@article{wei_ghosh_2024, title={Moisture-Driven Cellulose Actuators with Directional Motion and Programmable Shapes}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2640-4567"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300638}, DOI={10.1002/aisy.202300638}, abstractNote={The hygroscopic motion of plants has inspired the development of moisture‐activated soft actuators. These actuators driven by ambient moisture sources are of great research interest in robotics and self‐regulating textiles. However, these actuators often have slow motion and can only perform bending and twisting motions. Herein, a cellulose film‐based fast‐morphing and motion‐programmable soft actuator is presented that can generate caterpillar‐like movement. The cellophane films reported here bend almost instantaneously under changing humidity, with a large bending curvature, high repeatability, and negligible hysteresis. Different actuation modes are studied using both coated and uncoated cellophane films. The uncoated cellophane film can continuously move on a moist substrate through autonomous bending–rolling–flipping (or oscillating) cycles. A facile strategy is used here to control the rolling direction and facilitate the flipping motion by offsetting its center of gravity during deformation by adding appropriate weights on the end of the actuator. The coated cellophane film is used to fabricate motion‐programmable actuators through heat‐laminating. Several actuator structures are designed and fabricated and their diverse moisture‐induced motions are demonstrated.}, journal={ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS}, author={Wei, Shuzhen and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{pragya_ghosh_2023, title={Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures - Natural and Manmade: A Review}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300912}, DOI={10.1002/adma.202300912}, abstractNote={Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) are used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there is increasing interest in polymer‐based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy, and adapt to changing environments. Here, the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts are discussed using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, the challenges and potential pathways are highlighted to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties toward functional FGMs.}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, author={Pragya, Akanksha and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{wei_ghosh_2022, title={Bioinspired Structures for Soft Actuators}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2365-709X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101521}, DOI={10.1002/admt.202101521}, abstractNote={Biological organisms present marvelous morphing behaviors from the quiescent blooming of flowers to the energetic wing‐flapping of birds that have always inspired humans to design better‐engineered products. The diversity of natural motion is attributed primarily to the intricate and hierarchical structure of actuators that are self‐assembled from nanoscale structures to superstructures. Compared to the biological actuators, their manmade counterparts, often with significantly limited capabilities, are fabricated from various materials with relatively simple structures using limited fabrication techniques. With the rapid developments in technologies that require soft robotics and human‐machine interfaces, there is increasing demand for soft actuators with improved capabilities such as larger output force, repeatability, and a more comprehensive range of motion. Biological actuators provide critical insights into the structure‐function relationship and offer exciting concepts to advance the science and technology of artificial soft actuators. Here, the design approaches found in natural actuation systems are discussed from the nanoscale to the highest levels in the structural hierarchy and the physical principles involved in their diverse actuation capabilities. In that context, finally, the fabrication techniques that have been utilized for manmade soft actuators, with a focus on the advantages, challenges, and concepts for potential future developments are reviewed.}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Wei, Shuzhen and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{sharma_dakmak_yuan_garcia_batchelor_vo-dinh_ghosh_dhawan_2022, title={Voltage-tunable surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates based on electroactive polymeric membranes containing plasmonic nanoparticles}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2770-0208"]}, DOI={10.1364/OPTCON.455460}, abstractNote={We describe voltage-controlled surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates in which the SERS-signals can be actively modulated by applying voltage. These SERS-substrates employ a dielectric electroactive polymer (D-EAP) membrane with a pair of electrically-actuated active regions. When these regions are simultaneously activated, they produce an in-plane contractile strain in the regions of the D-EAP where SERS dye-coated nanoparticles are placed. We demonstrate that SERS-signals from dye-coated silver nanoparticles, deposited on the D-EAP membrane, increases by ∼100% upon application of an actuating voltage. Upon removal of the voltage, actuated active-areas move towards their original positions, leading to a decrease in the SERS-signals.}, number={12}, journal={OPTICS CONTINUUM}, author={Sharma, Yashna and Dakmak, Enes and Yuan, Hsiang-Kuo and Garcia, Roberto and Batchelor, Dale and Vo-dinh, Tuan and Ghosh, Tushar and Dhawan, Anuj}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={2426–2433} }
 @article{wei_ghosh_2021, title={Bioinspired Bistable Dielectric Elastomer Actuators: Programmable Shapes and Application as Binary Valves}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2169-5180"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2020.0214}, DOI={10.1089/soro.2020.0214}, abstractNote={Nature has plenty of imitable examples of bistable thin structures that can actuate in response to mechanical and environmental stimuli, such as touch, light, and moisture. Scientists and engineers have used these as models to develop real-world systems with enhanced shape stability, energy efficiency, and power output. The bistable leaf of the Venus Flytrap (VFT) has a uniquely simple structure that enables exquisite actuation to trap the prey instantly. In this study, we present a strategy, inspired and derived from the VFT, which incorporates dielectric elastomer (DE) layers in a bistable actuator capable of reversible snapping through electrical stimulation. The trilayered laminated actuator is composed of two prestrained layers and a strain-limiting middle layer. The balance between elastic energy and bending energy of the laminates results in bistable shapes. We explore a broad design space of the bistable architecture through analysis and experiments to validate the fabrication parameters. The rapid snap-through between the two stable configurations is activated by a voltage pulse applied on the DE layers that change the laminate's strain field. Whereas a high electric field is used as the actuation trigger, the self-stabilization characteristic of the bistable structure obviates the need for continuous voltage supply. Finally, we recommended a new method of flow control by modulating porosity on curved surfaces through operating bistable dielectric elastomer actuators as binary valves.}, journal={SOFT ROBOTICS}, author={Wei, Shuzhen and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{tabor_thompson_agcayazi_bozkurt_ghosh_2021, title={Melt-Extruded Sensory Fibers for Electronic Textiles}, volume={307}, ISSN={["1439-2054"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202100737}, DOI={10.1002/mame.202100737}, abstractNote={Abstract Textile‐based flexible sensors are key to the development of personal wearable electronic devices and systems for a wide range of applications including physiological monitoring, communication, and entertainment. Textiles, for their many desirable characteristics and use, offer a natural interface between electronics and the human body. A wide range of fabrication techniques have been explored for textile‐based sensors; however, most are not compatible or readily adaptable to textile manufacturing processes. Here, a practical and scalable method of producing textile‐based sensory fibers using a common manufacturing technique, melt extrusion, is proposed. An overview of the fabrication method as well as the mechanical and electrical properties of the fibers is presented. Subsequently, the fibers’ ability to sense changes in pressure is studied in detail using assembled fibers. Methods to improve the sensor performance by altering the geometry of the fiber assembly are also presented. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the fibers are woven into a pressure‐sensing fabric mat consisting of 64 sensing elements. The woven substrate can detect the location and level of pressure, thereby illustrating the fibers' potential use as sensors in textile structures.}, number={3}, journal={MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Tabor, Jordan and Thompson, Brendan and Agcayazi, Talha and Bozkurt, Alper and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{yang_kwon_kanetkar_xing_nithyanandam_li_jung_gong_tuman_shen_et al._2021, title={Skin-Inspired Capacitive Stress Sensor with Large Dynamic Range via Bilayer Liquid Metal Elastomers}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2365-709X"]}, DOI={10.1002/admt.202101074}, abstractNote={Soft devices that sense touch are important for prosthetics, soft robotics, and electronic skins. One way to sense touch is to use a capacitor consisting of a soft dielectric layer sandwiched between two electrodes. Compressing the capacitor brings the electrodes closer together and thereby increases capacitance. Ideally, sensors of touch should have both large sensitivity and the ability to measure a wide range of stress (dynamic range). Although skin has such capabilities, it remains difficult to achieve both sensitivity and dynamic range in a single manmade sensor. Inspired by skin, this work reports a soft capacitive pressure sensor based on a bilayer of liquid metal elastomer foam (B‐LMEF). The B‐LMEF consists of an elastomer slab (elastic modulus: ≈655 kPa) laminated with a soft liquid metal elastomer foam (LMEF, elastic modulus: ≈7 kPa). The LMEF deforms at small stresses (<10 kPa), and both layers deform at large stresses (>10 kPa). The B‐LMEF has high sensitivity (0.073 kPa–1) at small stress and can operate over a large range of stress (200 kPa), which leads to a large dynamic range (≈4.1 × 105). Additionally, the elastomer slab has a large energy dissipation coefficient; the skin uses this property to cushion the human body from external stress and strain.}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Yang, Jiayi and Kwon, Ki Yoon and Kanetkar, Shreyas and Xing, Ruizhe and Nithyanandam, Praneshnandan and Li, Yang and Jung, Woojin and Gong, Wei and Tuman, Mary and Shen, Qingchen and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{tabor_agcayazi_fleming_thompson_kapoor_liu_lee_huang_bozkurt_ghosh_2021, title={Textile-Based Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Prosthetic-Socket Interfaces}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3053434}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2021.3053434}, abstractNote={Amputees are prone to experiencing discomfort when wearing their prosthetic devices. As the amputee population grows this becomes a more prevalent and pressing concern. There is a need for new prosthetic technologies to construct more comfortable and well-fitted liners and sockets. One of the well-recognized impediments to the development of new prosthetic technology is the lack of practical inner socket sensors to monitor the inner socket environment (ISE), or the region between the residual limb and the socket. Here we present a capacitive pressure sensor fabricated through a simple, and scalable sewing process using commercially available conductive yarns and textile materials. This fully-textile sensor provides a soft, flexible, and comfortable sensing system for monitoring the ISE. We provide details of our low-power sensor system capable of high-speed data collection from up to four sensor arrays. Additionally, we demonstrate two custom set-ups to test and validate the textile-based sensors in a simulated prosthetic environment. Finally, we utilize the textile-based sensors to study the ISE of a bilateral transtibial amputee. Results indicate that the textile-based sensors provide a promising potential for seamlessly monitoring the ISE.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Tabor, Jordan and Agcayazi, Talha and Fleming, Aaron and Thompson, Brendan and Kapoor, Ashish and Liu, Ming and Lee, Michael Y. and Huang, He and Bozkurt, Alper and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={9413–9422} }
 @misc{chatterjee_ghosh_2021, title={Thermoelectric Materials for Textile Applications}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1420-3049"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113154}, DOI={10.3390/molecules26113154}, abstractNote={Since prehistoric times, textiles have served an important role–providing necessary protection and comfort. Recently, the rise of electronic textiles (e-textiles) as part of the larger efforts to develop smart textiles, has paved the way for enhancing textile functionalities including sensing, energy harvesting, and active heating and cooling. Recent attention has focused on the integration of thermoelectric (TE) functionalities into textiles—making fabrics capable of either converting body heating into electricity (Seebeck effect) or conversely using electricity to provide next-to-skin heating/cooling (Peltier effect). Various TE materials have been explored, classified broadly into (i) inorganic, (ii) organic, and (iii) hybrid organic-inorganic. TE figure-of-merit (ZT) is commonly used to correlate Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity. For textiles, it is important to think of appropriate materials not just in terms of ZT, but also whether they are flexible, conformable, and easily processable. Commercial TEs usually compromise rigid, sometimes toxic, inorganic materials such as bismuth and lead. For textiles, organic and hybrid TE materials are more appropriate. Carbon-based TE materials have been especially attractive since graphene and carbon nanotubes have excellent transport properties with easy modifications to create TE materials with high ZT and textile compatibility. This review focuses on flexible TE materials and their integration into textiles.}, number={11}, journal={MOLECULES}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chatterjee, Kony and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{chatterjee_ghosh_2020, title={3D Printing of Textiles: Potential Roadmap to Printing with Fibers}, volume={32}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902086}, DOI={10.1002/adma.201902086}, abstractNote={3D printing (3DP) has transformed engineering, manufacturing, and the use of advanced materials due to its ability to produce objects from a variety of materials, ranging from soft polymers to rigid ceramics. 3DP offers the advantage of being able to print at a variety of lengths scales; from a few micrometers to many meters. 3DP has the unique ability to produce customized small lots, efficiently. Yet, one crucial industry that has not been able to adequately explore its potential is textile manufacturing. The research in 3DP of textiles has lagged behind other areas primarily due to the difficulty in obtaining some of the unique characteristics of strength, flexibility, etc., of textiles, utilizing a fundamentally different manufacturing technology. Textiles are their own class of materials due to the specific structural developments that occur during the various stages of textile manufacturing: from fiber extrusion to assembly of the fibers to fabrics. Here, the current 3DP technologies are reviewed with emphasis on soft and anisotropic structures, as well as the efforts toward 3DP of textiles. Finally, a potential pathway to 3DP of textiles, dubbed as printing with fibers to create textile structures is proposed for further exploration.}, number={4}, journal={Advanced Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chatterjee, Kony and Ghosh, Tushar}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1902086} }
 @article{armstrong_chatterjee_ghosh_spontak_2020, title={Form-stable phase-change elastomer gels derived from thermoplastic elastomer copolyesters swollen with fatty acids}, volume={686}, ISSN={["1872-762X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2020.178566}, DOI={10.1016/j.tca.2020.178566}, abstractNote={Phase-change materials (PCMs) are of considerable scientific and technological interest in applications related to energy management and storage, especially as they pertain to residential or commercial construction and packaging. Most PCMs developed for these purposes consist of a crystallizable species encapsulated within an impermeable polymeric shell. Such encapsulants can then be strategically embedded throughout a construct to promote thermal stability in close proximity to the normal melting point of the encapsulated species. In this study, we introduce form-stable PCMs, which avoid the need for costly and inconvenient encapsulation and consist of commercial thermoplastic elastomer copolyesters selectively swollen with crystallizable fatty acids. Since the copolyester matrices endow the PCMs with solid-like characteristics even when swollen with liquid, we refer to this particular class of materials as phase-change elastomer gels (PCEGs). In this study, we explore the thermal characteristics of PCEG films wherein the copolyester grade, gel composition and fatty acid are all varied. Our results indicate that these PCEGs exhibit non-hysteretic thermal cycling, unaffected transition temperatures, and competitive latent transition heats. Relative to model and commercially available encapsulated PCMs, the form-stable PCEGs examined here afford an alternative capable of superior thermal performance and versatility.}, journal={THERMOCHIMICA ACTA}, author={Armstrong, Daniel P. and Chatterjee, Kony and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{agcayazi_tabor_mcknight_martin_ghosh_bozkurt_2020, title={Fully‐Textile Seam‐Line Sensors for Facile Textile Integration and Tunable Multi‐Modal Sensing of Pressure, Humidity, and Wetness}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000155}, DOI={10.1002/admt.202000155}, abstractNote={The unique potential of e‐textiles for unobtrusive and ubiquitous monitoring and their innovative interfacing with electronic devices has garnished great attention. Sensors are one of the few essential devices or components necessary for most functional e‐textile applications. Ideally, any e‐textile based sensor should be soft, easily integrated in textile manufacturing processes, and tunable for the desired applications. Here, an easy‐to‐manufacture, tunable, fully‐textile sensor system with capability of detecting pressure, humidity, or wetness is presented. Capacitive pressure sensors are formed via a traditional sewing process with two commercially available conductive sewing yarns (silver‐plated polyamide (silver) and stainless steel (SS)) with cotton knit, polyethylene‐terephthalate (PET) knit and elastomeric meltblown textile dielectrics. The relationship between the sensor's physical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties including hysteresis, sensitivity, response, and relaxation time is evaluated. In addition, the same sensor configuration is assessed for its humidity and wetness sensing performance. Results indicate that pressure, relative humidity (RH), and wetness sensing performance are easily tunable using different combinations of the conductive and dielectric textile materials. Finally, proof of concept deployment demonstrations as human‐machine interfaces within a pressure sensing mat and a smart glove capable of remotely controlling a drone are provided.}, journal={Advanced Materials Technologies}, author={Agcayazi, Talha and Tabor, Jordan and McKnight, Michael and Martin, Isaac and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{chatterjee_negi_kim_liu_ghosh_2020, title={In-Plane Thermoelectric Properties of Flexible and Room-Temperature-Doped Carbon Nanotube Films}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00995}, DOI={10.1021/acsaem.0c00995}, abstractNote={Soft materials with high power factors (PFs) and low thermal conductivity (κ) are critically important for integration of thermoelectric (TE) modules into flexible form factors for energy harvestin...}, number={7}, journal={ACS Applied Energy Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Chatterjee, Kony and Negi, Ankit and Kim, Kyunghoon and Liu, Jun and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={6929–6936} }
 @article{tabor_chatterjee_ghosh_2020, title={Smart Textile‐Based Personal Thermal Comfort Systems: Current Status and Potential Solutions}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201901155}, DOI={10.1002/admt.201901155}, abstractNote={Thermophysiological comfort in humans is sought universally but seldom achieved due to biological and physiological variances. Most people in developed parts of the world rely on highly energy‐intensive, and inefficient central heating/cooling systems to achieve thermophysiological comfort which is rarely satisfactory. A potential solution to this issue is a wearable personal thermal comfort system (PTCS) consisting of textile‐based temperature and moisture sensors, thermal and moisture responsive actuators, and/or heating/cooling devices, that can sense the environment and physiology of the wearer, and accordingly provide an individualized thermal environment. Moving thermal regulation away from the built environment to the microclimate surrounding the human body using textiles has the potential to provide personalized thermal comfort and energy savings. Such a system may employ thermal comfort models and leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) to understand individuals' comfort requirements. Herein, the current state of textile‐based active and passive comfort systems/technologies are summarized, including their environmental impact, major thermal comfort models, and factors influencing comfort. Also, active and passive textile‐based devices (sensors, actuators, and flexible heating/cooling devices) that may be incorporated into a textile‐based wearable PTCS are comprehensively discussed with an emphasis on their advantages, limitations, and prospects.}, journal={Advanced Materials Technologies}, author={Tabor, Jordan and Chatterjee, Kony and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{yang_tang_ao_ghosh_neumann_zhang_piskarev_yu_truong_xie_et al._2020, title={Ultrasoft Liquid Metal Elastomer Foams with Positive and Negative Piezopermittivity for Tactile Sensing}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1616-3028"]}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.202002611}, abstractNote={Soft, capacitive tactile (pressure) sensors are important for applications including human–machine interfaces, soft robots, and electronic skins. Such capacitors consist of two electrodes separated by a soft dielectric. Pressing the capacitor brings the electrodes closer together and thereby increases capacitance. Thus, sensitivity to a given force is maximized by using dielectric materials that are soft and have a high dielectric constant, yet such properties are often in conflict with each other. Here, a liquid metal elastomer foam (LMEF) is introduced that is extremely soft (elastic modulus 7.8 kPa), highly compressible (70% strain), and has a high permittivity. Compressing the LMEF displaces the air in the foam structure, increasing the permittivity over a large range (5.6–11.7). This is called “positive piezopermittivity.” Interestingly, it is discovered that the permittivity of such materials decreases (“negative piezopermittivity”) when compressed to large strain due to the geometric deformation of the liquid metal droplets. This mechanism is theoretically confirmed via electromagnetic theory, and finite element simulation. Using these materials, a soft tactile sensor with high sensitivity, high initial capacitance, and large capacitance change is demonstrated. In addition, a tactile sensor powered wirelessly (from 3 m away) with high power conversion efficiency (84%) is demonstrated.}, number={36}, journal={ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS}, author={Yang, Jiayi and Tang, David and Ao, Jinping and Ghosh, Tushar and Neumann, Taylor V. and Zhang, Dongguang and Piskarev, Yegor and Yu, Tingting and Truong, Vi Khanh and Xie, Kai and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{wei_shao_ghosh_2019, title={Bioinspired Bistable Soft Actuators}, volume={10966}, ISSN={["1996-756X"]}, DOI={10.1117/12.2522123}, abstractNote={DEAs have been studied for decades as a potential polymer artificial muscle for its excellent mechanical properties and large electric field-induced strains. The structural design of DEAs enhances the actuator performances and converts the electrically–controlled strain to diverse motions including linear motion, bending, twisting and moving with multiple degree of freedom. Inspired by the Venus Flytrap (VFT), whose bistable leaves and local strain redistribution are crucial to the fast closure speed, we developed cylindrically-curved bistable laminated DEAs, and activated the bistable shape transformation by electrically tuning the strain field. To obtain the bistable structure, two elastomeric films are prestrained biaxially and bonded orthogonally to a stiffer elastic film in the middle. Due to the elastic energy minimization, the originally flat laminate immediately self-equilibrated to two bistable cylindrical shapes, with the curvatures orthogonal to each other. Basic theoretical analyses on the interaction of prestrains and bending curvatures provide guidance to the design of bistable morphing shapes. The prestrains on the DE films not only generate various curved shapes, but also decreases the film thickness and therefore reduces the actuation voltage. Similar to the fast closure of VFT, which is activated by the strain redistribution resulted from the motor cell enlargement, our bistable DEA achieves reversible bistable shape transformation by voltage-induced strain change at the area covered by compliant electrodes.}, journal={ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER ACTUATORS AND DEVICES (EAPAD) XXI}, author={Wei, S. and Shao, H. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2019} }
 @misc{chatterjee_tabor_ghosh_2019, title={Electrically Conductive Coatings for Fiber-Based E-Textiles}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2079-6439"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7060051}, DOI={10.3390/fib7060051}, abstractNote={With the advent of wearable electronic devices in our daily lives, there is a need for soft, flexible, and conformable devices that can provide electronic capabilities without sacrificing comfort. Electronic textiles (e-textiles) combine electronic capabilities of devices such as sensors, actuators, energy harvesting and storage devices, and communication devices with the comfort and conformability of conventional textiles. An important method to fabricate such devices is by coating conventionally used fibers and yarns with electrically conductive materials to create flexible capacitors, resistors, transistors, batteries, and circuits. Textiles constitute an obvious choice for deployment of such flexible electronic components due to their inherent conformability, strength, and stability. Coating a layer of electrically conducting material onto the textile can impart electronic capabilities to the base material in a facile manner. Such a coating can be done at any of the hierarchical levels of the textile structure, i.e., at the fiber, yarn, or fabric level. This review focuses on various electrically conducting materials and methods used for coating e-textile devices, as well as the different configurations that can be obtained from such coatings, creating a smart textile-based system.}, number={6}, journal={FIBERS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chatterjee, Kony and Tabor, Jordan and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{shao_wei_jiang_holmes_ghosh_2018, title={Bioinspired Electrically Activated Soft Bistable Actuators}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1616-3028"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802999}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.201802999}, abstractNote={Movement and morphing in biological systems provide insights into the materials and mechanisms that may enable the development of advanced engineering structures. The nastic motion of plants in response to environmental stimuli, e.g., the rapid closure of the Venus flytrap's leaves, utilizes snap‐through instabilities originating from anisotropic deformation of plant tissues. In contrast, ballistic tongue projection of chameleon is attributed to direct mechanical energy transformation by stretching elastic tissues in advance of rapid projection to achieve higher speed and power output. Here, a bioinspired trilayered bistable all‐polymer laminate containing dielectric elastomers (DEs) is reported, which double as both structural and active materials. It is demonstrated that the prestress and laminating strategy induces tunable bistability, while the electromechanical response of the DE film enables reversible shape transition and morphing. Electrical actuation of bistable structures obviates the need for continuous application of electric field to sustain their transformed state. The experimental results are qualitatively consistent with our theoretical analyses of prestrain‐dependent shape and bistability.}, number={35}, journal={ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Shao, Huiqi and Wei, Shuzhen and Jiang, Xin and Holmes, Douglas P. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{shao_wei_jiang_holmes_ghosh_2018, title={Bistable Polymer Actuators: Bioinspired Electrically Activated Soft Bistable Actuators (Adv. Funct. Mater. 35/2018)}, volume={28}, ISSN={1616-301X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ADFM.201870244}, DOI={10.1002/ADFM.201870244}, abstractNote={By combining prestressing with a laminating strategy, Tushar K. Ghosh and co-workers introduce a tunable bistability in a bioinspired dielectric elastomer (DE) based actuator. As they report in article number 1802999, a reversible phase transition is facilitated by the electromechanical response of the DE, obviating the continuous application of an electric field. Potential applications include smart textiles, soft robotics, and biomedicine.}, number={35}, journal={Advanced Functional Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Shao, Huiqi and Wei, Shuzhen and Jiang, Xin and Holmes, Douglas P. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1870244} }
 @misc{agcayazi_chatterjee_bozkurt_ghosh_2018, title={Flexible Interconnects for Electronic Textiles}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2365-709X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85041134838&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/admt.201700277}, abstractNote={Conformable electrical systems integrated in textiles offer revolutionary possibilities. Textiles constitute an obvious choice as a multifunctional electronic platform, since they are worn and used to cover many surfaces around us. The primary focus of the emerging area of electronic textiles (e‐textiles) is on developing transformative technologies to produce flexible, conformable, and large‐area textile‐based electronic systems. One of the main roadblocks to development of e‐textiles is making (fiber‐to‐fiber) interconnects within textiles, with rigid semiconductor‐based circuits and other devices, and efficiently routing these circuits. This problem is compounded by the need for the textile and other materials to withstand the stresses and strains of manufacturing and end‐use. The fundamental challenge of forming these interconnects involves making them flexible, robust, and environmentally stable while ensuring adequate electrical connectivity. From a mechanical standpoint, the transition from soft to hard materials should occur with minimum stress/strain concentration. These challenges, if unaddressed, will remain a barrier to large‐scale development of textile‐based electronic systems. This work reviews the technological issues related to the textile interconnect, providing an overview of flexible interconnects, including relevant materials, electrical and mechanical characterization techniques, ways of forming flexible conductive pathways, and potential research directions and challenges.}, number={10}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Agcayazi, Talha and Chatterjee, Kony and Bozkurt, Alper and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{subramani_spontak_ghosh_2018, title={Influence of fiber characteristics on directed electroactuation of anisotropic dielectric electroactive polymers with tunability}, volume={154}, ISSN={0266-3538}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSCITECH.2017.11.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.11.014}, abstractNote={Dielectric elastomers constitute a technologically important class of stimuli-responsive polymers due primarily to their unique ability to achieve large strains (>300 area%) upon exposure to an external electric field. In most reported cases, actuation strains are measured as dielectric elastomers constrained to a circular test configuration essentially waste energy by undergoing isotropic, rather than directional, electroactuation. Recent independent studies have demonstrated, however, that the addition of relatively stiff fibers to a soft dielectric elastomer matrix promotes more energy-efficient anisotropic mechanical behavior and electroactuation response. In this work, we investigate the effects of fiber strain and mechanical properties on electroactuation in anisotropic dielectric electroactive polymers with tunability (ADEPT) fabricated from an acrylic dielectric elastomer. Increases in fiber loading level and stiffness are observed to enhance both mechanical and electroactuation properties to different extents, and we introduce an electroactuation anisotropic enhancement factor to quantify the ratio of electroactuation to mechanical anisotropy. This factor is determined to vary linearly with fiber concentration for nearly all the different ADEPT composites examined in this study.}, journal={Composites Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Subramani, Krishna B. and Spontak, Richard J. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={187–193} }
 @article{kapoor_mcknight_chatterjee_agcayazi_kausche_bozkurt_ghosh_2018, title={Toward Fully Manufacturable, Fiber Assembly-Based Concurrent Multimodal and Multifunctional Sensors for e-Textiles}, volume={4}, ISSN={2365-709X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ADMT.201800281}, DOI={10.1002/admt.201800281}, abstractNote={Soft polymer‐based sensors as an integral part of textile structures have attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest recently because of their potential use in healthcare, security systems, and other areas. While electronic sensing functionalities can be incorporated into textiles at one or more of the hierarchical levels of molecules, fibers, yarns, or fabrics, arguably a more practical and inconspicuous means to introduce the desired electrical characteristics is at the fiber level, using processes that are compatible to textiles. Here, a prototype multimodal and multifunctional sensor array formed within a woven fabric structure using bicomponent fibers with ordered insulating and conducting segments is reported. The multifunctional characteristics of the sensors are successfully demonstrated by measuring tactile, tensile, and shear deformations, as well as wetness and biopotential. While the unobtrusive integration of sensing capabilities offers possibilities to preserve all desirable textile qualities, this scaled‐up fiber‐based approach demonstrates the potential for scalable and facile manufacturability of practical e‐textile products using low‐cost roll‐to‐roll processing of large‐area flexible sensor systems and can be remarkably effective in advancing the field of e‐textiles.}, number={1}, journal={Advanced Materials Technologies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kapoor, Ashish and McKnight, Michael and Chatterjee, Kony and Agcayazi, Talha and Kausche, Hannah and Bozkurt, Alper and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1800281} }
 @article{west_istook_porterfield_ghosh_2017, title={A Service Learning Collaborative to Build a Sustainable Enterprise for Underprivileged Women (SEuW)}, volume={5}, ISSN={2051-1787 2051-1795}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20511787.2017.1362144}, DOI={10.1080/20511787.2017.1362144}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT India is a country with a rich heritage of handicrafts that operate as a labor intensive cottage industry, with little opportunity for organized operation and impact in the global marketplace. Service-learning is the systematic approach to teaching and learning where students use academic knowledge and developed class skills to address community needs. The goal of this ongoing service-learning project was to develop practices that might aid the development of a sustainable enterprise, leveraging traditional Indian handicrafts in the Western marketplace. To this end, a class assignment was developed to engage textile and fashion students in a real-world production experience while learning about the design and manufacturing process, as well as culture through their activities. The skills and knowledge that the students are developing can go far beyond the traditional manufacturing to retail outcome objectives, touching and influencing people’s lives with a global sustainable perspective. At the same time, utilizing and building their own skills by learning the fundamental craft of local artists helps students develop a sense of global awareness. The products were developed to support the handicraft industry of India and are based on historically localized skills. The outcome objective is for the students, with the help of outside entities, to have creative input in the development of updated Indian handicraft products that can be sold in the United States of America with a much broader appeal to Western taste than is currently being offered.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile Design Research and Practice}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={West, Andre and Istook, Cynthia and Porterfield, Anne and Ghosh, Tushar}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={3–16} }
 @article{fang_li_yildiz_shao_bradford_ghosh_2017, title={Enhanced anisotropic response of dielectric elastomer actuators with microcombed and etched carbon nanotube sheet electrodes}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1873-3891"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbon.2017.05.067}, abstractNote={Dielectric elastomers (DE), also known as dielectric electroactive polymers offer tremendous potential in a wide-ranging applications including microrobotics and wearable responsive systems. The real-world application of DEs, however, has been limited by a number of factors, including facile means of producing directional stress/strain. As a critical component of the DE actuator, the electrodes should have high electrical conductance under finite in-plane deformation, good electromechanical stability, and ease of shaping based on the design requirements. In this work we investigate highly aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets as electrodes in DE actuators to yield anisotropic electromechanical response. The morphology of CNT sheets were altered by microcombing and selective laser etching to enhance mechanical anisotropy. The enhancement of CNT sheets alignment results in almost pure unidirectional strain of 33% at a relatively moderate electric field. The results demonstrate that the deformation anisotropy of DE actuators can be significantly improved by directional laser etching of the electrodes rather than microcombing alone.}, journal={CARBON}, author={Fang, Xiaomeng and Li, Ang and Yildiz, Ozkan and Shao, Huiqi and Bradford, Philip D. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={366–373} }
 @inproceedings{agcayazi_mcknight_kausche_ghosh_bozkurt_2016, title={A finger touch force detection method for textile based capacitive tactile sensor arrays}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2016.7808528}, abstractNote={The use of touch-based technology to interact with electronic devices pre-dates modern day multi-touch technology and even the personal computer. It has recently been growing in popularity in wearable computing devices especially in the form of textile based tactile sensor. These sensors often target the detection of not only touch but also force applied. A significant problem arises here in differentiating inputs from an intended finger touch and just a bend of the sensor or other objects touching the sensor. In this work, we present our initial efforts to differentiate between a finger and an insulated object touch event on a custom textile based tactile sensor we developed before. Our experiments show that the two cases could be differentiated using the capacitance change of the neighboring cross-over points.}, booktitle={2016 ieee sensors}, author={Agcayazi, T. and McKnight, M. and Kausche, H. and ghosh and Bozkurt, A.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{mcknight_agcayazi_kausche_ghosh_bozkurt_2016, title={Sensing textile seam-line for wearable multimodal physiological monitoring}, DOI={10.1109/embc.2016.7590702}, abstractNote={This paper investigates a novel multimodal sensing method by forming seam-lines of conductive textile fibers into commercially available fabrics. The proposed ultra-low cost micro-electro-mechanical sensor would provide, wearable, flexible, textile based biopotential signal recording, wetness detection and tactile sensing simultaneously. Three types of fibers are evaluated for their array-based sensing capability, including a 3D printed conductive fiber, a multiwall carbon nanotube based fiber, and a commercially available stainless steel conductive thread. The sensors were shown to have a correlation between capacitance and pressure; impedance and wetness; and recorded potential and ECG waveforms.}, booktitle={2016 38th annual international conference of the ieee engineering in medicine and biology society (embc)}, author={McKnight, M. and Agcayazi, T. and Kausche, H. and ghosh and Bozkurt, A.}, year={2016}, pages={311–314} }
 @inproceedings{kapoor_mcknight_chatterjee_agcayazi_kausche_ghosh_bozkurt_2016, place={Orlando, FL, USA}, title={Soft, flexible 3D printed fibers for capacitive tactile sensing}, url={http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7808918/}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2016.7808918}, abstractNote={This study presents our latest efforts towards developing a force sensor array by weaving 3D printed functionalized polymer fibers. Silicone was used as the base polymer and carbon fillers were used to impart electrical conductivity. Two “H”-shaped fiber cross-sections oriented orthogonally acted as a parallel plate capacitor and were used for detecting normal forces. In this article, we present the fabrication method of the unique “H”-shaped fiber cross-section along with the investigation of the relation between applied force and measured capacitance. We also report the sensor response to variation in temperature. The sensing crossover was found to have a stable mechanical and electrical response in the force range of 0–6 N and the performance of this soft sensor was not significantly affected by temperature.}, booktitle={2016 ieee sensors}, author={Kapoor, A. and McKnight, M. and Chatterjee, K. and Agcayazi, T. and Kausche, H. and ghosh and Bozkurt, A.}, year={2016}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{cakmak_fang_yildiz_bradford_ghosh_2015, title={Carbon nanotube sheet electrodes for anisotropic actuation of dielectric elastomers}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1873-3891"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.011}, abstractNote={The performance of dielectric electroactive polymer (D-EAP) based actuators depends critically on the electrode characteristics. Among the most challenging issues in the application of D-EAPs is the device-level complexity in producing sufficient directional actuation at acceptably low electric fields. In this work, a simple carbon nanotube (CNT) based electrode for D-EAP actuators is demonstrated that vastly improves directional strain response originating from the mechanical anisotropy of the electrode material. In this novel approach, highly aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet electrodes are applied on acrylate adhesive films show high directed linear actuation strain of greater than 40% at a relatively low electric field (100 V μm−1). The fiber-oriented CNT sheet applied around the D-EAP film, exhibits strong interaction between CNT fibers in the electrode and the D-EAP film to produce a robust conductive-nanolayer at the interface, on actuation cycling. The design paradigm provides a great potential for the fabrication of soft linear actuators.}, journal={CARBON}, author={Cakmak, Enes and Fang, Xiaomeng and Yildiz, Ozkan and Bradford, Philip D. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={113–120} }
 @article{ghosh_2015, title={Stretch, wrap, and relax to smartness}, volume={349}, DOI={10.1126/science.aac7417}, abstractNote={Carbon nanotubes wrapped around rubber cores create resilient conducting fibers [Also see Report by Liu et al.] For thousands of years, humankind has assembled polymeric fibers into textiles for protection against the environment and as an expression of cultural and social status (1). What began with fibers collected from nature (e.g., flax) is now made from a wide range of high-performance polymers that possess useful mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. Despite these advances, electrically conducting fibers for the most part have remained elusive, with the exception of fibers based on inherently conducting polymers; to date, the electrical properties of conducting fibers deteriorate when repeatedly stretched and released. In a remarkable development, described on page 400 of this issue, Liu et al. (2) have made superelastic conducting fibers based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that can be stretched 1000% with almost no change in electrical conductivity, even after thousands of strain cycles.}, number={6246}, journal={Science}, author={ghosh}, year={2015}, pages={382–383} }
 @article{di_yao_ye_cui_yu_ghosh_zhu_gu_2015, title={Stretch-Triggered Drug Delivery from Wearable Elastomer Films Containing Therapeutic Depots}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1936-086X"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsnano.5b03975}, abstractNote={Mechanical force-based stimulus provides a simple and easily accessible manner for spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery. Here we describe a wearable, tensile strain-triggered drug delivery device consisting of a stretchable elastomer and microgel depots containing drug loaded nanoparticles. By applying a tensile strain to the elastomer film, the release of drug from the microdepot is promoted due to the enlarged surface area for diffusion and Poisson's ratio-induced compression on the microdepot. Correspondingly, both sustained drug release by daily body motions and pulsatile release by intentional administration can be conveniently achieved. Our work demonstrated that the tensile strain, applied to the stretchable device, facilitated release of therapeutics from microdepots for anticancer and antibacterial treatments. Moreover, polymeric microneedles were further integrated with the stretch-responsive device for transcutaneous delivery of insulin and regulation of blood glucose levels of chemically induced type 1 diabetic mice.}, number={9}, journal={ACS NANO}, author={Di, Jin and Yao, Shanshan and Ye, Yanqi and Cui, Zheng and Yu, Jicheng and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Zhu, Yong and Gu, Zhen}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={9407–9415} }
 @article{subramani_cakmak_spontak_ghosh_2014, title={Enhanced Electroactive Response of Unidirectional Elastomeric Composites with High-Dielectric-Constant Fibers}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, DOI={10.1002/adma.201305821}, abstractNote={A fiber-elastomer composite design with a vastly improved and directional actuation response is proposed for dielectric elastomer actuators. The all-elastomer composites are capable of achieving remarkably high actuation stresses, directional strains, electromechanical coupling efficiencies, and energy densities at relatively low electric fields. Their electromechanical metrics are among the highest reported for this class of electroactive materials.}, number={18}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, author={Subramani, Krishna Bala and Cakmak, Enes and Spontak, Richard J. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={2949–2953} }
 @article{toprakci_kalanadhabhatla_spontak_ghosh_2013, title={Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanofibers as Soft Printable Sensors Exhibiting Strain-Reversible Piezoresistivity}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1616-3028"]}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.201300034}, abstractNote={Designed as flexible and extendable conductive print media for pervasive computing as strain sensors, nanocomposites composed of a plasticized thermoplastic or a cross‐linked elastomer and containing carbon nanofibers at concentrations just above the percolation threshold are observed to exhibit a uniquely strain‐reversible piezoresistive response upon application of quasi‐static tensile strain. At small strain levels, the electrical resistance of these nanocomposites reduces with increasing strain, indicative of negative piezoresistivity. Beyond a critical strain, however, the resistance reverses and increases with increasing strain, revealing the existence of a negative‐to‐positive piezoresistivity transition that is fully strain‐reversible and repeatable upon strain cycling. These characteristics imply that the nanocomposite morphologies are highly stable with little evidence of mechanical hysteresis. The mechanism underlying this transition is attributed to reorientation of high‐aspect‐ratio nanofibers (initially homogeneously dispersed) at low strains, followed by separation at high strains. While deposition of these nanocomposites as robust print coatings on textile fabric alters the percolation threshold, strain‐reversible piezoresistivity is retained, confirming that they are suitable as printable strain sensors.}, number={44}, journal={ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS}, author={Toprakci, Hatice A. K. and Kalanadhabhatla, Saral K. and Spontak, Richard J. and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={5536–5542} }
 @article{chakraborti_toprakci_yang_di spigna_franzon_ghosh_2012, title={A compact dielectric elastomer tubular actuator for refreshable Braille displays}, volume={179}, ISSN={["0924-4247"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.sna.2012.02.004}, abstractNote={Electroactive polymer actuators stimulated by appropriate levels of electric field are particularly attractive for human-assist devices such as Braille. The development of a full page refreshable Braille display is very important for the integration of the visually impaired into the new era of communication. In this paper, development of a compact dielectric elastomer actuator suitable for Braille application is reported. The actuators are fabricated from commercially available silicone tubes. The tube has been rendered mechanically anisotropic through asymmetric levels of applied pretension in circumferential and axial directions in order to direct the actuation strain in the axial direction of the actuator. Key performance parameters, such as displacement, force, and response time of the actuator are investigated. The test results demonstrate the potential of the compact, lightweight, and low cost dielectric elastomer as actuators for a refreshable full page Braille display.}, journal={SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL}, author={Chakraborti, P. and Toprakci, H. A. Karahan and Yang, P. and Di Spigna, N. and Franzon, P. and Ghosh, T.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={151–157} }
 @article{vargantwar_roskov_ghosh_spontak_2012, title={Enhanced Biomimetic Performance of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators Prepared with Nanostructured Block Ionomers}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1022-1336"]}, DOI={10.1002/marc.201100535}, abstractNote={Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) represent an important class of stimuli-responsive polymers that are capable of bending upon application of an electric potential. Conventional IPMCs, prepared with Nafion and related polyelectrolytes, often suffer from processing challenges, relatively low actuation levels and back relaxation during actuation. In this study, we examine and compare the effects of fabrication and solvent on the actuation behavior of a block ionomer with a sulfonated midblock and glassy endblocks that are capable of self-organizing and thus stabilizing a molecular network in the presence of a polar solvent. Unlike Nafion, this material can be readily dissolved and cast from solution to yield films that vary in thickness and exhibit enormous solvent uptake. Cycling the initial chemical deposition of Pt on the surfaces of swollen films (the compositing process) increases the extent to which the electrodes penetrate the films, thereby improving contact along the polymer/electrode interface. The maximum bending actuation measured from IPMCs prepared with different solvents is at least comparable, but is often superior, to that reported for conventional IPMCs, without evidence of back relaxation. An unexpected characteristic observed here is that the actuation direction can be solvent regulated. Our results confirm that this block ionomer constitutes an attractive alternative for use in IPMCs and their associated applications.}, number={1}, journal={MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Vargantwar, Pruthesh H. and Roskov, Kristen E. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={61–68} }
 @article{vargantwar_roskov_ghosh_spontak_2012, title={Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1/2012}, volume={33}, ISSN={1022-1336}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201290003}, DOI={10.1002/marc.201290003}, abstractNote={Back Cover: Ionic polymer-metal composites which bend in response to electric potential are fabricated using selectively-solvated block ionomers possessing a sulfonated midblock and hydrophobic endblocks. The electroactuation performance is comparable or superior to existing systems. Further details can be found in the article by P. H. Vargantwar, K. E. Roskov, T. K. Ghosh, and R. J. Spontak* on page 61.}, number={1}, journal={Macromolecular Rapid Communications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vargantwar, Pruthesh H. and Roskov, Kristen E. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={100–100} }
 @article{vargantwar_oezcam_ghosh_spontak_2012, title={Prestrain-Free Dielectric Elastomers Based on Acrylic Thermoplastic Elastomer Gels: A Morphological and (Electro)Mechanical Property Study}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1616-301X"]}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.201101985}, abstractNote={Recent efforts have established that thermoplastic elastomer gels (TPEGs) composed of styrenic triblock copolymers swollen with a midblock‐selective solvent exhibit remarkable electromechanical properties as high‐performance dielectric elastomers. This class of electroactive polymers typically requires high electric fields for actuation, and a shortcoming that continues to thwart the widespread commercialization of such materials in general is the need to apply mechanical prestrain prior to electroactuation to decrease film thickness and, thus, the electric potential required to promote actuation. To alleviate this requirement, TPEGs consisting of acrylic triblock copolymers differing in molecular weight and composition, and swollen with a high dielectric, midblock‐selective solvent are investigated. Synchrotron small‐angle x‐ray scattering is used to probe the nanoscale morphologies of the resultant materials, and analysis of quasi‐static and cyclic tensile properties provides additional insight into both blend morphologies and electroactuation efficacy. Actuation strains measured in the absence of mechanical prestrain exceed 100% on an area basis, and electric fields capable of inducing actuation are as low as ∼20 kV/mm. Failure occurs by either electromechanical instability or dielectric breakdown, depending on the copolymer and TPEG composition employed. The electromechanical properties of these acrylic‐based TPEGs match or exceed those of skeletal muscle, in which case they constitute an attractive and unexplored alternative to existing dielectric elastomers.}, number={10}, journal={ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS}, author={Vargantwar, Pruthesh H. and Oezcam, A. Evren and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={2100–2113} }
 @article{vargantwar_brelander_krishnan_ghosh_spontak_2011, title={(Electro)mechanical behavior of selectively solvated diblock/triblock copolymer blends}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1077-3118"]}, DOI={10.1063/1.3666783}, abstractNote={Thermoplastic elastomeric triblock copolymers swollen with a midblock-selective solvent form a highly elastic physical network that can exhibit remarkable electromechanical properties (high actuation strains and electromechanical efficiency with low hysteresis upon cycling) as dielectric elastomers. One unexplored means of controllably altering the midblock network and the corresponding (electro)mechanical properties at constant copolymer concentration is to substitute non-network-forming diblock for triblock copolymer molecules. In this study, we demonstrate that the incorporation of composition-matched diblock molecules into selectively solvated triblock systems results in softer materials that are less physically crosslinked and thus capable of undergoing electroactuation at reduced electric fields.}, number={24}, journal={APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS}, author={Vargantwar, Pruthesh H. and Brelander, Sarah M. and Krishnan, Arjun S. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2011}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{eadie_ghosh_2011, title={Biomimicry in textiles: past, present and potential. An overview}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1742-5662"]}, DOI={10.1098/rsif.2010.0487}, abstractNote={The natural world around us provides excellent examples of functional systems built with a handful of materials. Throughout the millennia, nature has evolved to adapt and develop highly sophisticated methods to solve problems. There are numerous examples of functional surfaces, fibrous structures, structural colours, self-healing, thermal insulation, etc., which offer important lessons for the textile products of the future. This paper provides a general overview of the potential of bioinspired textile structures by highlighting a few specific examples of pertinent, inherently sustainable biological systems. Biomimetic research is a rapidly growing field and its true potential in the development of new and sustainable textiles can only be realized through interdisciplinary research rooted in a holistic understanding of nature.}, number={59}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE}, author={Eadie, Leslie and Ghosh, Tushar K.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={761–775} }
 @article{krishnan_vargantwar_ghosh_spontak_2011, title={Electroactuation of Solvated Triblock Copolymer Dielectric Elastomers: Decoupling the Roles of Mechanical Prestrain and Specimen Thickness}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.22331}, abstractNote={Dielectric elastomers (DEs) constitute a class of electroactive polymers that are becoming increasingly important as lightweight and mechanically robust replacements for conventional transducers and actuators. Because of their inherent cycling resilience, they also show tremendous promise as energy-harvesting media, as well as smart sensors and microfluidic devices. Recent studies have demonstrated that DEs composed of midblock-solvated triblock copolymers exhibit attractive electromechanical attributes such as giant electroactuation strains at relatively low electric fields at high conversion efficiency. Moreover, the properties of these readily processable systems are highly composition-tunable, thereby making them ideal candidates for a detailed study of the coupling between initial specimen thickness and mechanical prestrain, which is frequently used to reduce specimen thickness before actuation to lower the voltage required to achieve electroactuation. Conventional wisdom based on the notion of an ideal DE indicates that electroactuation should only depend on pre-actuation specimen thickness, but we report results that unequivocally indicate a more detailed material/process description is required. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1569–1582, 2011}, number={22}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Krishnan, Arjun S. and Vargantwar, Pruthesh H. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1569–1582} }
 @article{vargantwar_shankar_krishnan_ghosh_spontak_2011, title={Exceptional versatility of solvated block copolymer/ionomer networks as electroactive polymers}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1744-6848"]}, DOI={10.1039/c0sm01210f}, abstractNote={Responsive materials possess properties that change abruptly when exposed to an external stimulus, and electroactive polymers constitute examples of robust, lightweight materials that change shape upon electrical actuation. We demonstrate that solvated block copolymer networks afford tremendous versatility in designing electronic and ionic electroactive polymers. As dielectric elastomers, styrenic block copolymer systems attain extraordinary actuation strains approaching 300%, along with high electromechanical coupling efficiencies. Changing the solvent improves the blocking stress and yields remarkably high energy densities, while providing a unique opportunity for mechanical impedance matching and control of shape recovery kinetics, as well as mode of deformation. Dielectric elastomers composed of acrylic copolymers actuate beyond 100% in-plane strain without any prestrain, whereas block ionomer networks swollen with ionic solutions yield ionic polymer–metal composites, which actuate by bending. Selective solvation of block copolymer networks represents an effective and largely unexplored means by which to tune the function and properties of electroactive polymers through systematic manipulation of copolymer and solvent attributes.}, number={5}, journal={SOFT MATTER}, author={Vargantwar, Pruthesh H. and Shankar, Ravi and Krishnan, Arjun S. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2011}, pages={1651–1655} }
 @article{shankar_ghosh_spontak_2009, title={Mechanical and actuation behavior of electroactive nanostructured polymers}, volume={151}, ISSN={["0924-4247"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.sna.2009.01.002}, abstractNote={Electroactive polymers (EAPs) can exhibit relatively large actuation strain responses upon electrical stimulation. For this reason, in conjunction with their light weight, robust properties, low cost and facile processability, EAPs are of considerable interest in the development of next-generation organic actuators. Within this class of materials, dielectric electroactive polymers (D-EAPs) have repeatedly exhibited the most promising and versatile properties. A new family of D-EAPs derived from swollen poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] triblock copolymers has been recently found to undergo ultrahigh displacement at relatively low electric fields compared to previously reported D-EAPs. The present work examines the mechanical and actuation response of these electroactive nanostructured polymer (ENP) systems under quasi-static, and electromechanical loading conditions. Careful measurement of the quasi-static properties under tensile and compressive loading yield similar results that are significantly influenced by the introduction of in-plane strain, as well as by copolymer concentration or molecular weight. Blocking stress measurements reveal that the actuation effectiveness achieved by some of the ENPs is comparable to that of the VHB 4910 acrylic D-EAP, thus providing a novel and efficient avenue to designer D-EAPs for advanced engineering, biomimetic and biomedical applications.}, number={1}, journal={SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL}, author={Shankar, Ravi and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={46–52} }
 @misc{dhawan_ghosh_seyam_muth_2008, title={Fabric and yarn structures for improving signal integrity in fabric-based electrical circuits}, volume={7,348,285}, number={2008 Mar. 25}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Dhawan, A. and Ghosh, T. K. and Seyam, A. M. and Muth, J.}, year={2008} }
 @misc{dhawan_ghosh_muth_seyam_2008, title={Methods and systems for selectively connecting and disconnecting conductors in a fabric}, volume={7,329,323}, number={2008 Feb. 12}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Dhawan, A. and Ghosh, T. K. and Muth, J. and Seyam, A.}, year={2008} }
 @article{shankar_krishnan_ghosh_spontak_2008, title={Triblock copolymer organogels as high-performance dielectric elastomers}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma071903g}, abstractNote={Block copolymers and nanostructured materials derived therefrom are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in a wide variety of (nano)technologies. Recently, we have demonstrated that triblock copolymer organogels composed of physically cross-linked copolymer networks swollen with a midblock-selective solvent exhibit excellent electromechanical behavior as dielectric elastomers. In-plane actuation of such organogels, collectively referred to as electroactive nanostructured polymers (ENPs) to reflect the existence of a self-organized copolymer morphology, is attributed to the development of an electric-field-induced surface-normal Maxwell stress. In this study, we examine the composition and molecular weight dependence of the electromechanical properties afforded by organogels prepared from poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS) triblock copolymers selectively swollen with EB-compatible aliphatic oligomers. These materials undergo ultrahigh actuation displacement at significantly reduced electri...}, number={16}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Shankar, Ravi and Krishnan, Arjun K. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={6100–6109} }
 @article{arora_ghosh_muth_2007, title={Dielectric elastomer based prototype fiber actuators}, volume={136}, ISSN={["0924-4247"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.sna.2006.10.044}, abstractNote={Dielectric elastomer based prototype fiber actuators have been developed and evaluated. The work is motivated by the tremendous potential offered by the current multicomponent fiber forming technologies as a means to fabricate fiber actuators. To explore the potential, prototype fiber actuators have been fabricated using commercially available dielectric elastomer tubes and by applying appropriate compliant electrodes to inner cavity and outer walls of these tubes. The force and displacement generated by such actuators have been studied as a function of applied electric field under different prestrained conditions. In order to introduce anisotropy in the fiber behavior, two types of prestrains (uniaxial and uniform) were applied. Actuation strains of 7 and 18% were recorded for silicone tubes in the axial and radial directions, respectively. Polyurethane tubes produced significantly higher blocking force compared to silicone tubes. The results demonstrate significant influence of applied prestrain on actuation strains and blocking force measured under isometric condition.}, number={1}, journal={SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL}, author={Arora, Sohil and Ghosh, Tushar and Muth, John}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={321–328} }
 @misc{shankar_ghosh_spontak_2007, title={Dielectric elastomers as next-generation polymeric actuators}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1744-6848"]}, DOI={10.1039/b705737g}, abstractNote={Due to their versatile properties, robust behavior, facile processability and low cost, organic polymers have become the material of choice for an increasing number of mature and cutting-edge technologies. In the last decade or so, a new class of polymers capable of responding to external electrical stimulation by displaying significant size or shape change has emerged. These responsive materials, collectively referred to as electroactive polymers (EAPs), are broadly classified as electronic or ionic according to their operational mechanism. Electronic EAPs generally exhibit superior performance relative to ionic EAPs in terms of actuation strain, reliability, durability and response time. Among electronic EAPs, dielectric elastomers exhibit the most promising properties that mimic natural muscle for use in advanced robotics and smart prosthetics, as well as in haptic and microfluidic devices. Elastomers derived from homopolymers such as acrylics and silicones have received considerable attention as dielectric EAPs, whereas novel dielectric EAPs based on selectively swollen nanostructured block copolymers with composition-tailorable properties have only recently been reported. Here, we provide an overview of various EAPs in terms of their operational mechanisms, uses and shortcomings, as well as a detailed account of dielectric elastomers as next-generation actuators.}, number={9}, journal={SOFT MATTER}, author={Shankar, Ravi and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2007}, pages={1116–1129} }
 @article{pan_ghosh_batra_2007, title={Dynamic analysis of unwinding yarn from cylindrical packages, part III: The three-region model revisited}, volume={77}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Pan, Z. and Ghosh, T. K. and Batra, S. K.}, year={2007} }
 @article{hwang_muth_ghosh_2007, title={Electrical and mechanical properties of carbon-black-filled, electrospun nanocomposite fiber webs}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.25914}, abstractNote={The development of flexible and compliant conductive polymer composites with textile-like characteristics remains an important endeavor in light of the recent activity in polymer/textile-based electronics and the need for compliant electrodes for electroactive polymer actuators. In this work, carbon black (CB) was dispersed in a polymer solution to form electrospun fiber webs consisting mainly of nanofibers. The effect of the filler content on the fiber-web morphology, mechanical behavior, electrical conductivity, and thermal resistance was examined. The electrical conductivity percolation threshold of the fiber-web structure was found to be around 4.6 vol %. Scanning electron micrographs of the fiber webs revealed a significant influence of the CB content on the fiber formation as well as the bond structure of the fiber web, which influenced the mechanical properties of the web. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2410–2417, 2007}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Hwang, Jeesang and Muth, John and Ghosh, Tushar}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={2410–2417} }
 @article{shankar_ghosh_spontak_2007, title={Electroactive nanostructured polymers as tunable actuators}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, DOI={10.1002/adma.200602644}, abstractNote={Lightweight and conformable electroactive actuators stimulated by acceptably low electric fields are required for emerging technologies such as microrobotics, flat-panel speakers, micro air vehicles, and responsive prosthetics. High actuation areal strains (> 50 %) are currently afforded by dielectric elas-tomers at relatively high electric fields (> 50 V l m –1 ). In this work, we demonstrate that incorporation of a low-volatility, aliphatic-rich solvent into a nanostructured poly[styrene-b - (ethylene-co -butylene)- b -styrene] triblock copolymer yields physically crosslinked micellar networks that exhibit excellent displacement under an external electric field. Such property development reflects solvent-induced reductions in matrix viscosity and nanostructural order, as well as field-enhanced polarization of the styrenic units, which together result in ultra-high areal actuation strains (>200 %) at significantly reduced electric fields (< 40 V l m –1 ) with remarkably low cyclic hysteresis. Use of nanostructured polymers whose properties can be broadly tailored by varying copolymer characteristics or blend composition represents an innovative and tunable avenue to reduced-field actuation for advanced engineering, biomimetic, and biomedical applications.}, number={17}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, author={Shankar, Ravi and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={2218-+} }
 @article{shankar_ghosh_spontak_2007, title={Electromechanical response of nanostructured polymer systems with no mechanical pre-strain}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1521-3927"]}, DOI={10.1002/marc.200700033}, abstractNote={A dielectric elastomer derived from a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-polystyrene triblock copolymer swollen with a midblock-selective solvent is reported to show promise as a nanostructured organic actuator requiring no pre-strain. This might provide an attractive alternative to conventional acrylic, siloxane, and polyurethane elastomers since the electromechanical properties are composition-tunable.}, number={10}, journal={MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Shankar, Ravi and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={1142–1147} }
 @article{sun_shankar_boerner_ghosh_spontak_2007, title={Field-driven biofunctionalization of polymer fiber surfaces during electrospinning}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, DOI={10.1002/adma.200601345}, abstractNote={Surface-biofunctionalized synthetic polymer fibers composed of a fiber-forming host polymer and an oligopeptide conjugate are prepared by electrospinning. The conjugate consists of a polypeptide segment and a polymer block that is compatible with the host polymer. Because the more polarizable peptide segment migrates to the surface during electrospinning, peptide surface enrichment (see figure and inside cover) is achieved in a single step without further treatment.}, number={1}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, author={Sun, Xiao-Yu and Shankar, Ravi and Boerner, Hans G. and Ghosh, Tushar K. and Spontak, Richard J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={87-+} }
 @article{sun_shankar_börner_ghosh_spontak_2007, title={Inside Front Cover: Field-Driven Biofunctionalization of Polymer Fiber Surfaces during Electrospinning (Adv. Mater. 1/2007)}, volume={19}, ISSN={0935-9648 1521-4095}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200790004}, DOI={10.1002/adma.200790004}, abstractNote={Surface-biofunctionalized synthetic polymer fibers composed of a fiber-forming host polymer and an oligopeptide conjugate can be prepared from electrospinning, report Spontak and co-workers on p. 87. The conjugate consists of a polypeptide segment and a polymer block that is compatible with the host polymer. Because the more polarizable peptide segment migrates to the surface during electrospinning, peptide surface-enrichment is achieved in a single step without further treatment.}, number={1}, journal={Advanced Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sun, X.-Y. and Shankar, R. and Börner, H. G. and Ghosh, T. K. and Spontak, R. J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={NA-NA} }
 @article{ghosh_dhawan_2006, title={Electronic textiles and their potential}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research}, author={Ghosh, T. K. and Dhawan, A.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{ghosh_dhawan_muth_2005, title={Electronic textiles today and potential for the future}, booktitle={Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Trends in Polymers and Textiles : 7th, 8th January 2005}, publisher={New Delhi}, author={Ghosh, T. K. and Dhawan, A. and Muth, J.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_2005, title={Engineering with fibers (industry): Implications for education}, booktitle={Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Trends in Polymers and Textiles : 7th, 8th January 2005}, publisher={New Delhi}, author={Batra, S. K. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2005} }
 @misc{dhawan_ghosh_muth_seyam_2005, title={Methods and systems for selectively connecting and disconnecting conductors in a fabric}, volume={6,852,395}, number={2005 Feb. 8}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Dhawan, A. and Ghosh, T. K. and Muth, J. and Seyam, A.}, year={2005} }
 @article{phillips_ghosh_dickey_2005, title={Stress relaxation of tufted carpets and carpet components: Analysis of the tufted carpet structure}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517505053844}, abstractNote={Dimensional stability of tufted carpets has been a continuing problem in the carpet industry for years. When a tufted carpet is installed by the stretch-in method, it experiences stress relaxation over time which can cause the carpet to buckle, wrinkle and become loose with the only option being a costly re-stretching of the carpet. Analysis of the various components of the tufted carpet composite structure was performed to identify the role each component plays in the phenomenon of stress relaxation. A biaxial loading system was used to test various samples of the primary backing alone, primary backing after tufting (with tufts), secondary backing alone, and the finished carpet after attaching the backings with various binder weights per area. The four variables under consideration included primary and secondary backing constructions, tufting density, and latex weight. A rheological model that includes representations of each component in the carpet structure was developed and will be presented in a following paper.}, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Phillips, KJ and Ghosh, TK and Dickey, DA}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={485–491} }
 @article{dhawan_ghosh_seyam_2004, title={FIBER-BASED ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS}, volume={36}, ISSN={0040-5167 1754-2278}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405160408559253}, DOI={10.1080/00405160408559253}, abstractNote={(2004). FIBER-BASED ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS. Textile Progress: Vol. 36, No. 2-3, pp. 1-84.}, number={2-3}, journal={Textile Progress}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Dhawan, A. and Ghosh, T.K. and Seyam, A.}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={1–84} }
 @article{dhawan_t.k._seyam_2004, title={Fiber-based electrical devices}, volume={36}, number={2/3}, journal={Textile Progress}, author={Dhawan, A. Ghosh and T.K. and Seyam, A.M.}, year={2004} }
 @article{dhawan_seyam_ghosh_muth_2004, title={Woven fabric-based electrical circuits - Part I: Evaluating interconnect methods}, volume={74}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407401011}, abstractNote={In recent years, a new area of research has emerged on textile-based electronics, called "electrotextiles." Most of the ongoing research in electrotextiles is driven by the motiva tion of creating multifunctional fiber assemblies that can sense, actuate, communicate, compute, etc. This paper discusses the development of fabric-based electrical circuits by interlacing conducting and nonconducting threads2 into woven textile structures. Wired interconnections of different devices attached to the conducting elements of these circuits are made by arranging and weaving conductive threads so that they follow desired electrical circuit designs. In a woven electrically conductive network, routing of electrical signals is achieved by the formation of effective electrical interconnects and disconnects. Resistance welding is identified as one of the most effective means of producing crossover point interconnects and disconnects. Interconnects are evaluated by measuring the DC resistance associated with the crossover points of conducting threads.}, number={10}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Dhawan, A. and Seyam, Abdel-Fattah and ghosh and Muth, J. F.}, year={2004}, pages={913–919} }
 @article{dhawan_ghosh_seyam_muth_2004, title={Woven fabric-based electrical circuits - Part II: Yarn and fabric structures to reduce crosstalk noise in woven fabric-based circuits}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407401103}, abstractNote={One important problem in electronic textiles is crosstalk and lack of signal integrity between conductive lines. Two significant advantages of electronic textiles over tradi tional circuit boards are flexibility and the ability to scale to large areas. Capacitive and inductive crosstalk is aggravated by long parallel conductors, and varies as the electronic textile is flexed into different configurations. This paper evaluates crosstalk between woven parallel conductors. Two new thread structures—coaxial and twisted pair copper threads—to minimize cross talk are developed and evaluated. Significant reductions in crosstalk are obtained with the coaxial and twisted pair thread structures when compared with bare copper threads or insulated conductive threads.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Dhawan, A and Ghosh, TK and Seyam, AM and Muth, JF}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={955–960} }
 @misc{loyalka_ghosh_tompson_vosnidis_g. a._h._endo_2003, title={Adsorbent for HC in exhaust gas, and process for producing the same}, volume={6,632,768}, number={2003 Oct. 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Loyalka, S. and Ghosh, T. and Tompson, R. V. and Vosnidis, G. Holscher and G. A., Ogasa and H. and Endo, T.}, year={2003} }
 @article{ghosh_zhou_2003, title={Characterization of fabric bending behavior: A review of measurement principles}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research}, author={Ghosh, T. K. and Zhou, N. Y.}, year={2003}, pages={471–476} }
 @inproceedings{grant_luthy_muth_mattos_braly_dhawan_natarajan_ghosh_seyam_2003, title={Developing portable acoustic arrays on a large-scale e-textile substrate}, ISBN={9780954616205}, booktitle={INTEDEC 2003: fibrous assemblies at the design and engineering interface.}, publisher={[Edinburgh]: RIFleX, Heriot-Watt University}, author={Grant, E. and Luthy, K. and Muth, J. and Mattos, L.S. and Braly, J.C. and Dhawan, A. and Natarajan, K. and Ghosh, T. and Seyam, A.M.}, year={2003} }
 @article{farer_seyam_ghosh_batra_grant_lee_2003, title={Forming shaped/molded structures by integrating meltblowing and robotic technologies}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307300103}, abstractNote={A novel system is described that forms three-dimensional (3D) molded nonwoven structures through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. The 3D fiberweb structures can be formed by deposition of fibers from the die of the meltblown unit, which is manipulated by the robot, on any desired 3D mold. The mold rotational and surface speeds can be controlled by an additional external axis. The die is connected by two flexible hoses to the melt extruder of the meltblown unit and a hot air supply system. This system directly sprays fibers onto a 3D mannequin mold to produce structures from polypropylene polymers. With varying degrees of success. several robot manipulation algorithms of fiber deposition on the mold are developed to accurately control the basis weight uniformity the fiberwebs. A rule-based control algorithm using a linear variable differential transducer to map the mold contour results in the greatest fiberweb basis weight uniformity.}, number={1}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Farer, R and Seyam, AM and Ghosh, TK and Batra, SK and Grant, E and Lee, G}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={15–21} }
 @article{velu_ghosh_seyam_2003, title={Meltblown structures formed by a robotic and meltblowing integrated system: Impact of process parameters on pore size}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307301107}, abstractNote={Our earlier studies have evaluated the effect of meltblowing process parameters on fiber diameter and orientation distribution. This paper deals with parametric studies evaluating the effect of polymer throughput, attenuating air pressure, take-up speed of the web, fiber stream approach angle, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) on pore sizes and their distribution in meltblown nonwoven webs. Pore sizes and their cumulative frequency are determined by an automated perm porometer. Under the conditions explored, the average pore size of meltblown fabrics decreases significantly when the attenuating air pressure increases. Pore size decreases significantly when the take-up speed of the web increases. As expected, an increase in the polymer throughput increases the average pore size. Increasing the DCD initially decreases, then increases pore size. confirming the existence of different "zones" in the space between the die and collector. An increase in the fiber stream approach angle initially decreases, then significantly increases pore size in the web.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Velu, YK and Ghosh, TK and Seyam, AM}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={971–979} }
 @misc{chowdhury_tollesfson_ghosh_2003, title={Process for elimination of low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in gas mixtures by catalytic oxidation}, volume={6,652,826}, number={2003 Nov. 25}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Chowdhury, A. I. and Tollesfson, E. L. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2003} }
 @article{farer_ghosh_seyam_grant_batra_2003, title={Study of meltblown structures formed by robotic and meltblowing integrated system: Impact of process parameters on fiber diameter distribution}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Farer, R. and Ghosh, T. K. and Seyam, A. M. and Grant, E. and Batra, S. K.}, year={2003}, pages={36–42} }
 @article{ghosh_phillips_2003, title={The technology of polypropylene tape yarn processing and applications}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1080/00405160308688957}, number={1}, journal={Textile Progress}, author={ghosh and Phillips, K.}, year={2003} }
 @misc{ghosh_2002, title={Apparatus and method for biaxial tensile testing of membrane materials}, volume={6,487,902}, number={2002 Dec. 3}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2002} }
 @article{ghosh_lepechoux_2002, title={Apparel sizing and fit}, volume={32}, number={1}, journal={Textile Progress}, author={Ghosh, T.K. and LePechoux, B.}, year={2002} }
 @article{farer_seyam_ghosh_grant_batra_2002, title={Meltblown structures formed by a robotic and meltblowing integrated system: Impact of process parameters on fiber orientation and diameter distribution}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750207201201}, abstractNote={In a previous publication, we described a novel system that forms three-dimensional (3D) structures on 3D molds and two-dimensional (2D) structures on a rotating drum through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. In this paper, we investigate the impact of take-up speed. die-to-collector distance (DCD). polymer throughput rate. and attenuating air pressure on the fiber orien tation and diameter distribution of 2D structures formed by the system. We introduce a new parameter, the fiber stream approach angle, which can be precisely controlled by the robot, and discuss its impact on the meltblown structure. In the experimental range studied, fiber orientation and diameter distribution are significantly impacted by the parameters. Among these parameters. the fiber stream approach angle shows the highest effect on fiber orientation distribution.}, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Farer, R and Seyam, AM and Ghosh, TK and Grant, E and Batra, SK}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1033–1040} }
 @article{huang_ghosh_2002, title={Online characterization of fabric compressional behavior}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750207200203}, abstractNote={The response of a fabric to applied forces normal to its plane is known as fabric compres sional behavior. It is one of the important properties that determine fabric performance in many applications. A system used to measure fabric compressional characteristics, online is pro posed in this paper. A controllable nip formed by a pair of rollers is employed to apply compressional deformation to a moving fabric while the compression force and displacement are continuously recorded. The influence of various system parameters on the sensitivity of the system is analyzed. An incremental differential algorithm is used to calculate the pressure- displacement relationship from the measured force-displacement data from the online system. A number of woven and nonwoven fabrics are evaluated using the online measurement system as well as other commercially available fabric compression testers, and compressional char acteristics obtained from the online measurement system compare well with the same param eters measured by the other compressional testers.}, number={2}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Huang, WS and Ghosh, TK}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={103–112} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_murthy_2001, title={Dynamic analysis of yarn unwinding from cylindrical packages - Part 1: Parametric studies of the two-region problem}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750107100905}, abstractNote={In recent years, the interest in studying balloon formation during unwinding has been rekindled by recent publication of several significant papers on the dynamic analysis of moving yarns in rotational modes. The renewed interest can be partially attributed to the availability of powerful computing tools needed to solve problems of this kind. This paper is the first of a series of papers reporting results of ongoing research at NCSU. In this paper, apart from a critical evaluation of some recently published work, the physics of unwinding as proposed by earlier publications is examined through extensive parametric studies. That is, two parameters of high practical importance, balloon shape and unwinding tension, are calculated as functions of the direction of unwinding (from front-to-back and back-to-front), wind angle, residual tension in the yarn on the package, and the coefficient of yarn-package drag. In addition, limitations of a two-region analysis are addressed.}, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Ghosh, TK and Batra, SK and Murthy, AS}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={771–778} }
 @article{ma_ghosh_batra_2001, title={Dynamic analysis of yarn unwinding from cylindrical packages - Part II: The three-region analysis}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750107101002}, abstractNote={In Part II of this series [2], we analyze the three-region problem. The formulation constitutes an integrated analysis of the three regions, which permits a study of the yarn path and related tension distributions for unwind points away from the two ends of the package. The numerical solutions presented reveal a very complex interaction between several of the nondimensional parameters characteristic of the problem. The complexity arises from the problem's nonlinear nature, whose solutions exhibit a bifurcation phenomenon and consequent inherent instabilities. In brief, we argue that heuristic discussions about the physics of the problem in dimensional space can be extremely misleading.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Ma, XF and Ghosh, TK and Batra, SK}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={855–861} }
 @article{velu_ghosh_seyam_2001, title={Formation of shaped/molded meltblowing nonwoven structures}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Velu, Y. and Ghosh, T. K. and Seyam, A. M.}, year={2001} }
 @article{ghosh_velu_farer_seyam_2001, title={Formation of shaped/molded structures meltblowing nonwoven structures}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Ghosh, T. K. and Velu, Y. and Farer, R. and Seyam, A.}, year={2001} }
 @article{park_j. y. kim_ghosh_2000, title={A comparison of tensile and puncture properties of nonwoven fabrics}, volume={37}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Korean Fiber Society}, author={Park, T. Y. Kim and J. Y. Kim, S. H. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2000}, pages={103–110} }
 @inproceedings{farer_grant_ghosh_seyam_lee_2000, title={A rule-based robotic control approach to melt-blowing for shaped fabric structures}, ISBN={9780780354838}, DOI={10.1109/iscas.2000.856301}, abstractNote={The production of protective garments is a complex process which generally involves nonwoven and tailored fabric structures. This paper presents an approach that integrates robotics with meltblown technology in addressing some of the problems associated with this garment production. In particular, a rule base 3D control is developed and an evaluation of the quality control of the 3D fabric structures formed using this system is performed using a basis-weight function analysis to measure uniformity. Melt-blowing of a polypropylene mixture was conducted by directly forming 3D fabrics on a mannequin mold. The results obtained show that when a constant-velocity control strategy is used during the fiber spraying phase, the basis-weight uniformity had a 16% coefficient of variation (CV). However, when a rule-based control strategy is applied using a displacement transducer for feedback and a set of fiber application rules for control, the CV is reduced to 11%. Thus the proposed system achieves the goal of improving uniformity of shaped fabric structures.}, booktitle={ISCAS 2000 Geneva : proceedings [of] the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Emerging technologies for the 21st century : May 28-31, 2000, International Conference Center (CICG) of Geneva, Switzerland}, publisher={Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE}, author={Farer, R. and Grant, E. and ghosh and Seyam, Abdel-Fattah and Lee, G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_qingyu_2000, title={Dynamic analysis of ring spinning: A brief review}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Vlakna A Textil}, author={Batra, S. K. and Ghosh, T. K. and Qingyu, Z.}, year={2000}, pages={57–64} }
 @inproceedings{huang_ghosh_2000, title={Instrumentation of online monitoring system for fabric compressional behavior}, ISBN={1556177259}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 46th International Instrumentation Symposium : presented at: Doubletree Hotel, Bellevue, Washington, 30 April - 5 May 2000}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Instrument Society of America}, author={Huang, W. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={2000}, pages={457–465} }
 @article{koch_hergeth_oxenham_ghosh_2000, title={Managing textile waste}, volume={33}, journal={Ars Textrina}, author={Koch, M.C. and Hergeth, H. and Oxenham, W. and Ghosh, T.}, year={2000}, pages={87–105} }
 @inproceedings{farer_grant_ghosh_seyam_lee_2000, title={On the use of robotics for melt-blowing to form shaped/molded fabric structures}, ISBN={9780780358874}, DOI={10.1109/robot.2000.844821}, abstractNote={This paper presents an overview of research on the production of nonwoven and tailored 3D structures for protective garments (such as those worn by fire fighters) using robotics and meltblown technology. In particular, the integration of robotics and a small-scale melt-blowing unit is discussed. This paper develops the framework and general motivation for the overall study and describes in detail the novel 3D-fiber application system developed using a seven-degree of freedom system. This system will be used with control algorithms developed at the NCRC to improve uniformity of the shaped fabric structure.}, booktitle={Proceedings : 2000 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation April 24-28, 2000, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, California}, publisher={Piscataway, NJ: Robotics and Automation Society}, author={Farer, R. and Grant, E. and ghosh and Seyam, Abdel-Fattah and Lee, G.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{lepechoux_istook_ghosh_2000, title={Sizing and fit testing}, ISBN={9781870372459}, booktitle={Papers presented at the 80th World Conference of the Textile Institute, April 2000}, publisher={Manchester, England: Textile Institute}, author={LePechoux, B. and Istook, C. and Ghosh, T.}, year={2000} }
 @article{ghosh_2000, title={Weaving technology for the new millenium}, journal={Textile Technology International}, author={Ghosh, T.K.}, year={2000}, pages={37} }
 @article{ghosh_1999, title={Development and evaluation of a biaxial tensile tester for fabrics}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1520/jte12225j}, abstractNote={At the Nonwovens Cooperative Research Center (NCRC), North Carolina State University, a prototype instrument has been designed to measure fabric behavior under biaxial force. The system is equipped with a segmented and self-adjusting clamping system designed to apply uniform finite strain in the sample without undesirable boundary effects. The control system is designed to allow tests to be performed under a constant force-ratio or a constant extension-ratio condition. The designs of the clamping and control systems of the instrument have been evaluated by testing a number of spunbonded nonwoven fabrics. The results show a significant influence of biaxial deformation on the force-extension characteristics of fabrics.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author={ghosh}, year={1999}, pages={282–289} }
 @article{park_ghosh_1999, title={Modeling and structural analysis of the bending rigidity of nonwoven fabrics}, volume={36}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the Korean Fiber Society}, author={Park, T. Y. and Ghosh, T. K.}, year={1999}, pages={455–462} }
 @article{zhou_ghosh_1999, title={On-line measurement of fabric bending behavior Part III: Dynamic considerations and experimental implementation}, volume={69}, DOI={10.1177/004051759906900304}, abstractNote={A nonlinear, dynamic fabric bending model is introduced to study the dynamic effects on loop formation and measured characteristic parameters. In order to verify the theoretical results and test the measurement principle, an experimental system based on the principles of loops 3 and 4 is developed. The influence of fabric linear speed and movement direction on the measured values is discussed. Discrepancies between theoretical and experimental observations indicate that a full understanding of the ef fects of the fabric bending rate on bending properties is necessary to accurately model bending behavior when a high bending rate is involved. The work demonstrates a strong correlation between the on-line and off-line measured results.}, number={3}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Zhou, N. Y. and ghosh}, year={1999}, pages={176–184} }
 @article{huang_ghosh_1999, title={Online measurement of fabric mechanical properties: Compressional behavior}, DOI={10.1109/texcon.1999.766185}, abstractNote={Compressional behavior of fabrics is important in most end uses. The traditional compression testers such as KESF (Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics) and FAST (Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing) systems are used to perform offline static measurements. The principle of online measurement of compressional behavior being developed is based on the analysis of fabric deformation while the fabric moves through a nip formed by a pair of rollers, one of which is controlled by a motor and is attached to a load cell. The specimen being tested is moved continuously through the measurement system, while it is deformed in compression at a constant rate in the nip area. The load-displacement relation of the fabric is then obtained as a function of time. Assuming a stepwise anisotropic behavior in the thickness direction, the fabric stress-strain relation in compression is obtained.}, number={1999}, journal={IEEE ... Annual Textile, Fiber, and Film Industry Technical Conference}, author={Huang, W. S. and ghosh}, year={1999}, pages={1–5} }
 @inproceedings{ghosh_1998, title={Development of an instrument for the evaluation of biaxial stress-strain response of fabrics}, booktitle={Book of papers :  INDA-TEC 98, largest International Nonwovens Conference : September 15-17, 1998, Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, NJ.}, publisher={Cary, NC:  INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Ghosh, T.K}, year={1998} }
 @article{zhou_ghosh_1998, title={On-line measurement of fabric bending behavior Part II: Effects of fabric nonlinear bending behavior}, volume={68}, DOI={10.1177/004051759806800711}, abstractNote={A generalized fabric bending model is developed based on the nonlinear bending moment-curvature relationship of fabrics. This model makes it possible to theoretically investigate the effects of fabric nonlinear bending behavior on measured bending prop erty values. The dependence of measured parameters (e.g., bending length, bending rigidity) on the conditions for the cantilever and heart loop, loop 3, and loop 4 tests is determined theoretically. Calculated results show good agreement with experimental observations reported in the literature for the cantilever and heart loop. An important discovery in this investigation is that the bending length values calculated and measured from loop 3 and loop 4 are not influenced by fabric sample length if that length is beyond a certain critical value.}, number={7}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Zhou, N. Y. and ghosh}, year={1998}, pages={533–542} }
 @article{zhou_ghosh_1998, title={On-line measurement of fabric bending behavior: background, need and potential solutions}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1108/09556229810213845}, abstractNote={Low‐stress mechanical properties of fabrics are very important in many applications as well as in manufacturing process control. Discusses the importance and potential applications of an on‐line mechanical property measurement system. In addition, the working principles of existing off‐ line fabric bending testers have been critically reviewed. It is suggested that the principle of a future on‐line system to evaluate fabric bending behaviour should be based on the characterisation of fabric loop shapes.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology}, author={Zhou, N. Y. and ghosh}, year={1998}, pages={143–154} }
 @article{ghosh_1998, title={Puncture resistance of pre-strained geotextile membrane and its relation to uniaxial tensile strain at failure}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1016/s0266-1144(98)00011-9}, abstractNote={Abstract The principal focus of this study is the puncture resistance of geotextiles under uniform radial pre-strain. A test frame which can apply preset radial strain and measure puncture resistance of geotextiles has been developed. A number of commercially available woven and nonwoven geotextile materials have been evaluated for puncture resistance while held under a preset radial strain. The test results show lower failure strain in puncture if the test sample is pre-strained. The failure strain measured in wide width tensile tests are much higher than calculated strains in puncture.}, journal={Geotextiles and Geomembranes}, author={ghosh}, year={1998}, pages={293–302} }
 @article{zhou_ghosh_1997, title={On-line measurement of fabric bending behavior .1. Theoretical study of static fabric loops}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759706701003}, abstractNote={In order to develop an on-line system to characterize fabric bending rigidity, four potential loop shapes are proposed. Loop shapes are chosen such that they can be formed under dynamic conditions. Results from theoretical models of these loops show the nature of the response of loop shapes to varying fabric bending behaviors. Two candidate loop shapes are identified for further investigation under nonlinear and dynamic conditions.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Zhou, NYM and Ghosh, TK}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={712–719} }
 @article{fraser_clark_ghosh_zeng_1996, title={The effect of a control ring on the stability of the ring-spinning balloon}, volume={452}, ISSN={["1471-2946"]}, DOI={10.1098/rspa.1996.0003}, abstractNote={In a number of recent papers, the theory of a rotating yarn loop (called a yarn balloon) has been applied to model the operation of the industrially important process of ring spinning, and the exploration of the seven-dimensional solution space of these nonlinear equations has been well begun. In modern ring-spinning machines, the size of the yarn balloon is limited by placing one or more control rings around each spindle. In this paper the theory of these balloon-control rings is further developed, and computational results for a representative ring-spindle geometry, yarn-air-drag and frictional parameters are given. These results show that, in addition to lowering yarn tension, the main effect of the control ring is to greatly extend the region of parameter space over which dynamically stable balloons are formed. Finally, it is shown how the stability boundaries of this multidimensional parameter space can be projected and mapped to make this information useful for the ring-spinning industry.}, number={1944}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES}, author={Fraser, WB and Clark, JD and Ghosh, TK and Zeng, Q}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={47–62} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_zeng_robert_fraser_1995, title={AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RING SPINNING PROCESS .4. INHERENT INSTABILITY OF THE FREE BALLOON}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759506500707}, abstractNote={This paper will show that the theory of ring spinning developed by Batra et al. and subsequently by Fraser can be used to explain recent experimental results obtained at the SRRC. In particular, Fraser showed that the quasi-stationary, nonlinear equations of motion relevant to ring spinning, including the effect of centripetal acceleration and air drag force, developed earlier by several investigators exhibit a bifurcation phe nomenon typical of many other nonlinear systems in mathematical physics. This investigation shows that the bifurcation analysis applied in a way that simulates for mation of the bobbin, even a chase of the bobbin, reveals meta-stability in parametric space, which can be used to explain the instabilities in free (no control rings) balloon profiles observed experimentally.}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and GHOSH, TK and ZENG, Q and ROBERT, KQ and FRASER, WB}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={417–423} }
 @article{ghosh_peng_1995, title={ANALYSIS OF FABRIC DEFORMATION IN A ROLL-MAKING OPERATION .4. EFFECT OF VARYING WINDING TENSION}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759506501206}, abstractNote={The effects of various process and material parameters on fabric roll making have been discussed in the earlier parts of this series. A number of theoretical models have been proposed to better understand the roll-making process and its effects on the state of stress in a fabric roll. In this analysis, the influence of varying winding tension is investigated. If winding tension can be controlled as a function of fabric properties, undesirable levels of stress in the fabric can be minimized. The principles demonstrated here can be used to develop a process control system.}, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GHOSH, TK and PENG, H}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={739–747} }
 @article{jain_seyam_ghosh_1995, title={Application of FAST system in nonwovens, part I: Objective evaluation of fabric performance}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Jain, A. and Seyam, A. and Ghosh, T.}, year={1995}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{jain_seyam_ghosh_carrere_1995, title={Application of FAST system in nonwovens, part II: Developing tailorability control charts for nonwoven medical apparel applications}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Jain, A. and Seyam, A. and Ghosh, T. and Carrere, C.}, year={1995}, pages={39–48} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_ma_1995, title={Dynamic analysis of unwinding}, booktitle={Proceedings of the eighth annual Cotton Incorporated Engineered Fiber Selection System Conference: June 12-14, 1995}, publisher={[Raleigh, N.C.]: Cotton Inc.}, author={Batra, S.K. and Ghosh, T.K. and Ma, X.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{jain_seyam_ghosh_carrere_1994, title={Application of FAST system in nonwovens, objective evaluation of fabric performance: Fingerprint limits for SMS category}, booktitle={INDA-TEC 94: book of papers ; Nonwovens technologies for disposable and durable applications}, publisher={Cary, NC : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Jain, A. and Seyam, A.M. and Ghosh, T.K. and Carrere, C.}, year={1994} }
 @article{ghosh_peng_hamouda_shin_1992, title={ANALYSIS OF FABRIC DEFORMATION IN A ROLL-MAKING OPERATION}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759206201107}, abstractNote={The relationship between various parameters of roll making, fabric properties, and the resultant stresses developed within a fabric roll has been discussed in Parts I and II of this series. A discrete continuum model was used to describe fabric deformation during roll making. In the present model, the fabric is assumed to be in plane stress state and the effect in the filling direction is entirely neglected. The fabric is considered as anisotropic in warp and thickness directions. The effect of fabric viscoelasticity in the warp direction is also considered. A simple two-term Maxwell viscoelastic model is used to describe the fabric viscoelastic behavior. The stress relaxation process within fabric rolls during and after roll formation is discussed through numerical examples.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={ghosh and Peng, H. and Hamouda, H. and Shin, D. H.}, year={1992}, month={Nov}, pages={669–676} }
 @article{fraser_ghosh_batra_1992, title={ON UNWINDING YARN FROM A CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE}, volume={436}, ISSN={["0962-8444"]}, DOI={10.1098/rspa.1992.0030}, abstractNote={The over-end unwinding of yarn from a stationary helically wound cylindrical package is considered. The motion of the yarn between the unwind point (where it first starts to slip across the package surface before flying into the unwinding balloon) and the guide eye located on the package axis is analysed. The motion is periodic as the unwind point moves backwards and forwards along the length of the package surface. In 1958 D. G. Padfield argued that, provided the helix angle is small, the time derivative terms in the equations of motion can be neglected and the problem can be reduced to a stationary (relative to rotating axes) balloon problem subject to a modified boundary condition at the unwind point. The problem of yarn slipping across the package surface has also been investigated by D. G. Padfield and by H. V. Booth. In the present paper a regular perturbation expansion is used to provide a theoretical framework for Padfield’s ideas and to remove the time dependence from the zero order equations of motion. To this order of approximation the time dependence appears in the ‘moving’ boundary condition at the unwind point. A new derivation of this boundary condition is given and a set of continuity conditions between the yarn slipping on the package and the yarn in the balloon is used to splice the two solutions together so that the package can be unwound through a complete period of the unwinding cycle.}, number={1898}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY-MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES}, author={FRASER, WB and GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={479–498} }
 @article{ghosh_peng_bankslee_hamouda_shin_1991, title={ANALYSIS OF FABRIC DEFORMATION IN A ROLL-MAKING OPERATION}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759106100305}, abstractNote={Fabric deformation in the roll-making operation and the resulting state of stress in the fabric roll are analyzed through a discrete continuum model. The fabric elastic properties are assumed to be linear and anisotropic. Only the static case is considered, wherein dynamic effects in roll making are neglected. Effects of fabric Young's modulus in the warp and thickness directions, tube elastic modulus, fabric Poisson's ratios, and fabric weight per unit area on the state of stress inside the roll are parametrically investigated. Numerical results are obtained and discussed for each parameter. Theo retical results show that when a constant in-plane tension is applied for winding, the fabric may actually come under in-plane compression inside the roll. This observation is believed to be important, since it may reveal one of the causes of possible buckling and unevenness inside the roll. The theoretical model and the numercial solution procedures developed can easily be modified to incorporate nonlinear load-deformation behavior of fabrics.}, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GHOSH, TK and PENG, H and BANKSLEE, P and HAMOUDA, H and SHIN, DH}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={153–161} }
 @article{ghosh_peng_bankslee_hamouda_shin_1991, title={ANALYSIS OF FABRIC DEFORMATION IN A ROLL-MAKING OPERATION .2. A DYNAMIC CASE}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759106100401}, abstractNote={The analysis of stress and displacement fields within a fabric roll is presented as a continuation of Part I of this series of papers. A discrete continuum model is used again to describe fabric deformation during the roll-making ( batching ) operation. The roll of fabric is considered to be in a state of plane stress, and the fabric is assumed to be anisotropic. The rotational speed of the fabric roll during the batching operation or the resultant fabric winding speed is considered as a parameter in the analysis. The effects of fabric winding speed on the state of stresses inside the roll is investigated, as is the problem of nonlinear lateral compressional behavior of the fabric.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={GHOSH, TK and PENG, H and BANKSLEE, P and HAMOUDA, H and SHIN, DH}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={185–192} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_zeidman_dua_1991, title={An integrated approach to dynamic analysis of the ring spinning process: A progress report}, ISBN={9788085427165}, booktitle={Textile science 91: international conference: proceedings: Liberec, September 16-18, 1991}, publisher={Praha: Nakladatelske? druz?stvo Informatorium}, author={Batra, S.K. and Ghosh, T.K. and Zeidman, M.I. and Dua, B.}, year={1991} }
 @misc{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .1. A CRITICAL-REVIEW}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658708}, abstractNote={The mechanics of the bending of yarns and woven fabrics have received considerable attention in the literature. Efforts have been made to obtain analytical relations between yarn-bending behaviour and constituent-fibre properties. In the case of fabrics, the objectives have been to obtain analytical relations between fabric-bending behaviour and constituent-fibre behaviour or yarn behaviour, on the assumption of a given geometrical disposition of fibres or yarns in the fabric. In this paper, a review of these efforts is made. Comparisons of the theoretical models with available experimental observations are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={245–254} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .2. THE CASE OF LINEAR THREAD-BENDING BEHAVIOR}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658709}, abstractNote={In the preceding paper, a critical review of the state of knowledge of the bending behaviour of yarns and woven fabrics was reported. In the present one, an elastica-based computational model of plain-woven fabrics in pure bending is developed. The thread moment/curvature relation is considered to be linear. Various contact conditions at the thread-crossover points are also considered. The threads are further considered to be unset, i.e., if released from the fabric, they would be completely uncrimped. The computational scheme developed requires the minimum interference from the user to solve the associated boundary-value problems.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={255–271} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .3. THE CASE OF BILINEAR THREAD-BENDING BEHAVIOR AND THE EFFECT OF FABRIC SET}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658710}, abstractNote={In the preceding paper, an elastica-based computational model of the bending behaviour of plain-woven fabrics assuming linear bending behaviour of the constituent threads, together with appropriate computational techniques, was described. In the present paper, bilinear thread-bending behaviour, as proposed by Huang, is considered. In the first model, the threads were considered to be unset, i.e., if released from the fabric, they would straighten out completely, but in the present paper varying degrees of set are considered for both the earlier model and the present model. The computational scheme developed requires the minimum interference from the user to solve the associated boundary-value problems. Contrary to the earlier work of Skelton and Schoppee, the model predicts an increase in contact forces at the thread-crossover points owing to increasing fabric curvature. This increase is found to be larger for fabrics with higher degrees of set and is in agreement with the observations made by G.M. Abbott...}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={272–287} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_zeidman_1989, title={AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RING SPINNING PROCESS .1. WITHOUT AIR DRAG AND CORIOLIS ACCELERATION}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758905900601}, abstractNote={We have re-analyzed the dynamics of the ring spinning process as a coupled set of subproblems and have obtained the solutions numerically. The analyses in Parts I and II of this series deal with the case of an uncontrolled balloon. In Part I we ignore the effects of air drag as well as gravitational and Coriolis accelerations. In Part II we include the effects of air drag. These analyses differ from the earlier ones in their choice of the relevant boundary conditions; those used here we presume are more realistic. The shapes of the spinning balloons are derived from the conditions of dynamic equi librium of the yam, from pigtail to wind-point, as well as that of the traveler. Non dimensionalization of the problem is based on two physical lengths, allowing easy comparison of the balloon shapes for widely different dynamic conditions (including collapsed balloons) on the same plot. Tension distributions along the yarn path can be predicted. Similarly, the mass of the traveler required for a specified yarn tension at the pigtail can be calculated. Air drag is particularly useful in controlling the shape and size of the balloon. The numerical solution procedures we have developed can be used to explore the regions of instability of the balloon.}, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and GHOSH, TK and ZEIDMAN, MI}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={309–317} }
 @article{batra_ghosh_zeidman_1989, title={AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RING SPINNING PROCESS .2. WITH AIR DRAG}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758905900707}, abstractNote={The dynamics of the ring spinning process has been re-analyzed as a coupled set of subproblems; the solutions are obtained numerically. The analyses in Part I and II of this series deal with the case of an uncontrolled balloon. In Part I the effects of air drag as well as gravitational and Coriolis accelerations are ignored. In Part II the effects of air drag are included. These analyses differ from the earlier ones in their choice of the relevant boundary conditions; the ones used here are presumed more realistic. Shapes of the spinning balloons are derived from the conditions of dynamic equilibrium of the yam, from pig-tail to wind-point, as well as that of the traveler. Non-dimen sionalization of the problem, is based on two physical lengths, which allows easy comparison of the balloon shapes for widely different dynamic conditions (including collapsed balloons) on the same plot. Tension distributions along the yarn path can be predicted. Similarly, mass of the traveler required for a specified yam tension at the pig-tail can be calculated. Air drag is found to be particularly useful in controlling the shape and size of the balloon. The numerical solution procedures developed can be used to explore the regions of instability of the balloon.}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and GHOSH, TK and ZEIDMAN, MI}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={416–424} }
 @inproceedings{batra_ghosh_zeidman_1988, title={On the dynamic analysis of yarn in ring spinning}, ISBN={9780908699223}, booktitle={The Application of mathematics and physics in the wool industry: proceedings of an advenced workshop held at Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand on 9-12 February 1988}, publisher={Christchurch, N.Z.: WRONZ}, author={Batra, S.K and Ghosh, T.K. and Zeidman, M.I.}, editor={G.A. Carnaby, E.J. Wool and Story, L.F.Editors}, year={1988} }
 @article{ghosh_barker_1986, title={Thermal protective performance of PBI and aramid fabrics: Measuring the effects of mechanical stress}, volume={4}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Industrial Fabrics}, author={Ghosh, T.K. and Barker, R.L.}, year={1986} }
 @article{gupta_gupta_ghosh_bhattacharya_de_1982, title={A novel method of spinning Jute yarns for decoratives}, volume={52}, DOI={10.1177/004051758205200614}, abstractNote={3. Crawford, R. J., and Robbins, C. E., A Replacement for Rubine Dye for Detecting Cationics on Keratin, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 31, 273-278 (1980). 4. Jones, G. P., Rivett, D. E., and Tucker, D. J., The Reaction of Biogenic Amines with Proteins. J. Sci. Food Agric. 32, 805-812 (1981). 5. Moore, J. E., and Pardo, C. E., Shrinkproofing of Protein Fibres with Polyalkyleimines. U.S. Patent No. 2,925,317, 1960. 6. Rivett, D. E., The Binding of Polyamines to Wool, Textile Res. J. 50, 440-443 (1980). 7. Rivett, D. E., The Use of Polyamines for Binding a Reactive Polymer to Wool. Pr c 6th Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf. Pretoria 5, 313-322 (1980). 8. Scott, G. V., Robbins, C. R., and Barnhurst, J. D., Sorption of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants by Human Hair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 20, 135-152 (1969).}, number={6}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Gupta, P. K. Sen and Gupta, N. P. and ghosh and Bhattacharya, G. K. and De, S. K.}, year={1982}, pages={418} }