@article{lee_lee_carter jr_shannon_boerma_2021, title={Identification of Soybean Yield QTL in Irrigated and Rain-Fed Environments}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy11112207}, abstractNote={Drought is the primary abiotic stress that limits yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The study aimed to identify yield-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in soybeans using a population of 160 F4-derived lines from ‘Hutcheson’ × PI 471938 crosses, which were cultivated under rain-fed and irrigated conditions. Seed yield was determined based on a total of nine irrigated and five rain-fed environments over two years. Twenty and twenty-seven SSR markers associated with yield (p ≤ 0.05) were identified in the irrigated and rain-fed environments, respectively. Four markers accounted for 22% of the yield variation in the irrigated environments (IR-YLD) and five markers explained 34% of the yield variation in the rain-fed environments (RF-YLD). Two independent IR-YLD and RF-YLD QTLs on chromosome (Chr) 13 (LG-F) were mapped to the Satt395-Sat_074 interval (4.2 cM) and near Sat_375 (3.0 cM), which explained 8% (LOD = 2.6) and 17% (LOD = 5.5) of the yield variation, respectively. The lines homozygous for the Hutcheson allele at the IR-YLD QTL linked to Sat_074 averaged 100 kg ha−1 higher yield than the lines homozygous for the PI 471938 allele. At two independent RF-YLD QTLs on Chr 13 and Chr 17, the lines homozygous for the PI 471938 alleles were 74 to 101 kg ha−1 higher in yield than the lines homozygous for the Hutcheson alleles. Three of the five significant SSR markers associated with RF-YLD were located in a genomic region known for canopy-wilting QTLs, in which the favorable alleles were inherited from PI 471938. The identification of yield-QTLs under the respective rain-fed and irrigated environments provides knowledge regarding differential responses of yield under different irrigation conditions, which will be helpful in developing high-yielding soybean cultivars.}, number={11}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Lee, Geung-Joo and Lee, Sungwoo and Carter Jr, Tommy E. and Shannon, Grover and Boerma, H. Roger}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mian_mcneece_gillen_carter_bagherzadi_2021, title={Registration of USDA-N6005 germplasm combining high yield, elevated protein, and 25% pedigree from Japanese cultivar Tamahikari}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.1002/plr2.20139}, abstractNote={USDA-N6005 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. GP-442, PI 696388), is an F5–derived early maturity group (MG) VI germplasm jointly released by the USDA–ARS and North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in January 2021. USDA-N6005 is a genetically diverse germplasm with 25% of its pedigree from Japanese cultivar Tamahikari and has high yield potential coupled with elevated seed and meal protein content. USDA-N6005 is the first MG VI release derived from Tamahikari. In the USDA Uniform Tests–Southern States during 2017–2018, USDA-N6005 yielded 102, 103, and 102% of the check cultivars NC-Dunphy, NC-Dilday, and NC-Roy, respectively. It had significantly better lodging resistance (1.5) than NC-Roy and NC-Dilday (2.6 and 2.5, respectively). The seed protein content on a dry basis of USDA-N6005 (424 g kg–1) was significantly higher than that of NC-Dunphy and NC-Dilday (392 and 383 g kg–1, respectively). The estimated meal protein content (49.0%) of USDA-N6005 was significantly higher than that of NC-Dunphy and NC-Dilday (46.2 and 45.5%, respectively). Across the five environments of the 2016 USDA Preliminary Tests–Southern States, USDA-N6005 yielded 100 and 102% of check cultivars AG6534 and NC-Roy, respectively. This release should help to reverse the declining trend in genetic diversity and seed protein of U.S. soybean cultivars without negative impact on seed yield.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Mian, M. A. Rouf and McNeece, Brant T. and Gillen, Anne M. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Bagherzadi, Laleh}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={388–394} }
 @article{robinson_burton_taliercio_israel_carter_2020, title={Inheritance of rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis in soybean}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20193}, abstractNote={There are two species of Bradyrhizobium that nodulate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and fix nitrogen (N): B. japonicum and B. elkanii. Bradyrhizobium elkanii is endemic to soils in the southeastern region of the United States. Some strains of B. elkanii produce rhizobitoxine (RT), a toxin that causes chlorosis on newly developing trifoliates of some field-grown soybean, in root nodules. Some soybean genotypes are resistant to rhizobitoxine-induced (RI) chlorosis. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance of soybean resistance to RI chlorosis. Crosses were made between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Progeny were identified as susceptible, resistant, or segregating in the first, second, and third self-pollinated generations. All F1 hybrids from crosses between resistant and susceptible soybean exhibited seedling chlorosis, indicating that genes for resistance to chlorosis are recessive. The F2 progeny segregated in a ratio of nine susceptible to seven resistant, indicating that there are two genes responsible for the soybean resistance to RI chlorosis. This ratio was confirmed in F2:3 population screening. One hundred forty-one simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers polymorphic in both a susceptible parent and a resistant parent were used to locate the genes responsible for resistance to chlorosis. A gene found near marker Satt 657 on linkage group (LG) F (chromosome 13) explained a statistically significant 32% of the phenotypic variation among F2 plants based on the p-value and R2 of a single factor ANOVA. The second gene was not located.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Robinson, K. O. and Burton, J. W. and Taliercio, E. W. and Israel, D. W. and Carter, T. E., Jr.}, year={2020}, pages={3027–3034} }
 @article{rosas-anderson_sinclair_locke_carter_rufty_2020, title={Leaf gas exchange recovery of soybean from water-deficit stress}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1542-7536"]}, DOI={10.1080/15427528.2020.1764429}, abstractNote={As the risk of drought attributable to climate change increases, the development of high-yielding, drought-adapted cultivars will be critical for minimizing yield losses in crops like soybean (Glyc...}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF CROP IMPROVEMENT}, author={Rosas-Anderson, Pablo and Sinclair, Thomas R. and Locke, Anna and Carter, Thomas E. and Rufty, Thomas W.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={785–799} }
 @article{mcneece_bagherzadi_carter_mian_2020, title={Registration of USDA-N7004 soybean germplasm with good yield, elevated seed protein, and 25% exotic pedigree from Tamahikari}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.1002/plr2.20039}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={McNeece, Brant T. and Bagherzadi, Laleh and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Mian, M. A. Rouf}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={431–436} }
 @article{eickholt_carter_taliercio_dickey_dean_delheimer_li_2019, title={Registration of USDA-Max x Soja Core Set-1: Recovering 99% of Wild Soybean Genome from PI 366122 in 17 Agronomic Interspecific Germplasm Lines}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2017.09.0059crg}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Eickholt, David and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Taliercio, Earl and Dickey, David and Dean, Lisa O. and Delheimer, Jake and Li, Zenglu}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={217–236} }
 @article{lee_sung_locke_taliercio_whetten_zhang_carter_burton_mian_2019, title={Registration of USDA-N6003LP Soybean Germplasm with Low Seed Phytate}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2018.09.0064crg}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Lee, Sungwoo and Sung, Mikyung and Locke, Anna and Taliercio, Earl and Whetten, Rebecca and Zhang, Bo and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Burton, Joseph W. and Mian, M. A. Rouf}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={427–432} }
 @article{hwang_king_chen_ray_cregan_carter_li_abdel-haleem_matson_schapaugh_et al._2016, title={Meta-analysis to refine map position and reduce confidence intervals for delayed-canopy-wilting QTLs in soybean}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1572-9788"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-016-0516-5}, number={7}, journal={MOLECULAR BREEDING}, author={Hwang, Sadal and King, C. Andy and Chen, Pengyin and Ray, Jeffery D. and Cregan, Perry B. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Li, Zenglu and Abdel-Haleem, Hussein and Matson, Kevin W. and Schapaugh, William, Jr. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jul} }
 @article{burton_burkey_carter_orf_cregan_2016, title={Phenotypic variation and identification of quantitative trait loci for ozone tolerance in a Fiskeby III x Mandarin (Ottawa) soybean population}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-016-2687-1}, number={6}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Burton, Amy L. and Burkey, Kent O. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Orf, James and Cregan, Perry B.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={1113–1125} }
 @article{hwang_king_ray_cregan_chen_carter_li_abdel-haleem_matson_schapaugh_et al._2015, title={Confirmation of delayed canopy wilting QTLs from multiple soybean mapping populations}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-015-2566-1}, number={10}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Hwang, Sadal and King, C. Andy and Ray, Jeffery D. and Cregan, Perry B. and Chen, Pengyin and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Li, Zenglu and Abdel-Haleem, Hussein and Matson, Kevin W. and Schapaugh, William, Jr. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={2047–2065} }
 @article{hwang_king_davies_charlson_ray_cregan_sneller_chen_carter_purcell_2015, title={Registration of the KS4895 x Jackson Soybean Mapping Population, AR93705}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2014.05.0034crmp}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Hwang, Sadal and King, C. Andy and Davies, Marilynn K. and Charlson, Dirk V. and Ray, Jeffery D. and Cregan, Perry B. and Sneller, Clay H. and Chen, Pengyin and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Purcell, Larry C.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={266–271} }
 @article{abdel-haleem_carter_rufty_boerma_li_2014, title={Quantitative trait loci controlling aluminum tolerance in soybean: candidate gene and single nucleotide polymorphism marker discovery}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1572-9788"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-013-9999-5}, number={4}, journal={MOLECULAR BREEDING}, author={Abdel-Haleem, Hussein and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Rufty, Thomas W. and Boerma, H. Roger and Li, Zenglu}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={851–862} }
 @article{grinnan_carter_johnson_2013, title={Effects of drought, temperature, herbivory, and genotype on plant-insect interactions in soybean (Glycine max)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1872-8847"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11829-012-9234-z}, abstractNote={Climate change is predicted to cause continued increases in global temperatures, greater variability in precipitation and in some cases, more frequent insect pest outbreaks. Here we seek to understand how abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change can affect plant-herbivore interactions in a model crop species (soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by answering three questions: (1) Do the combined effects of abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change cause synergistic negative effects on plant biomass? (2) Can abiotic stress affect resistance of plants to insect herbivores? (3) Does genetic variation in plant traits modify a plant’s response to stress? We performed three experiments in controlled growth environments using up to 51 soybean genotypes selected to vary in numerous traits associated with drought and resistance against pests (e.g., insect herbivores, nematodes, and pathogenic fungi), and up to 3 generalist-feeding herbivorous noctuid moth species (Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, and Spodoptera exigua) that commonly feed on soybean in North America. Drought and herbivory had the largest and the most consistent negative effects on plant performance, reducing the above- and below-ground biomass by 10-45 %, whereas increased temperature had little to no effect on plants. Drought also increased susceptibility to generalist noctuid herbivores, but these results varied dramatically in magnitude and direction among plant genotypes. Our experiments show that the effects of abiotic and biotic stress on soybean biomass were largely due to the additive effects of these stresses, and there exists substantial genetic variation in the soybean germplasm pool we studied that could be used as a source of parental stock in breeding new crops that can more effectively tolerate and resist the combined negative effects of insect herbivory and drought.}, number={2}, journal={ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTERACTIONS}, author={Grinnan, Rose and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Johnson, Marc T. J.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={201–215} }
 @article{grinnan_carter_johnson_2013, title={The effects of drought and herbivory on plantherbivore interactions across 16 soybean genotypes in a field experiment}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/een.12017}, abstractNote={As the Earth's climate continues to change, drought and insect population outbreaks are predicted to increase in many parts of the world. It is therefore important to understand how changes in such abiotic and biotic stressors might impact agroecosystems.


The plant stress hypothesis predicts that, owing to physiological and biochemical changes, plants experiencing drought will be more susceptible to insect herbivory, which could have synergistic negative effects on plant performance. By contrast, the plant vigor hypothesis predicts that insects will preferentially feed on fast-growing vigorous plants.


These hypotheses were tested in a field experiment using 16 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes to determine: (i) the combined effects of drought and herbivory on plant performance; (ii) the impact of drought on soybean resistance to herbivores; and (iii) how genetically variable phenotypic traits in soybean correlate with these responses.


It was found that drought had a greater effect on soybean performance than herbivory, and drought and herbivory did not interact to impact on any measure of plant performance. Drought caused decreased insect herbivory on average, suggesting that the plant vigor hypothesis is consistent with the effects of drought stress on soybean resistance to leaf-chewing insect herbivores. This conclusion is further supported by genotypic correlations which show that plant growth rate is positively correlated with the amount of herbivory plants received.


These results suggest that, although the effects of climate-associated changes in drought and herbivory will have negative effects on soybean, these potential effects are quantifiable with simple experiments and can be mitigated through continued breeding of varieties that are tolerant and resistant to these abiotic and biotic stressors.}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Grinnan, Rose and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Johnson, Marc T. J.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={290–302} }
 @article{abdel-haleem_carter_purcell_king_ries_chen_schapaugh_sinclair_boerma_2012, title={Mapping of quantitative trait loci for canopy-wilting trait in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr)}, volume={125}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-012-1876-9}, number={5}, journal={Theoretical and Applied Genetics}, author={Abdel-Haleem, H. and Carter, T. E. and Purcell, L. C. and King, C. A. and Ries, L. L. and Chen, P. Y. and Schapaugh, W. and Sinclair, T. R. and Boerma, H. R.}, year={2012}, pages={837–846} }
 @article{feng_burton_carter_miranda_st martin_brownie_2011, title={Genetic Analysis of Populations Derived from Matings of Southern and Northern Soybean Cultivars}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2010.12.0718}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Feng, L. and Burton, J. W. and Carter, T. E., Jr. and Miranda, L. M. and St Martin, S. K. and Brownie, C.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={2479–2488} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_dickey_carter_2011, title={Identifying Soybean Traits of Interest for Weed Competition}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2010.11.0654}, abstractNote={Organic soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] producers rely on a variety of tactics for weed management. The use of soybean cultivars with enhanced ability to compete with weeds may increase weed control. Our objective was to identify genetic traits that may enhance soybean's competitive ability to suppress weeds. Experimental design was a split-split plot with sets of contrasting soybean genotypes assigned to the main plots, individual genotypes assigned to subplots, and weedy and weed-free sub-subplots stripped across blocks for side by side comparison of treatments in weedy and weed-free conditions. Differences in weed biomass were detected among genotypes in both years at 7 wk after emergence. Narrow-leaflet small-seeded natto types were generally poor competitors with weeds. Cultivars released as forage types did not have a consistent advantage over the control. Larger-seeded tofu genotypes were also variable in weed suppressive ability. However, N04-8906, the genotype with the greatest 100-seed weight in this study (24 g), stood out as being among the best for weed suppression, soybean biomass accumulation, ground cover at 3 wk, and early season plant height. Optimum models from multiple regression showed seed size to be the most significant trait measured in overall genotype competitive ability in both years. However, seed size effects on ground cover largely dissipated by 5 wk after emergence.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Place, George T. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Dickey, David A. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={2642–2654} }
 @article{carter_koenning_burton_rzewnicki_villagarcia_bowman_arelli_2011, title={Registration of 'N7003CN' Maturity-Group-VII Soybean with High Yield and Resistance to Race 2 (HG Type 1.2.5.7-) Soybean Cyst Nematode}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2010.09.0565crc}, abstractNote={‘N7003CN’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. CV-502, PI 661157) was developed and released by the USDA-ARS in 2010. It is a high-yielding, maturity-group (MG) VII, nontransgenic soybean cultivar adapted to the southeastern USA (30–37° N latitude). N7003CN is the first publicly released MG-VII soybean that is resistant to race 2 (HG type 1.2.5.7) of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). Race 2 is the dominant type of SCN in North Carolina. N7003CN is also resistant to races 1 and 14 (HG types 2.3- and 1.3.5.6.7, respectively), is moderately resistant to races 4 and 5 (HG types 1.2.3.5.6- and 2.5.7-, respectively), and appears to have partial resistance to race 3 (HG type 5.7). Molecular analysis of N7003CN identified SSR markers associated with SCN resistance genes rhg1, Rhg4, and Rhg5. During 2005–2009 in USDA Uniform Soybean Tests, N7003CN yielded 11 and 2% more than the SCN-susceptible control cultivars ‘Haskell RR’ and ‘N7002’, respectively (46 environments). During 2005–2009 in the North Carolina State University Official Variety Trials (OVT), the yield of N7003CN was equivalent to that of the SCN-susceptible control cultivar, ‘NC-Raleigh’. NC-Raleigh was the highest-yielding MG-VII entry in the OVT. The unusual combination of high yield and SCN race-2 resistance in group-VII maturity makes this cultivar potentially desirable for conventional and organic production and as breeding stock for commercial breeding.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Carter, T. E., Jr. and Koenning, S. R. and Burton, J. W. and Rzewnicki, P. E. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Bowman, D. T. and Arelli, P. R.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={309–317} }
 @article{place_reberg-horton_carter_brinton_smith_2011, title={Screening Tactics for Identifying Competitive Soybean Genotypes}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0010-3624"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2011.614040}, abstractNote={Weed control is the biggest obstacle for farmers transitioning to organic soybean production. The breeding of competitive cultivars may provide organic soybean producers with another weed-management tactic. Soybean breeders need screening protocols to identify competitive genotypes. In 2007 and 2008, we tested two screening tactics to nondestructively estimate canopy coverage during the critical period for weed competition. Overhead photography at 3 and 5 weeks after emergence and light interception measurements at 4 and 6 weeks after emergence were compared in their ability to predict soybean and weed biomass at the end of the critical period for weed competition. Photographic digital image processing techniques were compared. Overhead photography at 5 weeks after emergence was most effective at predicting weed-free soybean biomass but overhead photography at 3 weeks after emergence was best able to predict weed biomass associated with soybean genotypes at the end of the critical period for weed competition.}, number={21}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Place, G. T. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Carter, T. E. and Brinton, S. R. and Smith, A. N.}, year={2011}, pages={2654–2665} }
 @article{carter_rzewnicki_burton_villagarcia_bowman_taliercio_kwanyuen_2010, title={Registration of N6202 Soybean Germplasm with High Protein, Favorable Yield Potential, Large Seed, and Diverse Pedigree}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2009.08.0462.crg}, abstractNote={N6202' soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (Reg. No. GP-366, PI 658498) was cooperatively developed and released by the USDA-ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in October 2009 as a mid-Maturity Group VI germplasm with high-protein seed, favorable yield potential, large seed size, and diverse pedigree. The unusual combination of high protein and favorable yield in this germplasm, plus its diverse genetic background, makes it a potentially desirable breeding stock for both specialty and commodity breeding programs. N6202 was developed through conventional breeding and is adapted to the southern United States. Average seed protein level was 457 g kg -1 (zero moisture basis), which was 33 g kg -1 greater (p < 0.05) than that of the control cultivar NC-Roy. Average yield of N6202 was more than 90% of NC-Roy over 65 environments. The 100-seed weight of N6202 (21.4 g) was signifi cantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of the largest- seeded control cultivar Dillon (15.2 g).Twenty-fi ve percent of N6202's pedigree is derived from Japanese cultivar Fukuyataka. Fukuyataka is not known to be related to the genetic base of U.S. soybean. An additional 25% of N6202's pedigree traces to the Japanese cultivar Nakasennari, which appears in the pedigree of only one cultivar (its parent 'N6201'). Thus, the release of N6202 broadens the genetic range of materials adapted for soybean breeding in the United States. N6202 exhibits a moderate level of the bleeding hilum trait in some environments.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Carter, T. E., Jr. and Rzewnicki, P. E. and Burton, J. W. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Bowman, D. T. and Taliercio, Earl and Kwanyuen, P.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={73–79} }
 @article{burkey_carter_2009, title={Foliar resistance to ozone injury in the genetic base of US and Canadian soybean and prediction of resistance in descendent cultivars using coefficient of parentage}, volume={111}, ISSN={["0378-4290"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fcr.2008.12.005}, abstractNote={Development of ozone (O3)-resistant cultivars is a potentially important approach for maintaining crop productivity under future climate scenarios in which tropospheric O3 pollution is projected to rise. A first step in the breeding of resistant cultivars for a crop such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is identification of sources of O3 resistance genes. Thirty ancestral lines of soybean were screened for differences in O3 foliar injury under greenhouse conditions. The ancestors represented 92% of the genetic base of North American soybean as determined by pedigree analysis. Injury among ancestors ranged from 5 to 50% of leaf area, based on response of the five oldest main stem leaves, indicating both the presence of substantial genetic variation for O3 injury among the ancestors as well as resistance levels greater than that of the standard control cultivar, resistant Essex (15% injury). Ancestral types Fiskeby 840-7-3 and Fiskeby III exhibited the greatest foliar resistance and PI 88788 the least. A subsequent field study confirmed the foliar resistance of the Fiskeby types. Resistant ancestors identified here are proposed for inheritance and DNA mapping studies to determine the genetic basis of foliar resistance. Because the presence of O3-resistant ancestors suggested that resistant descendents may exist in addition to the resistant control Essex, a method was developed to facilitate their identification. A predicted O3-resistance score was calculated for 247 publicly-released cultivars, based on pedigree analysis and ancestral response to ozone. Using this approach, the 32 public cultivars most closely related to resistant ancestors and, thus, most likely to be resistant were identified as priority candidates for future screening efforts. Predicted scores from the analysis suggested that cultivars from the Midwest may be more sensitive to foliar injury, on average, than Southern cultivars.}, number={3}, journal={FIELD CROPS RESEARCH}, author={Burkey, Kent O. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={207–217} }
 @article{charlson_bhatnagar_king_ray_sneller_carter_purcell_2009, title={Polygenic inheritance of canopy wilting in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-009-1068-4}, number={4}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Charlson, Dirk V. and Bhatnagar, Sandeep and King, C. Andy and Ray, Jeffery D. and Sneller, Clay H. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Purcell, Larry C.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={587–594} }
 @article{lee_smothers_dunn_villagarcia_shumway_carter_shannon_2008, title={Evaluation of a Simple Method to Screen Soybean Genotypes for Salt Tolerance}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2008.02.0090}, abstractNote={Excessive salt can reduce soybean yield [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in grower fi elds. Salttolerant cultivars are needed to prevent fi eld yield losses where excess salt is a problem. Soybean genotypes have primarily been evaluated for reaction to salt in the greenhouse using a labor-intensive and costly hydroponics method. A reliable, inexpensive method to screen soybean lines for salt tolerance would be useful in breeding programs. A simple, inexpensive method of exposing V2 to V3 plants growing in a sandy soil in plastic cone-tainers (PC method) was compared to the hydroponics method to evaluate soybean genotypes for salt tolerance in the greenhouse. Fourteen soybean genotypes including checks ‘Hutcheson’ (sensitive), and ‘S-100’ and ‘Forrest’ (tolerant) were exposed to 100 mM salt solution at the V2 to V3 growth stage. Genotypes responded similarly to the screening methods except leaf scorch, an indicator of salt damage, appeared up to 4 d sooner in the PC method. The PC method was highly correlated with the hydroponics method for leaf scorch score and chloride content in soybean leaves among the 14 genotypes evaluated. Exposure of roots at the V2 to V3 growth stage to salt solution using the PC method was less labor intensive, consumed less time, was less costly, and gave similar results compared with the hydroponics method. Thus, the PC method is an easy, reliable method to screen soybean genotypes for salt tolerance.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Lee, Jeong-Dong and Smothers, Scotty L. and Dunn, David and Villagarcia, Margarita and Shumway, Calvin R. and Carter, Thomas E., Jr. and Shannon, J. Grover}, year={2008}, pages={2194–2200} }
 @article{carter_burton_fountain_rzewnicki_villagarcia_bowman_2008, title={Registration of 'N8001' Soybean}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1940-3496"]}, DOI={10.3198/jpr2007.03.0121crc}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT REGISTRATIONS}, author={Carter, T. E., Jr. and Burton, J. W. and Fountain, M. O. and Rzewnicki, P. E. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Bowman, D. T.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={22–23} }
 @article{naegle_kwanyuen_burton_carter_rufty_2008, title={Seed nitrogen mobilization in soybean: Effects of seed nitrogen content and external nitrogen fertility}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1532-4087"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904160801894921}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Soybean breeding programs have developed genetic lines with relatively low seed protein, which could negatively impact early seedling growth in low fertility conditions commonly encountered in the field. In these experiments, seed protein mobilization and its regulation in situ in soybean lines with different seed protein levels was investigated. The results showed that rates of nitrogen (N) release from cotyledons were much lower with decreasing levels of N in seed. Patterns of proteolysis of the storage proteins glycinin and β -conglycinin and their subunits were not different, but breakdown rates were slower. Seed N release rates increased somewhat when external N was supplied to roots of the developing seedlings, suggesting the involvement of source/sink controls. The effect appeared to be down-stream from proteolysis, as rates of protein breakdown were not altered. The results indicate that low seed protein levels will lead to reduced seedling fitness in low fertility soil conditions unless ...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Naegle, Erin and Kwanyuen, Prachuab and Burton, Joseph and Carter, Thomas and Rufty, Thomas}, year={2008}, pages={367–379} }
 @article{carter_burton_fountain_villagarcia_bowman_2007, title={Registration of NC114 and NC115 small-seeded soybean germplasm lines}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.10.0354}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 47, Issue 1 p. 450-451 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of NC114 and NC115 Small-Seeded Soybean Germplasm Lines T.E. Carter, Corresponding Author T.E. Carter tommy_carter@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author (tommy_carter@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorJ.W. Burton, J.W. Burton USDA-ARS and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorM.O. Fountain, M.O. Fountain USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorM.R. Villagarcia, M.R. Villagarcia USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author T.E. Carter, Corresponding Author T.E. Carter tommy_carter@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Corresponding author (tommy_carter@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorJ.W. Burton, J.W. Burton USDA-ARS and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorM.O. Fountain, M.O. Fountain USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorM.R. Villagarcia, M.R. Villagarcia USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorD.T. Bowman, D.T. Bowman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2007 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.10.0354Citations: 4 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume47, Issue1January–February 2007Pages 450-451 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Carter, T. E., Jr. and Burton, J. W. and Fountain, M. O. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Bowman, D. T.}, year={2007}, pages={450–451} }
 @article{burton_carter_fountain_bowman_2006, title={Registration of 'NC-Raleigh' soybean}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.11.0410}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Burton, J. W. and Carter, T. E., Jr. and Fountain, M. O. and Bowman, D. T.}, year={2006}, pages={2710–2711} }
 @article{lee_carter_villagarcia_li_zhou_gibbs_boerma_2005, title={A  major QTL conditioning salt tolerance in S-100 soybean and descendent cultivars (vol 109, pg 1610, 2004)}, volume={110}, number={4}, journal={Theoretical and Applied Genetics}, author={Lee, G. J. and Carter, T. E. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Li, Z. and Zhou, X. and Gibbs, M. O. and Boerma, H. R.}, year={2005}, pages={787} }
 @article{naegle_burton_carter_rufty_2005, title={Influence of seed nitrogen content on seedling growth and recovery from nitrogen stress}, volume={271}, ISSN={["1573-5036"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11104-004-3242-4}, number={1-2}, journal={PLANT AND SOIL}, author={Naegle, ER and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Rufty, TW}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={329–340} }
 @article{burton_carter_2005, title={Registration of 'NC-Roy' soybean}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0012}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Burton, JW and Carter, TE}, year={2005}, pages={2654–2654} }
 @article{lee_boerma_villagarcia_zhou_carter_li_gibbs_2004, title={A major QTL conditioning salt tolerance in S-100 soybean and descendent cultivars}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1432-2242"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00122-004-1783-9}, number={8}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Lee, GJ and Boerma, HR and Villagarcia, MR and Zhou, X and Carter, TE and Li, Z and Gibbs, MO}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1610–1619} }
 @article{melakeberhan_dey_baligar_carter_2004, title={Effect of soil pH on the pathogenesis of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita on Glycine max genotypes}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1388-5545"]}, DOI={10.1163/1568541042665205}, abstractNote={Abstract The effect of soil pH 4.3, 4.6, and 5.9 on the pathogenicity of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita on acid soiladapted soybean genotypes (Davis and PI 416937) was investigated in three glasshouse experiments over 28 days after inoculation with 0 or 1000 (Experiments 1 and 2) and 0 or 5000 (Experiment 3) second-stage juveniles. Although nematodes of both species infected both genotypes at all of the soil pH, the numbers decreased with decreasing soil pH. Both genotypes seem to be better hosts for M. incognita than for H. glycines, Davis more so than PI 416937. Both nematodes decreased shoot weight at high inoculum levels, indicating that H. glycines may be more pathogenic than M. incognita. Nematode development after infection of roots was not affected by soil pH or by genotypes. Overall, the results suggest that adaptation of these nematodes should be considered in breeding programmes to develop low pH tolerant soybean cultivars.}, journal={NEMATOLOGY}, author={Melakeberhan, H and Dey, J and Baligar, VC and Carter, TE}, year={2004}, pages={585–592} }
 @article{feng_burton_carter_pantalone_2004, title={Recurrent half-sib selection with testcross evaluation for increased oil content in soybean}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.6300}, abstractNote={Protein meal and oil are the two commodities produced from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that give the crop its value. Increasing seed concentrations of either or both may add value. Objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of recurrent half-sib selection for increased seed oil, to evaluate the effect of tester oil content on selection response, and to investigate testcross heterosis and inbreeding depression for seed oil content. A recurrent half–sib selection system was devised for soybean and selection for increased oil content was conducted in a population for seven and three cycles using a high and a low-oil tester, respectively. The base population was a high-oil composite with gray pubescence (tt) that was segregating for nuclear genetic ms1 male sterility. In summer, the base population was planted in single plant hills and bordered with the tester (Ms1Ms1TT) in a random mating block in North Carolina. About 100 to 200 random male-sterile plants with hybrid seeds were harvested. Half-sib families derived from each male-sterile plant were then grown in Puerto Rico in winter. At maturity, seeds from tawny plants (tester hybrid) were used to identify half-sib families with high-oil content. Corresponding gray plant hybrids from sib matings within the population were bulked to start the next cycle of selection. Random progenies from the base populations and selected progenies from each cycle of selection were evaluated in a replicated field experiment at three locations in North Carolina. Cycle × tester hybrids and cycle × cycle sib hybrids were also included in the tests. The results showed that oil content was significantly increased at a rate of 1.1 ± 0.2 g kg−1 cycle−1 in the high-oil tester populations but not in the low-oil tester populations. The realized heritability estimate for the high-oil tester population was 0.12 ± 0.03. Evidence of heterosis indicated that some dominance effects on oil content existed. Dominance effects may affect the evaluation accuracy of the genotypes being tested. A high-oil tester and high-oil populations may have many common alleles resulting in less dominance and more additive effects in their hybrids. Consequently, a high-oil tester can lead to better evaluation and selection precision, compared with a low-oil tester which could mask additive effects and reduce selection precision.}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Feng, L and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Pantalone, VR}, year={2004}, pages={63–69} }
 @article{narvel_carter_jakkula_alvernaz_bailey_mian_lee_lee_boerma_2004, title={Registration of NC113 soybean mapping population}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.7040}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Narvel, JM and Carter, TE and Jakkula, LR and Alvernaz, J and Bailey, MA and Mian, MAR and Lee, SH and Lee, GJ and Boerma, HR}, year={2004}, pages={704–706} }
 @article{carter_burton_bowman_cui_zhou_villagarcia_niewoehner_fountain_2003, title={Registration of 'N7001' soyhean}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.1126}, number={3}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Carter, TE and Burton, JW and Bowman, DT and Cui, Z and Zhou, X and Villagarcia, MR and Niewoehner, AS and Fountain, MO}, year={2003}, pages={1126–1127} }
 @article{carter_burton_zhou_cui_villagarcia_fountain_niewoehner_wilder_2003, title={Registration of 'N7101' soybean}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.1127}, number={3}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Carter, TE and Burton, JW and Zhou, X and Cui, Z and Villagarcia, MR and Fountain, MO and Niewoehner, AS and Wilder, JF}, year={2003}, pages={1127–1128} }
 @article{carter_burton_cui_zhou_villagarcia_fountain_niewoehner_2003, title={Registration of 'n6201' soybean}, volume={43}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.1125a}, number={3}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Carter, T. E. and Burton, J. W. and Cui, Z. L. and Zhou, X. L. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Fountain, M. O. and Niewoehner, A. S.}, year={2003}, pages={1125–1126} }
 @article{carter_burton_zhou_cui_villagarcia_fountain_niewoehner_wilder_2003, title={Registration of 'n7102' soybean}, volume={43}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.1128a}, number={3}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Carter, T. E. and Burton, J. W. and Zhou, X. and Cui, Z. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Fountain, M. O. and Niewoehner, A. S. and Wilder, J. F.}, year={2003}, pages={1128–1129} }
 @article{carter_burton_villagarcia_cui_zhou_fountain_bowman_niewoehner_2003, title={Registration of 'n7103' soybean}, volume={43}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.1128}, number={3}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Carter, T. E. and Burton, J. W. and Villagarcia, M. R. and Cui, Z. and Zhou, X. and Fountain, M. O. and Bowman, D. T. and Niewoehner, A. S.}, year={2003}, pages={1128} }
 @article{zhou_carter_cui_miyazaki_burton_2002, title={Genetic diversity patterns in Japanese soybean cultivars based on coefficient of parentage}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.1331}, abstractNote={Japan is a historical center of genetic diversity for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but diversity of modern Japanese cultivars is not well characterized. The objectives of this study were to quantify genetic diversity of Japanese cultivars via coefficient of parentage (CP), determine the relative importance of breeding factors in explaining that diversity, and incorporate results into a practical guide for management of diversity. All 86 public Japanese cultivars released and registered during 1950 to 1988 were subjected to CP and multivariate analysis. The mean CP for the 86 cultivars was low (0.04), indicating a potentially high degree of diversity in Japanese breeding. Eighty percent of all pairs of cultivars were completely unrelated by pedigree. The low mean CP for the cultivars was attributed to a continual incorporation of unique Japanese land races into the genetic base over time, to the introduction of foreign germplasm from China and the United States and Canada (US-CAN) as breeding stock, and to limited exchange of germplasm among Japanese breeding programs. Cluster analysis was an effective discriminator of diversity. Six clusters were identified which had a mean CP value equivalent to that of half-sibs or greater. These clusters encompassed a total of 54 cultivars, explained 57% of the variation in the CP relations, and had few ancestors in common. Each cluster was derived primarily from only a few programs. Backcrossing and full-sib matings were absent in Japanese pedigrees and, thus, clusters were formed primarily from parent-offspring, full-sib, and half-sib relations. Cultivar attributes such as growing region, release era, maturity designation, and developing institution did not elucidate strong patterns of pedigree diversity. In practical breeding, one may maximize the chances of finding good specific Japanese × Japanese or Japanese × US-CAN crosses by choosing Japanese cultivars from a wide array of Japanese clusters rather than sampling extensively within a cluster.}, number={4}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Zhou, XG and Carter, TE and Cui, ZL and Miyazaki, S and Burton, JW}, year={2002}, pages={1331–1342} }
 @article{silva_smyth_raper_carter_rufty_2001, title={Differential aluminum tolerance in soybean: An evaluation of the role of organic acids}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120208.x}, abstractNote={The role of organic acids in aluminum (Al) tolerance has been the object of intensive research. In the present work, we evaluated the roles of organic acid exudation and concentrations at the root tip on Al tolerance of soybean. Exposing soybean seedlings to Al3+ activities up to 4.7 &mgr;M in solution led to different degrees of restriction of primary root elongation. Al tolerance among genotypes was associated with citrate accumulation and excretion into the external media. Citrate and malate efflux increased in all genotypes during the first 6 h of Al exposure, but only citrate efflux in Al-tolerant genotypes was sustained for an extended period. Tolerance to Al was correlated with the concentration of citrate in root tips of 8 genotypes with a range of Al sensitivities (r2=0.75). The fluorescent stain lumogallion indicated that more Al accumulated in root tips of the Al-sensitive genotype Young than the Al-tolerant genotype PI 416937, suggesting that the sustained release of citrate from roots of the tolerant genotype was involved in Al exclusion. The initial stimulation of citrate and malate excretion and accumulation in the tip of all genotypes suggested the involvement of additional tolerance mechanisms. The experiments included an examination of Al effects on lateral root elongation. Extension of lateral roots was more sensitive to Al than that of tap roots, and lateral root tips accumulated more Al and had lower levels of citrate.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Silva, IR and Smyth, TJ and Raper, CD and Carter, TE and Rufty, TW}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={200–210} }
 @article{rebetzke_pantalone_burton_carter_wilson_2001, title={Genetic background and environment influence palmitate content of soybean seed oil}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2001.1731}, abstractNote={Dietary concerns over high saturates contained in edible vegetable oils has stimulated development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with reduced palmitate content. Little is known of factors that might influence phenotypic expression of palmitate content among soybean populations varying for presence of a major reduced palmitate allele. The objective of this study was to investigate how environment and genetic background influence palmitate content when introducing the reduced palmitate trait into adapted backgrounds. Crosses were made between reduced palmitate germplasm, N87-2122-4 (53 g kg -1 palmitate) and normal palmitate cultivars, A3733, Burlison, Kenwood, P9273, and P9341 (103-123 g kg -1 palmitate). For each cross, F 4:6 lines homozygous for major reduced or normal palmitate alleles were bulked separately into Maturity Groups (MG) II, III, IV, and V, and evaluated in 10 contrasting field environments during 1993. Palmitate content varied between 82 and 90 g kg -1 across southern U.S. and Puerto Rican environments. Much of this environmental variation was associated with changes in minimum temperature during the growing season. Genetic background effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) with cross means for palmitate content ranging between 81 and 93 g kg 1 , Across different maturity groups, palmitate content of the progeny was correlated (r = 0.94-0.99, P < 0.05) with mean content of the normal palmitate parent, such that for every 1 g kg 1 palmitate increase in the normal palmitate parent there was a 0.32 to 0.51 g kg -1 palmitate increase in the progeny. Genetic background effects were presumed to be associated with action of minor alleles transmitted from the normal palmitate parent. Presence of the reduced palmitate allele was associated with significantly (P < 0.01) lower stearate (-6 to -13%) and higher oleate (+4 to +10%) contents across all maturity groups. Selection of low palmitate, high-yielding parents should further decrease palmitate content and produce correlated improvements in stearate and oleate contents to improve overall oil quality in progeny containing reduced palmitate alleles.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Rebetzke, GJ and Pantalone, VR and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Wilson, RF}, year={2001}, pages={1731–1736} }
 @article{cui_carter_burton_wells_2001, title={Phenotypic diversity of modern Chinese and North American soybean cultivars}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2001.1954}, abstractNote={Chinese and North American (NA) soybean breeding programs have a 70-yr history of genetic progress in relative isolation from each other. Because both programs rest upon a genetic base that is primarily Chinese in origin, the actual genetic distinctness of Chinese and NA breeding is not clear. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a phenotypic similarity (PS) index for a large group of Chinese and NA cultivars, on the basis of biochemical, morphological, and agronomic traits, (ii) compare Chinese and NA cultivars for PS through cluster analysis, and (iii) use results to develop guidelines for management of the contrasting Chinese and NA breeding programs as reservoirs of diversity. Chinese (47) and NA (25) cultivars were evaluated for 25 traits in growth chambers. Traits pleiotropic to maturity were avoided. Significant (P < 0.05) differences between Chinese and NA cultivars were noted for leaf and seed traits. Multivariate analysis captured 79% of the total genotypic variation among the 72 cultivars and was used to develop PS estimates. Cluster analysis of PS showed a much greater phenotypic diversity among Chinese than among NA cultivars and a striking distinctness between the two groups. The contrasting nature of Chinese and NA cultivars in this study is theorized to reflect that (i) the NA cultivars may trace to a subset of the Chinese cultivar genetic base, and/or (ii) Chinese and NA cultivars may have diverged phenotypically via breeder selection pressure. Cluster results here, based on PS, agreed roughly with previous cluster analyses, which were derived from pedigree analysis. The physical distinctness of NA and Chinese cultivars shows that introgression of Chinese cultivars into NA breeding should broaden NA germplasm's agronomic, morphological, and biochemical diversity. Introgression may be accomplished most effectively by avoiding matings of Chinese and NA cultivars from the same phenotypic cluster.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Cui, ZL and Carter, TE and Burton, JW and Wells, R}, year={2001}, pages={1954–1967} }
 @article{silva_smyth_moxley_carter_allen_rufty_2000, title={Aluminum accumulation at nuclei of cells in the root tip. Fluorescence detection using lumogallion and confocal laser scanning microscopy}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.123.2.543}, abstractNote={The mechanistic basis for Al toxicity effects on root growth is still a matter of speculation, but it almost certainly involves decreased cell division at the root apex. In this series of experiments, we attempt to determine whether Al enters meristematic cells and binds to nuclei when roots are exposed to a low Al(3+) activity in solution. The methodology involved the use of the Al-sensitive stain lumogallion (3-[2,4 dihydroxyphenylazo]-2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzene sulfonic acid), the DNA stain 4',6-diamino-phenylindole, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv Young (Al-sensitive) and PI 416937 (Al-tolerant) genotypes were exposed to 1.45 microM Al(3+) for periods ranging from 30 min to 72 h, and then washed with 10 mM citrate to remove apoplastic Al. Fluorescence images show that within 30 min Al entered cells of the sensitive genotype and accumulated at nuclei in the meristematic region of the root tip. Substantial Al also was present at the cell periphery. The images indicated that the Al-tolerant genotype accumulated lower amounts of Al in meristematic and differentiating cells of the root tip and their cell walls. Collectively, the results support an important role for exclusion in Al tolerance.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Silva, IR and Smyth, TJ and Moxley, DF and Carter, TE and Allen, NS and Rufty, TW}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={543–552} }
 @article{bianchi-hall_carter_bailey_mian_rufty_ashley_boerma_arellano_hussey_parrott_2000, title={Aluminum tolerance associated with quantitative trait loci derived from soybean PI 416937 in hydroponics}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2000.402538x}, abstractNote={Acid soils with high levels of Al impede root growth, causing increased crop sensitivity to drought and decreased nutrient acquisition. Development of Al-tolerant cultivars may be a cost effective response to the problem. In previous investigations, we identified an Al-tolerant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introduction from Japan (PI 416937), and subsequently determined the heritability of the trait in a cross with Young, a highly productive Al-sensitive cultivar. The objective of the present study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) which condition Al tolerance by a genetic linkage map of 155 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker loci and a hydroponics-based Al response. The 120 F4-derived progeny from Young × PI 416937 were divided into four sets and evaluated with the parents for tap root extension in 0 and 2 μM Al3+ activity solutions (NOAL and HIAL, respectively) employing Al levels as whole plots in a split-plot experimental design. Aluminum tolerance was defined as (i) root extension under HIAL conditions, and (ii) root extension as a percentage of control [PC = (HIAL/NOAL) × 100]. Multiple regression analysis revealed five QTL from independent linkage groups which conditioned root extension under HIAL stress. Three of the five QTL were also detected by PC as the expression of Al tolerance. While most alleles for Al tolerance were derived from the Al-tolerant parent, PI 416937, a RFLP allele from Young (for marker EV2-1) improved Al tolerance expressed as PC and exhibited a similar trend under HIAL stress. At present, it is not known whether the Al tolerance gene from Young, in combination with those from PI 416937, will raise Al tolerance beyond that now observed in the PI. One allele for Al tolerance from PI 416937 (for marker B122-1) may be difficult to capitalize upon, agronomically, because of its association with a detrimental pod dehiscence factor. Further experimentation is needed to distinguish between linkage and pleiotropic effects near this marker. A favorable epistatic effect for Al tolerance was detected between two alleles from the PI 416937. The relationships revealed by marker analysis indicated that marker-facilitated selection may be a viable approach in the breeding of Al-tolerant soybean.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Bianchi-Hall, CM and Carter, TE and Bailey, MA and Mian, MAR and Rufty, TW and Ashley, DA and Boerma, HR and Arellano, C and Hussey, RS and Parrott, WA}, year={2000}, pages={538–545} }
 @article{cui_carter_burton_2000, title={Genetic base of 651 Chinese soybean cultivars released during 1923 to 1995}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2000.4051470x}, abstractNote={A diverse genetic base is important to breeding progress. The genetic base of U.S. and Canadian (US-CAN) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars is narrow. Modern Chinese soybean cultivars have been cited as a reservoir of genetic diversity for U.S. breeding. However, the genetic base of Chinese soybean cultivars is not well characterized. The purpose of this paper was to quantify the genetic base of Chinese soybean breeding by means of coefficient of parentage (CP) analysis and to compare it with that of US-CAN soybean. Three hundred thirty-nine ancestors were identified in the pedigrees of 651 Chinese soybean cultivars released during 1923-1995. Ancestors originating from China contributed 88% of the genes to the Chinese genetic base, and 45 exotic ancestors contributed 12%, as determined by CP analysis, Comparison of Chinese and US-CAN bases showed that (i) the genetic base of Chinese soybean breeding was much larger than that ofthe US-CAN and (ii) the Chinese base has continued to expand with time while the US-CAN base has changed little. Analysis showed that 35 and 339 ancestors contributed 50 and 90% of the genes to Chinese soybean cultivars, while only five and 26 ancestors contributed similar amounts to the US-CAN base. The three major soybean growing regions in China, Northeastern (NEC), Northern (NC) and Southern (SC) had little soybean ancestry in common with each other and constituted almost independent genetic bases. Each of the major Chinese growing regions had more ancestors and a more uniform distribution of ancestral contributions than did the total US-CAN breeding effort. Although the genetic base of both Chinese and U.S. soybeans are dominated by Chinese landraces, no landraces were identified by name as common to both. In recent decades, 24 U.S. cultivars and lines have been bred to Chinese stock. These U.S. materials now constitute 7.3% of the genetic base for Chinese cultivars and have led to important yield advances in China. In contrast, U.S. breeding has made little use of Chinese cultivars. By virtue of their broad genetic base and isolation from U.S. cultivars, modern Chinese soybean cultivars are potentially important to U.S. breeding programs.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Cui, ZL and Carter, TE and Burton, JW}, year={2000}, pages={1470–1481} }
 @article{zhou_carter_cui_miyazaki_burton_2000, title={Genetic base of Japanese soybean cultivars released during 1950 to 1988}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2000.4061794x}, abstractNote={Plant breeding success is dependent, in part, upon the genetic diversity found within applied breeding programs. To characterize genetic diversity in applied breeding, plant breeders have invoked the concept of genetic base, which can be defined as the ancestral pool from which breeding is derived. The genetic base of modern Japanese soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars is not well characterized. The objective of this study was to quantify the genetic base of Japanese soybean cultivars by coefficient of parentage (CP) analysis, to compare the genetic bases of major growing regions and release eras in Japan, and to compare the Japanese base with that of other countries. Seventy-four ancestors were identified in the pedigrees of 86 public Japanese cultivars registered from 1950 to 1988. Ancestors originating from Japan contributed 76% of the genes to the Japanese breeding, while exotic ancestors from the USA and Canada (US-CAN), China, and Korea contributed 2, 5, and 2%, respectively. The remaining portion of the base was of unknown, but presumed Japanese origin. Three major growing regions of Japan displayed very distinct genetic bases with at least 50% of the ancestral contribution unique to each region. Comparisons revealed that the Japanese base was more diverse than that of the US-CAN. The more diverse genetic base was exemplified by (i) more ancestors accounting for 50 and 80% of the genes in Japanese breeding; (ii) a continual expansion of the genetic base since 1950, while the US-CAN base remained relatively static; and (iii) a higher ratio of ancestors employed to cultivars released. The number of ancestors contributing to breeding in Japan was much smaller than that for China in terms of number of ancestors, even though both genetic bases expanded with time. The long history of soybean breeding in Japan, its diverse genetic base and its relative isolation from US-CAN and China suggest that Japanese, Chinese, and North American breeding pools may serve as important reservoirs of diversity for each other. Twelve Japanese cultivars released from 1950 through 1988 derived at least 25% of their pedigree from improved U.S. or Chinese breeding materials.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Zhou, XL and Carter, TE and Cui, ZL and Miyazaki, S and Burton, JW}, year={2000}, pages={1794–1802} }
 @article{cui_carter_burton_2000, title={Genetic diversity patterns in Chinese soybean cultivars based on coefficient of parentage}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2000.4061780x}, abstractNote={China released 651 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars from 1923 to 1995. However, their diversity is not well characterized. The objective of this study was to quantify genetic diversity in Chinese cultivars via coefficient of parentage (CP), and the relative importance of geographical growing region, province of origin, intended cropping system, era of release, and breeder preferences in determining that diversity. A very low mean CP of 0.02 was found in Chinese soybean cultivars, suggesting the presence of a potentially high level of genetic diversity in Chinese soybean breeding. Cultivar pools from each of the three growing regions of China were almost completely unrelated to each other and exhibited low within-region mean CP values (<0.06). Similarly, mean CP values within- and between-provinces were low (0–0.2). Cropping systems and release eras also exhibited low within- and between-CP relationships (all <0.07). The low CP values detected here for Chinese soybean breeding resulted from Chinese breeder initiatives to introduce new germplasm into applied Chinese breeding since the 1970s and from a strong tendency to avoid the mating of related parents. Half- and full-sib matings and backcrossing are almost absent from Chinese pedigrees. Although mean CP for cultivars was low, cluster analysis proved to be a surprisingly effective discriminator of diversity patterns. This analysis assigned 270 cultivars to 20 clusters explaining 41% of the total variability in CP. Clusters were almost completely unrelated to each other and could be used as a basis for selection of parents for breeding. Pedigree analysis revealed that more than 30 cultivars grown currently in China trace to U.S. stocks. This successful use of U.S. germplasm in China may provide an important example for future U.S. breeding strategy.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Cui, ZL and Carter, TE and Burton, JW}, year={2000}, pages={1780–1793} }
 @article{ferrufino_smyth_israel_carter_2000, title={Root elongation of soybean genotypes in response to acidity constraints in a subsurface solution compartment}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2000.402413x}, abstractNote={Aluminum-tolerant germplasm is needed to overcome subsurface acidity constraints to root growth and plant access to water and nutrients. Root elongation of four soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes exposed to varying concentrations of Al, H, and Ca were compared in two experiments using a vertically split root system. Roots extending from a limed surface soil compartment grew for 12 d into a subsurface compartment with nutrient solution treatments. In Exp. 1 root growth for cv. Ransom and Plant Introduction 416937 (PI) were compared in solutions with factorial combinations of pH (4.2, 5.2) and Al (0, 7.5, 15 μM) with Ca maintained at 10 mM In Exp. 2 soybean line N93-S-179 (N93), PI, and cultivars Ransom and Young were compared in solutions with factorial combinations of Ca (2 and 10 mM) and Al (7.5 and 15 μM) maintained at pH 4.6. Ransom and PI had similar responses in tap and lateral root elongation to solution pH and Al treatments in Exp. 1, but mean tap root length of Ransom in the subsurface compartment exceeded that of PI by 22%. Aluminum inhibited the length of lateral roots more than tap roots in both experiments. Molar activity ratios between Ca and Al3+ {Ca/Al3+} accounted for most of the differences in root elongation response among solution treatments in Exp. 2. A 50% reduction in relative length of tap roots for all genotypes occurred with a {Ca/Al3+} value of 891. Values of {Ca/Al3+} for 50% reductions in relative length of lateral roots differed among genotypes and were 1.6 to 3.5 times greater than for tap roots. On the basis of the {Ca/Al3+} indices for lateral root length, line N93 and Ransom exhibited greater tolerance to subsurface solution Al than PI and Young.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Ferrufino, A and Smyth, TJ and Israel, DW and Carter, TE}, year={2000}, pages={413–421} }
 @article{song_quigley_nelson_carter_boerma_strachan_cregan_1999, title={A selected set of trinucleotide simple sequence repeat markers for soybean cultivar identification}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Plant Varieties & Seeds}, author={Song, Q. J. and Quigley, C. V. and Nelson, R. L. and Carter, T. E. and Boerma, H. R. and Strachan, J. L. and Cregan, P. B.}, year={1999}, pages={207–220} }
 @article{pantalone_rebetzke_burton_carter_israel_1999, title={Soybean PI 416937 root system contributes to biomass accumulation in reciprocal grafts}, volume={91}, ISSN={["0002-1962"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj1999.915840x}, abstractNote={Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introduction PI 416937 (PI4) has an extensive fibrous-like root system that contributes to enhanced drought and Al tolerance, The root system of P14 appears to be more highly nodulated than standard southern U.S. cultivars, and thus has potential for enhanced N 2 fixation. Genetic transfer of PI4 root system to soybean cultivars may lead to increased seed N at harvest through increased biomass or seed protein concentration. This hypothesis has not been tested. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of PI4 root system on plant productivity and protein accumulation in soybean seedling reciprocal grafts grown to maturity in the field. In three experiments, grafts were initiated 5 d after greenhouse planting by transversely severing the hypocotyl 2 cm below the apical meristem and transferring wedge-cut scions to severed root stock. Plants were then transplanted and grown in the field. PI 416937 maintained its superior root fibrosity in graft combination with other genotype scions. In Exp. 2, at the end of the season, plants of non-PI4 scions grafted to PI4 root stock averaged significantly higher in root fibrosity score (8.2) than the mean of their self-grafts (6.0); however, when PI4 scions were grafted to root stock from other genotypes, the root fibrosity score decreased significantly (6.6) compared with PI4 self graft (8.4). Thus, grafting revealed that the root system itself, rather than the scion of PI4, regulates expression of the fibrous-like rooting trait. Seed protein concentration did not increase significantly for genotype scions grafted to PI4 root stock. In Exp. 3, Lee 74' or N85-492 grafted to PI4 root stock had significantly higher seed dry weight (161.1 g plant -1 for Lee 74 grafted to PI4 vs. 96.4 g plant -1 for the self-graft; 129.5 g plant -1 for N85-492 grafted to PI4 vs. 79.4 g plant -1 for the self-graft). The fibrous-like root system of PI4 enhances seed biomass when grafted to some non-PI4 genotypes. The genetic transfer of the PI4 rooting trait to elite germplasm through applied breeding may lead to the development of more productive soybean lines.}, number={5}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Pantalone, VR and Rebetzke, GJ and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Israel, DW}, year={1999}, pages={840–844} }
 @article{rebetzke_burton_carter_wilson_1998, title={Changes in agronomic and seed characteristics with selection for reduced palmitic acid content in soybean}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800020003x}, abstractNote={Development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with reduced saturated fatty acid content is an important goal of soybean breeders. The objective of this study was to determine if genes for reduced palmitic acid content in the fatty acid germplasm N87-2122-4 were associated with changes in agronomic and seed quality characteristics. Approximately 22 reduced (54–72 g kg−1) and 22 normal (90–119 g kg−1) palmitic acid F5:7 lines were sampled from each of two crosses, N87-2122-4 × ‘Kenwood’ and N87-2122-4 × ‘P9273’ and grown in replicated tests at four North Carolina locations. Lines homozygous for the major reduced palmitic acid gene produced significantly (P < 0.01) less (=10%) seed yield than lines homozygous for the normal gene. Furthermore, selection differentials for the normal palmitic acid populations were significantly (P < 0.01) larger than for the reduced palmitic acid population. Oleic and linolenic acid contents were significantly (P < 0.01) greater for reduced palmitic acid lines, while the major reduced palmitic acid gene had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on linoleic and seed protein contents. Seed oil content was significantly (P < 0.05) greater among reduced palmitic acid lines in the N87- 2122-4 × Kenwood cross only. Genetic correlations were estimated among lines to examine the influence of selection for palmitic acid genetic modifiers on agronomic traits. Palmitic acid content was significantly (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with changes in oleic acid, and significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with changes linolenic acid contents. Genetic modifiers conditioning palmitic acid content seemed independent of genes controlling seed yield, suggesting that selection for reduced palmitic acid content among lines homozygous for the reduced palmitic acid gene may be achieved without a reduction in seed yield. Efforts to further reduce palmitic acid content in populations fixed for the major palmitic acid gene should improve the quality of soybean oils produced for food processing markets.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Rebetzke, GJ and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Wilson, RF}, year={1998}, pages={297–302} }
 @article{rebetzke_burton_carter_wilson_1998, title={Genetic variation for modifiers controlling reduced saturated fatty acid content in soybean}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800020004x}, abstractNote={Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oils with reduced palmitic acid concentrations should comply with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for vegetable oils with lower saturated fatty acid contents. This study was designed to investigate the genetic basis for reduced palmitic and stearic acid contents in the seed oil of reduced palmitic add germplasm, N87-2122-4. Crosses between N87-2122-4 and Midwest-adapted cultivars, Kenwood and P9273, revealed frequencies of reduced and normal palmitic acid among F 2 progeny consistent with segregation at a single major locus. There was a large phenotypic variation (15-30 g kg -1 ) for palmitic acid content measured on progeny homozygous for either reduced or normal palmitic acid alleles, however. Repeatability of this variation was examined in 87 reduced and normal palmitic F 5:7 lines randomly sampled from each cross. Reduced palmitic acid lines ranged between 54 and 72 g kg -1 , and normal palmitic acid lines between 90 and 119 g kg -1 for both crosses. No line produced significantly less palmitic acid than N87-2122-4 but 55% of the reduced palmitic acid lines were significantly greater (P 80%) for palmitic and stearic acid contents suggest that total saturates may be reduced by selection in few environments for major and modifier genes controlling reduced palmitic acid content.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Rebetzke, GJ and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Wilson, RF}, year={1998}, pages={303–308} }
 @article{bianchi-hall_carter_rufty_arellano_boerma_ashley_burton_1998, title={Heritability and resource allocation of aluminum tolerance derived from soybean PI 416937}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800020040x}, abstractNote={Aluminum toxicity restricts soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in many growing areas. When correction of toxicity by management is impractical, an economically sound alternative is to develop Al tolerant cultivars. Heritability (h 2 ) estimates for Al tolerance in hydroponics would aid in the efficient design of selection programs for cultivar development. Our objectives were to determine the h 2 of Al tolerance in a F 4 -derived population using tap root extension in hydroponics culture as the indicator of tolerance. The 120 random F 4 -derived lines of sensitive 'Young' x tolerant PI 416937 were evaluated in the absence (NOAL) and presence (HIAL) of Al (2 μM Al 3+ activity) by means of a split-plot design. Aluminum stress increased seedling tap root extension 3% in PI 416937 and decreased extension in Young 53%. Mean progeny performance decreased 31%. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P < 0.05) progeny and progeny x Al interaction effects, indicating heritable genetic variation for Al tolerance. The h 2 under HIAL was moderate (0.57) on a single-replication basis and high (0.87) based upon five replicates, indicating the relative ease by which Al tolerance may be improved. Tolerance expressed as percent of control (PC) had a similar h 2 . Approximately 6% of the F 4 -derived progeny in this study were numerically similar to the parents for Al response under HIAL, suggesting that three to five genes may control Al tolerance and that a population size of 150 random inbred lines may be needed to assure full recovery of Al tolerance in the progeny of future breeding populations. Expected gain and risk avoidance analysis suggested that two or three replications are sufficient for initial screening of single seed descent (SSD) populations derived from the PI 416937 and that employment of this PI as a control enhances the ability of the breeder to discard inferior types during screening. Practical advice is presented to assist plant breeders in the efficient improvement of Al tolerance in soybean.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Bianchi-Hall, CM and Carter, TE and Rufty, TW and Arellano, C and Boerma, HR and Ashley, DA and Burton, JW}, year={1998}, pages={513–522} }
 @article{mian_wells_carter_ashley_boerma_1998, title={RFLP tagging of QTLs conditioning specific leaf weight and leaf size in soybean}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0040-5752"]}, DOI={10.1007/s001220050748}, number={3-4}, journal={THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}, author={Mian, MAR and Wells, R and Carter, TE and Ashley, DA and Boerma, HR}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={354–360} }
 @book{cui_gai_carter_qiu_t._1998, title={The released Chinese soybean cultivars and their pedigree analysis}, ISBN={7109050254}, publisher={China Agriculture Press}, author={Cui, Z. and Gai, J. and Carter, T. E., Jr. and Qiu, J. and T., Zhao}, year={1998} }
 @article{rebetzke_pantalone_burton_carter_wilson_1997, title={Genotypic variation tor fatty acid content in selected Glycine max x Glycine soja populations}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050038x}, abstractNote={Modifications in the fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil may extend its utility to industrial markets currently serviced by other vegetable-, mineral-, or fossil-based oils. However, extension into new markets depends on the development of soybean oils with increased concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Three wild soybean (G. soja Siebold & Zucc.) accessions possessing unique fatty add profiles were intercrossed with the reduced saturate and polyunsaturate fatty acid germplasm, N87-2122-4, to produce widely segregating populations. Random F 2 and F 2:3 families from each population were grown, and seed fatty acid contents of individuals within families were analyzed. Genotypic differences for oil quality were significant among populations and families within populations. Individual families produced >140 and 175 g kg -1 palmitic and total saturated fatty acid contents, respectively. No family produced greater oleic add content than N872122-4. Some families produced >640 g kg -1 linoleic add and total polyunsaturates exceeding 720 g kg -1 , while selected individuals produced >750 g kg -1 total polyunsaturates in both the F 2:3 parental and F 2:4 progeny generations. High narrow-sense heritability estimates for palmitic (h 2 = 0.67 to 0.98) and linoleic (h 2 = 0.44 to 0.80) acid contents suggested that individual F 2 plants can be selected for either trait. However, the smaller heritabilities for oleic (h 2 = 0.36 to 0.66) and linolenic (h 2 = 0.10 to 0.47) acid contents necessitate selection based on family means. Analyzing these selected wild soybean crosses has demonstrated G. soja may be a useful source of genes to extend genotypic variation for linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. Genes for greater saturate content in PI 424031 may extend variation currently available in mutant soybean germplasm. However, it appears unlikely that G. soja would be useful for increasing oleic acid content above levels in existing soybean mutants.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Rebetzke, GJ and Pantalone, VR and Burton, JW and Carter, TE and Wilson, RF}, year={1997}, pages={1636–1640} }
 @article{manjarrezsandoval_carter_webb_burton_1997, title={Heterosis in soybean and its prediction by genetic similarity measures}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050005x}, abstractNote={Coefficient of parentage (CP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism-based genetic similarity estimates (RFLP-GS) have been proposed as measures of genetic distance in crop species. If these measures are to have application in practical breeding, it is important to validate their utility in predicting genetic traits of interest such as heterosis. The objectives of this paper were to (i) estimate heterosis for yield in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] adapted to the southern USA, and (ii) predict heterosis by means of CP and RFLP-GS as genetic distance measures. Twenty-four F2 populations were developed by crossing three testers (‘Young’, ‘Centennial’, and ‘Tracy’) eight contrasting parents, representing a wide range of CP and RFLPGS. The experimental material was divided into three sets representing the testers above, and was evaluated in eight replications at Clayton and Plymouth, NC, in 1994. Midparent heterosis for yield was 7.9, 4.5, and 7.9% for Sets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Heterosis was 3.5, 1.6, and 3.0% for 100-seed weight, and 4.1, 5.4, and 13.2% for plant height. The CP and RFLP-GS were highly correlated (r = 0.80, 0.92 and 0.95 for Sets 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P = 0.01), but neither predicted heterosis well for yield averaged across locations because of a large genotype × environment (G × E) interaction. In contrast, CP and RFLP-GS predicted heterosis well for 100-seed weight and plant height in two of the three sets averaged over locations. Our estimates of high parent heterosis for yield (as high as 11% over locations), may justify soybean hybrids as a breeding objective. However, the limited predictive value of CP and RFLP-GS in our study indicates that the identification of favorable heterotic combinations may require extensive field testing.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={ManjarrezSandoval, P and Carter, TE and Webb, DM and Burton, JW}, year={1997}, pages={1443–1452} }
 @article{bailey_mian_carter_ashley_boerma_1997, title={Pod dehiscence of soybean: Identification of quantitative trait loci}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0022-1503"]}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023075}, abstractNote={The dehiscence of pods (shattering) prior to harvest is an undesirable trait of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Pod dehiscence (PD) is relatively uncommon in modern North American soybean cultivars, but is often observed when unimproved germplasm or the wild species, G. soja Siebold & Zucc., are used as parents to introgress useful genes or to develop genetically diverse breeding populations. In light of the potential for efficient selection using DNA markers, the objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that condition resistance to PD. A map of 140 linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers was constructed using 120 F4-derived lines from a soybean population (Young x PI 416937) that segregated for resistance to PD. These lines were scored for PD on a visual scale of 1 to 10 at both Athens, Georgia, and Windblow, North Carolina, in 1994. Heritability of pod dehiscence was 92%. Associations of marker loci with QTL that condition resistance to PD were tested using homozygous RFLP class means in a single-factor ANOVA. A total of five putatively independent RFLP markers were associated with PD at both locations and in a combined analysis over locations. A single RFLP locus on linkage group J of the USDA/Iowa State University map accounted for 44% of the variation in PD score. Epistasis was observed between one pair of significant marker loci. These results establish the genomic location of one major and a few minor QTL, identify an epistatic interaction, and indicate transgressive segregation which is plausibly the result of susceptibility alleles contributed by the resistant parent.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEREDITY}, author={Bailey, MA and Mian, MAR and Carter, TE and Ashley, DA and Boerma, HR}, year={1997}, pages={152–154} }
 @article{manjarrezsandoval_carter_webb_burton_1997, title={RFLP genetic similarity estimates and coefficient of parentage as genetic variance predictors for soybean yield}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030002x}, abstractNote={RFLP genetic-similarity estimates (RFLP-GS) and coefficient of parentage (CP) have been used as measures of genetic similarity within crop species. However, practical application of these measures in plant breeding remains uncertain. This study was designed to probe the utility of RFLP-GS and CP in predicting genetic variance (GV) for seed yield among inbred soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines. achieve this goal, five single seed descent populations were studied, representing a range of RFLP-GS and CP between the parents from 57 to 75% and 0.06 to 0.5, respectively. The GV for yield was estimated for each population through field evaluation of 30 inbred lines per population, in two North Carolina field locations during 1994. Both RFLP-GS and CP correctly identified the population with the highest GV; however, CP predicted GV for yield more efficiently (rCP.RFLP-GS = 0.91*; rCP.GV = −0.81*; and rRFLP-GS.GV = −0,58). The GV was near zero when the CP between parents was larger than 0.27 or when RFLP-GS was larger than 75%. Neither genotype × environment interaction nor low field precision were factors for the lower predictive value of RFLP-GS. Expected gains from selection agreed partially with RFLP-GS results but closely matched CP and the actual fate of populations in a USDA breeding program. These results indicated that caution should be taken in an applied soybean breeding program when crossing parents with a relationship larger than half-sib or when the RFLP-GS is larger than 75% when yield improvement is the main breeding objective.}, number={3}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={ManjarrezSandoval, P and Carter, TE and Webb, DM and Burton, JW}, year={1997}, pages={698–703} }
 @article{carter_burton_bianchihall_farmer_huie_pantalone_1997, title={Registration of 'Graham' soybean}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700010064x}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Carter, TE and Burton, JW and BianchiHall, C and Farmer, F and Huie, EB and Pantalone, VR}, year={1997}, pages={293–294} }
 @article{carter_huie_burton_farmer_gizlice_1995, title={REGISTRATION OF PEARL SOYBEAN}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500060042x}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={CARTER, TE and HUIE, EB and BURTON, JW and FARMER, FS and GIZLICE, Z}, year={1995}, pages={1713–1713} }