@misc{macfarlane_adams_bennett_brooks_delborne_eggermont_endy_esvelt_kolodziejczyk_kuiken_et al._2022, title={Direct and indirect impacts of synthetic biology on biodiversity conservation}, volume={25}, ISSN={["2589-0042"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105423}, DOI={10.1016/j.isci.2022.105423}, abstractNote={The world's biodiversity is in crisis. Synthetic biology has the potential to transform biodiversity conservation, both directly and indirectly, in ways that are negative and positive. However, applying these biotechnology tools to environmental questions is fraught with uncertainty and could harm cultures, rights, livelihoods, and nature. Decisions about whether or not to use synthetic biology for conservation should be understood alongside the reality of ongoing biodiversity loss. In 2022, the 196 Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity are negotiating the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework that will guide action by governments and other stakeholders for the next decade to conserve the worlds' biodiversity. To date, synthetic biologists, conservationists, and policy makers have operated in isolation. At this critical time, this review brings these diverse perspectives together and emerges out of the need for a balanced and inclusive examination of the potential application of these technologies to biodiversity conservation.}, number={11}, journal={ISCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Macfarlane, Nicholas B. W. and Adams, Jonathan and Bennett, Elizabeth L. and Brooks, Thomas M. and Delborne, Jason A. and Eggermont, Hilde and Endy, Drew and Esvelt, Kevin M. and Kolodziejczyk, Bartlomiej and Kuiken, Todd and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{taitingfong_triplett_vasquez_rajagopalan_raban_roberts_terradas_baumgartner_emerson_gould_et al._2022, title={Exploring the value of a global gene drive project registry}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1546-1696"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85144085721&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/s41587-022-01591-w}, number={1}, journal={NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Taitingfong, Riley I. and Triplett, Cynthia and Vasquez, Valeri N. and Rajagopalan, Ramya M. and Raban, Robyn and Roberts, Aaron and Terradas, Gerard and Baumgartner, Bridget and Emerson, Claudia and Gould, Fred and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{millett_alexanian_palmer_evans_kuiken_oye_2022, title={iGEM and Gene Drives: A Case Study for Governance}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2326-5108"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2021.0157}, DOI={10.1089/hs.2021.0157}, abstractNote={Gene drives have already challenged governance systems. In this case study, we explore the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition's experiences in gene drive-related research and lessons in developing, revising, and implementing a governance system. iGEM's experiences and lessons are distilled into 6 key insights for future gene drive policy development in the United States: (1) gene drives deserve special attention because of their potential for widescale impact and remaining uncertainty about how to evaluate intergenerational and transboundary risks; (2) an adaptive risk management approach is logical for gene drives because of the rapidly changing technical environment; (3) review by individual technical experts is limited and may fail to incorporate other forms of expertise and, therefore, must be complemented with a range of alternative governance methods; (4) current laboratory biosafety and biosecurity review processes may not capture gene drive research or its components in practice even if they are covered theoretically; (5) risk management for research and development must incorporate discussions of values and broader implications of the work; and (6) a regular technology horizon scanning capacity is needed for the early identification of advances that could pose governance system challenges.}, journal={HEALTH SECURITY}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Millett, Piers and Alexanian, Tessa and Palmer, Megan J. and Evans, Sam Weiss and Kuiken, Todd and Oye, Kenneth}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kuiken_barrangou_grieger_2021, title={(Broken) Promises of Sustainable Food and Agriculture through New Biotechnologies: The CRISPR Case}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2573-1602"]}, DOI={10.1089/crispr.2020.0098}, abstractNote={In recent years, the development of diverse CRISPR-based technologies has revolutionized genome manipulation and enabled a broad scientific community in industry, academia, and beyond to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine. CRISPR-based genome editing affords tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain that could benefit larger portions of the population compared to CRISPR applications in medicine, for example by helping to feed a growing global population, reach sustainability goals, and possibly mitigate the effects of climate change. These promises come alongside concerns of risks and adverse impacts associated with CRISPR-based genome editing and concerns that governance systems that are ill equipped or not well suited to evaluate these risks. The international community will continue to gather, in multiple venues, in the coming years to discuss these concerns. At the same time, responsible research and innovation paradigms also promise to evaluate the risks and benefits better while incorporating broad stakeholder engagement across the research and development process. The CRISPR community therefore must actively engage with these international deliberations, society, and national governance systems that have promised to build better agricultural systems and provide better food products to achieve equitable outcomes while protecting the environment. Without this active engagement, the promises discussed in this paper are sure to be broken.}, number={1}, journal={CRISPR JOURNAL}, author={Kuiken, Todd and Barrangou, Rodolphe and Grieger, Khara}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={25–31} }
 @article{kemp_adam_boehm_breitling_casagrande_dando_djikeng_evans_hammond_hills_et al._2020, title={Bioengineering horizon scan 2020}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2050-084X"]}, DOI={10.7554/elife.54489}, abstractNote={Horizon scanning is intended to identify the opportunities and threats associated with technological, regulatory and social change. In 2017 some of the present authors conducted a horizon scan for bioengineering (Wintle et al., 2017). Here we report the results of a new horizon scan that is based on inputs from a larger and more international group of 38 participants. The final list of 20 issues includes topics spanning from the political (the regulation of genomic data, increased philanthropic funding and malicious uses of neurochemicals) to the environmental (crops for changing climates and agricultural gene drives). The early identification of such issues is relevant to researchers, policy-makers and the wider public.}, journal={ELIFE}, author={Kemp, Luke and Adam, Laura and Boehm, Christian R. and Breitling, Rainer and Casagrande, Rocco and Dando, Malcolm and Djikeng, Appolinaire and Evans, Nicholas G. and Hammond, Richard and Hills, Kelly and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{kuiken_2020, title={Biology Without Borders: Need for Collective Governance?}, ISBN={["978-3-030-27263-0"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-030-27264-7_12}, abstractNote={“College students try to hack a gene – and set a science fair abuzz” (Swetlitz 2016); “Amateurs Are New Fear in Creating Mutant Virus”(Zimmer 2015); “DIY Gene Editing: Someone Is Going to Get Hurt” (Baumgaertner 2018); and “In Attics and Closets, Biohackers Discover Their Inner Frankenstein (Whalen 2009)”—these are the headlines the public reads in major publications like the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and others about the increasing accessibility to biotechnologies. Read aloud; they sound like the opening trailers for horror movies. Have there been missteps? Stunts? Individuals that spark controversy? Of course. But pandemics? Environmental disasters? Of course not. What has occurred though, and the story that is rarely told, are the tens of thousands of students and everyday citizens that have been introduced to biology, biotechnology, and science more broadly, who might not otherwise have had the opportunity to explore it. As with any broad reaching loosely affiliated community, there will always be those pushing the boundaries and trying to steal the spotlight with hyperbole and stunts. And with the help of some in the press, have misbranded and misrepresented the entire community of citizens interested in biology. Unfortunately these stories overshadow the educational opportunities this community provides and dismisses the safety, security, ethical, and responsible innovation practices and programs they have established.}, journal={SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2020: FRONTIERS IN RISK ANALYSIS AND GOVERNANCE}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2020}, pages={269–295} }
 @article{trump_galaitsi_appleton_bleijs_florin_gollihar_hamilton_kuiken_lentzos_mampuys_et al._2020, title={Building biosecurity for synthetic biology}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1744-4292"]}, DOI={10.15252/msb.20209723}, abstractNote={The fast‐paced field of synthetic biology is fundamentally changing the global biosecurity framework. Current biosecurity regulations and strategies are based on previous governance paradigms for pathogen‐oriented security, recombinant DNA research, and broader concerns related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Many scholarly discussions and biosecurity practitioners are therefore concerned that synthetic biology outpaces established biosafety and biosecurity measures to prevent deliberate and malicious or inadvertent and accidental misuse of synthetic biology's processes or products. This commentary proposes three strategies to improve biosecurity: Security must be treated as an investment in the future applicability of the technology; social scientists and policy makers should be engaged early in technology development and forecasting; and coordination among global stakeholders is necessary to ensure acceptable levels of risk.}, number={7}, journal={MOLECULAR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY}, author={Trump, Benjamin D. and Galaitsi, S. E. and Appleton, Evan and Bleijs, Diederik A. and Florin, Marie-Valentine and Gollihar, Jimmy D. and Hamilton, R. Alexander and Kuiken, Todd and Lentzos, Filippa and Mampuys, Ruth and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{rasmussen_guerrini_kuiken_nebeker_pearlman_ware_wexler_zettler_2020, title={Realizing Present and Future Promise of DIY Biology and Medicine through a Trust Architecture}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1552-146X"]}, DOI={10.1002/hast.1194}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={HASTINGS CENTER REPORT}, author={Rasmussen, Lisa M. and Guerrini, Christi J. and Kuiken, Todd and Nebeker, Camille and Pearlman, Alex and Ware, Sarah B. and Wexler, Anna and Zettler, Patricia J.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={10–14} }
 @article{serr_valdez_barnhill-dilling_godwin_kuiken_booker_2020, title={Scenario analysis on the use of rodenticides and sex-biasing gene drives for the removal of invasive house mice on islands}, volume={22}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02192-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-019-02192-6}, number={4}, journal={Biological Invasions}, author={Serr, M.E. and Valdez, R.X. and Barnhill-Dilling, K.S. and Godwin, J. and Kuiken, T. and Booker, M.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1235–1248} }
 @article{campbell_saah_brown_godwin_howald_piaggio_thomas_tompkins_threadgill_delborne_et al._2019, title={A potential new tool for the toolbox: assessing gene drives for eradicating invasive rodent populations}, volume={1}, author={Campbell, Karl and Saah, J.R. and Brown, P.R. and Godwin, John and Howald, G.R. and Piaggio, Antoinette and Thomas, P and Tompkins, D.M. and Threadgill, David and Delborne, Jason and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{george_kuiken_delborne_2019, title={Articulating ‘free, prior and informed consent’ (FPIC) for engineered gene drives}, volume={286}, ISSN={0962-8452 1471-2954}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1484}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2019.1484}, abstractNote={Recent statements by United Nations bodies point to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) as a potential requirement in the development of engineered gene drive applications. As a concept developed in the context of protecting Indigenous rights to self-determination in land development scenarios, FPIC would need to be extended to apply to the context of ecological editing. Without an explicit framework of application, FPIC could be interpreted as a narrowly framed process of community consultation focused on the social implications of technology, and award little formal or advisory power in decision-making to Indigenous peoples and local communities. In this paper, we argue for an articulation of FPIC that attends to issues of transparency, iterative community-scale consent, and shared power through co-development among Indigenous peoples, local communities, researchers and technology developers. In realizing a comprehensive FPIC process, researchers and developers have an opportunity to incorporate enhanced participation and social guidance mechanisms into the design, development and implementation of engineered gene drive applications.}, number={1917}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={George, Dalton R. and Kuiken, Todd and Delborne, Jason A.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={20191484} }
 @article{developing a comprehensive, adaptive, and international biosafety and biosecurity program for advanced biotechnology: the igem experience_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535676019838075}, DOI={10.1177/1535676019838075}, abstractNote={Introduction: The international synthetic biology competition iGEM (formally known as the international Genetically Engineered Machines competition) has a dedicated biosafety and biosecurity program. }, journal={Applied Biosafety}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @book{genetic frontiers for conservation: an assessment of synthetic biology and biodiversity conservation: technical assessment_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.05.en}, DOI={10.2305/iucn.ch.2019.05.en}, abstractNote={In recent years synthetic biology has emerged as a suite of techniques and technologies that enable humans to read, interpret, modify, design and manufacture DNA in order to rapidly influence the forms and functions of cells and organisms, with the potential to reach whole species and ecosystems. As synthetic biology continues to evolve, new tools emerge, novel applications are proposed, and basic research is applied. This assessment is one part of IUCN’s effort to provide recommendations and guidance regarding the potential positive and negative impacts of synthetic biology on biodiversity conservation; it comprises a full assessment and a short synthesis report.}, journal={[]}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{synthetic biology and the united nations_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.05.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.05.011}, abstractNote={Synthetic biology is a rapidly emerging interdisciplinary field of science and engineering that aims to redesign living systems through reprogramming genetic information. The field has catalysed global debate among policymakers and publics. Here we describe how synthetic biology relates to these international deliberations, particularly the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).}, journal={Trends in Biotechnology}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{wintle_boehm_rhodes_molloy_millett_adam_breitling_carlson_casagrande_dando_et al._2017, title={Point of View: A transatlantic perspective on 20 emerging issues in biological engineering}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2050-084X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85036477487&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.7554/elife.30247}, abstractNote={Advances in biological engineering are likely to have substantial impacts on global society. To explore these potential impacts we ran a horizon scanning exercise to capture a range of perspectives on the opportunities and risks presented by biological engineering. We first identified 70 potential issues, and then used an iterative process to prioritise 20 issues that we considered to be emerging, to have potential global impact, and to be relatively unknown outside the field of biological engineering. The issues identified may be of interest to researchers, businesses and policy makers in sectors such as health, energy, agriculture and the environment.}, journal={ELIFE}, author={Wintle, Bonnie C. and Boehm, Christian R. and Rhodes, Catherine and Molloy, Jennifer C. and Millett, Piers and Adam, Laura and Breitling, Rainer and Carlson, Rob and Casagrande, Rocco and Dando, Malcolm and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Nov} }
 @book{potential implications of new synthetic biology and genomic research trajectories on the international treaty for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture_2017, url={http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faoweb/plant-treaty/GB7/gb7_90.pdf}, journal={International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @book{kuiken_2017, title={Vigilante environmentalism: Are gene drives changing how we value and govern ecosystems?}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85050540917&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315168418}, journal={Gene Editing, Law, and the Environment: Life Beyond the Human}, author={Kuiken, T.}, year={2017}, pages={95–112} }
 @article{kuiken_2016, title={Governance: Learn from DIY biologists}, volume={531}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961689477&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/531167a}, abstractNote={The citizen-science community has a responsible, proactive attitude that is well suited to gene-editing, argues Todd Kuiken.}, number={7593}, journal={Nature}, author={Kuiken, T.}, year={2016}, pages={167–168} }
 @book{narayan_boehm_monteiro-riviere_2016, title={Nanomedicine: Ethical considerations}, volume={2}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85015833828&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4032/9789814669238}, journal={Handbook of Clinical Nanomedicine: Law, Business, Regulation, Safety, and Risk}, publisher={Pan Stafford Publishing/CRC Press}, author={Narayan, R.J. and Boehm, R.D. and Monteiro-Riviere, N.A.}, editor={Bawa, R. and Audette, G.F. and Reese, B.Editors}, year={2016}, pages={1031–1055} }
 @misc{vance_kuiken_vejerano_mcginnis_hochella_rejeski_hull_2016, title={Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory}, DOI={10.1515/nano.bjneah.6.181}, journal={nano Online}, publisher={De Gruyter}, author={Vance, Marina and Kuiken, Todd and Vejerano, Eric and McGinnis, Sean and Hochella and Rejeski and Hull}, year={2016}, month={Jul} }
 @article{boeke_church_hessel_kelley_arkin_cai_carlson_chakravarti_cornish_holt_et al._2016, title={The genome project-write we need technology and an ethical framework for genome-scale engineering}, volume={353}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84974674507&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1126/science.aaf6850}, abstractNote={We need technology and an ethical framework for genome-scale engineering}, number={6295}, journal={Science}, author={Boeke, J.D. and Church, G. and Hessel, A. and Kelley, N.J. and Arkin, A. and Cai, Y. and Carlson, R. and Chakravarti, A. and Cornish, V.W. and Holt, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={126–127} }
 @article{vance_kuiken_vejerano_mcginnis_hochella_rejeski_hull_2015, title={Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory}, volume={6}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000359834400001&KeyUID=WOS:000359834400001}, DOI={10.3762/bjnano.6.181}, abstractNote={To document the marketing and distribution of nano-enabled products into the commercial marketplace, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies created the Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory (CPI) in 2005. The objective of this present work is to redevelop the CPI by leading a research effort to increase the usefulness and reliability of this inventory. We created eight new descriptors for consumer products, including information pertaining to the nanomaterials contained in each product. The project was motivated by the recognition that a diverse group of stakeholders from academia, industry, and state/federal government had become highly dependent on the inventory as an important resource and bellweather of the pervasiveness of nanotechnology in society. We interviewed 68 nanotechnology experts to assess key information needs. Their answers guided inventory modifications by providing a clear conceptual framework best suited for user expectations. The revised inventory was released in October 2013. It currently lists 1814 consumer products from 622 companies in 32 countries. The Health and Fitness category contains the most products (762, or 42% of the total). Silver is the most frequently used nanomaterial (435 products, or 24%); however, 49% of the products (889) included in the CPI do not provide the composition of the nanomaterial used in them. About 29% of the CPI (528 products) contain nanomaterials suspended in a variety of liquid media and dermal contact is the most likely exposure scenario from their use. The majority (1288 products, or 71%) of the products do not present enough supporting information to corroborate the claim that nanomaterials are used. The modified CPI has enabled crowdsourcing capabilities, which allow users to suggest edits to any entry and permits researchers to upload new findings ranging from human and environmental exposure data to complete life cycle assessments. There are inherent limitations to this type of database, but these modifications to the inventory addressed the majority of criticisms raised in published literature and in surveys of nanotechnology stakeholders and experts. The development of standardized methods and metrics for nanomaterial characterization and labelling in consumer products can lead to greater understanding between the key stakeholders in nanotechnology, especially consumers, researchers, regulators, and industry.}, number={1}, journal={Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, author={Vance, Marina E. and Kuiken, Todd and Vejerano, Eric P. and McGinnis, Sean P. and Hochella, Michael F., Jr. and Rejeski, David and Hull, Matthew S.}, year={2015}, pages={1769–1780} }
 @book{kuiken_quadros_mcginnis_hull_2015, title={Public's Understanding, Perceptions, and Acceptance of Nanotechnology through the Lens of Consumer Products}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940062737&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-444-62747-6.00006-3}, abstractNote={As we look toward sustaining and benefiting from the investments made worldwide in nanotechnology research and development, what systems, funding, and research agendas need to be in place to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks associated with this nanotechnology future? One key component of this future lies within how much the general public and consumers understand about nanotechnology-enabled products, how they are designed, used, and eventually disposed of. This chapter will explore the nanotechnology landscape through the lens of the consumer products inventory developed by the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies; its advantages and limitations in relation to the public’s understanding and perceptions of nanotechnology and the regulatory landscape through which nanotechnology may be regulated.}, journal={Nanoengineering: Global Approaches to Health and Safety Issues}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Kuiken, Todd and Quadros, Marina E. and McGinnis, Sean and Hull, Mathew}, year={2015}, pages={151–171} }
 @article{kuiken_2015, title={Shaping the future of synthetic biology}, volume={348}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000352999000028&KeyUID=WOS:000352999000028}, number={6232}, journal={Science}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2015}, pages={296} }
 @article{oye_esvelt_appleton_catteruccia_church_kuiken_lightfoot_mcnamara_smidler_collins_2014, title={BIOTECHNOLOGY Regulating gene drives}, volume={345}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000339962800022&KeyUID=WOS:000339962800022}, DOI={10.1126/science.1254287}, abstractNote={Regulatory gaps must be filled before gene drives could be used in the wild}, number={6197}, journal={Science}, author={Oye, Kenneth A. and Esvelt, Kevin and Appleton, Evan and Catteruccia, Flaminia and Church, George and Kuiken, Todd and Lightfoot, Shlomiya Bar-Yam and McNamara, Julie and Smidler, Andrea and Collins, James P.}, year={2014}, pages={626–628} }
 @article{kuiken_dana_oye_rejeski_2014, title={Shaping ecological risk research for synthetic biology}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84977090827&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s13412-014-0171-2}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences}, author={Kuiken, T. and Dana, G. and Oye, K. and Rejeski, D.}, year={2014}, pages={191–199} }
 @book{kuiken_2013, title={Converging technologies for a smarter health and wellness future}, volume={9789264202863}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84957786247&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1787/9789264202863-12-en}, abstractNote={Many of today’s technological and scientific developments are breaking the boundaries between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences. This chapter discusses the scope and impact of this change and how the many different data challenges that are emerging suggest the need for a new informatics era. It analyses the governance issues and considers possibilities for international action to help further the use of converging technologies for a new data-driven, smarter health future.}, journal={ICTs and the Health Sector: Towards Smarter Health and Wellness Models}, author={Kuiken, T.}, year={2013}, pages={159–177} }
 @article{kuiken_2013, title={DIYbio: Low Risk, High Potential}, volume={27}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000320341600006&KeyUID=WOS:000320341600006}, number={3}, journal={Scientist}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2013}, pages={26–27} }
 @article{dana_kuiken_rejeski_snow_2012, title={Four steps to avoid a synthetic-biology disaster}, volume={483}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000300877900025&KeyUID=WOS:000300877900025}, number={7387}, journal={Nature}, author={Dana, Genya V. and Kuiken, Todd and Rejeski, David and Snow, Allison A.}, year={2012}, pages={29} }
 @article{dana_kuiken_rejeski_snow_2012, title={Synthetic biology: Four steps to avoid a synthetic-biology disaster}, volume={483}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857737272&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/483029a}, abstractNote={Assess the ecological risks of synthetic microbes before they escape the lab, say Genya V. Dana, Todd Kuiken, David Rejeski and Allison A. Snow.}, number={7387}, journal={Nature}, author={Dana, G.V. and Kuiken, T. and Rejeski, D. and Snow, A.A.}, year={2012} }
 @article{kuiken_2011, title={Nanomedicine and ethics: is there anything new or unique?}, volume={3}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000287609100001&KeyUID=WOS:000287609100001}, DOI={10.1002/wnan.90}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2011}, pages={111–118} }
 @article{karn_kuiken_otto_2011, title={Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: A review of the benefits and potential risks,A nanotecnologia e a remediação in situ: Uma revisão dos benefícios e riscos em potencial}, volume={16}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78651240699&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1590/S1413-81232011000100020}, abstractNote={In this review, we focus on environmental cleanup and provide a background and overview of current practice; research findings; societal issues; potential environment, health, and safety implications; and future directions for nanoremediation. We also discuss nanoscale zero-valent iron in detail. We searched the Web of Science for research studies and accessed recent publicly available reports from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies and organizations that addressed the applications and implications associated with nanoremediation techniques. We also conducted personal interviews with practitioners about specific site remediations. We aggregated information from 45 sites, a representative portion of the total projects under way, to show nanomaterials used, types of pollutants addressed, and organizations responsible for each site. Nanoremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites but also to reduce cleanup time, eliminate the need for treatment and disposal of contaminated soil, and reduce some contaminant concentrations to near zero - all in situ.}, number={1}, journal={Ciencia e Saude Coletiva}, author={Karn, B. and Kuiken, T. and Otto, M.}, year={2011}, pages={165–178} }
 @article{karn_kuiken_otto_2011, title={Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: a review of the benefits and potential risks}, volume={16}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=SCIELO&KeyUT=SCIELO:S1413-81232011000100020&KeyUID=SCIELO:S1413-81232011000100020}, number={1}, journal={Ciência & Saúde Coletiva}, author={Karn, Barbara and Kuiken, Todd and Otto, Martha}, year={2011}, pages={165–178} }
 @article{kuiken_2010, title={Cleaning up contaminated waste sites: Is nanotechnology the answer?}, volume={5}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000275782200006&KeyUID=WOS:000275782200006}, DOI={10.1016/j.nantod.2009.11.001}, number={1}, journal={Nano Today}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2010}, pages={6–8} }
 @article{kuiken_2010, title={International viewpoint and news}, volume={60}, DOI={10.1007/s12665-010-0477-7}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Earth Sciences}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={903–907} }
 @article{kuiken_2010, title={International viewpoint and news}, volume={60}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000277023800019&KeyUID=WOS:000277023800019}, DOI={10.1007/s12665-010-0506-6}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Earth Sciences}, author={Kuiken, Todd}, year={2010}, pages={1349–1351} }
 @article{hartman_weisberg_pillai_ericksen_kuiken_lindberg_zhang_rytuba_gustin_2009, title={Application of a Rule-Based Model to Estimate Mercury Exchange for Three Background Biomes in the Continental United States}, volume={43}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000267435500058&KeyUID=WOS:000267435500058}, DOI={10.1021/es900075q}, abstractNote={Ecosystems that have low mercury (Hg) concentrations (i.e., not enriched or impacted by geologic or anthropogenic processes) cover most of the terrestrial surface area of the earth yet their role as a net source or sink for atmospheric Hg is uncertain. Here we use empirical data to develop a rule-based model implemented within a geographic information system framework to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of Hg flux for semiarid deserts, grasslands, and deciduous forests representing 45% of the continental United States. This exercise provides an indication of whether these ecosystems are a net source or sink for atmospheric Hg as well as a basis for recommendation of data to collect in future field sampling campaigns. Results indicated that soil alone was a small net source of atmospheric Hg and that emitted Hg could be accounted for based on Hg input by wet deposition. When foliar assimilation and wet deposition are added to the area estimate of soil Hg flux these biomes are a sink for atmospheric Hg.}, number={13}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Hartman, Jelena S. and Weisberg, Peter J. and Pillai, Rekha and Ericksen, Jody A. and Kuiken, Todd and Lindberg, Steve E. and Zhang, Hong and Rytuba, James J. and Gustin, Mae S.}, year={2009}, pages={4989–4994} }
 @article{karn_kuiken_otto_2009, title={Nanotechnology and in Situ Remediation: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Risks}, volume={117}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000272474600022&KeyUID=WOS:000272474600022}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.0900793}, abstractNote={Objective Although industrial sectors involving semiconductors; memory and storage technologies; display, optical, and photonic technologies; energy; biotechnology; and health care produce the most products that contain nanomaterials, nanotechnology is also used as an environmental technology to protect the environment through pollution prevention, treatment, and cleanup. In this review, we focus on environmental cleanup and provide a background and overview of current practice; research findings; societal issues; potential environment, health, and safety implications; and future directions for nanoremediation. We do not present an exhaustive review of chemistry/engineering methods of the technology but rather an introduction and summary of the applications of nanotechnology in remediation. We also discuss nanoscale zerovalent iron in detail. Data sources We searched the Web of Science for research studies and accessed recent publicly available reports from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies and organizations that addressed the applications and implications associated with nanoremediation techniques. We also conducted personal interviews with practitioners about specific site remediations. Data synthesis We aggregated information from 45 sites, a representative portion of the total projects under way, to show nanomaterials used, types of pollutants addressed, and organizations responsible for each site. Conclusions Nanoremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites but also to reduce cleanup time, eliminate the need for treatment and disposal of contaminated soil, and reduce some contaminant concentrations to near zero—all in situ. Proper evaluation of nanoremediation, particularly full-scale ecosystem-wide studies, needs to be conducted to prevent any potential adverse environmental impacts.}, number={12}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Karn, Barbara and Kuiken, Todd and Otto, Martha}, year={2009}, pages={1823–1831} }
 @article{kuiken_gustin_zhang_lindberg_sedinger_2008, title={Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA. II: Air/surface exchange of mercury within forests from South Carolina to New England}, volume={23}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000255047300003&KeyUID=WOS:000255047300003}, DOI={10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.007}, abstractNote={Mercury air/surface exchange was measured over litter-covered soils with low Hg concentrations within various types of forests along the eastern seaboard of the USA. The fieldwork was conducted at six forested sites in state parks in South Carolina, North Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Maine from mid-May to early June 2005. The study showed that the Hg air/surface exchange was consistently very low and similar (overall daytime mean flux = 0.2 ± 0.9 ng m−2 h−1, n = 310, for all six sites monitored) with the various forest types. These flux values are comparable with those found in a year-long study in Tennessee (yearly daytime mean = 0.4 ± 0.5 ng m−2 h−1), but lower than many previous flux results reported for background soils. The Hg fluxes at all sites oscillated around zero, with many episodes of deposition (negative fluxes) occurring in both daytime and nighttime. While there were particular days showing significant correlations among the Hg air/surface exchange and certain environmental parameters, perhaps because of the low fluxes encountered, few significant correlations were found for any particular day of sampling between the Hg flux and environmental parameters such as solar radiation, soil temperature, air temperature (little variability seen), relative humidity, and ambient air Hg concentrations. Factors driving the Hg exchange as previously found for enriched soils may not hold for these background litter-covered forest soils. The results suggest that spatial variations of the Hg air/surface exchange were small among these different forest types for this particular time of year.}, number={3}, journal={Applied Geochemistry}, author={Kuiken, Todd and Gustin, Mae and Zhang, Hong and Lindberg, Steve and Sedinger, Ben}, year={2008}, pages={356–368} }
 @article{kuiken_zhang_gustin_lindberg_2008, title={Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA. Part I: Air/surface exchange of mercury within a southeastern deciduous forest (Tennessee) over one year}, volume={23}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000255047300002&KeyUID=WOS:000255047300002}, DOI={10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.006}, abstractNote={This study focused on the development of a seasonal data set of the Hg air/surface exchange over soils associated with low Hg containing surfaces in a deciduous forest in the southern USA. Data were collected every month for 11 months in 2004 within Standing Stone State Forest in Tennessee using the dynamic flux chamber method. Mercury air/surface exchange associated with the litter covered forest floor was very low with the annual mean daytime flux being 0.4 ± 0.5 ng m−2 h−1 (n = 301). The daytime Hg air/surface exchange over the year oscillated between emission (81% of samples with positive flux) and deposition (19% of samples with negative flux). A seasonal trend of lower emission in the spring and summer (closed canopy) relative to the fall and winter (open canopy) was observed. Correlations were found between the air/surface exchange and certain environmental factors on specific days sampled but not collectively over the entire year. The very low magnitude of Hg air/surface exchange as observed in this study suggests that an improved methodology for determining and reporting emission fluxes is needed when the values of fluxes and chamber blanks are both very low and comparable. This study raises questions and points to a need for more research regarding how to scale the Hg air/surface exchange for surfaces with very low emissions.}, number={3}, journal={Applied Geochemistry}, author={Kuiken, Todd and Zhang, Hong and Gustin, Mae and Lindberg, Steve}, year={2008}, pages={345–355} }
 @article{zhang_lindberg_kuiken_2008, title={Mysterious diel cycles of mercury emission from soils held in the dark at constant temperature}, volume={42}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000257960900021&KeyUID=WOS:000257960900021}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.037}, abstractNote={It is well known that mercury (Hg) emission from soils is largely controlled by solar radiation and soil temperature, exhibiting diel cycles that closely follow diel variations of solar radiation. To study soil Hg emission processes, we conducted experiments by measuring soil Hg emission fluxes under controlled conditions in the laboratory with a dynamic flux chamber using outside ambient air as flushing air. Unexpectedly, we observed consistent, recurring diel cycles of Hg emissions from dry soils held at constant temperature in the dark in our laboratory. The peaks of the emissions also seemed subject to some seasonal variation and to respond to local weather conditions with lower flux peaks in wintertime and on cloudy or rainy days. Finally, much lower soil Hg emission fluxes were observed in the presence of Hg-free zero air than in the presence of outside ambient air. It is hypothesized that some unidentified air-borne substance(s) in the ambient air might be responsible for the observed diel cycles of soil Hg emission. Further elaborate mechanistic investigations are clearly needed to test the initial working hypotheses and uncover the cause for this interesting, mysterious phenomenon. The present work and recent finding of enhancement of Hg emissions from soil and mineral particles by O3 seem to point to a research need to probe the possible role of near-ground atmospheric chemistry in Hg air/soil exchange.}, number={21}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Zhang, Hong and Lindberg, Steve E. and Kuiken, Todd}, year={2008}, pages={5424–5433} }
 @article{zhang_dill_kuiken_ensor_crocker_2006, title={Change of dissolved gaseous mercury concentrations in a southern reservoir lake (Tennessee) following seasonal variation of solar radiation}, volume={40}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000236691600021&KeyUID=WOS:000236691600021}, DOI={10.1021/es0513990}, abstractNote={A 12-month field study was conducted consecutively from June 2003 to May 2004 to quantify temporal variations of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentrations in Cane Creek Lake, a southern reservoir lake (Cookeville, TN). Diurnal changes of DGM concentrations in two periods (morning increase vs afternoon decrease with an around-noon peak) were observed, and the changes closely followed daily solar radiation variation trends. The diurnal patterns prevailed in the late spring and summer, but became vague in the late fall and winter. The monthly mean DGM concentrations peaked at 40.8 pg L(-1) in July and reached the lowest at 14.2 pg L(-1) in December and 21.9 pg L(-1) in January; this DGM concentration change closely followed the monthly mean solar radiation variation trend. The increase of the lake DGM concentration from January to July and its decrease from July to December mirror the typical daily rhythm of DGM concentration variations in the two periods. This finding supports the following hypothesis: The natural phenomenon of daily oscillation of freshwater DGM concentrations that follows diurnal solar radiation variation would manifest on a seasonal scale. High DGM concentrations were found in the spring and summer and low in the fall and winter (seasonal mean: 34.2, 37.5, 20.0, 24.4 pg L(-1), respectively). This seems to suggest an annual occurrence of two periods of the seasonal DGM level fluctuation (spring and summer high vs fall and winter low DGM levels). Linear relationships of the monthly mean DGM concentrations were found with the monthly mean global solar radiation (R2 = 0.82, P < 0.05) and UVA radiation (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.05). Linear relationships of the seasonal mean DGM concentrations were also found with the seasonal mean global solar radiation (R2 = 0.85, P = 0.08) and UVA radiation (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.05).}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Zhang, H and Dill, C and Kuiken, T and Ensor, M and Crocker, WC}, year={2006}, pages={2114–2119} }
 @article{dill_kuiken_zhang_ensor_2006, title={Diurnal variation of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) levels in a southern reservoir lake (Tennessee, USA) in relation to solar radiation}, volume={357}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000236190400017&KeyUID=WOS:000236190400017}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.011}, abstractNote={Variations of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentrations in a southern reservoir lake (Cane Creek Lake, Cookeville, TN, USA) in relation to solar radiation were investigated consecutively from June 2003 to May 2004. The daytime DGM levels in the lake exhibited a two-phase diurnal trend; the DGM concentrations rose in the morning, peaked around noontime and then fell in the afternoon through the evening; these trends followed the general pattern of diurnal solar radiation variations. The morning and afternoon phases appeared to be asymmetrical with the former relatively steep and the latter gradual. A variety of daytime DGM level variations other than the typical two-phase diurnal patterns were also observed. For the time spans studied, the daytime mean DGM concentrations of the lake ranged from 12 to 68 pg L(-1) (60-340 fM). The daytime mean DGM levels in the summertime (June, July, August) showed values above 30 pg L(-1) (150 fM) in most cases and a large number of peak DGM concentrations above 50 pg L(-1) (250 fM). The summer DGM levels in the lake appear to be comparable to those observed in the large northern lakes for the summertime. The daytime DGM levels in the lake were found to correlate with solar radiation to various degrees (cases of r values above 0.8: approximately 12% and approximately 18% of the total sampling days for correlation with global solar radiation and UVA radiation, respectively). Correlating trends are recognizable between the daytime mean DGM concentration and the corresponding mean global solar radiation (r = 0.66, p < 0.0005) and between the daytime mean DGM concentration and the corresponding mean UVA radiation (r = 0.62, p < 0.0005).}, number={1-3}, journal={Science of the Total Environment}, author={Dill, C and Kuiken, T and Zhang, H and Ensor, M}, year={2006}, pages={176–193} }
 @article{lindberg_southworth_bogle_blasing_owens_roy_zhang_kuiken_price_reinhart_et al._2005, title={Airborne emissions of mercury from municipal solid waste. I: New measurements from six operating landfills in Florida}, volume={55}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000230435300001&KeyUID=WOS:000230435300001}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association}, author={Lindberg, SE and Southworth, GR and Bogle, MA and Blasing, TJ and Owens, J and Roy, K and Zhang, H and Kuiken, T and Price, J and Reinhart, D and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={859–869} }
 @article{southworth_lindberg_bogle_zhang_kuiken_price_reinhart_sfeir_2005, title={Airborne emissions of mercury from municipal solid waste. II: Potential losses of airborne mercury before landfill}, volume={55}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000230435300002&KeyUID=WOS:000230435300002}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association}, author={Southworth, GR and Lindberg, SE and Bogle, MA and Zhang, H and Kuiken, T and Price, J and Reinhart, D and Sfeir, H}, year={2005}, pages={870–877} }
 @article{zhang_kuiken_dill_ensor_2005, title={Aquatic photochemokinetic rates of production and loss of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in a southern reservoir lake of Tennessee.}, volume={229}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000228177706398&KeyUID=WOS:000228177706398}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Zhang, H and Kuiken, T and Dill, C and Ensor, M}, year={2005}, pages={U896} }
 @article{lindberg_zhang_vette_gustin_barnett_kuiken_2002, title={Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils. Part 1: Simulation of gaseous mercury emissions from soils using a two-resistance exchange interface model}, volume={36}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036144199&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00501-5}, abstractNote={A two-resistance exchange interface model (TREIM) was developed to simulate gaseous mercury (Hg) emissions from soils measured by dynamic flux chamber (DFC) operations. The model is based on mass balance principles and a Hg air/soil exchange theory that considers the influence of flushing flow rate on Hg air/soil exchange. We used this model to examine the effect of the flushing flow rate and understand the optimum conditions for DFC measurements of Hg emission fluxes over soils. Our model simulations indicate that the flushing flow rate is a most critical operation condition. We recommend adoption of high flushing flow rates (e.g., ∼15–40 l min−1 for DFCs of common design) based on our simulation findings that underestimation of actual emission fluxes can occur at low flushing flow rates. The biased low fluxes are caused by suppression of emission potential resulting from internal accumulation of emitted Hg and by higher exchange resistance both at low flushing flow rates. This model provides a useful means for estimating maximum steady-state fluxes and soil air Hg concentrations and for adjustment of the fluxes measured under different operating conditions. The model also finds its value in understanding mechanical processes of Hg emissions from soils.}, number={5}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Lindberg, S.E. and Zhang, H. and Vette, A.F. and Gustin, M.S. and Barnett, M.O. and Kuiken, T.}, year={2002}, pages={835–846} }
 @article{lindberg_zhang_vette_gustin_barnett_kuiken_2002, title={Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils: Part 2 - effect of flushing flow rate and verification of a two-resistance exchange interface simulation model}, volume={36}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000174064000008&KeyUID=WOS:000174064000008}, DOI={10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00502-7}, abstractNote={Both field and laboratory tests demonstrated that soil Hg emission fluxes measured by dynamic flux chamber (DFC) operations strongly depend on the flushing air flow rates used. The general trend is an increase in the fluxes with increasing flushing flow rates followed by an asymptotic approach to flux maximum at sufficiently high (optimum) flushing flow rates. This study indicates that the DFC measurements performed at low flushing flow rates can underestimate Hg emission fluxes over soils, especially Hg-enriched soils. High flushing flow rates therefore are recommended for accurate estimation of soil Hg emission fluxes by DFC operations. The dependence of DFC-measured soil Hg emission fluxes on flushing flow rate is a physical phenomenon inherent in DFC operations, regardless of DFC design and soil physical characteristics. Laboratory tests using DFCs over different soils confirmed the predictions of a two-resistance exchange interface model and demonstrated the capability of this model in quantitatively simulating Hg emissions from soils measured by DFC operations.}, number={5}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, author={Lindberg, SE and Zhang, H and Vette, AF and Gustin, MS and Barnett, MO and Kuiken, T}, year={2002}, pages={847–859} }
 @article{zhang_lindberg_kuiken_nriagu_2001, title={Photochemical production of dissolved gaseous mercury in freshwater: The role of Fe(III).}, volume={222}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000170690002190&KeyUID=WOS:000170690002190}, journal={Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society}, author={Zhang, H and Lindberg, SE and Kuiken, T and Nriagu, J}, year={2001}, pages={U430} }