinclair, Thomas R.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={404–413} }
 @article{dunne_tuong_livingston_reynolds_milla-lewis_2019, title={Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Bermudagrass Germplasm for Cold Hardiness and Freezing Tolerance}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667}, abstractNote={Bermudagrass [Cynodon spp. (L.) Rich.] is a high‐quality, durable turfgrass with excellent heat and drought tolerance. However, its lack of freezing tolerance limits its use in the transition zone. The development of cultivars with enhanced freezing tolerance would constitute a significant improvement in the management of bermudagrass in this region and could extend its area of adaptation further north. There has been substantial work on screening of common‐type bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] germplasm for freezing tolerance, but not for the African (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy) germplasm. The purpose of this research was to conduct multiyear field testing and laboratory‐based freezing test evaluations of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance, respectively, of an African and common bermudagrass germplasm collection. A high level of cold hardiness was observed among the germplasm in this study. In field evaluations, plant introductions (PIs) PI 290905, PI 647879, PI 255447, PI 289923, and PI 615161 were the top performers, having consistently greater spring green‐up and reduced winterkill compared with ‘Patriot’, ‘Tifsport’, ‘Quickstand’, and ‘Tifway’, though not always significantly. A comparison between field‐based ratings and calculated lethal temperatures for 50% death (LT50) from laboratory‐based freezing tests showed significant correlations of −0.26 and −0.24 for spring green‐up and winterkill, respectively, suggesting that these controlled freeze experiments could be used to prescreen materials prior to field testing. Overall, results indicate that some of the PIs evaluated in this study can be used as additional sources of cold hardiness in bermudagrass breeding.}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Tuong, Tan D. and Livingston, David P. and Reynolds, W. Casey and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2019}, pages={392–399} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_nogueira_sinclair_2019, title={Three-dimensional reconstruction of soybean nodules provides an update on vascular structure}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1537-2197"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajb2.1249}, abstractNote={Premise of the StudyIn many cases, the functioning of a biological system cannot be correctly understood if its physical anatomy is incorrectly described. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] nodules and its connection with the root vasculature is important for understanding its function in supplying the plant with nitrogenous compounds. Previous two‐dimensional anatomical observations of soybean nodules led to the assumption that vascular bundles terminate within the cortex of the nodule and that a single vascular bundle connects the nodule to the root. We wanted to see whether these anatomical assumptions would be verified by digitally reconstructing soybean nodules in three dimensions.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Nogueira, Marco and Sinclair, Thomas}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={507–513} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2018, title={Linkage analysis and identification of quantitative trait loci associated with freeze tolerance and turf quality traits in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={38}, ISSN={1380-3743, 1572-9788}, url={http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, number={5}, journal={Molecular Breeding}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tanduy D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={67} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_hoffman_fernandez_2018, title={Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants}, volume={9}, ISSN={1940-087X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/58025}, DOI={10.3791/58025}, abstractNote={Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions. The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.}, number={139}, journal={Journal of Visualized Experiments}, publisher={MyJove Corporation}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Hoffman, Mark and Fernandez, Gina}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: II. acclimation treatment effects}, volume={213}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-2074-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-2074-2}, number={12}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze-tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: temperature response and evaluation methods}, volume={213}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-1899-z}, number={5}, journal={Euphytica}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kuprian_munkler_resnyak_zimmermann_tuong_gierlinger_mueller_livingston_neuner_2017, title={Complex bud architecture and cell-specific chemical patterns enable supercooling of Picea abies bud primordia}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13078}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Kuprian, Edith and Munkler, Caspar and Resnyak, Anna and Zimmermann, Sonja and Tuong, Tan D. and Gierlinger, Notburga and Mueller, Thomas and Livingston, David P., III and Neuner, Gilbert}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={3101–3112} }
 @article{kuprian_tuong_pfaller_wagner_livingston_neuner_2016, title={Persistent Supercooling of Reproductive Shoots Is Enabled by Structural Ice Barriers Being Active Despite an Intact Xylem Connection}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0163160}, abstractNote={Extracellular ice nucleation usually occurs at mild subzero temperatures in most plants. For persistent supercooling of certain plant parts ice barriers are necessary to prevent the entry of ice from already frozen tissues. The reproductive shoot of Calluna vulgaris is able to supercool down to below -22°C throughout all developmental stages (shoot elongation, flowering, fruiting) despite an established xylem conductivity. After localization of the persistent ice barrier between the reproductive and vegetative shoot at the base of the pedicel by infrared differential thermal analysis, the currently unknown structural features of the ice barrier tissue were anatomically analyzed on cross and longitudinal sections. The ice barrier tissue was recognized as a 250 μm long constriction zone at the base of the pedicel that lacked pith tissue and intercellular spaces. Most cell walls in this region were thickened and contained hydrophobic substances (lignin, suberin, and cutin). A few cell walls had what appeared to be thicker cellulose inclusions. In the ice barrier tissue, the area of the xylem was as much as 5.7 times smaller than in vegetative shoots and consisted of tracheids only. The mean number of conducting units in the xylem per cross section was reduced to 3.5% of that in vegetative shoots. Diameter of conducting units and tracheid length were 70% and 60% (respectively) of that in vegetative shoots. From vegetative shoots water transport into the ice barrier must pass pit membranes that are likely impermeable to ice. Pit apertures were about 1.9 μm x 0.7 μm, which was significantly smaller than in the vegetative shoot. The peculiar anatomical features of the xylem at the base of the pedicel suggest that the diameter of pores in pit membranes could be the critical constriction for ice propagation into the persistently supercooled reproductive shoots of C. vulgaris.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Kuprian, Edith and Tuong, Tan D. and Pfaller, Kristian and Wagner, Johanna and Livingston, David P., III and Neuner, Gilbert}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_2014, title={Understanding the response of winter cereals to freezing stress through freeze-fixation and 3D reconstruction of ice formation in crowns}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1873-7307"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.12.010}, abstractNote={One of the more difficult aspects of discovering mechanisms involved in winterhardiness is detecting where ice is formed and how it interacts with tissues in the frozen state. Many tissues recover and change shape during thawing which prevents a clear picture of ice formation and how individual cells might have responded to this form of stress. Cryo-sectioning and related techniques, while providing valuable information, only allow a two-dimensional view of what is in fact, a three-dimensional phenomenon. In this study, an established freeze-fixation protocol was used in conjunction with histology to visualize empty spaces or voids created by ice within crowns of oat. Images of sections were aligned and background color was cleared to provide 3D visualization of voids that had formed within tissues as a result of freezing. Reconstruction in 3 dimensions revealed that ice had formed continuously in the roots but terminated at the root-shoot junction. This supports previous research that a barrier exists at the base of the crown in freezing tolerant cultivars of winter cereals. In addition, ice-induced voids within the crown were narrow and vertically inclined; they did not form large spherical shapes as had previously been suggested from two-dimensional analysis. Within apical regions of the crown, voids always formed just below the epidermis on what would eventually become the lower surface of the leaf. The 3D structure of these formations resembled a curtain with a termination point at the top of the transition zone and which extended continuously into the leaves. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms must be operative concurrently for the crown to survive. This underscores the need for a variety of approaches that includes clear and detailed observational data to fully comprehend winter survival of cereal crops.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={24–33} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_kissling_cullen_2014, title={Visualizing surface area and volume of lumens in three dimensions using images from histological sections}, volume={256}, ISSN={["1365-2818"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmi.12171}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Kissling, Grace E. and Cullen, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={190–196} }
 @article{livingston_henson_tuong_wise_tallury_duke_2013, title={Histological Analysis and 3D Reconstruction of Winter Cereal Crowns Recovering from Freezing: A Unique Response in Oat (Avena sativa L.)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0053468}, abstractNote={The crown is the below ground portion of the stem of a grass which contains meristematic cells that give rise to new shoots and roots following winter. To better understand mechanisms of survival from freezing, a histological analysis was performed on rye, wheat, barley and oat plants that had been frozen, thawed and allowed to resume growth under controlled conditions. Extensive tissue disruption and abnormal cell structure was noticed in the center of the crown of all 4 species with relatively normal cells on the outside edge of the crown. A unique visual response was found in oat in the shape of a ring of cells that stained red with Safranin. A tetrazolium analysis indicated that tissues immediately inside this ring were dead and those outside were alive. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the barrier fluoresced with excitation between 405 and 445 nm. Three dimensional reconstruction of a cross sectional series of images indicated that the red staining cells took on a somewhat spherical shape with regions of no staining where roots entered the crown. Characterizing changes in plants recovering from freezing will help determine the genetic basis for mechanisms involved in this important aspect of winter hardiness.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Henson, Cynthia A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Wise, Mitchell L. and Tallury, Shyamalrau P. and Duke, Stanley H.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hinton_livingston_miller_peacock_tuong_2012, title={Freeze tolerance of nine zoysiagrass cultivars using natural cold acclimation and freeze chambers}, volume={47}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinton, J. D. and Livingston, D. P. and Miller, G. L. and Peacock, C. H. and Tuong, T.}, year={2012}, pages={112–115} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_haigler_avci_tallury_2009, title={Rapid Microwave Processing of Winter Cereals for Histology Allows Identification of Separate Zones of Freezing Injury in the Crown}, volume={49}, ISSN={0011-183X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0077}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0077}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Livingston, D. P., III and Tuong, T. D. and Haigler, C. H. and Avci, U. and Tallury, S. P.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1837–1842} }