@article{kim_bullock_stape_2015, title={Effects of silvicultural treatments on temporal variations of spatial autocorrelation in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil}, volume={358}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2015.09.004}, abstractNote={We examined the change in spatial structures of Eucalyptus plantations across different types of silvicultural treatments over a full rotation. Clonal and seed-origin Eucalyptus plots applied with differing levels of fertilization (high vs. traditional) and irrigation (irrigated vs. non-irrigated) treatments were investigated. Additionally, for the clonal plots, uniform vs. heterogeneous stand structure treatments were created using staggered planting dates. The heterogeneous structure of the clonal plots aimed to mimic the seed-origin plots. Spatial structures were characterized by assessing the spatial autocorrelations of diameters, heights, and biomass. We also applied two distance-based neighborhood structures to look at the degree of change in spatial autocorrelations with different numbers of neighboring trees being defined as neighbors. The results suggest that spatial autocorrelations of diameters, heights, and biomass of Eucalyptus plantations were mostly insignificant at an alpha level of 0.05 over the rotation. However, spatial autocorrelations in most plots after the middle of the rotation were predominantly negative, indicating the occurrence of size differences among neighboring trees. In particular, general declining patterns from positive to negative spatial autocorrelations in diameters and biomass, except for plots with the heterogeneous stand structures, were noted at plots treated with high levels of fertilizer. This suggests that high fertilization may have influenced the realizations of microsite effects in the early stage of stand development. General trends in spatial autocorrelations between the two neighborhood structures considered were mostly similar except for several plots differing in intensities of spatial autocorrelations over the rotation.}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Kim, Taek Joo and Bullock, Bronson P. and Stape, Jose L.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={90–97} }
 @article{kim_bullock_mckeand_2015, title={Spatial Autocorrelation among Different Levels of Genetic Homogeneity and Spacings in Loblolly Pine}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.14-034}, abstractNote={Spatial structures of differing levels of genetic homogeneity and spacing in loblolly pine stands were evaluated by estimating the spatial autocorrelation at the stand level. Four different levels of genetic homogeneity including clones, full-sib families, half-sib families, and a seed orchard mix were randomized into two spacings (3.0 × 6.1 m, 538 trees/ha; and 1.5 × 6.1 m, 1,077 trees/ha). The detrended stem diameters were assessed using a spatial autocorrelation parameter contained in a simultaneous autoregressive model and a standardized Moran's I statistic for the residuals. The results showed that 12.5% of the plots were positively autocorrelated and 5.0% of the plots were negatively autocorrelated at an α level of 0.10. It was found that spacing had an effect on both significant positive and negative spatial autocorrelations. A majority of positively and negatively autocorrelated plots were located in the wider spacing and closer spacing, respectively. No particular trend in terms of different levels of genetic homogeneity was noted except in one specific clone when planted at a wider spacing. Characterization of the spatial autocorrelation structure between individual trees at the stand level will aid in development of better models to represent on-the-ground stand conditions.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Kim, Taek Joo and Bullock, Bronson P. and McKeand, Steven E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={438–444} }