@article{turk_kraus_hunt_carmen_bilderback_2017, title={Nutrient Sequestration by Vegetation in Bioretention Cells Receiving High Nutrient Loads}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1943-7870"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001158}, abstractNote={AbstractBioretention plant selection for nutrient removal (and even basic plant survival) is an understudied and not-well-understood component of this stormwater control measure. Twelve bioretention cells were constructed to evaluate 16 plants growing in three different media for their ability to remove nutrient pollution from urban stormwater runoff with high nutrient loads. Plants evaluated were pairs of natives and cultivars and included trees (Magnolia and Betula), shrubs (Viburnum and Itea), herbaceous perennial flowers (Helianthus and Eupatorium), a rush (Juncus), and an ornamental grass (Panicum). Eleven of the 16 species (B. nigra; B. Dura-Heat; M. virginiana; M. Sweet Thing; I. virginica; I. Henry’s Garnet; J. effusus; P. Shenandoah; H. angustifolius; H. First Light; and E. Gateway) performed well (grew and were aesthetically acceptable) in the bioretention cells and can be recommended as bioretention plants. Species and cultivar impacted the levels of remediation of the high N and P loads applie...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Turk, R. P. and Kraus, H. T. and Hunt, W. F. and Carmen, N. B. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{kraus_pledger_riley_fonteno_jackson_bilderback_arboretum_2014, title={Defining rain garden filter bed substrates based on saturated hydraulic conductivity}, volume={1034}, booktitle={International symposium on growing media and soilless cultivation}, author={Kraus, H. and Pledger, R. and Riley, E. and Fonteno, W. C. and Jackson, B. E. and Bilderback, T. and Arboretum, J. C. R.}, year={2014}, pages={57–64} }
 @inproceedings{riley_kraus_bilderback_2014, title={Physical properties of varying rain garden filter bed substrates affect saturated hydraulic conductivity ?}, volume={1055}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1055.102}, booktitle={Proceedings of the international plant propagator's society - 2013}, author={Riley, E. D. and Kraus, Helen and Bilderback, Theodore}, year={2014}, pages={485–489} }
 @article{turk_kraus_bilderback_hunt_fonteno_2014, title={Rain garden filter bed substrates affect stormwater nutrient remediation}, volume={49}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Turk, R. L. and Kraus, H. T. and Bilderback, T. E. and Hunt, W. F. and Fonteno, W. C.}, year={2014}, pages={645–652} }
 @inproceedings{bilderback_riley_jackson_kraus_fonteno_owen_altland_fain_2013, title={Strategies for developing sustainable substrates in nursery crop production}, volume={1013}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.1013.2}, abstractNote={A comprehensive literature search of industrial and agricultural by-products to replace or extend existing soilless substrate components would produce a seemingly endless list of materials from “garbage” to a plethora of manure-based composts that have been tested both in the laboratory and in crop response studies throughout the world. Many of these alternatives have shown promise, but limiting factors for integration and use of the alternatives substrate components continue to include: regional or national availability; transport costs; handling costs; lack of a uniform and consistent product; guidelines for preparation and use of materials or impact on current crop production practices. If a product can overcome the above limitations, then researchers are tasked with documenting substrate physical or chemical characteristics. The objective in all studies is to maintain or increase growth of nursery crops and to extend the longevity and acceptable physical properties for long-term woody ornamental crops. Proof of results is determined using laboratory analyses and crop growth studies. Physiochemical properties are monitored over days, weeks, and months to ensure stability. Particle size distribution and varying ratios of substrate components are manipulated to achieve optimal air filled porosity and available water content. Soilless substrates are amended with lime, sulfur and nutrients or blended with other substrate components to provide optimal chemical characteristics. Additionally, substrates are evaluated under industry conditions to determine impact on water, nutrient and pest management to better understand obstacles to commercial adoption.}, booktitle={International symposium on growing media, composting and substrate analysis}, author={Bilderback, Theodore and Riley, E. D. and Jackson, B. E. and Kraus, Helen and Fonteno, W. C. and Owen, J. S. and Altland, J. and Fain, G. B.}, year={2013}, pages={43–56} }
 @article{lea-cox_zhao_ross_bilderback_harris_day_hong_yeager_beeson_bauerle_et al._2010, title={A Nursery and Greenhouse Online Knowledge Center: Learning Opportunities for Sustainable Practice}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1063-0198"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.20.3.509}, abstractNote={Increasing environmental concerns and legislation in many states and in other countries require that we take a more comprehensive sustainable “best management” approach to production techniques in nursery and greenhouse operations. This is particularly important because these production facilities are typically intense users of resources that are applied to relatively small land areas. We have developed an online knowledge center to facilitate the implementation of more sustainable practices within the nursery and greenhouse industry. A web-based knowledge center provides the most cost-effective mechanism for information delivery, as our potential audiences are extremely diverse and widespread. We currently have a registered user database of over 450 educators, growers, and industry professionals, and undergraduate and graduate students. A gateway website provides an overview of the issues and the goals of the project. The associated knowledge center currently has 25 in-depth learning modules, designed in a Moodle learning management framework. These learning modules are designed to actively engage learners in topics on substrate, irrigation, surface water, and nutrient and crop health management, which are integral to formulating farm-specific strategies for more sustainable water and nutrient management practices. Additional modules provide assessment and implementation tools for irrigation audits, irrigation methods and technologies, and water and nutrient management planning. The instructional design of the learning modules was paramount because there can be multiple strategies to improve site-specific production practices, which often require an integration of knowledge from engineering, plant science, and plant pathology disciplines. The assessment and review of current practices, and the decision to change a practice, are often not linear, nor simple. All modules were designed with this process in mind, and include numerous resources [pictures, diagrams, case studies, and assessment tools (e.g., spreadsheets and example calculations)] to enable the learner to fully understand all of the options available and to think critically about his/her decisions. Sixteen of the modules were used to teach an intensive 400-level “Principles of Water and Nutrient Management” course at the University of Maryland during Spring 2008 and 2009. The water and nutrient management planning module also supports the nursery and greenhouse Farmer Training Certification program in Maryland. The Maryland Department of Agriculture provides continuing education credits for all consultants and growers who register and complete any module in the knowledge center. Although these learning resources were developed by faculty in the eastern region of the United States, much of the information is applicable to more widespread audiences.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Lea-Cox, John D. and Zhao, Cindy and Ross, David S. and Bilderback, Theodore E. and Harris, J. Roger and Day, Susan D. and Hong, Chuanxue and Yeager, Thomas H. and Beeson, Richard C., Jr. and Bauerle, William L. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={509–517} }
 @article{mcginnis_warren_bilderback_2009, title={Replacing conventional nursery crop nutrient inputs with vermicompost for container production of hibiscus moscheutos L. 'Luna Blush'}, volume={44}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={McGinnis, M. S. and Warren, S. L. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={2009}, pages={1698–1703} }
 @article{owen_warren_bilderback_albano_2008, title={Phosphorus rate, leaching fraction, and substrate influence on influent quantity, effluent nutrient content, and response of a containerized woody ornamental crop}, volume={43}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Owen, J. S. and Warren, S. L. and Bilderback, T. E. and Albano, J. P.}, year={2008}, pages={906–912} }
 @article{owen_warren_bilderback_albano_2007, title={Industrial mineral aggregate amendment affects physical and chemical properties of pine bark substrates}, volume={42}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Owen, J. S. and Warren, S. L. and Bilderback, T. E. and Albano, J. P.}, year={2007}, pages={1287–1294} }
 @article{warren_bilderback_2005, title={More plant per gallon: Getting more out of your water}, volume={15}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Warren, S. L. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={2005}, pages={14–18} }
 @article{sanders_monks_bilderback_boyette_2004, title={Competency based training program in horticulture for County Extension Agents in North Carolina}, ISBN={["90-6605-125-6"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.641.17}, number={641}, journal={KNOWLEDGE BUSINESS: HORTICULTURE EDUCATION AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Sanders, DC and Monks, DW and Bilderback, TE and Boyette, MD}, year={2004}, pages={131–134} }
 @article{warren_bilderback_2004, title={Irrigation timing: Effect on plant growth, photosynthesis, water-use efficiency and substrate temperature}, ISBN={["90-6605-537-5"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.644.1}, number={644}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA & HYDROPONICS}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Warren, SL and Bilderback, TE}, year={2004}, pages={29–37} }
 @article{warren_bilderback_2004, title={Nursery floor affects containerized plant growth}, volume={22}, ISBN={0738-2898}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Warren, S. L. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={2004}, pages={100} }
 @article{bilderback_neal_2004, title={Wulpak used as a mulch or an amendment for nursery potting substrates}, ISBN={["90-6605-537-5"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.644.16}, abstractNote={Wulpak is a pelleted waste by-product derived from wool products manufacturing litter. It contains no manure or compost although it contains significant plant available nutrients. Preliminary reports suggest that mulching the top of container grown nursery crops provides a weed, moss and algae barrier and acts as a starter fertilizer by enhancing green color and stimulating new growth. To evaluate the usefulness of Wulpak, two studies were conducted. The objective of the first study was to compare the effect of supplemental fertilizing and use of Wulpak as a top mulch compared to incorporation into the potting substrate on plant growth, foliar and substrate nutrient concentrations. The objective of the second study was to evaluate Wulpak compared to PennMulch, a pelleted newspaper product, applied at two mulch depths for control of common nursery weeds. After 70 days, petunias were larger when top-dressed with supplemental Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) compared to the standard pine bark substrate or the Wulpak mulch or incorporation-only treatments. Tissue N was not significantly different among any treatments. Tissue P was higher in all Wulpak mulch and incorpation treatments compared to the pine bark standard. Leachate pH was consistently lower in the Wulpak top mulch treatments. Common groundsel and horseweed were controlled by all mulch treatments; although, after three months some common groundsel emerged in the 0.6 cm PennMulch pots. Spotted spurge and longstalked phyllanthus were controlled by both depths of Wulpak and by 1.3 cm PennMulch, but not by 0.6 cm PennMulch. Crabgrass was controlled only by the 1.3 cm Wulpak treatment. INTRODUCTION Wulpak is a pelleted waste wool by-product derived from wool products manufacturing litter. It contains no manure or compost although manufacture claims indicate that significant plant nutrients are available. The product is available in the US from Wilbro Inc., Norway, S.C. 29113, under an import agreement with APT Marketing, in Lincoln, UK. Preliminary reports suggest that mulching the top of container grown nursery crops provides a weed, moss and algae barrier and acts as a starter fertilizer by enhancing green color and stimulating new growth. In 1999, Wulpak was a new product in the US and was sold to nursery operators with only limited guidelines for its use. To evaluate the usefulness of Wulpak as a mulch on the surface of containers, two studies were conducted. The objective of the first study was to compare the effect of using Wulpak as a top mulch or as an addition to the potting substrate on plant growth, foliar and substrate nutrient concentrations. The objective of the second study was to evaluate Wulpak and PennMulch applied at two depths for control of common nursery weeds. Proc. IS on Growing Media Eds.: Alsanius, Jensen & Asp Acta Hort 644, ISHS 2004}, number={644}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA & HYDROPONICS}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Bilderback, TE and Neal, JC}, year={2004}, pages={139–143} }
 @article{ivy_bilderback_warren_2002, title={Date of potting and fertilization affects plant growth, mineral nutrient content, and substrate electrical conductivity}, volume={20}, ISBN={0738-2898}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Ivy, R. L. and Bilderback, T. E. and Warren, S. L.}, year={2002}, pages={104} }
 @article{warren_bilderback_2002, title={Timing of low pressure irrigation affects plant growth and water utilization efficiency}, volume={20}, ISBN={0738-2898}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Warren, S. L. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={2002}, pages={184} }
 @article{bilderback_2002, title={Water management is key in reducing nutrient runoff from container nurseries}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1063-0198"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.12.4.541}, abstractNote={Environmentally compatible production practices are conscious efforts to design and retrofit nursery container growing areas to improve irrigation and nutrient efficiency, and reduce exposure of ground and surface water supplies to contaminated effluent. Irrigation of ornamental crops in containers can be very inefficient, using large quantities of water and fertilizer. Irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiencies are directly related to each other. Improving irrigation efficiency improves nutrient efficiency and reduces water volume and nutrients leaving production beds. Increasing efficiency can be accomplished in many ways. Grouping plant species and container sizes into blocks with similar water requirements improves efficiency. Redesigning overhead sprinkler systems to accomplish uniform distribution across growing beds or replacing worn nozzle orifices can significantly reduce application variability. Low volume/low pressure systems that distribute water directly into containers and apply less water in a specific amount of time compared to overhead sprinkler application, will conserve water. Applying irrigation in short cycles rather than long cycles improves wetting in substrates and conserves electrical energy, water and directly reduces nutrient leaching from containers. Creating microclimates in nurseries to optimize light or reduce container temperatures, disease pressure and crop stress can improve water and nutrient efficacy. Flow of water running off growing areas must be engineered to slow velocity, filter and contain effluent. Strategies should be site-specific. Capture, containment and recycling of irrigation water has been a common practice in many nurseries in the U.S., as a means to provide adequate water supplies. Vegetative filter strips adjacent to beds and containment basins have been installed at nurseries to reduce contaminants in runoff before water enters recycle irrigation supplies. In areas with sandy soils, some nurseries have developed closed systems where drainage channels and collection basins are lined to prevent nitrogen movement from runoff into shallow groundwater.}, number={4}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Bilderback, TE}, year={2002}, pages={541–544} }
 @article{bilderback_2001, title={Environmentally compatible container plant production practices}, ISBN={["90-6605-784-X"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2001.548.35}, abstractNote={Environmentally compatible production practices are conscious efforts to design and retrofit nursery container growing areas to improve irrigation and nutrient efficiency and reduce exposure of ground and surface water supplies to contaminated effluent. Irrigation of ornamental crops in containers can be a very inefficient, using large quantities of water and fertilizer. Irrigation and fertilizer efficiencies are directly related. Even with controlled release fertilizers, improving irrigation efficiency improves nutrient efficiency and reduces water volume and nutrients leaving production beds. Increasing efficiency can be accomplished in many ways. Grouping plant species and container sizes into blocks with similar water requirements improves efficiency. Redesigning overhead sprinkler systems to accomplish uniform distribution across growing beds or replacing worn nozzle orifices can significantly improve irrigation. Low volume / low pressure systems distribute water directly into containers and apply less water in a specific amount of time than overhead sprinkler application and therefore conserves water. Applying irrigation in short cycles rather than long cycles improves wetting in substrates and conserves electrical energy, water and reduces nutrient leaching from containers. Creating microclimates in nurseries to optimize light or reduce container temperatures, disease pressure and crop stress can improve water and nutrient efficacy. Flow of runoff from nursery growing areas must be engineered to slow velocity, filter and contain effluent. Strategies are site specific. Capture, containment and re-cycling of irrigation water has been a common practice in many nurseries in the U.S., as a means to provide adequate water supplies. In areas with sandy soils, some nurseries have developed closed systems where drainage channels and collection basins are lined to prevent nitrogen movement from runoff into shallow ground water. Vegetative filter strips adjacent to beds and containment basins have been installed at nurseries as "best management practices" for reducing contaminants in effluent before water enters recycle irrigation supplies. Routing runoff into wetland plant production areas to mitigate nutrients before recycling irrigation has been implemented in some nurseries. In North Carolina, new rules for the Neuse River Basin, a nutrient sensitive watershed, mandate that agricultural businesses in the watershed develop plans to reduce nitrogen loading into the river by 30% within the next five years. Nurseries and greenhouses will be required to implement best management practices or maintain 15 m riparian buffer zones adjacent to streams and rivers. The North Carolina nursery industry will employ the Southern Nursery Associations Best Management Practices Guide as a format for reducing nitrogen loss from nurseries.}, number={548}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA AND HYDROPONICS}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Bilderback, TE}, year={2001}, pages={311–318} }
 @article{warren_bilderback_kraus_2001, title={Method of fertilizer application affects nutrient losses of controlled-release fertilizer}, ISBN={["90-6605-784-X"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2001.548.40}, number={548}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA AND HYDROPONICS}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Warren, SL and Bilderback, TE and Kraus, HH}, year={2001}, pages={349–355} }
 @article{rouse_fantz_bilderback_2000, title={Descriptions and a key to cultivars of Japanese cedar cultivated in the eastern United States}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rouse, R. J. and Fantz, P. R. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={2000}, pages={253–266} }
 @inproceedings{fantz_rouse_bilderback_1999, title={Cultivar-groups in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)}, ISBN={190034789X}, booktitle={Taxonomy of cultivated plants: Third international symposium: Proceedings of the meeting held in Edinburgh, Scotland, 20-26 July 1998}, publisher={Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens}, author={Fantz, P. R. and Rouse, R. J. and Bilderback, T. E.}, editor={S. Andrews, A.C. Leslie and Alexander, C.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={325–334} }
 @article{bilderback_warren_daniels_1999, title={Managing irrigation by electrical conductivity}, ISBN={9066058110}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1999.481.47}, number={481}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, author={Bilderback, Theodore and Warren, S. L. and Daniels, J. H.}, year={1999}, pages={403} }
 @article{bilderback_1998, title={A river runs through them}, volume={188}, number={2}, journal={American Nurseryman}, author={Bilderback, T. E.}, year={1998}, pages={79-} }
 @article{rouse_fantz_bilderback_1997, title={Problems identifying Japanese cedar cultivated in the United States}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rouse, R. J. and Fantz, P. R. and Bilderback, T. E.}, year={1997}, pages={129–133} }
 @article{bilderback_lorscheider_1997, title={Wetting agents used in container substrates are they BMP's?}, ISBN={["90-6605-988-5"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1997.450.37}, number={450}, journal={INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GROWING MEDIA AND PLANT NUTRITION IN HORTICULTURE}, author={Bilderback, TE and Lorscheider, MR}, year={1997}, pages={313–319} }
 @article{bilderback_lorscheider_1995, title={Physical properties of double-processed pine bark: Effects on rooting}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1995.401.8}, number={401}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, author={Bilderback, Theodore and Lorscheider, M. R.}, year={1995}, pages={77} }
 @article{bilderback_fonteno_1993, title={Improving nutrient and moisture retention in pine bark substrates with rockwool and compost combinations}, ISBN={9066054352}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.1993.342.30}, number={342}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, author={Bilderback, Theodore and Fonteno, W. C.}, year={1993}, pages={265} }
 @article{bilderback_thomasson_fantz_1992, title={CAROLINA SPRING RHODODENDRON}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.27.4.378}, abstractNote={Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. (Ericaceae) is a native of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Wyman (1977) recorded its introduction into England in 1809 and its use shortly thereafter for hybridization with more tender Rhododendron spp. Krüssman and Epp (1986) cited this species as widely used in breeding for winter hardiness. Dirr (1990) noted this as one of the hardiest and best known of all the rhododendrons. Dirr (1990) listed 101 cultivar selections of R. catawbiense hybrids, all noted for their flowers and cold hardiness. The unusal variegated leaves associated with the display of lavender flowers and cold hardiness to -29C were characteristics leading to the selection of ‘Carolina Spring’.}, number={4}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={BILDERBACK, TE and THOMASSON, LQ and FANTZ, PR}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={378–379} }
 @article{bilderback_fantz_1990, title={Azaleas -- cultivar selection, breeding, and culture in North Carolina}, volume={25}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Bilderback, T. E. and Fantz, P. R.}, year={1990}, pages={134} }
 @article{bilderback_cagle_fantz_1990, title={GREENTHUMB PEPPERMINT AZALEA}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.25.2.236}, abstractNote={red. Seeds are kidney-shaped, with a 100seed weight of 47 to 55 g. Like ‘Ruddy’, CU-R89 has excellent color retention over time and cooks quickly. CU-R89 was screened in BC-4F4 for the I gene, which confers resistance to bean common mosaic virus (pathotype ‘NY 15’) (Provvidenti, 1987). It is susceptible to halo blight [Psuedomonas phaseolicola (Burk.) Dews] and common blight [Xanthomonas phaseoli (E.F. Smith) Dews] and at least one strain of anthracnose [Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Scrib.]. CU-R89 and ‘Ruddy’ were compared in state trials at Freeville and Stanley, N.Y. Yields of ‘Ruddy’ were not significantly different from CU-R89 at either site or over sites (Table 1). Because CU-R89 is nearly isogenic with ‘Ruddy’, it is suitable for evaluation as a BYMV-resistant replacement for ‘Ruddy’.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={BILDERBACK, TE and CAGLE, DJ and FANTZ, PR}, year={1990}, month={Feb}, pages={236–237} }
 @article{bilderback_fonteno_johnson_1982, title={Physical properties of media composed of peanut hulls, pine bark, and peatmoss and their effects on azalea growth}, volume={107}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Bilderback, T. E. and Fonteno, W. C. and Johnson, D. R.}, year={1982}, pages={522} }